{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k19/k197usei81","kaltura_id":"1_97usei81","title":"4th Meeting - 2nd Session Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems 2025","clean_title":"4th Meeting - 2nd Session Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems 2025","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k19/k197usei81","date":"2025-09-02T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-09-02T13:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"02:58:32","category":"Meetings & Events","body":null,"event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k19/k197usei81"},"metadata":{"summary":null,"description":null,"categories":[],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-5f870b11-398f-4689-99da-6e6d6bf0ce59","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":1.07,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=0:02","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good afternoon, excellencies, distinguished delegates.","start":1.07,"end":4.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1.07,"end":1.27},{"text":"afternoon,","start":1.31,"end":2.19},{"text":"excellencies,","start":2.59,"end":3.39},{"text":"distinguished","start":3.39,"end":3.99},{"text":"delegates.","start":3.99,"end":4.67}]},{"text":"Many thanks for being back in the 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US.","start":14.03,"end":18.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":14.03,"end":14.19},{"text":"already","start":14.19,"end":14.51},{"text":"had","start":14.51,"end":14.71},{"text":"a","start":14.71,"end":14.75},{"text":"request","start":14.75,"end":15.39},{"text":"for","start":15.71,"end":15.95},{"text":"the","start":15.95,"end":16.03},{"text":"floor","start":16.03,"end":16.83},{"text":"from","start":16.83,"end":17.07},{"text":"the","start":17.39,"end":17.59},{"text":"US.","start":17.71,"end":18.27}]},{"text":"Please, they would like to still continue on box 2, so that will be no problem since Probably the issue they are going to address will also be in box 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floor.","start":46.27,"end":50.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":46.27,"end":46.47},{"text":"you","start":46.47,"end":46.55},{"text":"very","start":46.55,"end":46.79},{"text":"much,","start":46.79,"end":47.15},{"text":"Chair,","start":47.55,"end":47.95},{"text":"for","start":49.31,"end":49.87},{"text":"giving","start":49.87,"end":50.15},{"text":"us","start":50.15,"end":50.27},{"text":"the","start":50.27,"end":50.35},{"text":"floor.","start":50.35,"end":50.67}]},{"text":"And apologies for coming in after lunch with additional reflections on the box 2 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leads us to two observations, Chair.","start":156.91,"end":159.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":156.91,"end":157.15},{"text":"leads","start":157.15,"end":157.43},{"text":"us","start":157.43,"end":157.55},{"text":"to","start":157.55,"end":157.99},{"text":"two","start":157.99,"end":158.19},{"text":"observations,","start":158.19,"end":159.07},{"text":"Chair.","start":159.07,"end":159.47}]},{"text":"First, if the group negotiates a formula of words and the first thing we have to say when we're explaining that formula of words to others is that it doesn't actually mean what it sounds like it means, then from my delegation's perspective, we've chosen the wrong words.","start":160.59,"end":178.91,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":191.51,"end":191.67},{"text":"we","start":191.67,"end":191.83},{"text":"say","start":191.83,"end":192.15},{"text":"one","start":192.15,"end":192.39},{"text":"thing","start":192.39,"end":192.59},{"text":"and","start":192.59,"end":192.71},{"text":"mean","start":192.71,"end":193.03},{"text":"another,","start":193.03,"end":193.59},{"text":"we","start":193.67,"end":193.91},{"text":"risk","start":193.91,"end":194.19},{"text":"confusing","start":194.19,"end":195.03},{"text":"and","start":195.03,"end":195.15},{"text":"not","start":195.15,"end":195.35},{"text":"clarifying","start":195.35,"end":196.15},{"text":"legal","start":196.15,"end":196.43},{"text":"requirements.","start":196.43,"end":197.35}]},{"text":"Control, from our perspective, is different from judgment.","start":198.31,"end":202.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Control","start":203.35,"end":204.07},{"text":"and","start":204.07,"end":204.35},{"text":"judgment","start":204.35,"end":204.95},{"text":"also","start":205.43,"end":205.91},{"text":"are","start":205.91,"end":206.07},{"text":"necessary","start":206.07,"end":206.83},{"text":"for","start":206.83,"end":206.95},{"text":"compliance","start":206.95,"end":207.43},{"text":"with","start":207.43,"end":207.55},{"text":"IHL","start":208.15,"end":208.55},{"text":"rules,","start":208.55,"end":209.11},{"text":"but","start":209.67,"end":209.91},{"text":"they're","start":209.91,"end":210.15},{"text":"not","start":210.15,"end":210.47},{"text":"sufficient.","start":210.47,"end":211.43}]},{"text":"And that's one of our key concerns, Chair, Those that are advocating for this formula of words are explaining that if you do these six words, that is sufficient for compliance, which we just simply don't accept.","start":212.79,"end":227.51,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":212.79,"end":212.95},{"text":"that's","start":212.95,"end":213.27},{"text":"one","start":213.27,"end":213.47},{"text":"of","start":213.47,"end":213.59},{"text":"our","start":213.59,"end":213.75},{"text":"key","start":213.75,"end":214.07},{"text":"concerns,","start":214.07,"end":214.95},{"text":"Chair,","start":214.95,"end":215.51},{"text":"Those","start":216.15,"end":216.63},{"text":"that","start":216.63,"end":216.75},{"text":"are","start":216.75,"end":216.87},{"text":"advocating","start":216.87,"end":217.63},{"text":"for","start":217.63,"end":217.75},{"text":"this","start":217.75,"end":217.95},{"text":"formula","start":217.95,"end":218.43},{"text":"of","start":218.43,"end":218.55},{"text":"words","start":218.55,"end":218.99},{"text":"are","start":218.99,"end":219.07},{"text":"explaining","start":219.07,"end":219.75},{"text":"that","start":219.75,"end":219.91},{"text":"if","start":219.91,"end":220.07},{"text":"you","start":220.07,"end":220.23},{"text":"do","start":220.23,"end":220.55},{"text":"these","start":220.55,"end":220.87},{"text":"six","start":220.87,"end":221.19},{"text":"words,","start":221.19,"end":221.83},{"text":"that","start":221.91,"end":222.15},{"text":"is","start":222.15,"end":222.27},{"text":"sufficient","start":222.27,"end":222.79},{"text":"for","start":222.79,"end":222.91},{"text":"compliance,","start":222.91,"end":223.75},{"text":"which","start":224.91,"end":225.27},{"text":"we","start":225.27,"end":225.75},{"text":"just","start":225.75,"end":226.07},{"text":"simply","start":226.07,"end":226.55},{"text":"don't","start":226.55,"end":226.87},{"text":"accept.","start":226.87,"end":227.51}]},{"text":"IHL violations are committed with poor human judgment and full human control over the weapon system.","start":228.63,"end":234.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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could include, as suggested by the delegation of Ukraine, a detailed definition of each of these six terms.","start":293.91,"end":300.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"that","start":293.91,"end":293.99},{"text":"could","start":293.99,"end":294.23},{"text":"include,","start":294.23,"end":294.79},{"text":"as","start":294.79,"end":294.87},{"text":"suggested","start":294.87,"end":295.43},{"text":"by","start":295.43,"end":295.59},{"text":"the","start":295.59,"end":295.91},{"text":"delegation","start":295.91,"end":296.79},{"text":"of","start":296.79,"end":296.87},{"text":"Ukraine,","start":296.87,"end":297.43},{"text":"a","start":297.67,"end":297.75},{"text":"detailed","start":297.75,"end":298.27},{"text":"definition","start":298.27,"end":298.87},{"text":"of","start":298.87,"end":298.95},{"text":"each","start":298.95,"end":299.35},{"text":"of","start":299.39,"end":299.51},{"text":"these","start":299.51,"end":299.67},{"text":"six","start":299.67,"end":299.99},{"text":"terms.","start":299.99,"end":300.71}]},{"text":"Chair, we continue to think that this approach has it backwards.","start":302.15,"end":305.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":302.15,"end":302.47},{"text":"we","start":302.47,"end":302.63},{"text":"continue","start":302.63,"end":303.19},{"text":"to","start":303.19,"end":303.27},{"text":"think","start":303.27,"end":303.59},{"text":"that","start":303.59,"end":303.75},{"text":"this","start":303.75,"end":303.99},{"text":"approach","start":303.99,"end":304.47},{"text":"has","start":304.47,"end":304.79},{"text":"it","start":304.79,"end":304.95},{"text":"backwards.","start":305.03,"end":305.83}]},{"text":"The delegation of Pakistan said yesterday that in their assessment, the purpose of establishing the principle of control is to help us understand those measures that are needed to set limits or parameters to ensure that the weapons will operate in a manner consistent with IHL.","start":307.59,"end":322.67,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":307.59,"end":307.83},{"text":"delegation","start":307.83,"end":308.47},{"text":"of","start":308.47,"end":308.55},{"text":"Pakistan","start":308.55,"end":309.35},{"text":"said","start":309.35,"end":309.59},{"text":"yesterday","start":309.59,"end":310.23},{"text":"that","start":310.23,"end":310.47},{"text":"in","start":310.47,"end":310.59},{"text":"their","start":310.59,"end":310.83},{"text":"assessment,","start":310.83,"end":311.43},{"text":"the","start":311.51,"end":311.67},{"text":"purpose","start":311.67,"end":312.11},{"text":"of","start":312.11,"end":312.23},{"text":"establishing","start":312.23,"end":312.87},{"text":"the","start":312.87,"end":312.95},{"text":"principle","start":312.95,"end":313.39},{"text":"of","start":313.39,"end":313.51},{"text":"control","start":313.51,"end":314.15},{"text":"is","start":314.55,"end":314.71},{"text":"to","start":314.71,"end":314.83},{"text":"help","start":314.83,"end":315.11},{"text":"us","start":315.11,"end":315.27},{"text":"understand","start":315.27,"end":315.91},{"text":"those","start":315.91,"end":316.15},{"text":"measures","start":316.15,"end":316.63},{"text":"that","start":316.63,"end":316.75},{"text":"are","start":316.75,"end":316.87},{"text":"needed","start":316.87,"end":317.27},{"text":"to","start":317.27,"end":317.35},{"text":"set","start":317.35,"end":317.67},{"text":"limits","start":317.67,"end":318.03},{"text":"or","start":318.03,"end":318.15},{"text":"parameters","start":318.15,"end":318.95},{"text":"to","start":319.27,"end":319.39},{"text":"ensure","start":319.39,"end":319.75},{"text":"that","start":319.75,"end":319.91},{"text":"the","start":319.91,"end":319.99},{"text":"weapons","start":319.99,"end":320.39},{"text":"will","start":320.39,"end":320.55},{"text":"operate","start":320.55,"end":320.99},{"text":"in","start":320.99,"end":321.11},{"text":"a","start":321.11,"end":321.15},{"text":"manner","start":321.15,"end":321.47},{"text":"consistent","start":321.47,"end":321.99},{"text":"with","start":321.99,"end":322.15},{"text":"IHL.","start":322.15,"end":322.67}]},{"text":"I think I took very careful notes of that statement.","start":322.67,"end":325.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":322.67,"end":322.71},{"text":"think","start":322.71,"end":322.95},{"text":"I","start":322.95,"end":323.03},{"text":"took","start":323.03,"end":323.27},{"text":"very","start":323.43,"end":323.67},{"text":"careful","start":323.67,"end":324.07},{"text":"notes","start":324.07,"end":324.35},{"text":"of","start":324.35,"end":324.43},{"text":"that","start":324.43,"end":324.63},{"text":"statement.","start":324.63,"end":325.11}]},{"text":"And as the delegate from Norway explained, those supporting this framing are seeking to explain what is required to ensure compliance with IHL.","start":325.75,"end":334.47,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":325.75,"end":325.95},{"text":"as","start":325.95,"end":326.03},{"text":"the","start":326.03,"end":326.15},{"text":"delegate","start":326.15,"end":326.63},{"text":"from","start":326.87,"end":327.11},{"text":"Norway","start":327.11,"end":327.47},{"text":"explained,","start":327.47,"end":328.23},{"text":"those","start":328.31,"end":328.87},{"text":"supporting","start":329.19,"end":329.75},{"text":"this","start":329.75,"end":329.87},{"text":"framing","start":329.87,"end":330.19},{"text":"are","start":330.19,"end":330.31},{"text":"seeking","start":330.31,"end":330.63},{"text":"to","start":330.63,"end":330.79},{"text":"explain","start":330.79,"end":331.43},{"text":"what","start":331.79,"end":332.07},{"text":"is","start":332.07,"end":332.23},{"text":"required","start":332.23,"end":332.75},{"text":"to","start":332.75,"end":332.83},{"text":"ensure","start":332.83,"end":333.19},{"text":"compliance","start":333.19,"end":333.67},{"text":"with","start":333.67,"end":333.83},{"text":"IHL.","start":333.83,"end":334.47}]},{"text":"We 100% agree, 100% agree, that the purpose of this GGE is to identify what applicable IHL rules require and what measures are needed to meet those requirements.","start":335.67,"end":346.87,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":335.67,"end":335.99},{"text":"100%","start":335.99,"end":336.03},{"text":"agree,","start":336.07,"end":337.59},{"text":"100%","start":337.75,"end":337.79},{"text":"agree,","start":337.79,"end":339.03},{"text":"that","start":339.51,"end":339.63},{"text":"the","start":339.63,"end":339.83},{"text":"purpose","start":339.83,"end":340.31},{"text":"of","start":340.31,"end":340.39},{"text":"this","start":340.39,"end":340.63},{"text":"GGE","start":340.63,"end":341.11},{"text":"is","start":341.11,"end":341.27},{"text":"to","start":341.27,"end":341.39},{"text":"identify","start":341.39,"end":341.95},{"text":"what","start":341.95,"end":342.11},{"text":"applicable","start":342.11,"end":342.63},{"text":"IHL","start":342.63,"end":342.95},{"text":"rules","start":342.95,"end":343.27},{"text":"require","start":343.27,"end":343.91},{"text":"and","start":344.23,"end":344.39},{"text":"what","start":344.39,"end":344.59},{"text":"measures","start":344.59,"end":345.07},{"text":"are","start":345.07,"end":345.19},{"text":"needed","start":345.19,"end":345.43},{"text":"to","start":345.43,"end":345.51},{"text":"meet","start":345.51,"end":345.67},{"text":"those","start":345.67,"end":345.91},{"text":"requirements.","start":345.91,"end":346.87}]},{"text":"including relevant limits or parameters to ensure that the weapon will be used consistent with IHL.","start":347.35,"end":352.47,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"including","start":347.35,"end":348.07},{"text":"relevant","start":348.07,"end":348.51},{"text":"limits","start":348.51,"end":348.91},{"text":"or","start":348.91,"end":349.03},{"text":"parameters","start":349.03,"end":349.75},{"text":"to","start":349.75,"end":349.87},{"text":"ensure","start":349.87,"end":350.23},{"text":"that","start":350.23,"end":350.35},{"text":"the","start":350.35,"end":350.43},{"text":"weapon","start":350.43,"end":350.71},{"text":"will","start":350.71,"end":350.87},{"text":"be","start":350.87,"end":350.99},{"text":"used","start":350.99,"end":351.23},{"text":"consistent","start":351.23,"end":351.71},{"text":"with","start":351.71,"end":351.83},{"text":"IHL.","start":351.83,"end":352.47}]},{"text":"But the requirements of all of IHL and the measures that can be taken by states to promote IHL compliance cannot be reduced to a set of five or six words, which give no indication of what control or what judgment is actually required.","start":353.59,"end":367.51,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":353.59,"end":353.79},{"text":"the","start":353.79,"end":353.87},{"text":"requirements","start":353.87,"end":354.55},{"text":"of","start":354.55,"end":354.71},{"text":"all","start":354.79,"end":355.07},{"text":"of","start":355.07,"end":355.19},{"text":"IHL","start":355.19,"end":355.99},{"text":"and","start":356.39,"end":356.55},{"text":"the","start":356.55,"end":356.63},{"text":"measures","start":356.63,"end":356.99},{"text":"that","start":356.99,"end":357.11},{"text":"can","start":357.11,"end":357.27},{"text":"be","start":357.27,"end":357.35},{"text":"taken","start":357.35,"end":357.83},{"text":"by","start":357.83,"end":357.99},{"text":"states","start":357.99,"end":358.39},{"text":"to","start":358.39,"end":358.51},{"text":"promote","start":358.51,"end":358.87},{"text":"IHL","start":358.87,"end":359.19},{"text":"compliance","start":359.19,"end":359.99},{"text":"cannot","start":360.47,"end":360.95},{"text":"be","start":360.95,"end":361.03},{"text":"reduced","start":361.03,"end":361.47},{"text":"to","start":361.47,"end":361.55},{"text":"a","start":361.55,"end":361.59},{"text":"set","start":361.59,"end":361.83},{"text":"of","start":361.83,"end":361.91},{"text":"five","start":361.91,"end":362.15},{"text":"or","start":362.15,"end":362.31},{"text":"six","start":362.31,"end":362.55},{"text":"words,","start":362.55,"end":363.19},{"text":"which","start":363.63,"end":363.91},{"text":"give","start":363.91,"end":364.07},{"text":"no","start":364.07,"end":364.27},{"text":"indication","start":364.27,"end":364.79},{"text":"of","start":364.79,"end":364.87},{"text":"what","start":364.87,"end":365.03},{"text":"control","start":365.03,"end":365.51},{"text":"or","start":365.51,"end":365.63},{"text":"what","start":365.63,"end":365.83},{"text":"judgment","start":365.83,"end":366.23},{"text":"is","start":366.23,"end":366.39},{"text":"actually","start":366.39,"end":366.79},{"text":"required.","start":366.79,"end":367.51}]},{"text":"As the interventions of Ukraine and Armenia helpfully highlighted, we need to be specific about what is actually required, rather than just generally saying that controller judgment is required.","start":368.51,"end":378.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":368.51,"end":368.71},{"text":"the","start":368.71,"end":368.79},{"text":"interventions","start":368.79,"end":369.47},{"text":"of","start":369.47,"end":369.55},{"text":"Ukraine","start":369.55,"end":369.91},{"text":"and","start":369.91,"end":370.03},{"text":"Armenia","start":370.03,"end":370.43},{"text":"helpfully","start":370.43,"end":370.83},{"text":"highlighted,","start":370.83,"end":371.47},{"text":"we","start":371.79,"end":371.95},{"text":"need","start":371.95,"end":372.15},{"text":"to","start":372.15,"end":372.23},{"text":"be","start":372.23,"end":372.35},{"text":"specific","start":372.35,"end":373.07},{"text":"about","start":373.07,"end":373.35},{"text":"what","start":373.35,"end":373.55},{"text":"is","start":373.55,"end":373.71},{"text":"actually","start":373.71,"end":374.27},{"text":"required,","start":374.27,"end":374.99},{"text":"rather","start":375.39,"end":375.71},{"text":"than","start":375.71,"end":375.95},{"text":"just","start":375.95,"end":376.27},{"text":"generally","start":376.27,"end":376.67},{"text":"saying","start":376.67,"end":377.07},{"text":"that","start":377.07,"end":377.19},{"text":"controller","start":377.19,"end":377.63},{"text":"judgment","start":377.63,"end":378.11},{"text":"is","start":378.11,"end":378.19},{"text":"required.","start":378.19,"end":378.83}]},{"text":"So, Chair, from our delegation's perspective, a better approach would be to specifically describe those measures that are needed for the use of laws to be consistent with specific IHL rules in the elements of this instrument.","start":379.47,"end":393.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":379.47,"end":379.71},{"text":"Chair,","start":379.71,"end":380.19},{"text":"from","start":380.19,"end":380.43},{"text":"our","start":380.43,"end":380.67},{"text":"delegation's","start":380.67,"end":381.35},{"text":"perspective,","start":381.35,"end":382.11},{"text":"a","start":382.11,"end":382.27},{"text":"better","start":382.27,"end":382.67},{"text":"approach","start":382.67,"end":383.23},{"text":"would","start":383.31,"end":383.55},{"text":"be","start":383.55,"end":383.95},{"text":"to","start":384.19,"end":384.35},{"text":"specifically","start":384.35,"end":385.11},{"text":"describe","start":385.11,"end":385.71},{"text":"those","start":385.95,"end":386.43},{"text":"measures","start":386.43,"end":386.87},{"text":"that","start":386.87,"end":386.99},{"text":"are","start":386.99,"end":387.07},{"text":"needed","start":387.07,"end":387.55},{"text":"for","start":387.55,"end":387.71},{"text":"the","start":387.71,"end":387.79},{"text":"use","start":387.79,"end":387.99},{"text":"of","start":387.99,"end":388.11},{"text":"laws","start":388.11,"end":388.51},{"text":"to","start":388.51,"end":388.63},{"text":"be","start":388.63,"end":388.75},{"text":"consistent","start":388.75,"end":389.27},{"text":"with","start":389.27,"end":389.39},{"text":"specific","start":389.39,"end":389.87},{"text":"IHL","start":389.87,"end":390.27},{"text":"rules","start":390.27,"end":390.83},{"text":"in","start":391.39,"end":391.71},{"text":"the","start":391.71,"end":391.83},{"text":"elements","start":391.83,"end":392.31},{"text":"of","start":392.31,"end":392.47},{"text":"this","start":392.47,"end":392.67},{"text":"instrument.","start":392.67,"end":393.31}]},{"text":"In our view, this is the work to be done in boxes three, four, and five.","start":393.95,"end":399.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":393.95,"end":394.11},{"text":"our","start":394.11,"end":394.51},{"text":"view,","start":394.59,"end":395.15},{"text":"this","start":395.39,"end":395.79},{"text":"is","start":395.79,"end":395.95},{"text":"the","start":395.95,"end":396.11},{"text":"work","start":396.11,"end":396.43},{"text":"to","start":396.43,"end":396.59},{"text":"be","start":396.59,"end":396.75},{"text":"done","start":396.75,"end":397.23},{"text":"in","start":397.23,"end":397.39},{"text":"boxes","start":397.39,"end":398.03},{"text":"three,","start":398.03,"end":398.51},{"text":"four,","start":398.51,"end":398.87},{"text":"and","start":398.87,"end":399.07},{"text":"five.","start":399.07,"end":399.79}]},{"text":"The purposes of boxes four and five, in our view, is to identify those measures that are needed to ensure that laws are used in compliance with IHL requirements articulated in box three.","start":400.75,"end":410.35,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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we definitely have to look into all these different problems.","start":524.95,"end":529.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":524.95,"end":525.19},{"text":"we","start":525.19,"end":525.27},{"text":"definitely","start":525.27,"end":525.79},{"text":"have","start":525.79,"end":525.91},{"text":"to","start":525.91,"end":526.07},{"text":"look","start":526.07,"end":526.23},{"text":"into","start":526.23,"end":526.51},{"text":"all","start":527.87,"end":528.03},{"text":"these","start":528.03,"end":528.51},{"text":"different","start":528.59,"end":529.23},{"text":"problems.","start":529.23,"end":529.79}]},{"text":"I just have three points, or maybe four, on what has been mentioned, and I think many of them have been already made in the conversation this 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in many ways, they will be predetermining our future discussion on very important issues, including the question of control.","start":795.59,"end":806.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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in light of what we heard, we do not believe that this problem is something that cannot be resolved and that the positions that were presented here are somehow counter to one another and cannot be 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And that is indeed the objective of guiding principle C. Guiding principle C talks about exactly the same thing.","start":937.99,"end":965.83,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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relevant decision that was taken at a political level, a decision taken by states.","start":990.67,"end":998.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":990.67,"end":990.95},{"text":"this","start":990.95,"end":991.15},{"text":"indeed","start":991.15,"end":991.79},{"text":"is","start":991.79,"end":992.19},{"text":"a","start":992.19,"end":992.23},{"text":"relevant","start":992.23,"end":992.83},{"text":"decision","start":992.91,"end":993.87},{"text":"that","start":994.11,"end":994.67},{"text":"was","start":994.67,"end":995.15},{"text":"taken","start":995.15,"end":995.79},{"text":"at","start":996.19,"end":996.31},{"text":"a","start":996.31,"end":996.35},{"text":"political","start":996.35,"end":996.91},{"text":"level,","start":996.91,"end":997.23},{"text":"a","start":997.63,"end":997.67},{"text":"decision","start":997.67,"end":998.19},{"text":"taken","start":998.19,"end":998.43},{"text":"by","start":998.43,"end":998.59},{"text":"states.","start":998.59,"end":998.99}]},{"text":"And this is why we can say that at least we have this principle, this guiding principle that could be used in order to implement the mandate of our 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far as the notion of context appropriate is concerned.","start":1018.35,"end":1022.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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what we clearly understand at this stage, distinguished Chairperson, is that we hardly should focus our efforts, our attention on trying to find appropriate language in terms of identifying this or that 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we should not try through using this or that wording to present a situation that would be not really clear, something that would be a solution for 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already understand right now that this will hardly represent a solution to the problem.","start":1150.39,"end":1154.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1150.39,"end":1150.55},{"text":"already","start":1150.55,"end":1150.83},{"text":"understand","start":1150.83,"end":1151.35},{"text":"right","start":1151.35,"end":1151.63},{"text":"now","start":1151.63,"end":1151.91},{"text":"that","start":1151.91,"end":1152.07},{"text":"this","start":1152.07,"end":1152.31},{"text":"will","start":1152.31,"end":1152.55},{"text":"hardly","start":1152.55,"end":1153.03},{"text":"represent","start":1153.03,"end":1153.43},{"text":"a","start":1153.43,"end":1153.47},{"text":"solution","start":1153.47,"end":1153.95},{"text":"to","start":1153.95,"end":1154.03},{"text":"the","start":1154.03,"end":1154.15},{"text":"problem.","start":1154.15,"end":1154.71}]},{"text":"On the contrary, this may confuse things even further.","start":1155.43,"end":1159.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":1155.43,"end":1155.55},{"text":"the","start":1155.55,"end":1155.67},{"text":"contrary,","start":1155.67,"end":1156.23},{"text":"this","start":1156.23,"end":1156.55},{"text":"may","start":1156.55,"end":1156.95},{"text":"confuse","start":1157.79,"end":1158.31},{"text":"things","start":1158.31,"end":1158.71},{"text":"even","start":1158.71,"end":1159.19},{"text":"further.","start":1159.43,"end":1159.99}]},{"text":"So let us focus on the real substantive 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do not believe that it is necessary for the purposes of this group, in line with its mandate, the mandate that this group has, to focus stylistically in paragraphs 1 through 5 on language that we will be prohibitive.","start":1343.95,"end":1368.19,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1343.95,"end":1344.43},{"text":"do","start":1344.43,"end":1344.75},{"text":"not","start":1344.75,"end":1345.39},{"text":"believe","start":1345.71,"end":1346.23},{"text":"that","start":1346.23,"end":1346.75},{"text":"it","start":1346.75,"end":1346.99},{"text":"is","start":1346.99,"end":1347.15},{"text":"necessary","start":1347.15,"end":1348.03},{"text":"for","start":1348.03,"end":1348.19},{"text":"the","start":1348.19,"end":1348.35},{"text":"purposes","start":1348.35,"end":1349.15},{"text":"of","start":1349.15,"end":1349.47},{"text":"this","start":1349.47,"end":1349.71},{"text":"group,","start":1349.71,"end":1350.27},{"text":"in","start":1350.27,"end":1350.43},{"text":"line","start":1350.43,"end":1350.75},{"text":"with","start":1350.75,"end":1350.91},{"text":"its","start":1350.91,"end":1351.15},{"text":"mandate,","start":1351.15,"end":1351.79},{"text":"the","start":1352.03,"end":1352.19},{"text":"mandate","start":1352.19,"end":1352.55},{"text":"that","start":1352.55,"end":1352.75},{"text":"this","start":1352.75,"end":1352.99},{"text":"group","start":1352.99,"end":1353.35},{"text":"has,","start":1353.35,"end":1353.87},{"text":"to","start":1354.59,"end":1355.07},{"text":"focus","start":1355.07,"end":1355.83},{"text":"stylistically","start":1355.83,"end":1357.07},{"text":"in","start":1358.67,"end":1358.91},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1358.91,"end":1359.79},{"text":"1","start":1360.03,"end":1360.35},{"text":"through","start":1360.35,"end":1360.75},{"text":"5","start":1360.75,"end":1361.31},{"text":"on","start":1364.19,"end":1364.51},{"text":"language","start":1364.67,"end":1365.39},{"text":"that","start":1365.39,"end":1365.71},{"text":"we","start":1365.71,"end":1366.27},{"text":"will","start":1366.27,"end":1366.67},{"text":"be","start":1366.67,"end":1366.91},{"text":"prohibitive.","start":1366.91,"end":1368.19}]},{"text":"In other words, the inclusion of strict language like \"it is prohibited\" in the text.","start":1369.15,"end":1378.67,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1369.15,"end":1369.55},{"text":"other","start":1369.55,"end":1369.95},{"text":"words,","start":1369.95,"end":1370.43},{"text":"the","start":1370.43,"end":1370.59},{"text":"inclusion","start":1370.59,"end":1371.87},{"text":"of","start":1371.87,"end":1372.59},{"text":"strict","start":1372.67,"end":1373.23},{"text":"language","start":1374.03,"end":1374.83},{"text":"like","start":1375.39,"end":1375.71},{"text":"\"it","start":1375.71,"end":1376.03},{"text":"is","start":1376.03,"end":1376.35},{"text":"prohibited\"","start":1376.35,"end":1377.15},{"text":"in","start":1377.95,"end":1378.07},{"text":"the","start":1378.07,"end":1378.19},{"text":"text.","start":1378.19,"end":1378.67}]},{"text":"We believe that any possible prohibitions that we find in paragraphs 1 through 5, and if we are more precise, in paragraphs 1 through 4, can be representative without the use of the word \"prohibited\".","start":1381.55,"end":1401.63,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1381.55,"end":1381.79},{"text":"believe","start":1381.79,"end":1382.19},{"text":"that","start":1382.19,"end":1382.67},{"text":"any","start":1382.91,"end":1383.15},{"text":"possible","start":1383.15,"end":1383.79},{"text":"prohibitions","start":1383.79,"end":1384.91},{"text":"that","start":1385.23,"end":1385.87},{"text":"we","start":1385.87,"end":1386.11},{"text":"find","start":1386.11,"end":1386.51},{"text":"in","start":1386.51,"end":1386.59},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1386.59,"end":1387.07},{"text":"1","start":1387.07,"end":1387.31},{"text":"through","start":1387.31,"end":1387.63},{"text":"5,","start":1387.63,"end":1388.19},{"text":"and","start":1388.43,"end":1388.75},{"text":"if","start":1388.75,"end":1389.23},{"text":"we","start":1389.23,"end":1389.55},{"text":"are","start":1389.95,"end":1390.11},{"text":"more","start":1390.11,"end":1390.59},{"text":"precise,","start":1390.59,"end":1391.23},{"text":"in","start":1391.23,"end":1391.31},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1391.31,"end":1391.79},{"text":"1","start":1391.79,"end":1392.03},{"text":"through","start":1392.03,"end":1392.23},{"text":"4,","start":1392.23,"end":1392.67},{"text":"can","start":1396.51,"end":1397.23},{"text":"be","start":1397.23,"end":1397.87},{"text":"representative","start":1398.11,"end":1398.99},{"text":"without","start":1399.15,"end":1399.71},{"text":"the","start":1399.71,"end":1399.87},{"text":"use","start":1399.87,"end":1400.43},{"text":"of","start":1400.43,"end":1400.59},{"text":"the","start":1400.59,"end":1400.75},{"text":"word","start":1400.75,"end":1400.91},{"text":"\"prohibited\".","start":1400.91,"end":1401.63}]},{"text":"Moreover, we managed to do that during the previous work of the group, and the relevant language has been reflected in the reports of the group in previous stages without the use of this word.","start":1406.11,"end":1421.35,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":1406.11,"end":1406.87},{"text":"we","start":1407.19,"end":1407.67},{"text":"managed","start":1407.75,"end":1408.35},{"text":"to","start":1408.35,"end":1408.51},{"text":"do","start":1408.71,"end":1409.03},{"text":"that","start":1409.03,"end":1409.83},{"text":"during","start":1409.83,"end":1410.23},{"text":"the","start":1410.23,"end":1410.39},{"text":"previous","start":1410.63,"end":1411.19},{"text":"work","start":1411.19,"end":1411.51},{"text":"of","start":1411.51,"end":1411.75},{"text":"the","start":1411.75,"end":1411.91},{"text":"group,","start":1411.91,"end":1412.23},{"text":"and","start":1412.23,"end":1412.43},{"text":"the","start":1412.43,"end":1412.55},{"text":"relevant","start":1412.55,"end":1412.95},{"text":"language","start":1412.95,"end":1413.51},{"text":"has","start":1413.83,"end":1414.07},{"text":"been","start":1414.07,"end":1414.31},{"text":"reflected","start":1414.31,"end":1414.87},{"text":"in","start":1414.87,"end":1415.11},{"text":"the","start":1415.11,"end":1415.27},{"text":"reports","start":1415.27,"end":1416.07},{"text":"of","start":1416.43,"end":1416.55},{"text":"the","start":1416.55,"end":1416.71},{"text":"group","start":1416.71,"end":1417.27},{"text":"in","start":1418.63,"end":1418.71},{"text":"previous","start":1418.71,"end":1419.07},{"text":"stages","start":1419.07,"end":1419.51},{"text":"without","start":1419.51,"end":1419.91},{"text":"the","start":1419.91,"end":1420.03},{"text":"use","start":1420.03,"end":1420.39},{"text":"of","start":1420.47,"end":1420.55},{"text":"this","start":1420.55,"end":1420.87},{"text":"word.","start":1420.87,"end":1421.35}]},{"text":"This is why, for example, in paragraph 1, we would prefer to replace or delete the first part of the sentence, \"It is prohibited in all circumstances to use,\" and instead of that, to add at the end, \"the language that we used earlier, and that is a language that we agreed to and in the framework of this format, and the language must not be used.\"","start":1425.43,"end":1458.11,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1425.43,"end":1425.67},{"text":"is","start":1425.67,"end":1425.83},{"text":"why,","start":1425.83,"end":1426.15},{"text":"for","start":1426.15,"end":1426.31},{"text":"example,","start":1426.31,"end":1426.75},{"text":"in","start":1426.75,"end":1426.87},{"text":"paragraph","start":1427.11,"end":1427.67},{"text":"1,","start":1427.67,"end":1428.23},{"text":"we","start":1428.79,"end":1429.11},{"text":"would","start":1429.11,"end":1429.27},{"text":"prefer","start":1429.27,"end":1430.07},{"text":"to","start":1430.83,"end":1431.31},{"text":"replace","start":1431.31,"end":1432.11},{"text":"or","start":1432.11,"end":1432.51},{"text":"delete","start":1433.47,"end":1434.27},{"text":"the","start":1434.27,"end":1434.63},{"text":"first","start":1434.67,"end":1434.99},{"text":"part","start":1434.99,"end":1435.63},{"text":"of","start":1435.83,"end":1436.19},{"text":"the","start":1436.27,"end":1436.47},{"text":"sentence,","start":1436.47,"end":1437.23},{"text":"\"It","start":1437.47,"end":1437.63},{"text":"is","start":1437.63,"end":1437.79},{"text":"prohibited","start":1437.79,"end":1438.51},{"text":"in","start":1438.51,"end":1438.67},{"text":"all","start":1438.67,"end":1438.83},{"text":"circumstances","start":1438.83,"end":1439.63},{"text":"to","start":1439.63,"end":1439.83},{"text":"use,\"","start":1439.83,"end":1440.35},{"text":"and","start":1441.23,"end":1441.43},{"text":"instead","start":1441.43,"end":1441.83},{"text":"of","start":1441.83,"end":1441.95},{"text":"that,","start":1441.95,"end":1442.35},{"text":"to","start":1442.75,"end":1442.91},{"text":"add","start":1443.39,"end":1443.71},{"text":"at","start":1443.71,"end":1443.79},{"text":"the","start":1443.79,"end":1443.91},{"text":"end,","start":1443.95,"end":1444.19},{"text":"\"the","start":1445.31,"end":1445.47},{"text":"language","start":1445.47,"end":1446.03},{"text":"that","start":1446.03,"end":1446.27},{"text":"we","start":1446.27,"end":1446.43},{"text":"used","start":1446.43,"end":1446.91},{"text":"earlier,","start":1446.91,"end":1447.79},{"text":"and","start":1448.43,"end":1449.15},{"text":"that","start":1449.47,"end":1449.79},{"text":"is","start":1449.79,"end":1450.15},{"text":"a","start":1450.15,"end":1450.19},{"text":"language","start":1450.19,"end":1450.75},{"text":"that","start":1450.75,"end":1450.99},{"text":"we","start":1450.99,"end":1451.11},{"text":"agreed","start":1451.11,"end":1451.47},{"text":"to","start":1451.47,"end":1452.03},{"text":"and","start":1452.03,"end":1452.15},{"text":"in","start":1452.15,"end":1452.23},{"text":"the","start":1452.23,"end":1452.35},{"text":"framework","start":1452.35,"end":1452.75},{"text":"of","start":1452.75,"end":1452.91},{"text":"this","start":1452.91,"end":1453.23},{"text":"format,","start":1453.23,"end":1453.87},{"text":"and","start":1454.43,"end":1454.67},{"text":"the","start":1455.63,"end":1455.75},{"text":"language","start":1455.75,"end":1456.11},{"text":"must","start":1456.11,"end":1456.75},{"text":"not","start":1456.75,"end":1457.23},{"text":"be","start":1457.23,"end":1457.63},{"text":"used.\"","start":1457.63,"end":1458.11}]},{"text":"In the same way, in paragraph 3, instead of the part of the sentence that we have in the beginning, \"It is prohibited in all circumstances to make,\" to use the verb \"should not be\" before the ending of the paragraph, before the words \"the object of an attack by laws\" and also add \"as well as\" before the words \"individual civilians or civilian objects\".","start":1461.31,"end":1502.55,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal 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this case, the sense of paragraphs 1 and 3 will not be modified in any way.","start":1505.99,"end":1514.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1505.99,"end":1506.23},{"text":"this","start":1506.23,"end":1506.55},{"text":"case,","start":1506.55,"end":1507.27},{"text":"the","start":1507.35,"end":1507.71},{"text":"sense","start":1508.79,"end":1509.51},{"text":"of","start":1509.71,"end":1509.91},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1509.91,"end":1510.87},{"text":"1","start":1511.03,"end":1511.51},{"text":"and","start":1511.51,"end":1511.67},{"text":"3","start":1511.67,"end":1512.15},{"text":"will","start":1512.15,"end":1512.55},{"text":"not","start":1512.55,"end":1513.03},{"text":"be","start":1513.03,"end":1513.35},{"text":"modified","start":1513.35,"end":1513.99},{"text":"in","start":1513.99,"end":1514.31},{"text":"any","start":1514.31,"end":1514.47},{"text":"way.","start":1514.47,"end":1514.87}]},{"text":"The idea that is contained in these paragraphs will be exactly the 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1596.75,"end":1596.99},{"text":"other","start":1596.99,"end":1597.39},{"text":"words,","start":1597.39,"end":1598.03},{"text":"the","start":1598.03,"end":1598.23},{"text":"stages","start":1598.23,"end":1598.67},{"text":"of","start":1598.67,"end":1598.83},{"text":"development,","start":1598.83,"end":1599.87},{"text":"research,","start":1601.07,"end":1601.71},{"text":"testing,","start":1601.71,"end":1602.27},{"text":"design,","start":1604.27,"end":1604.91},{"text":"deployment,","start":1605.23,"end":1606.43},{"text":"in","start":1610.59,"end":1610.75},{"text":"connection","start":1610.75,"end":1611.23},{"text":"with","start":1611.23,"end":1611.55},{"text":"minimizing","start":1611.55,"end":1612.43},{"text":"the","start":1612.51,"end":1612.71},{"text":"risks","start":1612.71,"end":1613.23},{"text":"that","start":1613.95,"end":1614.67},{"text":"these","start":1619.15,"end":1619.63},{"text":"weapon","start":1619.63,"end":1619.99},{"text":"systems","start":1619.99,"end":1620.51},{"text":"may","start":1620.51,"end":1620.75},{"text":"have","start":1620.75,"end":1621.31},{"text":"in","start":1621.31,"end":1621.47},{"text":"the","start":1621.47,"end":1621.63},{"text":"context","start":1621.79,"end":1622.59},{"text":"of","start":1622.59,"end":1622.75},{"text":"compliance","start":1622.75,"end":1623.31},{"text":"with","start":1623.31,"end":1623.71},{"text":"obligations","start":1623.79,"end":1624.91},{"text":"under","start":1625.43,"end":1625.91},{"text":"IHL.","start":1625.91,"end":1626.63}]},{"text":"With that, paragraph 23A from the 2019 report also talks about other types of risks that must be considered by states parties.","start":1633.27,"end":1649.43,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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you very much, distinguished Chair.","start":1855.95,"end":1857.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1855.95,"end":1856.15},{"text":"you","start":1856.15,"end":1856.23},{"text":"very","start":1856.23,"end":1856.39},{"text":"much,","start":1856.39,"end":1856.75},{"text":"distinguished","start":1856.75,"end":1857.27},{"text":"Chair.","start":1857.27,"end":1857.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"RUS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Russian Federation"}},{"statement_number":14,"start":1858.35,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=30:59","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for sharing the views of his delegation with regard to the paragraphs 1 to 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Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":1897.29,"end":1897.57},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":1897.57,"end":1898.17},{"text":"in","start":1898.17,"end":1898.33},{"text":"our","start":1898.33,"end":1898.45},{"text":"view,","start":1898.45,"end":1898.65},{"text":"seem","start":1898.65,"end":1898.97},{"text":"to","start":1898.97,"end":1899.13},{"text":"be","start":1899.13,"end":1899.25},{"text":"an","start":1899.25,"end":1899.37},{"text":"attempt","start":1899.37,"end":1899.77},{"text":"to","start":1899.77,"end":1899.85},{"text":"list","start":1899.85,"end":1900.25},{"text":"prohibitions","start":1900.41,"end":1901.21},{"text":"or","start":1901.21,"end":1901.41},{"text":"measures","start":1901.41,"end":1901.97},{"text":"of","start":1901.97,"end":1902.09},{"text":"a","start":1902.09,"end":1902.17},{"text":"similar","start":1902.17,"end":1902.57},{"text":"nature.","start":1902.57,"end":1903.13}]},{"text":"We can support paras 1, 2, and 3 as drafted.","start":1903.53,"end":1907.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1903.53,"end":1903.77},{"text":"can","start":1903.77,"end":1904.09},{"text":"support","start":1904.09,"end":1904.81},{"text":"paras","start":1904.85,"end":1905.37},{"text":"1,","start":1905.37,"end":1905.77},{"text":"2,","start":1906.01,"end":1906.29},{"text":"and","start":1906.29,"end":1906.49},{"text":"3","start":1906.49,"end":1906.81},{"text":"as","start":1906.81,"end":1907.05},{"text":"drafted.","start":1907.05,"end":1907.77}]},{"text":"We have some comments on para 4 and para 5.","start":1908.27,"end":1912.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1908.27,"end":1908.51},{"text":"have","start":1908.51,"end":1908.75},{"text":"some","start":1908.75,"end":1909.23},{"text":"comments","start":1909.23,"end":1909.95},{"text":"on","start":1909.95,"end":1910.27},{"text":"para","start":1910.27,"end":1910.63},{"text":"4","start":1910.63,"end":1911.31},{"text":"and","start":1911.39,"end":1911.83},{"text":"para","start":1911.83,"end":1912.15},{"text":"5.","start":1912.15,"end":1912.67}]},{"text":"We are not entirely opposed to para 4, however, we do have several questions which, in our view, require further discussion.","start":1913.63,"end":1923.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1913.63,"end":1913.87},{"text":"are","start":1913.87,"end":1913.95},{"text":"not","start":1913.95,"end":1914.27},{"text":"entirely","start":1914.27,"end":1914.91},{"text":"opposed","start":1914.91,"end":1915.51},{"text":"to","start":1915.51,"end":1915.63},{"text":"para","start":1915.63,"end":1915.95},{"text":"4,","start":1915.95,"end":1916.51},{"text":"however,","start":1916.99,"end":1917.47},{"text":"we","start":1917.47,"end":1917.63},{"text":"do","start":1917.63,"end":1917.79},{"text":"have","start":1917.79,"end":1918.03},{"text":"several","start":1918.03,"end":1918.43},{"text":"questions","start":1918.43,"end":1919.23},{"text":"which,","start":1919.23,"end":1919.55},{"text":"in","start":1920.83,"end":1921.31},{"text":"our","start":1921.31,"end":1921.47},{"text":"view,","start":1921.47,"end":1921.71},{"text":"require","start":1921.71,"end":1922.43},{"text":"further","start":1922.75,"end":1923.15},{"text":"discussion.","start":1923.15,"end":1923.87}]},{"text":"We are not aware of existing IHL obligations that inspire this para.","start":1924.83,"end":1930.27,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1924.83,"end":1924.91},{"text":"are","start":1924.91,"end":1924.99},{"text":"not","start":1924.99,"end":1925.23},{"text":"aware","start":1925.23,"end":1925.71},{"text":"of","start":1925.71,"end":1925.87},{"text":"existing","start":1925.87,"end":1926.67},{"text":"IHL","start":1926.67,"end":1927.23},{"text":"obligations","start":1927.23,"end":1928.19},{"text":"that","start":1928.19,"end":1928.51},{"text":"inspire","start":1928.51,"end":1929.31},{"text":"this","start":1929.47,"end":1929.79},{"text":"para.","start":1929.79,"end":1930.27}]},{"text":"We have questions around the terms used, such as \"anticipated\" and \"controlled\" regarding effects in attack.","start":1930.99,"end":1940.03,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1930.99,"end":1931.15},{"text":"have","start":1931.15,"end":1931.39},{"text":"questions","start":1931.39,"end":1932.11},{"text":"around","start":1932.11,"end":1932.55},{"text":"the","start":1932.55,"end":1932.67},{"text":"terms","start":1932.67,"end":1933.15},{"text":"used,","start":1933.15,"end":1933.63},{"text":"such","start":1933.87,"end":1934.35},{"text":"as","start":1934.35,"end":1934.67},{"text":"\"anticipated\"","start":1934.67,"end":1935.79},{"text":"and","start":1935.87,"end":1936.27},{"text":"\"controlled\"","start":1936.27,"end":1937.07},{"text":"regarding","start":1937.31,"end":1938.03},{"text":"effects","start":1938.03,"end":1938.75},{"text":"in","start":1938.91,"end":1939.31},{"text":"attack.","start":1939.55,"end":1940.03}]},{"text":"A related but more important question is whether we can, despite lack of sufficient understanding around these terms, frame them as a clear-cut prohibition.","start":1942.27,"end":1952.11,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":1942.27,"end":1942.35},{"text":"related","start":1942.35,"end":1942.91},{"text":"but","start":1942.91,"end":1943.15},{"text":"more","start":1943.15,"end":1943.47},{"text":"important","start":1943.47,"end":1943.99},{"text":"question","start":1943.99,"end":1944.51},{"text":"is","start":1944.51,"end":1944.83},{"text":"whether","start":1944.95,"end":1945.43},{"text":"we","start":1945.43,"end":1945.55},{"text":"can,","start":1945.55,"end":1945.95},{"text":"despite","start":1945.95,"end":1946.59},{"text":"lack","start":1946.59,"end":1946.83},{"text":"of","start":1946.83,"end":1947.07},{"text":"sufficient","start":1947.07,"end":1947.63},{"text":"understanding","start":1947.63,"end":1948.35},{"text":"around","start":1948.35,"end":1948.67},{"text":"these","start":1948.67,"end":1948.91},{"text":"terms,","start":1948.91,"end":1949.47},{"text":"frame","start":1949.79,"end":1950.19},{"text":"them","start":1950.19,"end":1950.59},{"text":"as","start":1950.59,"end":1950.79},{"text":"a","start":1950.79,"end":1950.83},{"text":"clear-cut","start":1950.83,"end":1951.39},{"text":"prohibition.","start":1951.39,"end":1952.11}]},{"text":"Our view is that we need more discussion.","start":1952.75,"end":1956.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":1952.75,"end":1952.91},{"text":"view","start":1952.91,"end":1953.15},{"text":"is","start":1953.15,"end":1953.47},{"text":"that","start":1953.47,"end":1953.87},{"text":"we","start":1954.35,"end":1954.59},{"text":"need","start":1954.59,"end":1954.91},{"text":"more","start":1955.07,"end":1955.31},{"text":"discussion.","start":1955.31,"end":1956.03}]},{"text":"We have taken note of para 5 and can support this framing.","start":1957.07,"end":1960.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1957.07,"end":1957.19},{"text":"have","start":1957.19,"end":1957.39},{"text":"taken","start":1957.39,"end":1957.79},{"text":"note","start":1957.79,"end":1958.11},{"text":"of","start":1958.11,"end":1958.35},{"text":"para","start":1958.35,"end":1958.63},{"text":"5","start":1958.63,"end":1959.07},{"text":"and","start":1959.31,"end":1959.63},{"text":"can","start":1959.63,"end":1959.79},{"text":"support","start":1959.79,"end":1960.27},{"text":"this","start":1960.27,"end":1960.51},{"text":"framing.","start":1960.51,"end":1960.99}]},{"text":"This para takes into account concerns expressed on design and development of laws.","start":1961.63,"end":1967.15,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1961.63,"end":1961.95},{"text":"para","start":1961.95,"end":1962.31},{"text":"takes","start":1962.31,"end":1962.63},{"text":"into","start":1962.63,"end":1962.95},{"text":"account","start":1962.95,"end":1963.39},{"text":"concerns","start":1963.55,"end":1964.35},{"text":"expressed","start":1964.35,"end":1965.07},{"text":"on","start":1965.07,"end":1965.31},{"text":"design","start":1965.31,"end":1965.79},{"text":"and","start":1965.79,"end":1965.91},{"text":"development","start":1965.91,"end":1966.47},{"text":"of","start":1966.47,"end":1966.55},{"text":"laws.","start":1966.55,"end":1967.15}]},{"text":"At the same time, it frames them in a positive manner.","start":1967.55,"end":1970.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":1967.55,"end":1967.71},{"text":"the","start":1967.71,"end":1967.79},{"text":"same","start":1967.79,"end":1968.11},{"text":"time,","start":1968.11,"end":1968.59},{"text":"it","start":1968.75,"end":1968.99},{"text":"frames","start":1968.99,"end":1969.39},{"text":"them","start":1969.39,"end":1969.63},{"text":"in","start":1969.63,"end":1969.79},{"text":"a","start":1969.79,"end":1969.87},{"text":"positive","start":1969.87,"end":1970.27},{"text":"manner.","start":1970.27,"end":1970.67}]},{"text":"However, we think that there is need for more discussion on whether this para belongs in this particular box.","start":1971.55,"end":1978.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1971.55,"end":1971.99},{"text":"we","start":1971.99,"end":1972.11},{"text":"think","start":1972.11,"end":1972.51},{"text":"that","start":1972.51,"end":1972.67},{"text":"there","start":1972.67,"end":1972.91},{"text":"is","start":1972.91,"end":1973.15},{"text":"need","start":1973.15,"end":1973.39},{"text":"for","start":1973.39,"end":1973.55},{"text":"more","start":1973.55,"end":1973.75},{"text":"discussion","start":1973.75,"end":1974.43},{"text":"on","start":1974.43,"end":1974.59},{"text":"whether","start":1974.59,"end":1974.87},{"text":"this","start":1974.87,"end":1975.07},{"text":"para","start":1975.07,"end":1975.55},{"text":"belongs","start":1975.95,"end":1976.59},{"text":"in","start":1976.59,"end":1976.75},{"text":"this","start":1976.75,"end":1977.07},{"text":"particular","start":1977.07,"end":1977.55},{"text":"box.","start":1977.55,"end":1978.03}]},{"text":"Our preference would be that we discuss its placement consistent with IHL as part of box 4, which we view as a listing of enabling or implementation measures instead of creating primary obligations.","start":1978.51,"end":1993.19,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal 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5.","start":2000.15,"end":2007.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2000.15,"end":2000.23},{"text":"thank","start":2000.23,"end":2000.63},{"text":"the","start":2000.63,"end":2000.71},{"text":"distinguished","start":2000.71,"end":2001.35},{"text":"representative","start":2001.35,"end":2001.99},{"text":"of","start":2001.99,"end":2002.07},{"text":"India","start":2002.07,"end":2002.55},{"text":"for","start":2002.79,"end":2002.95},{"text":"stating","start":2002.95,"end":2003.35},{"text":"the","start":2003.35,"end":2003.43},{"text":"position","start":2003.43,"end":2003.79},{"text":"of","start":2003.79,"end":2003.87},{"text":"our","start":2003.91,"end":2003.99},{"text":"delegation","start":2003.99,"end":2004.59},{"text":"with","start":2004.59,"end":2004.79},{"text":"regard","start":2004.79,"end":2005.15},{"text":"to","start":2005.15,"end":2005.31},{"text":"the","start":2005.35,"end":2005.43},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2005.59,"end":2006.15},{"text":"1","start":2006.15,"end":2006.31},{"text":"to","start":2006.31,"end":2006.43},{"text":"5.","start":2006.43,"end":2007.03}]},{"text":"We have two more requests for the floor.","start":2033.59,"end":2035.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2033.59,"end":2033.75},{"text":"have","start":2033.75,"end":2033.99},{"text":"two","start":2033.99,"end":2034.15},{"text":"more","start":2034.15,"end":2034.43},{"text":"requests","start":2034.43,"end":2034.83},{"text":"for","start":2034.83,"end":2034.95},{"text":"the","start":2034.95,"end":2035.03},{"text":"floor.","start":2035.03,"end":2035.59}]},{"text":"First, the Republic of Korea, to be followed by Spain.","start":2035.91,"end":2038.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2035.91,"end":2036.23},{"text":"the","start":2036.23,"end":2036.31},{"text":"Republic","start":2036.31,"end":2036.79},{"text":"of","start":2036.79,"end":2036.95},{"text":"Korea,","start":2036.95,"end":2037.35},{"text":"to","start":2037.35,"end":2037.47},{"text":"be","start":2037.47,"end":2037.59},{"text":"followed","start":2037.59,"end":2037.99},{"text":"by","start":2037.99,"end":2038.15},{"text":"Spain.","start":2038.15,"end":2038.75}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the Republic of Korea.","start":2038.75,"end":2042.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":2038.75,"end":2038.87},{"text":"me","start":2038.87,"end":2038.99},{"text":"now","start":2038.99,"end":2039.11},{"text":"pass","start":2039.11,"end":2039.47},{"text":"the","start":2039.47,"end":2039.55},{"text":"floor","start":2039.55,"end":2039.91},{"text":"to","start":2039.91,"end":2040.07},{"text":"the","start":2040.07,"end":2040.15},{"text":"distinguished","start":2040.15,"end":2040.71},{"text":"representative","start":2040.71,"end":2041.43},{"text":"of","start":2041.43,"end":2041.51},{"text":"the","start":2041.51,"end":2041.63},{"text":"Republic","start":2041.63,"end":2042.19},{"text":"of","start":2042.19,"end":2042.31},{"text":"Korea.","start":2042.31,"end":2042.71}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":2042.75,"end":2043.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2042.75,"end":2042.83},{"text":"have","start":2042.87,"end":2042.99},{"text":"the","start":2043.03,"end":2043.11},{"text":"floor.","start":2043.11,"end":2043.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":17,"start":2045.35,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=34:06","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":2045.35,"end":2046.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2045.35,"end":2045.51},{"text":"you,","start":2045.51,"end":2045.63},{"text":"Mr.","start":2045.63,"end":2045.91},{"text":"Chair.","start":2045.91,"end":2046.31}]},{"text":"First of all, my delegation is of the view that IHL principles primarily regulate the use of weapon systems, not their development, with the exception of Article 36 of the Additional 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"First","start":2047.03,"end":2047.43},{"text":"of","start":2047.43,"end":2047.51},{"text":"all,","start":2047.51,"end":2047.67},{"text":"my","start":2047.75,"end":2047.91},{"text":"delegation","start":2047.91,"end":2048.47},{"text":"is","start":2048.47,"end":2048.71},{"text":"of","start":2048.75,"end":2048.87},{"text":"the","start":2048.87,"end":2048.95},{"text":"view","start":2048.95,"end":2049.35},{"text":"that","start":2049.35,"end":2049.67},{"text":"IHL","start":2049.67,"end":2050.15},{"text":"principles","start":2050.15,"end":2050.79},{"text":"primarily","start":2050.87,"end":2051.51},{"text":"regulate","start":2051.51,"end":2052.11},{"text":"the","start":2052.11,"end":2052.19},{"text":"use","start":2052.19,"end":2052.51},{"text":"of","start":2052.51,"end":2052.63},{"text":"weapon","start":2052.63,"end":2052.95},{"text":"systems,","start":2052.95,"end":2053.47},{"text":"not","start":2053.47,"end":2053.71},{"text":"their","start":2053.71,"end":2053.91},{"text":"development,","start":2053.91,"end":2054.71},{"text":"with","start":2055.11,"end":2055.27},{"text":"the","start":2055.27,"end":2055.35},{"text":"exception","start":2055.35,"end":2055.79},{"text":"of","start":2055.79,"end":2055.91},{"text":"Article","start":2055.91,"end":2056.27},{"text":"36","start":2056.27,"end":2056.79},{"text":"of","start":2056.79,"end":2056.87},{"text":"the","start":2056.87,"end":2056.95},{"text":"Additional","start":2056.95,"end":2057.39},{"text":"Protocol.","start":2057.39,"end":2057.99}]},{"text":"So while my delegation does not object to discussing the important element of development in this text, it should be addressed in the appropriate context.","start":2059.03,"end":2066.99,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2059.03,"end":2059.15},{"text":"while","start":2059.15,"end":2059.43},{"text":"my","start":2059.43,"end":2059.59},{"text":"delegation","start":2059.59,"end":2060.11},{"text":"does","start":2060.11,"end":2060.31},{"text":"not","start":2060.31,"end":2060.51},{"text":"object","start":2060.51,"end":2060.99},{"text":"to","start":2060.99,"end":2061.07},{"text":"discussing","start":2061.07,"end":2061.59},{"text":"the","start":2061.59,"end":2061.67},{"text":"important","start":2061.67,"end":2062.27},{"text":"element","start":2062.27,"end":2062.63},{"text":"of","start":2062.63,"end":2062.71},{"text":"development","start":2062.71,"end":2063.27},{"text":"in","start":2063.27,"end":2063.39},{"text":"this","start":2063.39,"end":2063.55},{"text":"text,","start":2063.55,"end":2064.03},{"text":"it","start":2064.39,"end":2064.47},{"text":"should","start":2064.47,"end":2064.71},{"text":"be","start":2064.71,"end":2064.83},{"text":"addressed","start":2064.83,"end":2065.19},{"text":"in","start":2065.19,"end":2065.35},{"text":"the","start":2065.35,"end":2065.51},{"text":"appropriate","start":2065.83,"end":2066.35},{"text":"context.","start":2066.35,"end":2066.99}]},{"text":"We therefore consider it inappropriate to discuss development under the section on prohibitions.","start":2068.07,"end":2073.27,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2068.07,"end":2068.27},{"text":"therefore","start":2068.27,"end":2068.63},{"text":"consider","start":2068.63,"end":2069.11},{"text":"it","start":2069.19,"end":2069.43},{"text":"inappropriate","start":2069.67,"end":2070.59},{"text":"to","start":2070.59,"end":2070.67},{"text":"discuss","start":2070.67,"end":2071.07},{"text":"development","start":2071.11,"end":2071.59},{"text":"under","start":2071.59,"end":2071.83},{"text":"the","start":2071.83,"end":2071.91},{"text":"section","start":2071.91,"end":2072.27},{"text":"on","start":2072.27,"end":2072.47},{"text":"prohibitions.","start":2072.47,"end":2073.27}]},{"text":"Accordingly, we suggest changing the term \"prohibitions\" in paragraph 5 to \"principles and requirements\" to more accurately reflect this notion.","start":2074.23,"end":2082.63,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Accordingly,","start":2074.23,"end":2074.71},{"text":"we","start":2074.71,"end":2074.87},{"text":"suggest","start":2074.87,"end":2075.39},{"text":"changing","start":2075.39,"end":2075.75},{"text":"the","start":2075.75,"end":2075.87},{"text":"term","start":2075.87,"end":2076.23},{"text":"\"prohibitions\"","start":2076.23,"end":2076.95},{"text":"in","start":2076.95,"end":2077.11},{"text":"paragraph","start":2077.11,"end":2077.63},{"text":"5","start":2077.63,"end":2077.91},{"text":"to","start":2078.55,"end":2078.71},{"text":"\"principles","start":2078.71,"end":2079.43},{"text":"and","start":2079.43,"end":2079.63},{"text":"requirements\"","start":2079.63,"end":2080.35},{"text":"to","start":2080.35,"end":2080.43},{"text":"more","start":2080.43,"end":2080.79},{"text":"accurately","start":2081.03,"end":2081.59},{"text":"reflect","start":2081.59,"end":2081.95},{"text":"this","start":2081.95,"end":2082.15},{"text":"notion.","start":2082.15,"end":2082.63}]},{"text":"Following up on the previous discussion regarding box 2, And there have been suggestions to move paragraph 5 to a separate box.","start":2084.07,"end":2092.55,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Following","start":2084.07,"end":2084.63},{"text":"up","start":2084.75,"end":2084.87},{"text":"on","start":2084.99,"end":2085.11},{"text":"the","start":2085.11,"end":2085.23},{"text":"previous","start":2085.23,"end":2085.67},{"text":"discussion","start":2085.67,"end":2086.31},{"text":"regarding","start":2086.31,"end":2086.71},{"text":"box","start":2086.71,"end":2087.03},{"text":"2,","start":2087.03,"end":2087.27},{"text":"And","start":2088.07,"end":2088.35},{"text":"there","start":2088.35,"end":2088.47},{"text":"have","start":2088.47,"end":2088.63},{"text":"been","start":2088.63,"end":2089.03},{"text":"suggestions","start":2089.35,"end":2090.07},{"text":"to","start":2090.07,"end":2090.19},{"text":"move","start":2090.19,"end":2090.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":2090.55,"end":2091.15},{"text":"5","start":2091.15,"end":2091.35},{"text":"to","start":2091.35,"end":2091.55},{"text":"a","start":2091.55,"end":2091.59},{"text":"separate","start":2091.59,"end":2091.99},{"text":"box.","start":2091.99,"end":2092.55}]},{"text":"While my delegation appreciates the efforts to move the paragraph out of box 2, we do not believe it is appropriate to address it in isolation in a separate box.","start":2093.47,"end":2103.27,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2093.47,"end":2093.75},{"text":"my","start":2093.75,"end":2093.91},{"text":"delegation","start":2093.91,"end":2094.43},{"text":"appreciates","start":2094.43,"end":2095.03},{"text":"the","start":2095.19,"end":2095.27},{"text":"efforts","start":2095.43,"end":2095.87},{"text":"to","start":2095.87,"end":2095.95},{"text":"move","start":2095.95,"end":2096.23},{"text":"the","start":2096.23,"end":2096.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":2096.31,"end":2096.87},{"text":"out","start":2096.87,"end":2096.99},{"text":"of","start":2096.99,"end":2097.07},{"text":"box","start":2097.07,"end":2097.39},{"text":"2,","start":2097.39,"end":2097.83},{"text":"we","start":2097.83,"end":2098.07},{"text":"do","start":2098.07,"end":2098.15},{"text":"not","start":2098.15,"end":2098.31},{"text":"believe","start":2098.31,"end":2098.71},{"text":"it","start":2098.71,"end":2098.87},{"text":"is","start":2098.87,"end":2099.11},{"text":"appropriate","start":2099.19,"end":2100.03},{"text":"to","start":2100.03,"end":2100.15},{"text":"address","start":2100.43,"end":2100.79},{"text":"it","start":2100.79,"end":2101.03},{"text":"in","start":2101.03,"end":2101.27},{"text":"isolation","start":2101.27,"end":2101.99},{"text":"in","start":2102.15,"end":2102.39},{"text":"a","start":2102.39,"end":2102.43},{"text":"separate","start":2102.43,"end":2102.79},{"text":"box.","start":2102.79,"end":2103.27}]},{"text":"Instead, we consider that this notion would be better situated within the framework of paragraph 6 of box 3 that we are talking about, as the Russian delegation has alluded to.","start":2104.31,"end":2114.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"Instead,","start":2104.31,"end":2104.79},{"text":"we","start":2104.79,"end":2104.95},{"text":"consider","start":2104.95,"end":2105.43},{"text":"that","start":2105.43,"end":2105.59},{"text":"this","start":2105.59,"end":2105.75},{"text":"notion","start":2105.75,"end":2106.19},{"text":"would","start":2106.19,"end":2106.31},{"text":"be","start":2106.31,"end":2106.39},{"text":"better","start":2106.39,"end":2106.79},{"text":"situated","start":2106.79,"end":2107.35},{"text":"within","start":2107.35,"end":2107.71},{"text":"the","start":2107.71,"end":2107.83},{"text":"framework","start":2107.83,"end":2108.31},{"text":"of","start":2108.31,"end":2108.39},{"text":"paragraph","start":2108.39,"end":2108.83},{"text":"6","start":2108.83,"end":2109.19},{"text":"of","start":2109.23,"end":2109.31},{"text":"box","start":2109.31,"end":2109.75},{"text":"3","start":2109.83,"end":2110.15},{"text":"that","start":2110.39,"end":2110.55},{"text":"we","start":2110.55,"end":2110.67},{"text":"are","start":2110.67,"end":2110.75},{"text":"talking","start":2110.75,"end":2111.07},{"text":"about,","start":2111.07,"end":2111.31},{"text":"as","start":2111.31,"end":2111.39},{"text":"the","start":2111.75,"end":2111.87},{"text":"Russian","start":2111.91,"end":2112.39},{"text":"delegation","start":2112.39,"end":2112.95},{"text":"has","start":2112.95,"end":2113.19},{"text":"alluded","start":2113.19,"end":2113.59},{"text":"to.","start":2113.91,"end":2114.31}]},{"text":"Paragraph 6 outlines measures relating to control, human judgment, and operational context.","start":2115.43,"end":2120.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":2115.43,"end":2115.75},{"text":"6","start":2115.75,"end":2116.07},{"text":"outlines","start":2116.07,"end":2116.55},{"text":"measures","start":2116.55,"end":2117.03},{"text":"relating","start":2117.03,"end":2117.43},{"text":"to","start":2117.43,"end":2117.51},{"text":"control,","start":2117.51,"end":2118.07},{"text":"human","start":2118.07,"end":2118.47},{"text":"judgment,","start":2118.47,"end":2118.91},{"text":"and","start":2118.91,"end":2119.15},{"text":"operational","start":2119.15,"end":2119.59},{"text":"context.","start":2119.59,"end":2120.23}]},{"text":"In this regard, we also suggest moving paragraph 6 to box 4, as other delegation have noted, and box 4 primarily addresses provisions and legal requirements, while paragraph 6 enumerates possible measures to oppose such requirements.","start":2120.55,"end":2134.95,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2120.55,"end":2120.67},{"text":"this","start":2120.67,"end":2120.95},{"text":"regard,","start":2120.95,"end":2121.35},{"text":"we","start":2121.35,"end":2121.51},{"text":"also","start":2121.51,"end":2121.91},{"text":"suggest","start":2121.91,"end":2122.31},{"text":"moving","start":2122.31,"end":2122.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":2122.63,"end":2123.03},{"text":"6","start":2123.03,"end":2123.35},{"text":"to","start":2123.35,"end":2123.59},{"text":"box","start":2123.59,"end":2123.91},{"text":"4,","start":2123.91,"end":2124.31},{"text":"as","start":2125.19,"end":2125.43},{"text":"other","start":2125.43,"end":2125.67},{"text":"delegation","start":2125.67,"end":2126.11},{"text":"have","start":2126.11,"end":2126.23},{"text":"noted,","start":2126.23,"end":2126.63},{"text":"and","start":2127.19,"end":2127.35},{"text":"box","start":2127.35,"end":2127.67},{"text":"4","start":2127.67,"end":2127.83},{"text":"primarily","start":2127.83,"end":2128.63},{"text":"addresses","start":2128.83,"end":2129.35},{"text":"provisions","start":2129.35,"end":2130.07},{"text":"and","start":2130.07,"end":2130.23},{"text":"legal","start":2130.23,"end":2130.55},{"text":"requirements,","start":2130.63,"end":2131.19},{"text":"while","start":2131.19,"end":2131.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":2131.35,"end":2131.79},{"text":"6","start":2131.79,"end":2131.99},{"text":"enumerates","start":2132.07,"end":2132.71},{"text":"possible","start":2132.71,"end":2133.19},{"text":"measures","start":2133.19,"end":2133.55},{"text":"to","start":2133.55,"end":2133.71},{"text":"oppose","start":2133.71,"end":2134.11},{"text":"such","start":2134.11,"end":2134.31},{"text":"requirements.","start":2134.31,"end":2134.95}]},{"text":"So it is logical to move that to box 4.","start":2134.95,"end":2137.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2134.95,"end":2135.03},{"text":"it","start":2135.03,"end":2135.19},{"text":"is","start":2135.19,"end":2135.43},{"text":"logical","start":2135.75,"end":2136.27},{"text":"to","start":2136.27,"end":2136.39},{"text":"move","start":2136.39,"end":2136.63},{"text":"that","start":2136.63,"end":2136.91},{"text":"to","start":2136.91,"end":2137.11},{"text":"box","start":2137.43,"end":2137.67},{"text":"4.","start":2137.67,"end":2137.99}]},{"text":"We agree with the delegations that have emphasized that there is a need for novel approaches to address novel challenges.","start":2139.99,"end":2145.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2139.99,"end":2140.15},{"text":"agree","start":2140.15,"end":2140.47},{"text":"with","start":2140.47,"end":2140.63},{"text":"the","start":2140.63,"end":2140.71},{"text":"delegations","start":2140.71,"end":2141.35},{"text":"that","start":2141.35,"end":2141.51},{"text":"have","start":2141.51,"end":2141.67},{"text":"emphasized","start":2141.67,"end":2142.27},{"text":"that","start":2142.27,"end":2142.47},{"text":"there","start":2142.47,"end":2142.59},{"text":"is","start":2142.59,"end":2142.71},{"text":"a","start":2142.71,"end":2142.75},{"text":"need","start":2142.75,"end":2143.19},{"text":"for","start":2143.19,"end":2143.43},{"text":"novel","start":2143.43,"end":2143.79},{"text":"approaches","start":2143.79,"end":2144.31},{"text":"to","start":2144.31,"end":2144.59},{"text":"address","start":2144.59,"end":2144.95},{"text":"novel","start":2144.95,"end":2145.27},{"text":"challenges.","start":2145.27,"end":2145.99}]},{"text":"We also agree with that our task is to further elaborate how ICH applies to laws to ensure compliance.","start":2146.55,"end":2155.03,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2146.55,"end":2146.71},{"text":"also","start":2146.71,"end":2147.11},{"text":"agree","start":2147.11,"end":2147.91},{"text":"with","start":2147.91,"end":2148.19},{"text":"that","start":2148.19,"end":2148.39},{"text":"our","start":2148.71,"end":2148.87},{"text":"task","start":2148.87,"end":2149.35},{"text":"is","start":2149.35,"end":2149.91},{"text":"to","start":2149.91,"end":2150.15},{"text":"further","start":2150.15,"end":2150.59},{"text":"elaborate","start":2150.59,"end":2151.19},{"text":"how","start":2151.19,"end":2151.67},{"text":"ICH","start":2151.67,"end":2151.83},{"text":"applies","start":2151.83,"end":2152.43},{"text":"to","start":2152.43,"end":2152.79},{"text":"laws","start":2152.79,"end":2153.51},{"text":"to","start":2153.83,"end":2153.95},{"text":"ensure","start":2153.95,"end":2154.23},{"text":"compliance.","start":2154.23,"end":2155.03}]},{"text":"However, we do not agree that an overarching organizing principle such as context-appropriate human control and judgment is required to do this job.","start":2155.67,"end":2164.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2155.67,"end":2156.15},{"text":"we","start":2156.15,"end":2156.31},{"text":"do","start":2156.31,"end":2156.47},{"text":"not","start":2156.47,"end":2156.63},{"text":"agree","start":2156.63,"end":2156.95},{"text":"that","start":2156.95,"end":2157.19},{"text":"an","start":2157.43,"end":2157.51},{"text":"overarching","start":2157.51,"end":2158.15},{"text":"organizing","start":2158.15,"end":2158.79},{"text":"principle","start":2159.43,"end":2160.23},{"text":"such","start":2160.87,"end":2161.11},{"text":"as","start":2161.11,"end":2161.27},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2161.27,"end":2162.43},{"text":"human","start":2162.43,"end":2162.67},{"text":"control","start":2162.67,"end":2162.99},{"text":"and","start":2162.99,"end":2163.11},{"text":"judgment","start":2163.11,"end":2163.47},{"text":"is","start":2163.47,"end":2163.59},{"text":"required","start":2163.59,"end":2163.95},{"text":"to","start":2163.95,"end":2164.07},{"text":"do","start":2164.07,"end":2164.23},{"text":"this","start":2164.23,"end":2164.55},{"text":"job.","start":2164.55,"end":2164.83}]},{"text":"A more straightforward approach, as noted by the US delegation and Russian delegation, is to discuss specific measures such as those contained in paragraph 6 of box 3.","start":2165.59,"end":2175.51,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":2165.59,"end":2165.63},{"text":"more","start":2165.63,"end":2165.83},{"text":"straightforward","start":2165.83,"end":2166.63},{"text":"approach,","start":2166.63,"end":2167.03},{"text":"as","start":2167.27,"end":2167.51},{"text":"noted","start":2167.51,"end":2167.87},{"text":"by","start":2167.87,"end":2168.07},{"text":"the","start":2168.07,"end":2168.23},{"text":"US","start":2168.39,"end":2168.59},{"text":"delegation","start":2168.59,"end":2169.11},{"text":"and","start":2169.11,"end":2169.27},{"text":"Russian","start":2169.27,"end":2169.55},{"text":"delegation,","start":2169.55,"end":2170.15},{"text":"is","start":2170.47,"end":2170.71},{"text":"to","start":2170.71,"end":2170.95},{"text":"discuss","start":2170.95,"end":2171.47},{"text":"specific","start":2171.47,"end":2171.87},{"text":"measures","start":2171.87,"end":2172.23},{"text":"such","start":2172.23,"end":2172.63},{"text":"as","start":2172.63,"end":2172.79},{"text":"those","start":2172.79,"end":2173.11},{"text":"contained","start":2173.11,"end":2173.59},{"text":"in","start":2173.59,"end":2173.99},{"text":"paragraph","start":2174.07,"end":2174.43},{"text":"6","start":2174.43,"end":2174.75},{"text":"of","start":2174.75,"end":2174.83},{"text":"box","start":2174.83,"end":2175.19},{"text":"3.","start":2175.19,"end":2175.51}]},{"text":"To summarize, my delegation proposed merging paragraph 5 of box 2 with paragraph 6 of box 3, with appropriate adjustment of the wording, and then relocating the newly merged paragraph to box 4.","start":2176.95,"end":2189.83,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"Real-time","start":2226.23,"end":2226.75},{"text":"machine","start":2226.75,"end":2227.07},{"text":"learning","start":2227.07,"end":2227.35},{"text":"can","start":2227.35,"end":2227.55},{"text":"enhance","start":2227.55,"end":2228.23},{"text":"both","start":2228.23,"end":2228.47},{"text":"the","start":2228.47,"end":2228.63},{"text":"precision","start":2228.63,"end":2229.27},{"text":"and","start":2229.27,"end":2229.55},{"text":"adaptability","start":2229.55,"end":2230.27},{"text":"of","start":2230.27,"end":2230.39},{"text":"those","start":2230.39,"end":2230.55},{"text":"systems,","start":2230.55,"end":2231.19},{"text":"thereby","start":2231.51,"end":2232.07},{"text":"contributing","start":2232.07,"end":2232.71},{"text":"to","start":2232.71,"end":2232.95},{"text":"over","start":2233.03,"end":2233.43},{"text":"military","start":2233.43,"end":2233.87},{"text":"effectiveness","start":2233.87,"end":2234.71},{"text":"and","start":2234.71,"end":2234.99},{"text":"improve","start":2234.99,"end":2235.43},{"text":"civilian","start":2235.43,"end":2235.99},{"text":"protection.","start":2235.99,"end":2236.71}]},{"text":"A rigid system, by contrast, could create greater risk in practice on the ground.","start":2237.59,"end":2242.83,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":2237.59,"end":2237.63},{"text":"rigid","start":2237.63,"end":2238.11},{"text":"system,","start":2238.11,"end":2238.79},{"text":"by","start":2238.79,"end":2238.95},{"text":"contrast,","start":2238.95,"end":2239.55},{"text":"could","start":2239.55,"end":2239.75},{"text":"create","start":2239.75,"end":2240.15},{"text":"greater","start":2240.15,"end":2240.71},{"text":"risk","start":2240.71,"end":2241.03},{"text":"in","start":2241.35,"end":2241.51},{"text":"practice","start":2241.51,"end":2242.07},{"text":"on","start":2242.11,"end":2242.23},{"text":"the","start":2242.23,"end":2242.35},{"text":"ground.","start":2242.35,"end":2242.83}]},{"text":"So we would like to delete those restrictions in paragraph 6.","start":2244.79,"end":2249.35,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2244.79,"end":2244.95},{"text":"we","start":2244.95,"end":2245.11},{"text":"would","start":2245.11,"end":2245.27},{"text":"like","start":2245.27,"end":2245.51},{"text":"to","start":2245.51,"end":2245.59},{"text":"delete","start":2245.59,"end":2246.03},{"text":"those","start":2246.03,"end":2246.39},{"text":"restrictions","start":2247.11,"end":2247.91},{"text":"in","start":2248.07,"end":2248.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":2248.63,"end":2248.95},{"text":"6.","start":2248.95,"end":2249.35}]},{"text":"Finally, we would like also to note that we consider paragraph 6D, Roman number 2, to be a necessary restriction and therefore recommend its 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list is the distinguished representative of Spain.","start":2272.52,"end":2275.96,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2272.52,"end":2272.92},{"text":"on","start":2272.92,"end":2273},{"text":"my","start":2273,"end":2273.16},{"text":"list","start":2273.2,"end":2273.56},{"text":"is","start":2273.56,"end":2273.76},{"text":"the","start":2273.76,"end":2273.84},{"text":"distinguished","start":2273.88,"end":2274.44},{"text":"representative","start":2274.44,"end":2275.16},{"text":"of","start":2275.28,"end":2275.4},{"text":"Spain.","start":2275.4,"end":2275.96}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":2275.96,"end":2276.76,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2275.96,"end":2276.08},{"text":"have","start":2276.08,"end":2276.36},{"text":"the","start":2276.36,"end":2276.44},{"text":"floor.","start":2276.44,"end":2276.76}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":19,"start":2280.71,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=38:01","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson.","start":2280.71,"end":2282.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2280.71,"end":2280.95},{"text":"you","start":2280.95,"end":2281.19},{"text":"very","start":2281.19,"end":2281.43},{"text":"much,","start":2281.43,"end":2281.75},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":2281.83,"end":2282.55}]},{"text":"Well, first and foremost, once again, I would like to say how grateful we are to you for guiding us in these 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would like to make the following comments expressing my country's position.","start":2291.43,"end":2295.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2291.43,"end":2291.51},{"text":"would","start":2291.51,"end":2291.67},{"text":"like","start":2291.67,"end":2291.83},{"text":"to","start":2291.83,"end":2291.95},{"text":"make","start":2291.95,"end":2292.07},{"text":"the","start":2292.07,"end":2292.15},{"text":"following","start":2292.15,"end":2292.51},{"text":"comments","start":2292.51,"end":2293.19},{"text":"expressing","start":2293.99,"end":2294.51},{"text":"my","start":2294.51,"end":2294.71},{"text":"country's","start":2294.71,"end":2295.11},{"text":"position.","start":2295.11,"end":2295.67}]},{"text":"We support your proposals for paragraph 1, 2, 4, and 5, though we do have some comments on paragraph 3. and on my delegation approves of references to civilian population and civilian objects, individual civilians and civilian objects, given that they are concepts of IHL and they are covered in Additional Protocol I, we would like to make the following proposal.","start":2296.23,"end":2325.95,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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proposal would be in line with what is said later in paragraph 6, roman numeral 4.","start":2347.15,"end":2354.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2347.15,"end":2347.47},{"text":"proposal","start":2347.47,"end":2348.11},{"text":"would","start":2348.11,"end":2348.43},{"text":"be","start":2348.43,"end":2348.59},{"text":"in","start":2348.59,"end":2348.75},{"text":"line","start":2348.75,"end":2349.23},{"text":"with","start":2350.11,"end":2350.31},{"text":"what","start":2350.31,"end":2350.51},{"text":"is","start":2350.51,"end":2350.59},{"text":"said","start":2350.59,"end":2350.83},{"text":"later","start":2350.83,"end":2351.39},{"text":"in","start":2351.39,"end":2351.55},{"text":"paragraph","start":2351.55,"end":2352.03},{"text":"6,","start":2352.03,"end":2352.75},{"text":"roman","start":2353.31,"end":2353.71},{"text":"numeral","start":2353.71,"end":2354.11},{"text":"4.","start":2354.19,"end":2354.75}]},{"text":"We will be submitting this proposal in writing to you 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I recognize the distinguished representative of the ICSC.","start":2381.99,"end":2386.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2381.99,"end":2382.47},{"text":"I","start":2382.71,"end":2382.95},{"text":"recognize","start":2382.95,"end":2383.51},{"text":"the","start":2383.51,"end":2383.63},{"text":"distinguished","start":2383.63,"end":2384.31},{"text":"representative","start":2384.31,"end":2385.11},{"text":"of","start":2385.11,"end":2385.19},{"text":"the","start":2385.19,"end":2385.27},{"text":"ICSC.","start":2385.27,"end":2386.23}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the 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support the inclusion of paragraphs 1 to 3 in this section, which have been recognized by the GGE in the Guiding Principles.","start":2397.23,"end":2403.39,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2428.51,"end":2428.71},{"text":"example,","start":2428.71,"end":2429.31},{"text":"the","start":2429.79,"end":2429.95},{"text":"use","start":2429.95,"end":2430.19},{"text":"of","start":2430.19,"end":2430.27},{"text":"the","start":2430.27,"end":2430.39},{"text":"word","start":2430.39,"end":2430.59},{"text":"anticipated","start":2430.59,"end":2431.31},{"text":"can","start":2431.31,"end":2431.47},{"text":"be","start":2431.47,"end":2431.55},{"text":"found","start":2431.55,"end":2431.83},{"text":"in","start":2431.83,"end":2431.91},{"text":"the","start":2431.91,"end":2431.99},{"text":"principle","start":2431.99,"end":2432.35},{"text":"of","start":2432.35,"end":2432.43},{"text":"proportionality.","start":2432.43,"end":2433.31}]},{"text":"It also provides a constructive bridge between different views expressed in the GGE, namely making a reference to the risks posed by unpredictable autonomous weapon systems while retaining IHL language.","start":2435.15,"end":2445.71,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2435.15,"end":2435.31},{"text":"also","start":2435.31,"end":2435.55},{"text":"provides","start":2435.55,"end":2435.99},{"text":"a","start":2435.99,"end":2436.03},{"text":"constructive","start":2436.03,"end":2436.59},{"text":"bridge","start":2436.59,"end":2436.83},{"text":"between","start":2436.83,"end":2437.15},{"text":"different","start":2437.15,"end":2437.55},{"text":"views","start":2437.55,"end":2437.75},{"text":"expressed","start":2437.75,"end":2438.15},{"text":"in","start":2438.15,"end":2438.27},{"text":"the","start":2438.27,"end":2438.35},{"text":"GGE,","start":2438.35,"end":2439.07},{"text":"namely","start":2439.47,"end":2439.95},{"text":"making","start":2439.95,"end":2440.27},{"text":"a","start":2440.27,"end":2440.31},{"text":"reference","start":2440.31,"end":2440.71},{"text":"to","start":2440.71,"end":2440.79},{"text":"the","start":2440.79,"end":2440.95},{"text":"risks","start":2440.95,"end":2441.31},{"text":"posed","start":2441.31,"end":2441.55},{"text":"by","start":2441.55,"end":2441.79},{"text":"unpredictable","start":2441.79,"end":2442.43},{"text":"autonomous","start":2442.43,"end":2442.79},{"text":"weapon","start":2442.79,"end":2443.07},{"text":"systems","start":2443.07,"end":2443.63},{"text":"while","start":2443.83,"end":2444.19},{"text":"retaining","start":2444.19,"end":2444.67},{"text":"IHL","start":2444.67,"end":2445.19},{"text":"language.","start":2445.19,"end":2445.71}]},{"text":"We would, however, recommend replacing the term \"controlled\" with \"limited\", as this more closely reflects existing IHL terminology.","start":2447.31,"end":2454.11,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2447.31,"end":2447.51},{"text":"would,","start":2447.51,"end":2447.71},{"text":"however,","start":2447.71,"end":2448.07},{"text":"recommend","start":2448.07,"end":2448.51},{"text":"replacing","start":2448.51,"end":2448.95},{"text":"the","start":2448.95,"end":2449.03},{"text":"term","start":2449.03,"end":2449.31},{"text":"\"controlled\"","start":2449.31,"end":2449.95},{"text":"with","start":2449.95,"end":2450.07},{"text":"\"limited\",","start":2450.07,"end":2450.67},{"text":"as","start":2450.99,"end":2451.23},{"text":"this","start":2451.23,"end":2451.39},{"text":"more","start":2451.39,"end":2451.63},{"text":"closely","start":2451.63,"end":2452.03},{"text":"reflects","start":2452.03,"end":2452.47},{"text":"existing","start":2452.47,"end":2452.91},{"text":"IHL","start":2452.91,"end":2453.31},{"text":"terminology.","start":2453.31,"end":2454.11}]},{"text":"For example, this can be found in the prohibition against indiscriminate attacks.","start":2454.35,"end":2458.19,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2454.35,"end":2454.55},{"text":"example,","start":2454.55,"end":2455.23},{"text":"this","start":2455.31,"end":2455.55},{"text":"can","start":2455.55,"end":2455.67},{"text":"be","start":2455.67,"end":2455.79},{"text":"found","start":2455.79,"end":2456.07},{"text":"in","start":2456.07,"end":2456.15},{"text":"the","start":2456.15,"end":2456.27},{"text":"prohibition","start":2456.27,"end":2456.79},{"text":"against","start":2456.79,"end":2457.11},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":2457.11,"end":2457.71},{"text":"attacks.","start":2457.71,"end":2458.19}]},{"text":"And it also avoids potential ambiguity over the meaning of \"control\" in this context.","start":2459.31,"end":2463.47,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2459.31,"end":2459.59},{"text":"it","start":2459.59,"end":2459.71},{"text":"also","start":2459.71,"end":2459.99},{"text":"avoids","start":2459.99,"end":2460.39},{"text":"potential","start":2460.39,"end":2460.75},{"text":"ambiguity","start":2460.75,"end":2461.47},{"text":"over","start":2461.47,"end":2461.71},{"text":"the","start":2461.71,"end":2461.79},{"text":"meaning","start":2461.79,"end":2462.11},{"text":"of","start":2462.11,"end":2462.19},{"text":"\"control\"","start":2462.19,"end":2462.59},{"text":"in","start":2462.59,"end":2462.67},{"text":"this","start":2462.67,"end":2462.83},{"text":"context.","start":2462.83,"end":2463.47}]},{"text":"With regards to paragraph 5, we appreciate the explicit reference to both development and use in box 3.","start":2464.83,"end":2470.35,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2464.83,"end":2465.07},{"text":"regards","start":2465.07,"end":2465.35},{"text":"to","start":2465.35,"end":2465.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":2465.51,"end":2465.99},{"text":"5,","start":2465.99,"end":2466.43},{"text":"we","start":2466.51,"end":2466.71},{"text":"appreciate","start":2466.71,"end":2467.19},{"text":"the","start":2467.19,"end":2467.27},{"text":"explicit","start":2467.27,"end":2467.79},{"text":"reference","start":2467.79,"end":2468.27},{"text":"to","start":2468.27,"end":2468.39},{"text":"both","start":2468.39,"end":2468.59},{"text":"development","start":2468.59,"end":2469.15},{"text":"and","start":2469.15,"end":2469.27},{"text":"use","start":2469.27,"end":2469.55},{"text":"in","start":2469.55,"end":2469.71},{"text":"box","start":2469.71,"end":2470.03},{"text":"3.","start":2470.03,"end":2470.35}]},{"text":"As highlighted by several delegations during the March 2025 GGE session, extending coverage to development supports compliance with IHL obligations, including the requirement to respect and ensure respect for IHL at all times, as well as the requirement that parties to an armed conflict take constant care to spare the civilian population, not only in attacks, but throughout their military operations.","start":2471.23,"end":2494.43,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2471.23,"end":2471.43},{"text":"highlighted","start":2471.43,"end":2471.87},{"text":"by","start":2471.87,"end":2472.03},{"text":"several","start":2472.03,"end":2472.39},{"text":"delegations","start":2472.39,"end":2472.99},{"text":"during","start":2472.99,"end":2473.23},{"text":"the","start":2473.23,"end":2473.31},{"text":"March","start":2473.31,"end":2473.71},{"text":"2025","start":2473.87,"end":2474.75},{"text":"GGE","start":2474.75,"end":2475.23},{"text":"session,","start":2475.23,"end":2475.71},{"text":"extending","start":2475.71,"end":2476.27},{"text":"coverage","start":2476.27,"end":2476.67},{"text":"to","start":2476.67,"end":2476.79},{"text":"development","start":2476.79,"end":2477.39},{"text":"supports","start":2477.39,"end":2477.87},{"text":"compliance","start":2477.87,"end":2478.59},{"text":"with","start":2478.59,"end":2478.75},{"text":"IHL","start":2478.75,"end":2479.31},{"text":"obligations,","start":2479.39,"end":2480.27},{"text":"including","start":2480.59,"end":2481.15},{"text":"the","start":2481.15,"end":2481.27},{"text":"requirement","start":2481.27,"end":2481.83},{"text":"to","start":2481.83,"end":2481.91},{"text":"respect","start":2481.91,"end":2482.59},{"text":"and","start":2482.59,"end":2482.79},{"text":"ensure","start":2482.79,"end":2483.07},{"text":"respect","start":2483.07,"end":2483.43},{"text":"for","start":2483.43,"end":2483.55},{"text":"IHL","start":2483.55,"end":2484.03},{"text":"at","start":2484.03,"end":2484.11},{"text":"all","start":2484.11,"end":2484.27},{"text":"times,","start":2484.27,"end":2484.91},{"text":"as","start":2485.23,"end":2485.39},{"text":"well","start":2485.39,"end":2485.55},{"text":"as","start":2485.55,"end":2485.63},{"text":"the","start":2485.63,"end":2485.71},{"text":"requirement","start":2485.71,"end":2486.31},{"text":"that","start":2486.31,"end":2486.43},{"text":"parties","start":2486.43,"end":2486.79},{"text":"to","start":2486.79,"end":2486.87},{"text":"an","start":2486.87,"end":2486.99},{"text":"armed","start":2486.99,"end":2487.23},{"text":"conflict","start":2487.23,"end":2487.91},{"text":"take","start":2487.91,"end":2488.15},{"text":"constant","start":2488.15,"end":2488.63},{"text":"care","start":2488.63,"end":2488.99},{"text":"to","start":2488.99,"end":2489.11},{"text":"spare","start":2489.11,"end":2489.39},{"text":"the","start":2489.39,"end":2489.47},{"text":"civilian","start":2489.47,"end":2489.91},{"text":"population,","start":2489.91,"end":2490.75},{"text":"not","start":2491.07,"end":2491.31},{"text":"only","start":2491.31,"end":2491.59},{"text":"in","start":2491.59,"end":2491.71},{"text":"attacks,","start":2491.71,"end":2492.35},{"text":"but","start":2492.67,"end":2492.79},{"text":"throughout","start":2492.79,"end":2493.07},{"text":"their","start":2493.07,"end":2493.23},{"text":"military","start":2493.23,"end":2493.55},{"text":"operations.","start":2493.55,"end":2494.43}]},{"text":"It also reflects the need to ensure that weapons are not developed which would likely be incompatible with IHL and provides greater clarity for developers.","start":2495.11,"end":2503.75,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2495.11,"end":2495.27},{"text":"also","start":2495.27,"end":2495.51},{"text":"reflects","start":2495.51,"end":2495.91},{"text":"the","start":2495.91,"end":2496.03},{"text":"need","start":2496.03,"end":2496.27},{"text":"to","start":2496.27,"end":2496.35},{"text":"ensure","start":2496.35,"end":2496.95},{"text":"that","start":2496.95,"end":2497.19},{"text":"weapons","start":2497.19,"end":2497.59},{"text":"are","start":2497.59,"end":2497.67},{"text":"not","start":2497.67,"end":2497.99},{"text":"developed","start":2497.99,"end":2498.63},{"text":"which","start":2498.79,"end":2499.11},{"text":"would","start":2499.11,"end":2499.35},{"text":"likely","start":2499.35,"end":2499.67},{"text":"be","start":2499.67,"end":2499.83},{"text":"incompatible","start":2499.83,"end":2500.51},{"text":"with","start":2500.51,"end":2500.63},{"text":"IHL","start":2500.71,"end":2501.27},{"text":"and","start":2501.51,"end":2501.71},{"text":"provides","start":2501.71,"end":2502.11},{"text":"greater","start":2502.11,"end":2502.39},{"text":"clarity","start":2502.39,"end":2502.87},{"text":"for","start":2502.87,"end":2503.03},{"text":"developers.","start":2503.03,"end":2503.75}]},{"text":"In the CCW context, prohibiting the development of such weapons can also be understood as promoting the purposes of the instrument by supporting the prohibition on their use.","start":2504.47,"end":2514.47,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2504.47,"end":2504.59},{"text":"the","start":2504.59,"end":2504.67},{"text":"CCW","start":2504.67,"end":2505.43},{"text":"context,","start":2505.51,"end":2506.19},{"text":"prohibiting","start":2506.19,"end":2506.71},{"text":"the","start":2506.71,"end":2506.79},{"text":"development","start":2506.79,"end":2507.23},{"text":"of","start":2507.23,"end":2507.31},{"text":"such","start":2507.31,"end":2507.59},{"text":"weapons","start":2507.59,"end":2508.07},{"text":"can","start":2508.07,"end":2508.31},{"text":"also","start":2508.39,"end":2508.79},{"text":"be","start":2508.79,"end":2508.95},{"text":"understood","start":2508.95,"end":2509.51},{"text":"as","start":2509.51,"end":2509.91},{"text":"promoting","start":2510.23,"end":2510.79},{"text":"the","start":2510.79,"end":2510.91},{"text":"purposes","start":2510.91,"end":2511.59},{"text":"of","start":2511.59,"end":2511.75},{"text":"the","start":2511.75,"end":2511.83},{"text":"instrument","start":2511.83,"end":2512.47},{"text":"by","start":2512.47,"end":2512.63},{"text":"supporting","start":2512.63,"end":2513.11},{"text":"the","start":2513.11,"end":2513.19},{"text":"prohibition","start":2513.19,"end":2513.67},{"text":"on","start":2513.67,"end":2513.79},{"text":"their","start":2513.79,"end":2513.91},{"text":"use.","start":2513.91,"end":2514.47}]},{"text":"This is analogous to Amended Protocol II, Article 8, which, quote unquote, \"in order to promote the purposes of the Protocol, prohibits the transfer of any mine the use of which is prohibited by the Protocol.\"","start":2515.19,"end":2527.43,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2515.19,"end":2515.43},{"text":"is","start":2515.43,"end":2515.59},{"text":"analogous","start":2515.59,"end":2516.23},{"text":"to","start":2516.23,"end":2516.31},{"text":"Amended","start":2516.31,"end":2516.63},{"text":"Protocol","start":2516.63,"end":2517.11},{"text":"II,","start":2517.11,"end":2517.43},{"text":"Article","start":2517.43,"end":2517.91},{"text":"8,","start":2517.91,"end":2518.31},{"text":"which,","start":2518.31,"end":2518.79},{"text":"quote","start":2519.03,"end":2519.31},{"text":"unquote,","start":2519.31,"end":2519.67},{"text":"\"in","start":2519.67,"end":2519.83},{"text":"order","start":2519.83,"end":2520.23},{"text":"to","start":2520.23,"end":2520.31},{"text":"promote","start":2520.31,"end":2520.67},{"text":"the","start":2520.67,"end":2520.79},{"text":"purposes","start":2520.79,"end":2521.39},{"text":"of","start":2521.39,"end":2521.51},{"text":"the","start":2521.51,"end":2521.59},{"text":"Protocol,","start":2521.59,"end":2522.31},{"text":"prohibits","start":2522.55,"end":2523.03},{"text":"the","start":2523.03,"end":2523.11},{"text":"transfer","start":2523.11,"end":2523.67},{"text":"of","start":2523.67,"end":2523.91},{"text":"any","start":2523.91,"end":2524.31},{"text":"mine","start":2524.31,"end":2524.95},{"text":"the","start":2525.19,"end":2525.39},{"text":"use","start":2525.39,"end":2525.59},{"text":"of","start":2525.59,"end":2525.67},{"text":"which","start":2525.67,"end":2526.07},{"text":"is","start":2526.07,"end":2526.27},{"text":"prohibited","start":2526.27,"end":2526.67},{"text":"by","start":2526.67,"end":2526.79},{"text":"the","start":2526.79,"end":2526.87},{"text":"Protocol.\"","start":2526.87,"end":2527.43}]},{"text":"One key gap in the current list of prohibitions is the lack of an explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems.","start":2528.95,"end":2534.87,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2535.55,"end":2535.87},{"text":"IHL","start":2535.87,"end":2536.35},{"text":"does","start":2536.35,"end":2536.51},{"text":"not","start":2536.51,"end":2536.67},{"text":"categorically","start":2536.67,"end":2537.39},{"text":"prohibit","start":2537.39,"end":2537.87},{"text":"autonomous","start":2537.87,"end":2538.31},{"text":"weapon","start":2538.31,"end":2538.55},{"text":"systems","start":2538.55,"end":2538.99},{"text":"that","start":2538.99,"end":2539.15},{"text":"target","start":2539.15,"end":2539.55},{"text":"humans","start":2539.55,"end":2539.87},{"text":"directly,","start":2539.87,"end":2540.51},{"text":"it's","start":2540.51,"end":2540.75},{"text":"difficult","start":2540.75,"end":2541.27},{"text":"to","start":2541.27,"end":2541.35},{"text":"envisage","start":2541.35,"end":2542.11},{"text":"realistic","start":2542.35,"end":2542.99},{"text":"combat","start":2542.99,"end":2543.31},{"text":"situations","start":2543.31,"end":2544.03},{"text":"where","start":2544.03,"end":2544.19},{"text":"the","start":2544.19,"end":2544.27},{"text":"use","start":2544.27,"end":2544.55},{"text":"of","start":2544.55,"end":2544.63},{"text":"such","start":2544.63,"end":2544.91},{"text":"weapons","start":2544.91,"end":2545.35},{"text":"against","start":2545.35,"end":2545.71},{"text":"people","start":2545.71,"end":2546.27},{"text":"would","start":2546.83,"end":2547.07},{"text":"not","start":2547.07,"end":2547.31},{"text":"pose","start":2547.31,"end":2547.59},{"text":"a","start":2547.59,"end":2547.63},{"text":"significant","start":2547.63,"end":2548.19},{"text":"risk","start":2548.19,"end":2548.39},{"text":"of","start":2548.39,"end":2548.51},{"text":"IHL","start":2548.51,"end":2548.91},{"text":"violations.","start":2548.91,"end":2549.79}]},{"text":"any restrictions that could theoretically be devised on the use of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems to reduce the risk of IHL violations would likely be too complicated to be applied reliably and effectively in the wide variety of actual combat situations.","start":2550.75,"end":2566.83,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"any","start":2550.75,"end":2550.99},{"text":"restrictions","start":2550.99,"end":2551.55},{"text":"that","start":2551.55,"end":2551.71},{"text":"could","start":2551.71,"end":2551.91},{"text":"theoretically","start":2551.91,"end":2552.43},{"text":"be","start":2552.43,"end":2552.59},{"text":"devised","start":2552.59,"end":2553.23},{"text":"on","start":2553.23,"end":2553.43},{"text":"the","start":2553.43,"end":2553.55},{"text":"use","start":2553.55,"end":2554.03},{"text":"of","start":2554.11,"end":2554.35},{"text":"anti-personnel","start":2554.35,"end":2554.99},{"text":"autonomous","start":2554.99,"end":2555.43},{"text":"weapon","start":2555.43,"end":2555.67},{"text":"systems","start":2555.67,"end":2556.27},{"text":"to","start":2556.59,"end":2556.67},{"text":"reduce","start":2556.67,"end":2557.11},{"text":"the","start":2557.11,"end":2557.19},{"text":"risk","start":2557.19,"end":2557.43},{"text":"of","start":2557.43,"end":2557.55},{"text":"IHL","start":2557.55,"end":2558.03},{"text":"violations","start":2558.03,"end":2558.99},{"text":"would","start":2559.23,"end":2559.55},{"text":"likely","start":2559.55,"end":2559.95},{"text":"be","start":2559.95,"end":2560.19},{"text":"too","start":2560.19,"end":2560.43},{"text":"complicated","start":2560.43,"end":2561.11},{"text":"to","start":2561.11,"end":2561.19},{"text":"be","start":2561.19,"end":2561.39},{"text":"applied","start":2561.39,"end":2562.11},{"text":"reliably","start":2562.35,"end":2563.07},{"text":"and","start":2563.07,"end":2563.23},{"text":"effectively","start":2563.23,"end":2564.03},{"text":"in","start":2564.27,"end":2564.43},{"text":"the","start":2564.43,"end":2564.51},{"text":"wide","start":2564.51,"end":2564.83},{"text":"variety","start":2564.83,"end":2565.27},{"text":"of","start":2565.27,"end":2565.39},{"text":"actual","start":2565.39,"end":2565.71},{"text":"combat","start":2565.71,"end":2566.07},{"text":"situations.","start":2566.07,"end":2566.83}]},{"text":"In contrast, a complete prohibition on anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems would provide clarity for militaries and developers and would have a far greater impact on reducing the risks of strikes against people protected in armed conflict.","start":2567.79,"end":2581.31,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2567.79,"end":2567.95},{"text":"contrast,","start":2567.95,"end":2568.67},{"text":"a","start":2568.67,"end":2568.75},{"text":"complete","start":2568.75,"end":2569.11},{"text":"prohibition","start":2569.11,"end":2569.59},{"text":"on","start":2569.59,"end":2569.71},{"text":"anti-personnel","start":2569.71,"end":2570.47},{"text":"autonomous","start":2570.47,"end":2570.91},{"text":"weapon","start":2570.91,"end":2571.15},{"text":"systems","start":2571.15,"end":2571.79},{"text":"would","start":2572.03,"end":2572.27},{"text":"provide","start":2572.27,"end":2572.63},{"text":"clarity","start":2572.63,"end":2573.31},{"text":"for","start":2573.63,"end":2573.79},{"text":"militaries","start":2573.79,"end":2574.35},{"text":"and","start":2574.35,"end":2574.47},{"text":"developers","start":2574.47,"end":2575.23},{"text":"and","start":2575.79,"end":2575.95},{"text":"would","start":2575.95,"end":2576.19},{"text":"have","start":2576.19,"end":2576.43},{"text":"a","start":2576.43,"end":2576.51},{"text":"far","start":2576.51,"end":2576.79},{"text":"greater","start":2576.79,"end":2577.15},{"text":"impact","start":2577.15,"end":2577.79},{"text":"on","start":2577.79,"end":2578.03},{"text":"reducing","start":2578.03,"end":2578.43},{"text":"the","start":2578.43,"end":2578.51},{"text":"risks","start":2578.51,"end":2578.87},{"text":"of","start":2578.87,"end":2578.95},{"text":"strikes","start":2578.95,"end":2579.47},{"text":"against","start":2579.47,"end":2579.75},{"text":"people","start":2579.75,"end":2580.03},{"text":"protected","start":2580.03,"end":2580.47},{"text":"in","start":2580.47,"end":2580.59},{"text":"armed","start":2580.59,"end":2580.75},{"text":"conflict.","start":2580.75,"end":2581.31}]},{"text":"Such a prohibition would also be an effective response to broader ethical and humanitarian concerns.","start":2582.11,"end":2586.67,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":2582.11,"end":2582.43},{"text":"a","start":2582.43,"end":2582.47},{"text":"prohibition","start":2582.47,"end":2582.99},{"text":"would","start":2582.99,"end":2583.15},{"text":"also","start":2583.15,"end":2583.39},{"text":"be","start":2583.39,"end":2583.55},{"text":"an","start":2583.55,"end":2583.67},{"text":"effective","start":2583.67,"end":2584.03},{"text":"response","start":2584.03,"end":2584.59},{"text":"to","start":2584.59,"end":2584.67},{"text":"broader","start":2584.67,"end":2585.07},{"text":"ethical","start":2585.07,"end":2585.35},{"text":"and","start":2585.35,"end":2585.47},{"text":"humanitarian","start":2585.47,"end":2586.03},{"text":"concerns.","start":2586.03,"end":2586.67}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":2586.75,"end":2587.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2586.75,"end":2586.83},{"text":"thank","start":2586.83,"end":2587.07},{"text":"you,","start":2587.07,"end":2587.15},{"text":"Chair.","start":2587.15,"end":2587.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ICRC","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"ICRC"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":2589.75,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=43:10","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"And I thank the distinguished representative of the ICRC.","start":2589.75,"end":2592.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2589.75,"end":2589.87},{"text":"I","start":2589.95,"end":2590.03},{"text":"thank","start":2590.03,"end":2590.27},{"text":"the","start":2590.27,"end":2590.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":2590.35,"end":2590.91},{"text":"representative","start":2590.91,"end":2591.55},{"text":"of","start":2591.59,"end":2591.71},{"text":"the","start":2591.75,"end":2591.83},{"text":"ICRC.","start":2591.83,"end":2592.75}]},{"text":"And next on my list is Campaign to Stop Killer Robots.","start":2592.99,"end":2596.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2592.99,"end":2593.27},{"text":"next","start":2593.27,"end":2593.63},{"text":"on","start":2593.63,"end":2593.75},{"text":"my","start":2593.75,"end":2593.87},{"text":"list","start":2593.87,"end":2594.27},{"text":"is","start":2594.27,"end":2594.59},{"text":"Campaign","start":2594.67,"end":2595.23},{"text":"to","start":2595.23,"end":2595.35},{"text":"Stop","start":2595.35,"end":2595.63},{"text":"Killer","start":2595.63,"end":2595.95},{"text":"Robots.","start":2595.95,"end":2596.43}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":2596.51,"end":2597.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2596.51,"end":2596.63},{"text":"have","start":2596.67,"end":2596.83},{"text":"the","start":2596.83,"end":2596.91},{"text":"floor.","start":2596.91,"end":2597.11}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":23,"start":2600.67,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=43:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":2600.67,"end":2601.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2600.67,"end":2600.87},{"text":"you,","start":2600.87,"end":2600.99},{"text":"Chair.","start":2600.99,"end":2601.23}]},{"text":"We welcome the progress that States have made through the rolling text in their common understanding of some of the basic components of meaningful human control or context-appropriate human control and judgment.","start":2602.07,"end":2612.95,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":2613.83,"end":2614.11},{"text":"of","start":2614.11,"end":2614.23},{"text":"the","start":2614.23,"end":2614.31},{"text":"elements","start":2614.39,"end":2614.95},{"text":"in","start":2614.95,"end":2615.11},{"text":"boxes","start":2615.11,"end":2615.51},{"text":"3,","start":2615.51,"end":2615.83},{"text":"paragraph","start":2615.83,"end":2616.43},{"text":"5","start":2616.43,"end":2616.79},{"text":"align","start":2616.87,"end":2617.27},{"text":"with","start":2617.27,"end":2617.39},{"text":"some","start":2617.39,"end":2617.67},{"text":"of","start":2617.67,"end":2617.75},{"text":"the","start":2617.75,"end":2617.87},{"text":"basic","start":2617.87,"end":2618.35},{"text":"parameters","start":2618.35,"end":2619.03},{"text":"that","start":2619.03,"end":2619.15},{"text":"we","start":2619.15,"end":2619.27},{"text":"believe","start":2619.27,"end":2619.75},{"text":"must","start":2619.75,"end":2619.99},{"text":"be","start":2619.99,"end":2620.15},{"text":"now","start":2620.15,"end":2620.39},{"text":"fully","start":2620.39,"end":2620.79},{"text":"developed","start":2620.79,"end":2621.35},{"text":"into","start":2621.35,"end":2621.59},{"text":"rules","start":2621.59,"end":2622.07},{"text":"in","start":2622.07,"end":2622.23},{"text":"a","start":2622.23,"end":2622.27},{"text":"legal","start":2622.27,"end":2622.63},{"text":"instrument","start":2622.63,"end":2623.35},{"text":"in","start":2623.75,"end":2623.99},{"text":"order","start":2623.99,"end":2624.31},{"text":"to","start":2624.31,"end":2624.47},{"text":"uphold","start":2624.47,"end":2625.03},{"text":"basic","start":2625.03,"end":2625.47},{"text":"legal","start":2625.47,"end":2625.87},{"text":"and","start":2625.87,"end":2626.07},{"text":"ethical","start":2626.07,"end":2626.43},{"text":"principles","start":2626.43,"end":2627.19},{"text":"and","start":2627.51,"end":2627.75},{"text":"ensure","start":2627.75,"end":2628.19},{"text":"responsibility","start":2628.19,"end":2629.27},{"text":"and","start":2629.27,"end":2629.43},{"text":"accountability.","start":2629.43,"end":2630.39}]},{"text":"In box 3, these elements include the consideration of predictability, reliability, traceability and explainability, the importance of ethical as well as legal assessments, and the placing of limitations on the types of targets, duration, geographical scope and scale of operation of weapon systems.","start":2631.55,"end":2652.83,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2631.55,"end":2631.71},{"text":"box","start":2631.71,"end":2632.03},{"text":"3,","start":2632.03,"end":2632.51},{"text":"these","start":2632.59,"end":2632.91},{"text":"elements","start":2632.91,"end":2633.39},{"text":"include","start":2633.39,"end":2633.95},{"text":"the","start":2633.95,"end":2634.03},{"text":"consideration","start":2634.03,"end":2634.95},{"text":"of","start":2634.95,"end":2635.07},{"text":"predictability,","start":2635.07,"end":2636.03},{"text":"reliability,","start":2636.19,"end":2637.31},{"text":"traceability","start":2637.47,"end":2638.43},{"text":"and","start":2638.43,"end":2638.63},{"text":"explainability,","start":2638.63,"end":2639.79},{"text":"the","start":2640.27,"end":2640.35},{"text":"importance","start":2640.35,"end":2641.15},{"text":"of","start":2641.19,"end":2641.31},{"text":"ethical","start":2641.39,"end":2642.03},{"text":"as","start":2642.03,"end":2642.19},{"text":"well","start":2642.19,"end":2642.47},{"text":"as","start":2642.47,"end":2642.59},{"text":"legal","start":2642.67,"end":2643.07},{"text":"assessments,","start":2643.07,"end":2643.79},{"text":"and","start":2644.11,"end":2644.31},{"text":"the","start":2644.31,"end":2644.39},{"text":"placing","start":2644.39,"end":2644.99},{"text":"of","start":2644.99,"end":2645.15},{"text":"limitations","start":2645.15,"end":2646.03},{"text":"on","start":2646.03,"end":2646.19},{"text":"the","start":2646.19,"end":2646.31},{"text":"types","start":2646.31,"end":2646.75},{"text":"of","start":2646.75,"end":2646.91},{"text":"targets,","start":2646.91,"end":2647.55},{"text":"duration,","start":2647.71,"end":2648.59},{"text":"geographical","start":2648.91,"end":2649.71},{"text":"scope","start":2649.71,"end":2650.19},{"text":"and","start":2650.27,"end":2650.43},{"text":"scale","start":2650.43,"end":2650.87},{"text":"of","start":2650.87,"end":2650.99},{"text":"operation","start":2650.99,"end":2651.71},{"text":"of","start":2651.71,"end":2651.87},{"text":"weapon","start":2651.87,"end":2652.19},{"text":"systems.","start":2652.19,"end":2652.83}]},{"text":"We recommend that all the elements in box 3 are retained in the text at this point, as a basis for States' subsequent and more detailed negotiations on a legally binding instrument.","start":2653.99,"end":2665.27,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2653.99,"end":2654.15},{"text":"recommend","start":2654.15,"end":2654.83},{"text":"that","start":2654.83,"end":2655.03},{"text":"all","start":2655.03,"end":2655.27},{"text":"the","start":2655.27,"end":2655.35},{"text":"elements","start":2655.43,"end":2655.91},{"text":"in","start":2655.91,"end":2655.99},{"text":"box","start":2655.99,"end":2656.39},{"text":"3","start":2656.39,"end":2656.87},{"text":"are","start":2656.87,"end":2657.15},{"text":"retained","start":2657.15,"end":2657.67},{"text":"in","start":2657.67,"end":2657.83},{"text":"the","start":2657.83,"end":2657.91},{"text":"text","start":2657.91,"end":2658.35},{"text":"at","start":2658.35,"end":2658.43},{"text":"this","start":2658.43,"end":2658.63},{"text":"point,","start":2658.63,"end":2659.11},{"text":"as","start":2659.35,"end":2659.51},{"text":"a","start":2659.51,"end":2659.59},{"text":"basis","start":2659.59,"end":2660.07},{"text":"for","start":2660.07,"end":2660.27},{"text":"States'","start":2660.27,"end":2660.79},{"text":"subsequent","start":2660.79,"end":2661.43},{"text":"and","start":2661.43,"end":2661.63},{"text":"more","start":2661.63,"end":2661.91},{"text":"detailed","start":2661.91,"end":2662.43},{"text":"negotiations","start":2662.43,"end":2663.51},{"text":"on","start":2663.51,"end":2663.59},{"text":"a","start":2663.59,"end":2663.63},{"text":"legally","start":2663.63,"end":2664.15},{"text":"binding","start":2664.15,"end":2664.63},{"text":"instrument.","start":2664.63,"end":2665.27}]},{"text":"This particularly applies to the elements in paragraphs 5 and 6, with one exception that we will raise shortly.","start":2666.07,"end":2673.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2666.07,"end":2666.27},{"text":"particularly","start":2666.27,"end":2667.19},{"text":"applies","start":2667.19,"end":2667.67},{"text":"to","start":2667.67,"end":2667.87},{"text":"the","start":2667.87,"end":2667.95},{"text":"elements","start":2667.95,"end":2668.39},{"text":"in","start":2668.39,"end":2668.55},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2668.55,"end":2669.11},{"text":"5","start":2669.11,"end":2669.43},{"text":"and","start":2669.47,"end":2669.67},{"text":"6,","start":2669.67,"end":2670.07},{"text":"with","start":2670.31,"end":2670.63},{"text":"one","start":2670.63,"end":2670.95},{"text":"exception","start":2670.95,"end":2671.67},{"text":"that","start":2671.67,"end":2671.79},{"text":"we","start":2671.79,"end":2671.87},{"text":"will","start":2671.87,"end":2672.07},{"text":"raise","start":2672.07,"end":2672.47},{"text":"shortly.","start":2672.47,"end":2673.11}]},{"text":"We welcome the recognition by States in the rolling text of the fact that context-appropriate human control and judgment is needed to uphold international law.","start":2674.35,"end":2683.67,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2674.35,"end":2674.59},{"text":"welcome","start":2674.59,"end":2675.15},{"text":"the","start":2675.15,"end":2675.27},{"text":"recognition","start":2675.27,"end":2676.03},{"text":"by","start":2676.03,"end":2676.19},{"text":"States","start":2676.19,"end":2676.67},{"text":"in","start":2676.67,"end":2676.79},{"text":"the","start":2676.79,"end":2676.87},{"text":"rolling","start":2676.87,"end":2677.31},{"text":"text","start":2677.31,"end":2677.71},{"text":"of","start":2677.71,"end":2677.79},{"text":"the","start":2677.79,"end":2677.91},{"text":"fact","start":2677.91,"end":2678.35},{"text":"that","start":2678.35,"end":2678.51},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2678.51,"end":2679.67},{"text":"human","start":2679.67,"end":2679.95},{"text":"control","start":2679.95,"end":2680.39},{"text":"and","start":2680.39,"end":2680.55},{"text":"judgment","start":2680.55,"end":2681.23},{"text":"is","start":2681.23,"end":2681.47},{"text":"needed","start":2681.47,"end":2681.91},{"text":"to","start":2681.91,"end":2682.27},{"text":"uphold","start":2682.27,"end":2682.67},{"text":"international","start":2682.67,"end":2683.59},{"text":"law.","start":2683.59,"end":2683.67}]},{"text":"The linkage between such control and fulfilling basic legal principles is important and must be preserved in States' discussions and negotiations.","start":2684.35,"end":2693.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2684.35,"end":2684.51},{"text":"linkage","start":2684.51,"end":2685.07},{"text":"between","start":2685.07,"end":2685.47},{"text":"such","start":2685.47,"end":2685.71},{"text":"control","start":2685.71,"end":2686.27},{"text":"and","start":2686.27,"end":2686.43},{"text":"fulfilling","start":2686.43,"end":2686.99},{"text":"basic","start":2686.99,"end":2687.39},{"text":"legal","start":2687.39,"end":2687.71},{"text":"principles","start":2687.71,"end":2688.35},{"text":"is","start":2688.35,"end":2688.51},{"text":"important","start":2688.51,"end":2689.31},{"text":"and","start":2689.63,"end":2689.79},{"text":"must","start":2689.79,"end":2690.07},{"text":"be","start":2690.07,"end":2690.19},{"text":"preserved","start":2690.19,"end":2690.79},{"text":"in","start":2690.83,"end":2690.95},{"text":"States'","start":2690.95,"end":2691.39},{"text":"discussions","start":2691.39,"end":2692.19},{"text":"and","start":2692.19,"end":2692.31},{"text":"negotiations.","start":2692.31,"end":2693.31}]},{"text":"However, we do not believe that ensuring compliance with existing law is the sole purpose of establishing international rules to ensure meaningful human control in the use of force.","start":2694.07,"end":2705.51,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2694.07,"end":2694.67},{"text":"we","start":2694.87,"end":2695.11},{"text":"do","start":2695.11,"end":2695.19},{"text":"not","start":2695.19,"end":2695.47},{"text":"believe","start":2695.47,"end":2695.91},{"text":"that","start":2695.91,"end":2696.07},{"text":"ensuring","start":2696.07,"end":2696.63},{"text":"compliance","start":2696.63,"end":2697.23},{"text":"with","start":2697.23,"end":2697.43},{"text":"existing","start":2697.43,"end":2697.99},{"text":"law","start":2697.99,"end":2698.47},{"text":"is","start":2698.71,"end":2698.95},{"text":"the","start":2698.95,"end":2699.03},{"text":"sole","start":2699.03,"end":2699.51},{"text":"purpose","start":2699.51,"end":2700.15},{"text":"of","start":2700.15,"end":2700.31},{"text":"establishing","start":2700.31,"end":2701.11},{"text":"international","start":2701.11,"end":2701.79},{"text":"rules","start":2701.79,"end":2702.23},{"text":"to","start":2702.23,"end":2702.31},{"text":"ensure","start":2702.31,"end":2702.95},{"text":"meaningful","start":2702.95,"end":2703.51},{"text":"human","start":2703.51,"end":2703.83},{"text":"control","start":2703.83,"end":2704.39},{"text":"in","start":2704.39,"end":2704.55},{"text":"the","start":2704.55,"end":2704.63},{"text":"use","start":2704.63,"end":2704.91},{"text":"of","start":2704.91,"end":2704.99},{"text":"force.","start":2704.99,"end":2705.51}]},{"text":"Rather, enshrining such control as a principle in international law is crucial for drawing red lines to protect our humanity and for establishing clearly what we find fundamentally ethically unacceptable as an international community when it comes to states and companies pursuing increasing autonomy in weapons systems.","start":2706.51,"end":2728.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":2706.51,"end":2707.15},{"text":"enshrining","start":2707.27,"end":2707.95},{"text":"such","start":2707.95,"end":2708.19},{"text":"control","start":2708.19,"end":2708.75},{"text":"as","start":2708.75,"end":2708.91},{"text":"a","start":2708.91,"end":2708.99},{"text":"principle","start":2708.99,"end":2709.55},{"text":"in","start":2709.55,"end":2709.71},{"text":"international","start":2709.71,"end":2710.71},{"text":"law","start":2710.71,"end":2710.79},{"text":"is","start":2710.79,"end":2710.99},{"text":"crucial","start":2710.99,"end":2711.71},{"text":"for","start":2711.71,"end":2711.87},{"text":"drawing","start":2711.87,"end":2712.27},{"text":"red","start":2712.27,"end":2712.55},{"text":"lines","start":2712.55,"end":2712.91},{"text":"to","start":2712.91,"end":2713.07},{"text":"protect","start":2713.07,"end":2713.55},{"text":"our","start":2713.55,"end":2713.63},{"text":"humanity","start":2713.63,"end":2714.35},{"text":"and","start":2714.75,"end":2714.91},{"text":"for","start":2714.91,"end":2715.07},{"text":"establishing","start":2715.07,"end":2715.71},{"text":"clearly","start":2715.71,"end":2716.27},{"text":"what","start":2716.27,"end":2716.47},{"text":"we","start":2716.47,"end":2716.67},{"text":"find","start":2716.67,"end":2717.59},{"text":"fundamentally","start":2718.03,"end":2718.83},{"text":"ethically","start":2718.91,"end":2719.47},{"text":"unacceptable","start":2719.47,"end":2720.51},{"text":"as","start":2720.83,"end":2721.03},{"text":"an","start":2721.03,"end":2721.15},{"text":"international","start":2721.15,"end":2721.91},{"text":"community","start":2721.91,"end":2722.67},{"text":"when","start":2722.95,"end":2723.19},{"text":"it","start":2723.19,"end":2723.31},{"text":"comes","start":2723.31,"end":2723.63},{"text":"to","start":2723.63,"end":2723.79},{"text":"states","start":2723.79,"end":2724.27},{"text":"and","start":2724.27,"end":2724.51},{"text":"companies","start":2724.51,"end":2725.07},{"text":"pursuing","start":2725.07,"end":2725.63},{"text":"increasing","start":2725.63,"end":2726.43},{"text":"autonomy","start":2726.51,"end":2727.15},{"text":"in","start":2727.15,"end":2727.31},{"text":"weapons","start":2727.31,"end":2727.75},{"text":"systems.","start":2727.75,"end":2728.43}]},{"text":"The pursuit of increasing autonomy represents a fundamental shift in the use of force.","start":2730.15,"end":2735.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2730.15,"end":2730.27},{"text":"pursuit","start":2730.27,"end":2730.75},{"text":"of","start":2730.75,"end":2730.83},{"text":"increasing","start":2730.83,"end":2732.07},{"text":"autonomy","start":2732.07,"end":2732.63},{"text":"represents","start":2732.63,"end":2733.27},{"text":"a","start":2733.35,"end":2733.39},{"text":"fundamental","start":2733.39,"end":2734.15},{"text":"shift","start":2734.15,"end":2734.55},{"text":"in","start":2734.55,"end":2734.67},{"text":"the","start":2734.67,"end":2734.75},{"text":"use","start":2734.75,"end":2734.99},{"text":"of","start":2734.99,"end":2735.07},{"text":"force.","start":2735.07,"end":2735.51}]},{"text":"It raises much bigger questions than IHL compliance alone.","start":2735.83,"end":2739.91,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2735.83,"end":2735.99},{"text":"raises","start":2735.99,"end":2736.39},{"text":"much","start":2736.39,"end":2736.71},{"text":"bigger","start":2736.71,"end":2737.11},{"text":"questions","start":2737.11,"end":2737.67},{"text":"than","start":2737.67,"end":2737.91},{"text":"IHL","start":2737.91,"end":2738.79},{"text":"compliance","start":2738.79,"end":2739.43},{"text":"alone.","start":2739.43,"end":2739.91}]},{"text":"For this reason, we were disappointed to see the changes to paragraphs 5 and 6 in Box 3 that remove the concept of a general prohibition on the use of systems without meaningful human control.","start":2740.63,"end":2752.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2740.63,"end":2740.87},{"text":"this","start":2740.87,"end":2741.11},{"text":"reason,","start":2741.11,"end":2741.67},{"text":"we","start":2741.83,"end":2741.99},{"text":"were","start":2741.99,"end":2742.23},{"text":"disappointed","start":2742.23,"end":2742.99},{"text":"to","start":2742.99,"end":2743.31},{"text":"see","start":2743.31,"end":2743.51},{"text":"the","start":2743.51,"end":2743.59},{"text":"changes","start":2743.59,"end":2744.15},{"text":"to","start":2744.15,"end":2744.31},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2744.31,"end":2744.87},{"text":"5","start":2744.87,"end":2745.27},{"text":"and","start":2745.27,"end":2745.51},{"text":"6","start":2745.51,"end":2745.87},{"text":"in","start":2745.87,"end":2745.99},{"text":"Box","start":2745.99,"end":2746.31},{"text":"3","start":2746.31,"end":2746.63},{"text":"that","start":2746.95,"end":2747.19},{"text":"remove","start":2747.19,"end":2747.63},{"text":"the","start":2747.63,"end":2747.71},{"text":"concept","start":2747.75,"end":2748.31},{"text":"of","start":2748.31,"end":2748.39},{"text":"a","start":2748.39,"end":2748.47},{"text":"general","start":2748.47,"end":2748.95},{"text":"prohibition","start":2748.95,"end":2749.63},{"text":"on","start":2749.63,"end":2749.75},{"text":"the","start":2749.75,"end":2749.83},{"text":"use","start":2749.83,"end":2750.11},{"text":"of","start":2750.11,"end":2750.23},{"text":"systems","start":2750.23,"end":2750.79},{"text":"without","start":2750.79,"end":2751.19},{"text":"meaningful","start":2751.19,"end":2751.67},{"text":"human","start":2751.67,"end":2751.99},{"text":"control.","start":2751.99,"end":2752.63}]},{"text":"We also regret that the current text more explicitly restricts the purpose of box freeze elements to the goal of upholding compliance with IHL.","start":2753.27,"end":2761.91,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2753.27,"end":2753.43},{"text":"also","start":2753.43,"end":2753.75},{"text":"regret","start":2753.75,"end":2754.31},{"text":"that","start":2754.31,"end":2754.43},{"text":"the","start":2754.43,"end":2754.51},{"text":"current","start":2754.51,"end":2754.91},{"text":"text","start":2754.91,"end":2755.19},{"text":"more","start":2755.19,"end":2755.39},{"text":"explicitly","start":2755.39,"end":2756.15},{"text":"restricts","start":2756.15,"end":2756.71},{"text":"the","start":2756.71,"end":2756.83},{"text":"purpose","start":2756.87,"end":2757.35},{"text":"of","start":2757.35,"end":2757.51},{"text":"box","start":2757.51,"end":2757.83},{"text":"freeze","start":2757.83,"end":2758.23},{"text":"elements","start":2758.23,"end":2758.79},{"text":"to","start":2758.79,"end":2759.03},{"text":"the","start":2759.03,"end":2759.11},{"text":"goal","start":2759.11,"end":2759.51},{"text":"of","start":2759.51,"end":2759.75},{"text":"upholding","start":2759.75,"end":2760.47},{"text":"compliance","start":2760.47,"end":2761.03},{"text":"with","start":2761.03,"end":2761.19},{"text":"IHL.","start":2761.27,"end":2761.91}]},{"text":"We are also deeply concerned to see the addition of paragraph 6.","start":2762.79,"end":2766.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2762.79,"end":2763.03},{"text":"are","start":2763.03,"end":2763.19},{"text":"also","start":2763.19,"end":2763.59},{"text":"deeply","start":2763.59,"end":2763.91},{"text":"concerned","start":2763.91,"end":2764.51},{"text":"to","start":2764.51,"end":2764.67},{"text":"see","start":2764.67,"end":2764.91},{"text":"the","start":2764.91,"end":2764.99},{"text":"addition","start":2764.99,"end":2765.43},{"text":"of","start":2765.43,"end":2765.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":2765.51,"end":2766.31},{"text":"6.","start":2766.39,"end":2766.95}]},{"text":"Merely limiting real-time machine learning with regard to target selection and engagement functions will not be sufficient to prevent a loss of sufficient understanding and meaningful control over systems.","start":2769.11,"end":2781.67,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"Merely","start":2769.11,"end":2769.59},{"text":"limiting","start":2769.59,"end":2770.15},{"text":"real-time","start":2770.15,"end":2770.99},{"text":"machine","start":2770.99,"end":2771.43},{"text":"learning","start":2771.43,"end":2771.91},{"text":"with","start":2771.91,"end":2772.15},{"text":"regard","start":2772.15,"end":2772.59},{"text":"to","start":2772.59,"end":2772.75},{"text":"target","start":2772.79,"end":2773.15},{"text":"selection","start":2773.15,"end":2773.67},{"text":"and","start":2773.67,"end":2773.79},{"text":"engagement","start":2773.79,"end":2774.39},{"text":"functions","start":2774.39,"end":2775.11},{"text":"will","start":2775.35,"end":2775.51},{"text":"not","start":2775.51,"end":2775.99},{"text":"be","start":2775.99,"end":2776.15},{"text":"sufficient","start":2776.15,"end":2776.91},{"text":"to","start":2777.11,"end":2777.27},{"text":"prevent","start":2777.27,"end":2777.83},{"text":"a","start":2777.83,"end":2777.87},{"text":"loss","start":2777.87,"end":2778.23},{"text":"of","start":2778.23,"end":2778.31},{"text":"sufficient","start":2778.31,"end":2778.87},{"text":"understanding","start":2778.87,"end":2779.63},{"text":"and","start":2779.63,"end":2779.79},{"text":"meaningful","start":2779.79,"end":2780.27},{"text":"control","start":2780.27,"end":2780.79},{"text":"over","start":2780.79,"end":2781.03},{"text":"systems.","start":2781.03,"end":2781.67}]},{"text":"We continue to urge States to fully consider the issues raised by anti-personnel autonomous weapons systems and how this must be dealt with.","start":2782.75,"end":2791.23,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2782.75,"end":2782.91},{"text":"continue","start":2782.91,"end":2783.47},{"text":"to","start":2783.47,"end":2783.63},{"text":"urge","start":2783.63,"end":2784.03},{"text":"States","start":2784.03,"end":2784.59},{"text":"to","start":2784.59,"end":2784.75},{"text":"fully","start":2784.75,"end":2785.15},{"text":"consider","start":2785.15,"end":2785.71},{"text":"the","start":2785.71,"end":2785.79},{"text":"issues","start":2785.79,"end":2786.35},{"text":"raised","start":2786.35,"end":2786.67},{"text":"by","start":2786.67,"end":2786.83},{"text":"anti-personnel","start":2786.83,"end":2787.75},{"text":"autonomous","start":2787.75,"end":2788.35},{"text":"weapons","start":2788.35,"end":2788.71},{"text":"systems","start":2788.71,"end":2789.39},{"text":"and","start":2789.71,"end":2789.91},{"text":"how","start":2789.91,"end":2790.11},{"text":"this","start":2790.11,"end":2790.27},{"text":"must","start":2790.27,"end":2790.55},{"text":"be","start":2790.55,"end":2790.67},{"text":"dealt","start":2790.67,"end":2790.99},{"text":"with.","start":2790.99,"end":2791.23}]},{"text":"We believe that a specific prohibition on systems that target people within a wider legal instrument on autonomous weapons systems is the only ethically and legally viable response.","start":2791.79,"end":2803.31,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon 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you, Chair.","start":2803.71,"end":2804.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2803.71,"end":2803.95},{"text":"you,","start":2803.95,"end":2804.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":2804.11,"end":2804.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"Campaign to Stop Killer Robots","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Campaign to Stop Killer Robots"}},{"statement_number":24,"start":2806.87,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=46:47","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Stop Killer Robots.","start":2806.87,"end":2810.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2806.87,"end":2807.11},{"text":"thank","start":2807.11,"end":2807.47},{"text":"the","start":2807.47,"end":2807.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":2807.55,"end":2808.23},{"text":"representative","start":2808.23,"end":2809.03},{"text":"of","start":2809.07,"end":2809.19},{"text":"Stop","start":2809.35,"end":2809.67},{"text":"Killer","start":2809.67,"end":2810.03},{"text":"Robots.","start":2810.03,"end":2810.71}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Panama.","start":2811.03,"end":2813.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2811.03,"end":2811.43},{"text":"on","start":2811.43,"end":2811.51},{"text":"my","start":2811.51,"end":2811.75},{"text":"list","start":2811.75,"end":2812.15},{"text":"is","start":2812.15,"end":2812.55},{"text":"Panama.","start":2812.63,"end":2813.11}]},{"text":"Adam, you have the floor.","start":2813.55,"end":2814.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Adam,","start":2813.55,"end":2813.75},{"text":"you","start":2813.75,"end":2813.83},{"text":"have","start":2813.83,"end":2813.95},{"text":"the","start":2813.95,"end":2814.03},{"text":"floor.","start":2814.03,"end":2814.23}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":25,"start":2816.15,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=46:57","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias, your Excellency.","start":2816.15,"end":2817.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":2816.15,"end":2816.35},{"text":"gracias,","start":2816.35,"end":2816.75},{"text":"your","start":2816.75,"end":2817.03},{"text":"Excellency.","start":2817.03,"end":2817.39}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":2817.43,"end":2819.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2817.43,"end":2817.63},{"text":"you","start":2817.63,"end":2817.71},{"text":"very","start":2817.71,"end":2817.91},{"text":"much,","start":2817.91,"end":2818.39},{"text":"Chair.","start":2818.95,"end":2819.43}]},{"text":"I'll follow the example of other speakers speaking before me.","start":2820.07,"end":2824.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'll","start":2820.07,"end":2820.31},{"text":"follow","start":2820.31,"end":2820.67},{"text":"the","start":2820.67,"end":2820.75},{"text":"example","start":2820.79,"end":2822.03},{"text":"of","start":2822.03,"end":2822.23},{"text":"other","start":2822.23,"end":2822.55},{"text":"speakers","start":2822.55,"end":2823.15},{"text":"speaking","start":2823.15,"end":2823.55},{"text":"before","start":2823.55,"end":2823.87},{"text":"me.","start":2823.87,"end":2824.23}]},{"text":"On box 3, I would like to refer to the first five paragraphs.","start":2825.47,"end":2830.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2825.47,"end":2825.67},{"text":"box","start":2825.67,"end":2825.99},{"text":"3,","start":2825.99,"end":2826.55},{"text":"I","start":2826.55,"end":2826.71},{"text":"would","start":2826.71,"end":2826.95},{"text":"like","start":2826.95,"end":2827.43},{"text":"to","start":2827.43,"end":2827.63},{"text":"refer","start":2827.91,"end":2828.55},{"text":"to","start":2828.55,"end":2828.71},{"text":"the","start":2828.71,"end":2828.79},{"text":"first","start":2828.79,"end":2829.11},{"text":"five","start":2829.11,"end":2829.67},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":2830.07,"end":2830.87}]},{"text":"And of course, I reserve the right to take the floor once again to make comments on the paragraphs that follow.","start":2832.63,"end":2839.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2832.63,"end":2832.79},{"text":"of","start":2832.79,"end":2832.87},{"text":"course,","start":2832.87,"end":2833.51},{"text":"I","start":2833.75,"end":2833.79},{"text":"reserve","start":2833.79,"end":2834.15},{"text":"the","start":2834.15,"end":2834.27},{"text":"right","start":2834.27,"end":2834.55},{"text":"to","start":2834.55,"end":2834.63},{"text":"take","start":2834.63,"end":2835.15},{"text":"the","start":2835.15,"end":2835.27},{"text":"floor","start":2835.27,"end":2835.59},{"text":"once","start":2835.59,"end":2835.99},{"text":"again","start":2835.99,"end":2836.23},{"text":"to","start":2836.23,"end":2836.39},{"text":"make","start":2836.39,"end":2836.59},{"text":"comments","start":2836.59,"end":2837.03},{"text":"on","start":2837.03,"end":2837.51},{"text":"the","start":2837.99,"end":2838.19},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2838.19,"end":2838.63},{"text":"that","start":2838.63,"end":2838.79},{"text":"follow.","start":2838.79,"end":2839.27}]},{"text":"But before starting my comments, I'd like to react first to one of the proposals on paragraph 5 of box 2, with the suggestion that we delete it or to bring it to link it with similar information in box 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do not believe that there is any duplication here, and we prefer to keep the reference in both 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on the first three paragraphs of box 3, we agree with the comments that were made by the 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paragraphs, as presented here, and reflected in the guiding principles that were adopted by the GG in 2019 and also reflect the norms and principles of IHL.","start":2881.07,"end":2898.15,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2881.07,"end":2881.63},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":2881.95,"end":2882.83},{"text":"as","start":2883.07,"end":2883.39},{"text":"presented","start":2883.39,"end":2883.95},{"text":"here,","start":2883.95,"end":2884.67},{"text":"and","start":2885.99,"end":2886.55},{"text":"reflected","start":2886.87,"end":2887.51},{"text":"in","start":2887.51,"end":2887.67},{"text":"the","start":2887.67,"end":2887.79},{"text":"guiding","start":2887.79,"end":2888.15},{"text":"principles","start":2888.15,"end":2888.71},{"text":"that","start":2888.71,"end":2888.95},{"text":"were","start":2888.95,"end":2889.51},{"text":"adopted","start":2889.51,"end":2890.07},{"text":"by","start":2890.07,"end":2890.55},{"text":"the","start":2891.11,"end":2891.27},{"text":"GG","start":2891.27,"end":2891.71},{"text":"in","start":2891.71,"end":2891.79},{"text":"2019","start":2891.79,"end":2892.95},{"text":"and","start":2893.43,"end":2893.75},{"text":"also","start":2893.75,"end":2894.31},{"text":"reflect","start":2894.55,"end":2895.15},{"text":"the","start":2895.15,"end":2895.27},{"text":"norms","start":2895.27,"end":2895.75},{"text":"and","start":2895.75,"end":2896.07},{"text":"principles","start":2896.07,"end":2896.79},{"text":"of","start":2896.83,"end":2897.03},{"text":"IHL.","start":2897.11,"end":2898.15}]},{"text":"On paragraph 4, we support the paragraph as is presented here.","start":2901.15,"end":2907.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2901.15,"end":2901.27},{"text":"paragraph","start":2901.27,"end":2901.87},{"text":"4,","start":2901.87,"end":2902.31},{"text":"we","start":2903.11,"end":2903.99},{"text":"support","start":2903.99,"end":2904.79},{"text":"the","start":2905.11,"end":2905.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":2905.31,"end":2905.75},{"text":"as","start":2905.75,"end":2906.23},{"text":"is","start":2906.23,"end":2906.71},{"text":"presented","start":2906.71,"end":2907.27},{"text":"here.","start":2907.27,"end":2907.67}]},{"text":"And the reference to the anticipation of the effects, as the ICRC has already explained, it is simply the terminology that already exists in IHL related to the principle of proportionality.","start":2910.95,"end":2928.71,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2910.95,"end":2911.07},{"text":"the","start":2911.07,"end":2911.19},{"text":"reference","start":2911.19,"end":2911.91},{"text":"to","start":2911.99,"end":2912.31},{"text":"the","start":2912.31,"end":2912.51},{"text":"anticipation","start":2912.63,"end":2913.99},{"text":"of","start":2914.27,"end":2914.47},{"text":"the","start":2914.47,"end":2914.67},{"text":"effects,","start":2915.19,"end":2915.83},{"text":"as","start":2915.83,"end":2916.15},{"text":"the","start":2916.15,"end":2916.27},{"text":"ICRC","start":2916.27,"end":2917.19},{"text":"has","start":2917.19,"end":2917.51},{"text":"already","start":2917.51,"end":2917.99},{"text":"explained,","start":2919.11,"end":2919.75},{"text":"it","start":2919.75,"end":2920.23},{"text":"is","start":2920.23,"end":2920.87},{"text":"simply","start":2921.27,"end":2922.07},{"text":"the","start":2922.39,"end":2922.47},{"text":"terminology","start":2922.47,"end":2923.03},{"text":"that","start":2923.03,"end":2923.19},{"text":"already","start":2923.19,"end":2923.47},{"text":"exists","start":2923.47,"end":2923.91},{"text":"in","start":2923.91,"end":2924.23},{"text":"IHL","start":2924.23,"end":2925.03},{"text":"related","start":2926.15,"end":2926.55},{"text":"to","start":2926.55,"end":2926.63},{"text":"the","start":2926.63,"end":2926.79},{"text":"principle","start":2926.79,"end":2927.35},{"text":"of","start":2927.35,"end":2927.59},{"text":"proportionality.","start":2927.59,"end":2928.71}]},{"text":"And we also agree to replace the term \"controlled\" with the term \"limited.\"","start":2928.71,"end":2936.63,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2928.71,"end":2928.99},{"text":"we","start":2928.99,"end":2929.19},{"text":"also","start":2929.19,"end":2929.67},{"text":"agree","start":2929.67,"end":2930.39},{"text":"to","start":2930.79,"end":2930.95},{"text":"replace","start":2930.95,"end":2931.67},{"text":"the","start":2931.67,"end":2931.91},{"text":"term","start":2931.91,"end":2932.47},{"text":"\"controlled\"","start":2932.71,"end":2933.51},{"text":"with","start":2933.67,"end":2934.03},{"text":"the","start":2934.03,"end":2934.11},{"text":"term","start":2934.95,"end":2935.51},{"text":"\"limited.\"","start":2935.83,"end":2936.63}]},{"text":"because this aligns itself with the existing terminology from IHL.","start":2937.19,"end":2943.19,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"because","start":2937.19,"end":2937.67},{"text":"this","start":2937.67,"end":2938.23},{"text":"aligns","start":2938.63,"end":2938.99},{"text":"itself","start":2938.99,"end":2939.43},{"text":"with","start":2939.43,"end":2939.71},{"text":"the","start":2939.71,"end":2939.79},{"text":"existing","start":2939.79,"end":2940.31},{"text":"terminology","start":2940.31,"end":2941.51},{"text":"from","start":2941.51,"end":2941.91},{"text":"IHL.","start":2941.91,"end":2943.19}]},{"text":"On paragraph 5, we support the paragraph as drafted and to keep the references to both development and use, because the scope of the term development will ensure compliance with obligations under IHL, especially the obligations to respect and make sure IHL is respected in all circumstances.","start":2944.67,"end":2983.35,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3029.59,"end":3030.31},{"text":"also,","start":3032.15,"end":3032.87},{"text":"these","start":3033.03,"end":3033.67},{"text":"means","start":3033.99,"end":3034.39},{"text":"are","start":3034.39,"end":3034.47},{"text":"not","start":3034.47,"end":3034.71},{"text":"limited.","start":3034.71,"end":3035.19}]},{"text":"So to mention that, among other things.","start":3035.19,"end":3037.75,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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I have two more requests for the floor from Malawi and 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me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Malawi.","start":3053.47,"end":3057.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3053.47,"end":3053.71},{"text":"me","start":3053.71,"end":3053.87},{"text":"first","start":3053.87,"end":3054.19},{"text":"pass","start":3054.19,"end":3054.55},{"text":"the","start":3054.55,"end":3054.67},{"text":"floor","start":3054.67,"end":3054.99},{"text":"to","start":3054.99,"end":3055.19},{"text":"the","start":3055.19,"end":3055.27},{"text":"distinguished","start":3055.27,"end":3055.87},{"text":"representative","start":3055.95,"end":3056.75},{"text":"of","start":3056.75,"end":3056.83},{"text":"Malawi.","start":3056.83,"end":3057.39}]},{"text":"You have the 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would also like to support the proposed text as it is and not move para 5.","start":3073.47,"end":3082.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3073.47,"end":3073.71},{"text":"box","start":3073.71,"end":3074.03},{"text":"two,","start":3074.03,"end":3074.43},{"text":"we","start":3074.75,"end":3074.95},{"text":"would","start":3075.15,"end":3075.35},{"text":"also","start":3075.39,"end":3075.67},{"text":"like","start":3075.67,"end":3075.91},{"text":"to","start":3075.91,"end":3076.51},{"text":"support","start":3076.83,"end":3077.63},{"text":"the","start":3078.43,"end":3078.63},{"text":"proposed","start":3078.63,"end":3079.11},{"text":"text","start":3079.11,"end":3079.63},{"text":"as","start":3079.63,"end":3079.87},{"text":"it","start":3079.87,"end":3080.03},{"text":"is","start":3080.03,"end":3080.27},{"text":"and","start":3080.67,"end":3080.87},{"text":"not","start":3080.87,"end":3081.07},{"text":"move","start":3081.07,"end":3081.55},{"text":"para","start":3081.55,"end":3082.11},{"text":"5.","start":3082.11,"end":3082.67}]},{"text":"We believe the need for greater precision around the term context appropriate, human judgment and control.","start":3083.63,"end":3090.75,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3098.91,"end":3099.07},{"text":"box","start":3099.07,"end":3099.39},{"text":"3,","start":3099.39,"end":3099.87},{"text":"We","start":3100.87,"end":3100.95},{"text":"believe","start":3100.95,"end":3101.35},{"text":"that","start":3101.35,"end":3101.75},{"text":"systems","start":3101.75,"end":3102.63},{"text":"with","start":3102.79,"end":3103.11},{"text":"unpredictable","start":3103.19,"end":3104.23},{"text":"and","start":3104.63,"end":3104.95},{"text":"or","start":3105.11,"end":3105.39},{"text":"uncontrollable","start":3105.39,"end":3106.15},{"text":"behavior","start":3106.15,"end":3106.95},{"text":"must","start":3107.11,"end":3107.51},{"text":"be","start":3107.51,"end":3107.67},{"text":"preemptively","start":3107.67,"end":3108.55},{"text":"prohibited.","start":3108.55,"end":3109.43}]},{"text":"We therefore strongly support the prohibitions are trying in this section.","start":3110.15,"end":3115.67,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3110.15,"end":3110.31},{"text":"therefore","start":3110.31,"end":3110.75},{"text":"strongly","start":3110.75,"end":3111.43},{"text":"support","start":3111.43,"end":3111.91},{"text":"the","start":3111.91,"end":3112.03},{"text":"prohibitions","start":3112.07,"end":3113.43},{"text":"are","start":3113.75,"end":3113.83},{"text":"trying","start":3113.83,"end":3114.39},{"text":"in","start":3114.71,"end":3114.87},{"text":"this","start":3114.87,"end":3115.15},{"text":"section.","start":3115.15,"end":3115.67}]},{"text":"A specific comment on paragraph three, we support the explicit recognition of individual civilians.","start":3117.35,"end":3125.11,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":3117.35,"end":3117.39},{"text":"specific","start":3117.39,"end":3118.03},{"text":"comment","start":3118.03,"end":3118.55},{"text":"on","start":3118.63,"end":3118.95},{"text":"paragraph","start":3118.95,"end":3119.51},{"text":"three,","start":3119.51,"end":3119.99},{"text":"we","start":3120.39,"end":3120.63},{"text":"support","start":3120.63,"end":3121.43},{"text":"the","start":3121.43,"end":3121.55},{"text":"explicit","start":3121.55,"end":3122.39},{"text":"recognition","start":3122.39,"end":3122.95},{"text":"of","start":3122.95,"end":3123.19},{"text":"individual","start":3123.67,"end":3124.35},{"text":"civilians.","start":3124.35,"end":3125.11}]},{"text":"On paragraph five, we support the inclusion of prohibiting the design, development, and the use of laws.","start":3126.39,"end":3135.43,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3126.39,"end":3126.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":3126.63,"end":3127.23},{"text":"five,","start":3127.23,"end":3127.55},{"text":"we","start":3128.47,"end":3128.71},{"text":"support","start":3128.79,"end":3129.51},{"text":"the","start":3130.23,"end":3130.43},{"text":"inclusion","start":3130.43,"end":3131.43},{"text":"of","start":3131.87,"end":3132.07},{"text":"prohibiting","start":3132.07,"end":3132.71},{"text":"the","start":3132.71,"end":3132.79},{"text":"design,","start":3132.79,"end":3133.67},{"text":"development,","start":3133.67,"end":3134.35},{"text":"and","start":3134.35,"end":3134.51},{"text":"the","start":3134.51,"end":3134.59},{"text":"use","start":3134.59,"end":3134.83},{"text":"of","start":3134.83,"end":3135.03},{"text":"laws.","start":3135.03,"end":3135.43}]},{"text":"We would have loved to include prohibition of transfer of laws, as transfer in most cases end up in the wrong hands, and it needs to be prohibited.","start":3136.15,"end":3148.47,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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in the meantime, we are comfortable with the way the text is captured.","start":3148.47,"end":3152.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3148.47,"end":3149.11},{"text":"in","start":3149.11,"end":3149.27},{"text":"the","start":3149.27,"end":3149.35},{"text":"meantime,","start":3149.35,"end":3149.83},{"text":"we","start":3149.83,"end":3149.99},{"text":"are","start":3149.99,"end":3150.07},{"text":"comfortable","start":3150.07,"end":3150.71},{"text":"with","start":3150.71,"end":3150.91},{"text":"the","start":3150.91,"end":3150.99},{"text":"way","start":3150.99,"end":3151.35},{"text":"the","start":3151.75,"end":3151.95},{"text":"text","start":3151.95,"end":3152.23},{"text":"is","start":3152.23,"end":3152.39},{"text":"captured.","start":3152.39,"end":3152.79}]},{"text":"Thank 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just have a few comments on 1 to 5 and come back later on the details on currently, which is currently para 6.","start":3173.75,"end":3185.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3173.75,"end":3174.03},{"text":"we","start":3174.43,"end":3174.55},{"text":"will","start":3174.55,"end":3174.67},{"text":"also","start":3174.67,"end":3174.91},{"text":"just","start":3175.07,"end":3175.47},{"text":"have","start":3177.35,"end":3177.55},{"text":"a","start":3177.55,"end":3177.59},{"text":"few","start":3177.59,"end":3177.75},{"text":"comments","start":3177.75,"end":3178.15},{"text":"on","start":3178.15,"end":3178.27},{"text":"1","start":3178.27,"end":3178.59},{"text":"to","start":3178.59,"end":3178.71},{"text":"5","start":3178.71,"end":3178.99},{"text":"and","start":3178.99,"end":3179.11},{"text":"come","start":3179.11,"end":3179.31},{"text":"back","start":3179.31,"end":3179.55},{"text":"later","start":3179.55,"end":3180.03},{"text":"on","start":3180.03,"end":3180.51},{"text":"the","start":3180.83,"end":3180.99},{"text":"details","start":3180.99,"end":3181.71},{"text":"on","start":3181.71,"end":3182.19},{"text":"currently,","start":3182.51,"end":3183.31},{"text":"which","start":3183.63,"end":3183.87},{"text":"is","start":3183.87,"end":3183.95},{"text":"currently","start":3183.95,"end":3184.27},{"text":"para","start":3184.27,"end":3184.51},{"text":"6.","start":3184.51,"end":3185.15}]},{"text":"Starting out with just para 1, we noticed that there has been a change in the first sentence that we changed \"employed\" to \"use\".","start":3186.67,"end":3196.75,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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think we would have a preference to \"employed\" since this is also the phrasing that we know from other protocols of the Convention, and it might be discussed what exactly is the difference, but for us it has a broader meaning and it could be more useful in this regard and would not give some misunderstandings that you could have weapons that you cannot use, but that you could employ or have kind of a different approach to 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for the moment, it's probably better to stick with what is on paper.","start":3262.35,"end":3266.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":3262.35,"end":3262.59},{"text":"for","start":3262.59,"end":3262.79},{"text":"the","start":3262.79,"end":3262.87},{"text":"moment,","start":3262.87,"end":3263.19},{"text":"it's","start":3263.19,"end":3263.43},{"text":"probably","start":3263.43,"end":3263.75},{"text":"better","start":3263.75,"end":3264.03},{"text":"to","start":3264.03,"end":3264.15},{"text":"stick","start":3264.15,"end":3264.51},{"text":"with","start":3264.51,"end":3264.67},{"text":"what","start":3265.39,"end":3265.71},{"text":"is","start":3265.71,"end":3265.87},{"text":"on","start":3265.87,"end":3266.11},{"text":"paper.","start":3266.11,"end":3266.59}]},{"text":"Then there has been a question, Mark, I think, on para 3.","start":3267.47,"end":3272.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":3267.47,"end":3267.75},{"text":"there","start":3267.75,"end":3268.03},{"text":"has","start":3268.27,"end":3268.47},{"text":"been","start":3268.47,"end":3268.63},{"text":"a","start":3268.63,"end":3268.67},{"text":"question,","start":3268.67,"end":3269.15},{"text":"Mark,","start":3269.15,"end":3269.55},{"text":"I","start":3269.95,"end":3269.99},{"text":"think,","start":3269.99,"end":3270.31},{"text":"on","start":3270.31,"end":3270.51},{"text":"para","start":3270.51,"end":3270.91},{"text":"3.","start":3272.27,"end":3272.83}]},{"text":"Why is it just focusing on the civilian population and not on other aspects?","start":3272.83,"end":3276.91,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. 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So for the main part, it's important that this is a regulation para and not just a list of possible measures that states could undertake.","start":3497.63,"end":3514.63,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. 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leave it at that.","start":3515.19,"end":3515.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3515.19,"end":3515.35},{"text":"leave","start":3515.35,"end":3515.51},{"text":"it","start":3515.51,"end":3515.59},{"text":"at","start":3515.59,"end":3515.67},{"text":"that.","start":3515.67,"end":3515.83}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":3516.07,"end":3516.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3516.07,"end":3516.31},{"text":"you.","start":3516.31,"end":3516.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"AUT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Austria"}},{"statement_number":30,"start":3523.27,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=58:44","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Austria for sharing the position of his delegation.","start":3523.27,"end":3527.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3523.27,"end":3523.43},{"text":"me","start":3523.43,"end":3523.59},{"text":"thank","start":3523.59,"end":3523.83},{"text":"the","start":3523.83,"end":3523.91},{"text":"distinguished","start":3523.91,"end":3524.39},{"text":"representative","start":3524.39,"end":3525.03},{"text":"of","start":3525.03,"end":3525.11},{"text":"Austria","start":3525.19,"end":3525.75},{"text":"for","start":3525.75,"end":3525.99},{"text":"sharing","start":3525.99,"end":3526.19},{"text":"the","start":3526.19,"end":3526.27},{"text":"position","start":3526.27,"end":3526.75},{"text":"of","start":3526.75,"end":3526.83},{"text":"his","start":3526.83,"end":3526.95},{"text":"delegation.","start":3526.95,"end":3527.83}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Israel, to be followed by Colombia and API-LS.","start":3528.79,"end":3533.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3528.79,"end":3529.27},{"text":"on","start":3529.31,"end":3529.39},{"text":"my","start":3529.43,"end":3529.55},{"text":"list","start":3529.55,"end":3529.83},{"text":"is","start":3529.83,"end":3529.99},{"text":"Israel,","start":3529.99,"end":3530.63},{"text":"to","start":3530.63,"end":3530.87},{"text":"be","start":3530.87,"end":3531.11},{"text":"followed","start":3531.11,"end":3531.39},{"text":"by","start":3531.39,"end":3531.51},{"text":"Colombia","start":3531.51,"end":3532.03},{"text":"and","start":3532.03,"end":3532.23},{"text":"API-LS.","start":3532.23,"end":3533.91}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Israel.","start":3534.39,"end":3539.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":3534.39,"end":3534.71},{"text":"let","start":3534.75,"end":3534.87},{"text":"me","start":3534.87,"end":3535.07},{"text":"first","start":3535.07,"end":3535.31},{"text":"pass","start":3535.31,"end":3535.67},{"text":"the","start":3535.67,"end":3535.75},{"text":"floor","start":3535.75,"end":3536.07},{"text":"to","start":3536.07,"end":3536.23},{"text":"the","start":3536.23,"end":3536.31},{"text":"distinguished","start":3536.31,"end":3536.95},{"text":"representative","start":3536.95,"end":3537.75},{"text":"of","start":3537.87,"end":3538.07},{"text":"Israel.","start":3539.27,"end":3539.59}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":31,"start":3542.23,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=59:03","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":3542.23,"end":3542.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3542.23,"end":3542.43},{"text":"you,","start":3542.43,"end":3542.51},{"text":"Chair.","start":3542.51,"end":3542.95}]},{"text":"Before we present our comments on box 3, we wish to further expand on our request to move paragraph 5 of box 2 to box 4, rather than placing it in box 3.","start":3544.15,"end":3555.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":3544.15,"end":3544.43},{"text":"we","start":3544.43,"end":3544.51},{"text":"present","start":3544.51,"end":3544.91},{"text":"our","start":3544.91,"end":3545.03},{"text":"comments","start":3545.03,"end":3545.47},{"text":"on","start":3545.47,"end":3545.67},{"text":"box","start":3545.67,"end":3545.95},{"text":"3,","start":3545.95,"end":3546.47},{"text":"we","start":3546.87,"end":3547.07},{"text":"wish","start":3547.07,"end":3547.27},{"text":"to","start":3547.27,"end":3547.51},{"text":"further","start":3547.51,"end":3547.91},{"text":"expand","start":3547.91,"end":3548.43},{"text":"on","start":3548.43,"end":3548.55},{"text":"our","start":3548.55,"end":3548.63},{"text":"request","start":3548.63,"end":3549.15},{"text":"to","start":3549.15,"end":3549.23},{"text":"move","start":3549.23,"end":3549.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":3549.43,"end":3550.03},{"text":"5","start":3550.03,"end":3550.15},{"text":"of","start":3550.15,"end":3550.39},{"text":"box","start":3550.39,"end":3550.87},{"text":"2","start":3550.87,"end":3551.35},{"text":"to","start":3551.35,"end":3551.51},{"text":"box","start":3551.51,"end":3551.91},{"text":"4,","start":3551.91,"end":3552.39},{"text":"rather","start":3553.11,"end":3553.51},{"text":"than","start":3553.51,"end":3553.75},{"text":"placing","start":3553.75,"end":3554.23},{"text":"it","start":3554.23,"end":3554.39},{"text":"in","start":3554.55,"end":3554.71},{"text":"box","start":3554.71,"end":3555.03},{"text":"3.","start":3555.03,"end":3555.43}]},{"text":"With regard to the division between the boxes, it is our view that box 3 should focus on the fundamental legal prohibitions and restrictions in IHL applicable to laws, While box four should focus on measures to implement those prohibitions and restrictions.","start":3556.55,"end":3571.71,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3556.55,"end":3556.79},{"text":"regard","start":3556.79,"end":3557.11},{"text":"to","start":3557.11,"end":3557.19},{"text":"the","start":3557.19,"end":3557.31},{"text":"division","start":3557.31,"end":3557.67},{"text":"between","start":3557.67,"end":3557.95},{"text":"the","start":3557.95,"end":3558.07},{"text":"boxes,","start":3558.07,"end":3558.71},{"text":"it","start":3559.03,"end":3559.19},{"text":"is","start":3559.19,"end":3559.27},{"text":"our","start":3559.27,"end":3559.43},{"text":"view","start":3559.43,"end":3559.75},{"text":"that","start":3559.75,"end":3559.91},{"text":"box","start":3559.91,"end":3560.23},{"text":"3","start":3560.23,"end":3560.47},{"text":"should","start":3560.47,"end":3560.63},{"text":"focus","start":3560.63,"end":3561.11},{"text":"on","start":3561.11,"end":3561.19},{"text":"the","start":3561.19,"end":3561.35},{"text":"fundamental","start":3561.35,"end":3561.95},{"text":"legal","start":3561.95,"end":3562.23},{"text":"prohibitions","start":3562.23,"end":3563.11},{"text":"and","start":3563.11,"end":3563.27},{"text":"restrictions","start":3563.27,"end":3563.87},{"text":"in","start":3563.87,"end":3563.99},{"text":"IHL","start":3563.99,"end":3564.63},{"text":"applicable","start":3564.99,"end":3565.51},{"text":"to","start":3565.51,"end":3565.59},{"text":"laws,","start":3565.59,"end":3566.15},{"text":"While","start":3566.79,"end":3566.99},{"text":"box","start":3566.99,"end":3567.39},{"text":"four","start":3567.39,"end":3567.87},{"text":"should","start":3567.87,"end":3568.19},{"text":"focus","start":3568.19,"end":3568.55},{"text":"on","start":3568.55,"end":3568.67},{"text":"measures","start":3568.67,"end":3569.15},{"text":"to","start":3569.15,"end":3569.27},{"text":"implement","start":3569.27,"end":3569.83},{"text":"those","start":3569.83,"end":3570.03},{"text":"prohibitions","start":3570.03,"end":3570.71},{"text":"and","start":3570.71,"end":3570.83},{"text":"restrictions.","start":3570.83,"end":3571.71}]},{"text":"Therefore, in our view, box 3 is not the appropriate location for this paragraph, since human-machine interaction is not a primary rule of IHL, but rather a tool to implement IHL.","start":3572.61,"end":3584.53,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3572.61,"end":3573.49},{"text":"in","start":3573.49,"end":3573.73},{"text":"our","start":3573.73,"end":3573.89},{"text":"view,","start":3573.89,"end":3574.29},{"text":"box","start":3574.85,"end":3575.17},{"text":"3","start":3575.17,"end":3575.49},{"text":"is","start":3575.49,"end":3575.65},{"text":"not","start":3575.65,"end":3575.85},{"text":"the","start":3575.85,"end":3575.93},{"text":"appropriate","start":3575.93,"end":3576.41},{"text":"location","start":3576.41,"end":3576.93},{"text":"for","start":3576.93,"end":3577.05},{"text":"this","start":3577.05,"end":3577.17},{"text":"paragraph,","start":3577.17,"end":3577.89},{"text":"since","start":3578.45,"end":3578.77},{"text":"human-machine","start":3578.77,"end":3579.29},{"text":"interaction","start":3579.29,"end":3579.89},{"text":"is","start":3579.89,"end":3580.05},{"text":"not","start":3580.05,"end":3580.25},{"text":"a","start":3580.25,"end":3580.29},{"text":"primary","start":3580.29,"end":3580.73},{"text":"rule","start":3580.73,"end":3580.93},{"text":"of","start":3580.93,"end":3581.01},{"text":"IHL,","start":3581.01,"end":3581.73},{"text":"but","start":3582.29,"end":3582.53},{"text":"rather","start":3582.53,"end":3582.93},{"text":"a","start":3582.93,"end":3582.97},{"text":"tool","start":3582.97,"end":3583.33},{"text":"to","start":3583.33,"end":3583.41},{"text":"implement","start":3583.41,"end":3583.89},{"text":"IHL.","start":3583.89,"end":3584.53}]},{"text":"Following the same logic, we have similar proposals regarding paragraph 5 and 6 in box 3, which we will present shortly.","start":3585.57,"end":3592.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Following","start":3585.57,"end":3586.01},{"text":"the","start":3586.01,"end":3586.09},{"text":"same","start":3586.09,"end":3586.29},{"text":"logic,","start":3586.29,"end":3586.77},{"text":"we","start":3586.77,"end":3586.89},{"text":"have","start":3586.89,"end":3587.01},{"text":"similar","start":3587.01,"end":3587.37},{"text":"proposals","start":3587.37,"end":3588.05},{"text":"regarding","start":3588.05,"end":3588.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":3588.53,"end":3589.05},{"text":"5","start":3589.05,"end":3589.33},{"text":"and","start":3589.33,"end":3589.49},{"text":"6","start":3589.49,"end":3589.97},{"text":"in","start":3590.77,"end":3590.93},{"text":"box","start":3590.93,"end":3591.21},{"text":"3,","start":3591.21,"end":3591.45},{"text":"which","start":3591.45,"end":3591.73},{"text":"we","start":3591.73,"end":3591.85},{"text":"will","start":3591.85,"end":3591.97},{"text":"present","start":3591.97,"end":3592.41},{"text":"shortly.","start":3592.41,"end":3592.93}]},{"text":"Moving on to box 3, regarding the third paragraph of the ruling text, We recommend preserving the original language of Article 51 of the First Additional Protocol that this paragraph draws from in order to ensure clarity regarding the legal obligation and to avoid further discussions on the implications of the deviations between this paragraph and Article 51's language.","start":3595.09,"end":3618.17,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3619.21,"end":3619.61},{"text":"the","start":3619.61,"end":3619.73},{"text":"paragraph","start":3619.73,"end":3620.25},{"text":"would","start":3620.25,"end":3620.41},{"text":"read,","start":3620.41,"end":3620.81},{"text":"\"The","start":3621.53,"end":3621.61},{"text":"civilian","start":3621.61,"end":3622.05},{"text":"population","start":3622.05,"end":3622.73},{"text":"as","start":3622.73,"end":3622.85},{"text":"such,","start":3622.85,"end":3623.37},{"text":"as","start":3624.17,"end":3624.33},{"text":"well","start":3624.33,"end":3624.53},{"text":"as","start":3624.53,"end":3624.65},{"text":"individual","start":3624.65,"end":3625.13},{"text":"civilians,","start":3625.13,"end":3625.93},{"text":"shall","start":3626.57,"end":3626.81},{"text":"not","start":3626.81,"end":3627.17},{"text":"be","start":3627.17,"end":3627.29},{"text":"the","start":3627.29,"end":3627.41},{"text":"object","start":3627.41,"end":3627.85},{"text":"of","start":3627.85,"end":3627.97},{"text":"an","start":3627.97,"end":3628.05},{"text":"attack","start":3628.05,"end":3628.49},{"text":"by","start":3628.65,"end":3628.97},{"text":"laws.\"","start":3628.97,"end":3629.45}]},{"text":"Regarding the fourth paragraph in box 3, in our view, it is essential to stick to the language in Article 51 of the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions and to replace \"anticipated and controlled\" with the word \"limited.\"","start":3631.09,"end":3646.93,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":3631.09,"end":3631.49},{"text":"the","start":3631.49,"end":3631.57},{"text":"fourth","start":3631.57,"end":3631.89},{"text":"paragraph","start":3631.89,"end":3632.37},{"text":"in","start":3632.37,"end":3632.53},{"text":"box","start":3632.53,"end":3632.81},{"text":"3,","start":3632.81,"end":3633.17},{"text":"in","start":3634.37,"end":3634.53},{"text":"our","start":3634.53,"end":3634.69},{"text":"view,","start":3634.69,"end":3635.01},{"text":"it","start":3635.01,"end":3635.09},{"text":"is","start":3635.09,"end":3635.21},{"text":"essential","start":3635.21,"end":3635.65},{"text":"to","start":3635.65,"end":3635.77},{"text":"stick","start":3635.77,"end":3636.05},{"text":"to","start":3636.05,"end":3636.13},{"text":"the","start":3636.13,"end":3636.21},{"text":"language","start":3636.21,"end":3636.65},{"text":"in","start":3636.65,"end":3636.77},{"text":"Article","start":3636.77,"end":3637.17},{"text":"51","start":3637.17,"end":3637.89},{"text":"of","start":3637.89,"end":3637.97},{"text":"the","start":3637.97,"end":3638.05},{"text":"First","start":3638.05,"end":3638.61},{"text":"Additional","start":3639.97,"end":3640.73},{"text":"Protocol","start":3640.73,"end":3641.09},{"text":"to","start":3641.09,"end":3641.17},{"text":"the","start":3641.17,"end":3641.25},{"text":"Geneva","start":3641.25,"end":3641.57},{"text":"Conventions","start":3641.57,"end":3642.29},{"text":"and","start":3642.29,"end":3642.41},{"text":"to","start":3642.41,"end":3642.49},{"text":"replace","start":3642.49,"end":3643.17},{"text":"\"anticipated","start":3643.65,"end":3644.45},{"text":"and","start":3644.45,"end":3644.61},{"text":"controlled\"","start":3644.61,"end":3645.17},{"text":"with","start":3645.17,"end":3645.37},{"text":"the","start":3645.37,"end":3645.45},{"text":"word","start":3645.45,"end":3645.81},{"text":"\"limited.\"","start":3646.29,"end":3646.93}]},{"text":"Therefore, the paragraph would read, \"It is prohibited to use laws if their effects in attack cannot be limited as is required by IHL in the circumstances of their use.\"","start":3647.81,"end":3659.57,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3647.81,"end":3648.37},{"text":"the","start":3648.37,"end":3648.45},{"text":"paragraph","start":3648.45,"end":3649.01},{"text":"would","start":3649.01,"end":3649.13},{"text":"read,","start":3649.13,"end":3649.49},{"text":"\"It","start":3649.97,"end":3650.09},{"text":"is","start":3650.09,"end":3650.21},{"text":"prohibited","start":3650.21,"end":3650.77},{"text":"to","start":3650.77,"end":3650.93},{"text":"use","start":3650.93,"end":3651.21},{"text":"laws","start":3651.21,"end":3651.73},{"text":"if","start":3652.25,"end":3652.37},{"text":"their","start":3652.37,"end":3652.57},{"text":"effects","start":3652.57,"end":3653.01},{"text":"in","start":3653.01,"end":3653.09},{"text":"attack","start":3653.09,"end":3653.37},{"text":"cannot","start":3653.37,"end":3653.73},{"text":"be","start":3653.73,"end":3654.05},{"text":"limited","start":3654.37,"end":3655.09},{"text":"as","start":3655.65,"end":3655.81},{"text":"is","start":3655.81,"end":3656.37},{"text":"required","start":3656.37,"end":3656.85},{"text":"by","start":3656.85,"end":3656.97},{"text":"IHL","start":3656.97,"end":3657.65},{"text":"in","start":3657.73,"end":3657.85},{"text":"the","start":3657.85,"end":3657.93},{"text":"circumstances","start":3657.93,"end":3658.77},{"text":"of","start":3658.77,"end":3658.93},{"text":"their","start":3658.93,"end":3659.17},{"text":"use.\"","start":3659.17,"end":3659.57}]},{"text":"The anticipation and control of the effects of an attack are not primary obligations under IHL, but rather second-order requirements intended to fulfill certain primary obligations, and the current box focuses on primary IHL obligations.","start":3662.13,"end":3676.93,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3662.13,"end":3662.25},{"text":"anticipation","start":3662.25,"end":3663.17},{"text":"and","start":3663.17,"end":3663.33},{"text":"control","start":3663.33,"end":3663.77},{"text":"of","start":3663.77,"end":3663.85},{"text":"the","start":3663.85,"end":3663.93},{"text":"effects","start":3663.93,"end":3664.29},{"text":"of","start":3664.29,"end":3664.37},{"text":"an","start":3664.37,"end":3664.45},{"text":"attack","start":3664.45,"end":3664.81},{"text":"are","start":3664.81,"end":3664.93},{"text":"not","start":3664.93,"end":3665.09},{"text":"primary","start":3665.09,"end":3665.57},{"text":"obligations","start":3665.57,"end":3666.17},{"text":"under","start":3666.17,"end":3666.45},{"text":"IHL,","start":3666.45,"end":3667.17},{"text":"but","start":3667.73,"end":3667.97},{"text":"rather","start":3667.97,"end":3668.29},{"text":"second-order","start":3668.29,"end":3669.01},{"text":"requirements","start":3669.01,"end":3669.65},{"text":"intended","start":3669.65,"end":3670.09},{"text":"to","start":3670.09,"end":3670.21},{"text":"fulfill","start":3670.21,"end":3670.69},{"text":"certain","start":3670.69,"end":3671.09},{"text":"primary","start":3671.09,"end":3671.57},{"text":"obligations,","start":3671.57,"end":3672.53},{"text":"and","start":3673.09,"end":3673.21},{"text":"the","start":3673.21,"end":3673.29},{"text":"current","start":3673.29,"end":3673.57},{"text":"box","start":3673.57,"end":3673.89},{"text":"focuses","start":3673.89,"end":3674.53},{"text":"on","start":3674.93,"end":3675.09},{"text":"primary","start":3675.09,"end":3675.57},{"text":"IHL","start":3675.57,"end":3676.13},{"text":"obligations.","start":3676.13,"end":3676.93}]},{"text":"We believe that the current text as it stands introduces a new legal standard, which is problematic.","start":3678.37,"end":3683.97,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3678.37,"end":3678.57},{"text":"believe","start":3678.57,"end":3678.81},{"text":"that","start":3678.81,"end":3678.93},{"text":"the","start":3678.93,"end":3679.01},{"text":"current","start":3679.01,"end":3679.29},{"text":"text","start":3679.29,"end":3679.57},{"text":"as","start":3679.57,"end":3679.69},{"text":"it","start":3679.69,"end":3679.77},{"text":"stands","start":3679.77,"end":3680.37},{"text":"introduces","start":3680.93,"end":3681.49},{"text":"a","start":3681.49,"end":3681.53},{"text":"new","start":3681.53,"end":3681.73},{"text":"legal","start":3681.73,"end":3682.01},{"text":"standard,","start":3682.01,"end":3682.53},{"text":"which","start":3682.93,"end":3683.17},{"text":"is","start":3683.17,"end":3683.29},{"text":"problematic.","start":3683.29,"end":3683.97}]},{"text":"IHL requires to make a reasonable effort to try and assess collateral damage based on the information reasonably available prior to the attack, but does not require to predict it with certainty.","start":3685.01,"end":3694.85,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"IHL","start":3685.01,"end":3685.41},{"text":"requires","start":3685.41,"end":3685.81},{"text":"to","start":3685.81,"end":3685.89},{"text":"make","start":3685.89,"end":3686.13},{"text":"a","start":3686.13,"end":3686.29},{"text":"reasonable","start":3686.29,"end":3686.93},{"text":"effort","start":3686.93,"end":3687.37},{"text":"to","start":3687.37,"end":3687.45},{"text":"try","start":3687.45,"end":3687.61},{"text":"and","start":3687.61,"end":3687.73},{"text":"assess","start":3687.73,"end":3688.05},{"text":"collateral","start":3688.05,"end":3688.53},{"text":"damage","start":3688.53,"end":3689.01},{"text":"based","start":3689.01,"end":3689.25},{"text":"on","start":3689.25,"end":3689.37},{"text":"the","start":3689.37,"end":3689.45},{"text":"information","start":3689.45,"end":3690.05},{"text":"reasonably","start":3690.05,"end":3690.69},{"text":"available","start":3690.69,"end":3691.13},{"text":"prior","start":3691.13,"end":3691.41},{"text":"to","start":3691.41,"end":3691.49},{"text":"the","start":3691.49,"end":3691.61},{"text":"attack,","start":3691.61,"end":3692.05},{"text":"but","start":3692.69,"end":3692.81},{"text":"does","start":3692.81,"end":3692.93},{"text":"not","start":3692.93,"end":3693.09},{"text":"require","start":3693.09,"end":3693.49},{"text":"to","start":3693.49,"end":3693.57},{"text":"predict","start":3693.57,"end":3693.97},{"text":"it","start":3693.97,"end":3694.09},{"text":"with","start":3694.09,"end":3694.25},{"text":"certainty.","start":3694.25,"end":3694.85}]},{"text":"Unpredictable collateral damage does not, as such, render an attack as illegal.","start":3695.77,"end":3699.97,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Unpredictable","start":3695.77,"end":3696.37},{"text":"collateral","start":3696.37,"end":3696.85},{"text":"damage","start":3696.85,"end":3697.41},{"text":"does","start":3697.81,"end":3698.05},{"text":"not,","start":3698.05,"end":3698.25},{"text":"as","start":3698.25,"end":3698.33},{"text":"such,","start":3698.33,"end":3698.61},{"text":"render","start":3698.61,"end":3698.93},{"text":"an","start":3698.93,"end":3699.01},{"text":"attack","start":3699.01,"end":3699.37},{"text":"as","start":3699.37,"end":3699.49},{"text":"illegal.","start":3699.49,"end":3699.97}]},{"text":"The current wording does not reflect these important nuances and may be read as prohibiting many existing weapons or uses of weapons.","start":3701.09,"end":3708.85,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3701.09,"end":3701.21},{"text":"current","start":3701.21,"end":3701.49},{"text":"wording","start":3701.49,"end":3701.81},{"text":"does","start":3701.81,"end":3701.97},{"text":"not","start":3701.97,"end":3702.13},{"text":"reflect","start":3702.13,"end":3702.61},{"text":"these","start":3702.77,"end":3703.01},{"text":"important","start":3703.01,"end":3703.45},{"text":"nuances","start":3703.45,"end":3704.05},{"text":"and","start":3704.69,"end":3704.85},{"text":"may","start":3704.85,"end":3704.93},{"text":"be","start":3704.93,"end":3705.09},{"text":"read","start":3705.09,"end":3705.21},{"text":"as","start":3705.21,"end":3705.33},{"text":"prohibiting","start":3705.33,"end":3705.81},{"text":"many","start":3705.81,"end":3706.09},{"text":"existing","start":3706.09,"end":3706.53},{"text":"weapons","start":3706.53,"end":3707.01},{"text":"or","start":3707.65,"end":3707.81},{"text":"uses","start":3707.81,"end":3708.21},{"text":"of","start":3708.21,"end":3708.29},{"text":"weapons.","start":3708.29,"end":3708.85}]},{"text":"The core point on anticipation of effects that does have a possible legal implication on the legality of weapons is sufficiently covered by the reference to the possibility of limiting the effects of the use of a weapon.","start":3711.33,"end":3722.81,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3711.33,"end":3711.49},{"text":"core","start":3711.49,"end":3711.73},{"text":"point","start":3711.73,"end":3712.13},{"text":"on","start":3712.13,"end":3712.25},{"text":"anticipation","start":3712.25,"end":3712.85},{"text":"of","start":3712.85,"end":3712.93},{"text":"effects","start":3712.93,"end":3713.49},{"text":"that","start":3713.77,"end":3714.17},{"text":"does","start":3714.17,"end":3714.49},{"text":"have","start":3714.49,"end":3714.81},{"text":"a","start":3714.81,"end":3714.85},{"text":"possible","start":3714.85,"end":3715.25},{"text":"legal","start":3715.25,"end":3715.53},{"text":"implication","start":3715.53,"end":3716.13},{"text":"on","start":3716.13,"end":3716.25},{"text":"the","start":3716.25,"end":3716.33},{"text":"legality","start":3716.33,"end":3716.85},{"text":"of","start":3716.85,"end":3716.97},{"text":"weapons","start":3716.97,"end":3717.45},{"text":"is","start":3718.01,"end":3718.13},{"text":"sufficiently","start":3718.13,"end":3718.65},{"text":"covered","start":3718.65,"end":3719.01},{"text":"by","start":3719.01,"end":3719.13},{"text":"the","start":3719.13,"end":3719.21},{"text":"reference","start":3719.21,"end":3719.61},{"text":"to","start":3719.61,"end":3719.69},{"text":"the","start":3719.69,"end":3719.77},{"text":"possibility","start":3719.77,"end":3720.37},{"text":"of","start":3720.37,"end":3720.49},{"text":"limiting","start":3720.49,"end":3720.89},{"text":"the","start":3720.89,"end":3721.01},{"text":"effects","start":3721.01,"end":3721.61},{"text":"of","start":3721.77,"end":3721.93},{"text":"the","start":3721.93,"end":3722.01},{"text":"use","start":3722.01,"end":3722.21},{"text":"of","start":3722.21,"end":3722.33},{"text":"a","start":3722.33,"end":3722.37},{"text":"weapon.","start":3722.37,"end":3722.81}]},{"text":"In addition, predictability is addressed in other places in the rest of the text, such as in paragraph 6 in box 3 and in paragraph 3 in box 4.","start":3723.93,"end":3734.89,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3723.93,"end":3724.05},{"text":"addition,","start":3724.05,"end":3724.53},{"text":"predictability","start":3724.53,"end":3725.29},{"text":"is","start":3725.29,"end":3725.37},{"text":"addressed","start":3725.37,"end":3725.77},{"text":"in","start":3725.77,"end":3725.89},{"text":"other","start":3725.89,"end":3726.09},{"text":"places","start":3726.09,"end":3726.65},{"text":"in","start":3726.65,"end":3726.81},{"text":"the","start":3726.81,"end":3726.89},{"text":"rest","start":3726.89,"end":3727.13},{"text":"of","start":3727.13,"end":3727.21},{"text":"the","start":3727.21,"end":3727.29},{"text":"text,","start":3727.29,"end":3727.69},{"text":"such","start":3728.41,"end":3728.81},{"text":"as","start":3728.81,"end":3729.05},{"text":"in","start":3729.05,"end":3729.21},{"text":"paragraph","start":3729.21,"end":3729.69},{"text":"6","start":3729.69,"end":3730.25},{"text":"in","start":3730.33,"end":3730.89},{"text":"box","start":3730.89,"end":3731.17},{"text":"3","start":3731.17,"end":3731.61},{"text":"and","start":3732.33,"end":3732.49},{"text":"in","start":3732.49,"end":3732.57},{"text":"paragraph","start":3732.57,"end":3733.05},{"text":"3","start":3733.05,"end":3733.61},{"text":"in","start":3734.01,"end":3734.17},{"text":"box","start":3734.17,"end":3734.49},{"text":"4.","start":3734.49,"end":3734.89}]},{"text":"Chair, we're open to referring to anticipation of effects as a practical measure in the implementation of IHL obligations in a different part of the document, but not as it currently appears, namely, an independent legal requirement that by itself can disqualify weapons.","start":3736.41,"end":3752.61,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3736.41,"end":3736.65},{"text":"we're","start":3736.65,"end":3736.85},{"text":"open","start":3736.85,"end":3737.13},{"text":"to","start":3737.13,"end":3737.25},{"text":"referring","start":3737.25,"end":3737.77},{"text":"to","start":3737.77,"end":3737.85},{"text":"anticipation","start":3737.85,"end":3738.53},{"text":"of","start":3738.53,"end":3738.61},{"text":"effects","start":3738.61,"end":3739.21},{"text":"as","start":3739.89,"end":3740.01},{"text":"a","start":3740.01,"end":3740.05},{"text":"practical","start":3740.05,"end":3740.45},{"text":"measure","start":3740.45,"end":3740.81},{"text":"in","start":3740.81,"end":3740.89},{"text":"the","start":3740.89,"end":3740.97},{"text":"implementation","start":3740.97,"end":3741.65},{"text":"of","start":3741.65,"end":3741.73},{"text":"IHL","start":3741.73,"end":3742.09},{"text":"obligations","start":3742.09,"end":3742.77},{"text":"in","start":3743.01,"end":3743.13},{"text":"a","start":3743.13,"end":3743.17},{"text":"different","start":3743.17,"end":3743.53},{"text":"part","start":3743.53,"end":3743.69},{"text":"of","start":3743.69,"end":3743.77},{"text":"the","start":3743.77,"end":3743.85},{"text":"document,","start":3743.85,"end":3744.37},{"text":"but","start":3745.25,"end":3745.41},{"text":"not","start":3745.41,"end":3745.69},{"text":"as","start":3745.69,"end":3745.81},{"text":"it","start":3745.81,"end":3745.93},{"text":"currently","start":3745.93,"end":3746.29},{"text":"appears,","start":3746.29,"end":3746.93},{"text":"namely,","start":3747.09,"end":3747.73},{"text":"an","start":3748.01,"end":3748.09},{"text":"independent","start":3748.09,"end":3748.77},{"text":"legal","start":3748.77,"end":3749.09},{"text":"requirement","start":3749.09,"end":3749.81},{"text":"that","start":3750.45,"end":3750.61},{"text":"by","start":3750.61,"end":3750.81},{"text":"itself","start":3750.81,"end":3751.25},{"text":"can","start":3751.25,"end":3751.41},{"text":"disqualify","start":3751.41,"end":3752.05},{"text":"weapons.","start":3752.05,"end":3752.61}]},{"text":"This has no basis in IHL.","start":3753.65,"end":3755.57,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3753.65,"end":3754.05},{"text":"has","start":3754.21,"end":3754.37},{"text":"no","start":3754.37,"end":3754.53},{"text":"basis","start":3754.53,"end":3754.89},{"text":"in","start":3754.89,"end":3755.01},{"text":"IHL.","start":3755.01,"end":3755.57}]},{"text":"Regarding the fifth paragraph in box 3, we suggest moving this paragraph to box 4, as it presents a practical measure, the consideration of IHL rules when developing a weapon, in order to maximize the chances that, when the weapon is used, it will comply with IHL.","start":3757.49,"end":3774.01,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":3757.49,"end":3757.89},{"text":"the","start":3757.89,"end":3757.97},{"text":"fifth","start":3757.97,"end":3758.21},{"text":"paragraph","start":3758.21,"end":3758.69},{"text":"in","start":3758.69,"end":3758.77},{"text":"box","start":3758.77,"end":3759.05},{"text":"3,","start":3759.05,"end":3759.41},{"text":"we","start":3760.53,"end":3760.69},{"text":"suggest","start":3760.69,"end":3761.01},{"text":"moving","start":3761.01,"end":3761.29},{"text":"this","start":3761.29,"end":3761.41},{"text":"paragraph","start":3761.41,"end":3761.89},{"text":"to","start":3761.89,"end":3761.97},{"text":"box","start":3761.97,"end":3762.29},{"text":"4,","start":3762.29,"end":3762.77},{"text":"as","start":3763.41,"end":3763.61},{"text":"it","start":3763.61,"end":3763.69},{"text":"presents","start":3763.69,"end":3764.13},{"text":"a","start":3764.13,"end":3764.21},{"text":"practical","start":3764.21,"end":3764.65},{"text":"measure,","start":3764.65,"end":3765.09},{"text":"the","start":3765.73,"end":3765.81},{"text":"consideration","start":3765.81,"end":3766.45},{"text":"of","start":3766.45,"end":3766.61},{"text":"IHL","start":3766.61,"end":3766.93},{"text":"rules","start":3766.93,"end":3767.33},{"text":"when","start":3767.33,"end":3767.49},{"text":"developing","start":3767.49,"end":3767.97},{"text":"a","start":3767.97,"end":3768.01},{"text":"weapon,","start":3768.01,"end":3768.45},{"text":"in","start":3769.05,"end":3769.17},{"text":"order","start":3769.17,"end":3769.37},{"text":"to","start":3769.37,"end":3769.45},{"text":"maximize","start":3769.45,"end":3769.93},{"text":"the","start":3769.93,"end":3770.01},{"text":"chances","start":3770.01,"end":3770.49},{"text":"that,","start":3770.49,"end":3770.85},{"text":"when","start":3770.85,"end":3771.09},{"text":"the","start":3771.09,"end":3771.21},{"text":"weapon","start":3771.21,"end":3771.49},{"text":"is","start":3771.49,"end":3771.61},{"text":"used,","start":3771.61,"end":3772.01},{"text":"it","start":3772.49,"end":3772.57},{"text":"will","start":3772.57,"end":3772.77},{"text":"comply","start":3772.77,"end":3773.21},{"text":"with","start":3773.21,"end":3773.37},{"text":"IHL.","start":3773.37,"end":3774.01}]},{"text":"Regarding the sixth paragraph in box three of the rolling text, firstly, we would like to express our support for the Republic of Korea's suggestion to move paragraph six of box three to box four.","start":3775.61,"end":3784.97,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":3775.61,"end":3776.01},{"text":"the","start":3776.01,"end":3776.09},{"text":"sixth","start":3776.09,"end":3776.33},{"text":"paragraph","start":3776.33,"end":3776.73},{"text":"in","start":3776.73,"end":3776.81},{"text":"box","start":3776.81,"end":3777.05},{"text":"three","start":3777.05,"end":3777.21},{"text":"of","start":3777.21,"end":3777.29},{"text":"the","start":3777.29,"end":3777.37},{"text":"rolling","start":3777.37,"end":3777.69},{"text":"text,","start":3777.69,"end":3778.09},{"text":"firstly,","start":3778.97,"end":3779.37},{"text":"we","start":3779.37,"end":3779.45},{"text":"would","start":3779.45,"end":3779.57},{"text":"like","start":3779.57,"end":3779.77},{"text":"to","start":3779.77,"end":3779.85},{"text":"express","start":3779.85,"end":3780.17},{"text":"our","start":3780.17,"end":3780.25},{"text":"support","start":3780.25,"end":3780.89},{"text":"for","start":3781.05,"end":3781.21},{"text":"the","start":3781.21,"end":3781.29},{"text":"Republic","start":3781.29,"end":3781.61},{"text":"of","start":3781.61,"end":3781.69},{"text":"Korea's","start":3781.69,"end":3782.05},{"text":"suggestion","start":3782.05,"end":3782.49},{"text":"to","start":3782.49,"end":3782.61},{"text":"move","start":3782.61,"end":3782.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":3782.77,"end":3783.13},{"text":"six","start":3783.13,"end":3783.49},{"text":"of","start":3783.49,"end":3783.57},{"text":"box","start":3783.57,"end":3783.81},{"text":"three","start":3783.81,"end":3784.09},{"text":"to","start":3784.09,"end":3784.33},{"text":"box","start":3784.33,"end":3784.65},{"text":"four.","start":3784.65,"end":3784.97}]},{"text":"This paragraph lists a variety of practical measures, some of which may be needed in order to implement IHL in certain circumstances, and some that reflect policy measures that exceed legal obligations.","start":3785.85,"end":3796.97,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3785.85,"end":3786.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":3786.09,"end":3786.57},{"text":"lists","start":3786.57,"end":3786.89},{"text":"a","start":3786.89,"end":3786.93},{"text":"variety","start":3786.93,"end":3787.33},{"text":"of","start":3787.33,"end":3787.41},{"text":"practical","start":3787.41,"end":3787.81},{"text":"measures,","start":3787.81,"end":3788.33},{"text":"some","start":3788.65,"end":3788.89},{"text":"of","start":3788.89,"end":3789.01},{"text":"which","start":3789.01,"end":3789.37},{"text":"may","start":3789.77,"end":3789.93},{"text":"be","start":3789.93,"end":3790.09},{"text":"needed","start":3790.09,"end":3790.33},{"text":"in","start":3790.33,"end":3790.45},{"text":"order","start":3790.45,"end":3790.65},{"text":"to","start":3790.65,"end":3790.73},{"text":"implement","start":3790.73,"end":3791.13},{"text":"IHL","start":3791.13,"end":3791.77},{"text":"in","start":3791.93,"end":3792.05},{"text":"certain","start":3792.05,"end":3792.33},{"text":"circumstances,","start":3792.33,"end":3793.13},{"text":"and","start":3793.85,"end":3794.01},{"text":"some","start":3794.01,"end":3794.21},{"text":"that","start":3794.21,"end":3794.33},{"text":"reflect","start":3794.33,"end":3794.65},{"text":"policy","start":3794.65,"end":3795.05},{"text":"measures","start":3795.05,"end":3795.41},{"text":"that","start":3795.41,"end":3795.53},{"text":"exceed","start":3795.53,"end":3795.89},{"text":"legal","start":3795.89,"end":3796.17},{"text":"obligations.","start":3796.17,"end":3796.97}]},{"text":"Considering the practical nature of this paragraph, the appropriate place for it is box 4, which outlines measures that support compliance with IHL rules.","start":3797.81,"end":3806.69,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Considering","start":3797.81,"end":3798.29},{"text":"the","start":3798.29,"end":3798.37},{"text":"practical","start":3798.37,"end":3798.85},{"text":"nature","start":3798.85,"end":3799.13},{"text":"of","start":3799.13,"end":3799.21},{"text":"this","start":3799.21,"end":3799.33},{"text":"paragraph,","start":3799.33,"end":3799.89},{"text":"the","start":3800.37,"end":3800.45},{"text":"appropriate","start":3800.45,"end":3800.89},{"text":"place","start":3800.89,"end":3801.09},{"text":"for","start":3801.09,"end":3801.25},{"text":"it","start":3801.25,"end":3801.49},{"text":"is","start":3801.65,"end":3801.81},{"text":"box","start":3801.81,"end":3802.05},{"text":"4,","start":3802.05,"end":3802.37},{"text":"which","start":3802.89,"end":3803.17},{"text":"outlines","start":3803.17,"end":3803.57},{"text":"measures","start":3803.57,"end":3803.97},{"text":"that","start":3803.97,"end":3804.13},{"text":"support","start":3804.13,"end":3804.49},{"text":"compliance","start":3804.49,"end":3805.01},{"text":"with","start":3805.49,"end":3805.81},{"text":"IHL","start":3805.81,"end":3806.29},{"text":"rules.","start":3806.29,"end":3806.69}]},{"text":"In line with the practical nature of this paragraph and with our previous comments regarding the term context-appropriate human judgment and control, we propose that the chapeau be phrased as follows, and I quote, \"Measures, including during development, relating to control and human judgment are needed to ensure the use of laws is in compliance with the principles and requirements of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack, and other rules of international law applicable in armed conflicts.","start":3808.93,"end":3835.89,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3808.93,"end":3809.09},{"text":"line","start":3809.09,"end":3809.25},{"text":"with","start":3809.25,"end":3809.37},{"text":"the","start":3809.37,"end":3809.45},{"text":"practical","start":3809.45,"end":3809.89},{"text":"nature","start":3809.89,"end":3810.17},{"text":"of","start":3810.17,"end":3810.25},{"text":"this","start":3810.25,"end":3810.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":3810.37,"end":3811.01},{"text":"and","start":3811.01,"end":3811.25},{"text":"with","start":3811.25,"end":3811.37},{"text":"our","start":3811.37,"end":3811.49},{"text":"previous","start":3811.49,"end":3811.81},{"text":"comments","start":3811.81,"end":3812.21},{"text":"regarding","start":3812.21,"end":3812.61},{"text":"the","start":3812.61,"end":3812.69},{"text":"term","start":3812.69,"end":3813.01},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":3813.17,"end":3814.09},{"text":"human","start":3814.09,"end":3814.37},{"text":"judgment","start":3814.37,"end":3814.69},{"text":"and","start":3814.69,"end":3814.81},{"text":"control,","start":3814.81,"end":3815.33},{"text":"we","start":3815.41,"end":3815.61},{"text":"propose","start":3815.61,"end":3816.01},{"text":"that","start":3816.01,"end":3816.13},{"text":"the","start":3816.13,"end":3816.21},{"text":"chapeau","start":3816.21,"end":3816.85},{"text":"be","start":3817.37,"end":3817.49},{"text":"phrased","start":3817.49,"end":3817.85},{"text":"as","start":3817.85,"end":3817.97},{"text":"follows,","start":3817.97,"end":3818.53},{"text":"and","start":3819.25,"end":3819.37},{"text":"I","start":3819.37,"end":3819.41},{"text":"quote,","start":3819.41,"end":3819.73},{"text":"\"Measures,","start":3819.73,"end":3820.29},{"text":"including","start":3820.29,"end":3820.69},{"text":"during","start":3820.69,"end":3821.13},{"text":"development,","start":3821.13,"end":3821.73},{"text":"relating","start":3821.73,"end":3822.21},{"text":"to","start":3822.21,"end":3822.33},{"text":"control","start":3822.33,"end":3822.97},{"text":"and","start":3822.97,"end":3823.09},{"text":"human","start":3823.09,"end":3823.33},{"text":"judgment","start":3823.33,"end":3823.89},{"text":"are","start":3824.37,"end":3824.49},{"text":"needed","start":3824.49,"end":3824.73},{"text":"to","start":3824.73,"end":3824.81},{"text":"ensure","start":3824.81,"end":3825.25},{"text":"the","start":3825.25,"end":3825.37},{"text":"use","start":3825.41,"end":3825.65},{"text":"of","start":3825.65,"end":3825.81},{"text":"laws","start":3825.81,"end":3826.21},{"text":"is","start":3826.57,"end":3826.69},{"text":"in","start":3826.69,"end":3826.77},{"text":"compliance","start":3826.77,"end":3827.33},{"text":"with","start":3827.33,"end":3827.45},{"text":"the","start":3827.45,"end":3827.53},{"text":"principles","start":3827.53,"end":3828.29},{"text":"and","start":3828.29,"end":3828.41},{"text":"requirements","start":3828.41,"end":3828.97},{"text":"of","start":3828.97,"end":3829.13},{"text":"distinction,","start":3829.13,"end":3829.77},{"text":"proportionality,","start":3830.25,"end":3831.09},{"text":"and","start":3831.09,"end":3831.21},{"text":"precautions","start":3831.21,"end":3831.77},{"text":"in","start":3831.77,"end":3831.85},{"text":"attack,","start":3831.85,"end":3832.33},{"text":"and","start":3832.97,"end":3833.21},{"text":"other","start":3833.21,"end":3833.45},{"text":"rules","start":3833.45,"end":3833.65},{"text":"of","start":3833.65,"end":3833.73},{"text":"international","start":3833.73,"end":3834.33},{"text":"law","start":3834.33,"end":3834.41},{"text":"applicable","start":3834.41,"end":3835.05},{"text":"in","start":3835.13,"end":3835.29},{"text":"armed","start":3835.29,"end":3835.45},{"text":"conflicts.","start":3835.45,"end":3835.89}]},{"text":"Such measures can include, where appropriate, the following, and so on.","start":3836.65,"end":3840.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":3836.65,"end":3836.97},{"text":"measures","start":3836.97,"end":3837.37},{"text":"can","start":3837.37,"end":3837.49},{"text":"include,","start":3837.49,"end":3837.93},{"text":"where","start":3837.93,"end":3838.13},{"text":"appropriate,","start":3838.13,"end":3838.73},{"text":"the","start":3838.73,"end":3838.81},{"text":"following,","start":3838.81,"end":3839.37},{"text":"and","start":3840.17,"end":3840.33},{"text":"so","start":3840.33,"end":3840.57},{"text":"on.","start":3840.57,"end":3840.81}]},{"text":"Regarding Article 6, while we can see a connection between predictability and reliability to IHL implementation, we're still not convinced that this is also the case with explainability and traceability.","start":3842.49,"end":3854.81,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":3842.49,"end":3842.97},{"text":"Article","start":3842.97,"end":3843.33},{"text":"6,","start":3843.33,"end":3843.85},{"text":"while","start":3845.09,"end":3845.33},{"text":"we","start":3845.33,"end":3845.41},{"text":"can","start":3845.41,"end":3845.69},{"text":"see","start":3845.69,"end":3845.81},{"text":"a","start":3845.81,"end":3845.85},{"text":"connection","start":3845.85,"end":3846.25},{"text":"between","start":3846.25,"end":3846.53},{"text":"predictability","start":3846.53,"end":3847.25},{"text":"and","start":3847.25,"end":3847.37},{"text":"reliability","start":3847.37,"end":3848.25},{"text":"to","start":3848.25,"end":3848.33},{"text":"IHL","start":3848.33,"end":3848.69},{"text":"implementation,","start":3848.69,"end":3849.53},{"text":"we're","start":3850.25,"end":3850.41},{"text":"still","start":3850.41,"end":3850.57},{"text":"not","start":3850.57,"end":3850.73},{"text":"convinced","start":3850.73,"end":3851.17},{"text":"that","start":3851.17,"end":3851.45},{"text":"this","start":3851.77,"end":3852.01},{"text":"is","start":3852.01,"end":3852.17},{"text":"also","start":3852.17,"end":3852.41},{"text":"the","start":3852.41,"end":3852.49},{"text":"case","start":3852.49,"end":3852.73},{"text":"with","start":3852.73,"end":3852.89},{"text":"explainability","start":3852.89,"end":3853.81},{"text":"and","start":3853.81,"end":3853.97},{"text":"traceability.","start":3853.97,"end":3854.81}]},{"text":"Therefore, we suggest deleting the words \"explainable\" and \"traceable\" from this paragraph.","start":3855.73,"end":3859.89,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3855.73,"end":3855.97},{"text":"we","start":3855.97,"end":3856.09},{"text":"suggest","start":3856.09,"end":3856.45},{"text":"deleting","start":3856.45,"end":3856.73},{"text":"the","start":3856.73,"end":3856.81},{"text":"words","start":3856.81,"end":3857.09},{"text":"\"explainable\"","start":3857.09,"end":3857.81},{"text":"and","start":3858.13,"end":3858.37},{"text":"\"traceable\"","start":3858.37,"end":3858.85},{"text":"from","start":3858.85,"end":3859.05},{"text":"this","start":3859.05,"end":3859.25},{"text":"paragraph.","start":3859.25,"end":3859.89}]},{"text":"And regarding article 6, we find the coupling of assessments of legal and ethical considerations with the concept of reasonable chain of command and control to be confusing, and that it combines too many different concepts and terms.","start":3860.97,"end":3873.97,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3860.97,"end":3861.09},{"text":"regarding","start":3861.09,"end":3861.57},{"text":"article","start":3861.57,"end":3861.97},{"text":"6,","start":3861.97,"end":3862.29},{"text":"we","start":3862.29,"end":3862.61},{"text":"find","start":3863.33,"end":3863.57},{"text":"the","start":3863.57,"end":3863.65},{"text":"coupling","start":3863.65,"end":3864.09},{"text":"of","start":3864.09,"end":3864.21},{"text":"assessments","start":3864.21,"end":3864.73},{"text":"of","start":3864.73,"end":3864.85},{"text":"legal","start":3864.85,"end":3865.17},{"text":"and","start":3865.17,"end":3865.29},{"text":"ethical","start":3865.29,"end":3865.65},{"text":"considerations","start":3865.65,"end":3866.45},{"text":"with","start":3866.45,"end":3866.57},{"text":"the","start":3866.57,"end":3866.65},{"text":"concept","start":3866.65,"end":3867.13},{"text":"of","start":3867.13,"end":3867.33},{"text":"reasonable","start":3867.65,"end":3868.21},{"text":"chain","start":3868.21,"end":3868.53},{"text":"of","start":3868.53,"end":3868.61},{"text":"command","start":3868.61,"end":3868.85},{"text":"and","start":3868.85,"end":3868.97},{"text":"control","start":3868.97,"end":3869.33},{"text":"to","start":3869.33,"end":3869.49},{"text":"be","start":3869.49,"end":3869.81},{"text":"confusing,","start":3870.05,"end":3870.69},{"text":"and","start":3871.29,"end":3871.41},{"text":"that","start":3871.41,"end":3871.53},{"text":"it","start":3871.53,"end":3871.61},{"text":"combines","start":3871.61,"end":3872.01},{"text":"too","start":3872.01,"end":3872.21},{"text":"many","start":3872.21,"end":3872.45},{"text":"different","start":3872.45,"end":3872.85},{"text":"concepts","start":3872.85,"end":3873.33},{"text":"and","start":3873.33,"end":3873.45},{"text":"terms.","start":3873.45,"end":3873.97}]},{"text":"In order to streamline the text, we would propose deleting the second sentence so that it would read, \"Ensure that laws are operated under a responsible chain of command and control.\"","start":3874.93,"end":3884.37,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3874.93,"end":3875.01},{"text":"order","start":3875.01,"end":3875.21},{"text":"to","start":3875.21,"end":3875.29},{"text":"streamline","start":3875.29,"end":3875.65},{"text":"the","start":3875.65,"end":3875.73},{"text":"text,","start":3875.73,"end":3876.01},{"text":"we","start":3876.01,"end":3876.09},{"text":"would","start":3876.09,"end":3876.21},{"text":"propose","start":3876.21,"end":3876.53},{"text":"deleting","start":3876.53,"end":3876.89},{"text":"the","start":3876.89,"end":3876.97},{"text":"second","start":3876.97,"end":3877.25},{"text":"sentence","start":3877.25,"end":3877.81},{"text":"so","start":3878.29,"end":3878.49},{"text":"that","start":3878.49,"end":3878.61},{"text":"it","start":3878.61,"end":3878.69},{"text":"would","start":3878.69,"end":3878.85},{"text":"read,","start":3878.85,"end":3879.17},{"text":"\"Ensure","start":3879.65,"end":3880.13},{"text":"that","start":3880.13,"end":3880.29},{"text":"laws","start":3880.29,"end":3880.77},{"text":"are","start":3880.77,"end":3881.01},{"text":"operated","start":3881.01,"end":3881.49},{"text":"under","start":3881.49,"end":3881.77},{"text":"a","start":3881.77,"end":3881.81},{"text":"responsible","start":3881.81,"end":3882.45},{"text":"chain","start":3882.45,"end":3882.93},{"text":"of","start":3883.09,"end":3883.25},{"text":"command","start":3883.25,"end":3883.65},{"text":"and","start":3883.73,"end":3883.85},{"text":"control.\"","start":3883.85,"end":3884.37}]},{"text":"Regarding Article 6, as explained before, we objected the language \"context-appropriate human judgment and control.\"","start":3886.57,"end":3893.21,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":3886.57,"end":3886.97},{"text":"Article","start":3886.97,"end":3887.29},{"text":"6,","start":3887.29,"end":3887.69},{"text":"as","start":3888.57,"end":3888.77},{"text":"explained","start":3888.77,"end":3889.21},{"text":"before,","start":3889.21,"end":3889.69},{"text":"we","start":3889.69,"end":3889.85},{"text":"objected","start":3889.85,"end":3890.25},{"text":"the","start":3890.25,"end":3890.33},{"text":"language","start":3890.33,"end":3890.97},{"text":"\"context-appropriate","start":3891.13,"end":3892.09},{"text":"human","start":3892.09,"end":3892.33},{"text":"judgment","start":3892.33,"end":3892.61},{"text":"and","start":3892.61,"end":3892.73},{"text":"control.\"","start":3892.73,"end":3893.21}]},{"text":"Moreover, we believe this is even more relevant in this situation, as it is clear that there are alternative ways to ensure that the system does not make changes in mission parameters that could have negative legal implications without requiring real-time human control.","start":3894.33,"end":3908.33,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":3894.33,"end":3894.81},{"text":"we","start":3894.81,"end":3894.89},{"text":"believe","start":3894.89,"end":3895.37},{"text":"this","start":3895.45,"end":3895.61},{"text":"is","start":3895.61,"end":3895.77},{"text":"even","start":3895.77,"end":3895.93},{"text":"more","start":3895.93,"end":3896.13},{"text":"relevant","start":3896.13,"end":3896.49},{"text":"in","start":3896.49,"end":3896.61},{"text":"this","start":3896.61,"end":3896.77},{"text":"situation,","start":3896.77,"end":3897.37},{"text":"as","start":3897.73,"end":3897.85},{"text":"it","start":3897.85,"end":3897.93},{"text":"is","start":3897.93,"end":3898.09},{"text":"clear","start":3898.09,"end":3898.49},{"text":"that","start":3898.49,"end":3898.61},{"text":"there","start":3898.61,"end":3898.77},{"text":"are","start":3898.77,"end":3898.85},{"text":"alternative","start":3898.85,"end":3899.37},{"text":"ways","start":3899.37,"end":3899.69},{"text":"to","start":3899.69,"end":3899.81},{"text":"ensure","start":3899.81,"end":3900.17},{"text":"that","start":3900.17,"end":3900.29},{"text":"the","start":3900.29,"end":3900.37},{"text":"system","start":3900.41,"end":3900.89},{"text":"does","start":3901.25,"end":3901.37},{"text":"not","start":3901.37,"end":3901.57},{"text":"make","start":3901.57,"end":3901.77},{"text":"changes","start":3901.77,"end":3902.13},{"text":"in","start":3902.13,"end":3902.25},{"text":"mission","start":3902.25,"end":3902.53},{"text":"parameters","start":3902.53,"end":3903.21},{"text":"that","start":3903.37,"end":3903.53},{"text":"could","start":3903.53,"end":3903.69},{"text":"have","start":3903.69,"end":3903.93},{"text":"negative","start":3904.25,"end":3904.73},{"text":"legal","start":3904.73,"end":3905.01},{"text":"implications","start":3905.01,"end":3905.77},{"text":"without","start":3906.33,"end":3906.65},{"text":"requiring","start":3906.65,"end":3907.13},{"text":"real-time","start":3907.13,"end":3907.65},{"text":"human","start":3907.65,"end":3907.89},{"text":"control.","start":3907.89,"end":3908.33}]},{"text":"For instance, the system can be designed to reprioritize among predefined categories of targets with a restriction on introducing new ones.","start":3909.33,"end":3916.93,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3909.33,"end":3909.53},{"text":"instance,","start":3909.53,"end":3910.13},{"text":"the","start":3910.13,"end":3910.25},{"text":"system","start":3910.29,"end":3910.69},{"text":"can","start":3910.69,"end":3910.85},{"text":"be","start":3910.85,"end":3910.97},{"text":"designed","start":3910.97,"end":3911.41},{"text":"to","start":3911.41,"end":3911.53},{"text":"reprioritize","start":3911.53,"end":3912.21},{"text":"among","start":3912.21,"end":3912.61},{"text":"predefined","start":3912.85,"end":3913.33},{"text":"categories","start":3913.33,"end":3914.01},{"text":"of","start":3914.01,"end":3914.13},{"text":"targets","start":3914.13,"end":3914.61},{"text":"with","start":3915.01,"end":3915.21},{"text":"a","start":3915.21,"end":3915.25},{"text":"restriction","start":3915.25,"end":3915.81},{"text":"on","start":3915.81,"end":3915.89},{"text":"introducing","start":3915.89,"end":3916.41},{"text":"new","start":3916.41,"end":3916.57},{"text":"ones.","start":3916.57,"end":3916.93}]},{"text":"Therefore, we suggest modifying the end of the sentence so that the text would read as follows.","start":3917.89,"end":3921.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3917.89,"end":3918.29},{"text":"we","start":3918.29,"end":3918.41},{"text":"suggest","start":3918.41,"end":3918.77},{"text":"modifying","start":3918.77,"end":3919.25},{"text":"the","start":3919.25,"end":3919.37},{"text":"end","start":3919.41,"end":3919.57},{"text":"of","start":3919.57,"end":3919.65},{"text":"the","start":3919.65,"end":3919.73},{"text":"sentence","start":3919.73,"end":3920.17},{"text":"so","start":3920.17,"end":3920.25},{"text":"that","start":3920.25,"end":3920.41},{"text":"the","start":3920.41,"end":3920.49},{"text":"text","start":3920.49,"end":3920.73},{"text":"would","start":3920.73,"end":3920.85},{"text":"read","start":3920.85,"end":3921.05},{"text":"as","start":3921.05,"end":3921.17},{"text":"follows.","start":3921.17,"end":3921.89}]},{"text":"Ensure that laws, mission parameters with regard to types of targets, duration, geographical scope, and scale of the operation cannot be modified by the system in a way that will violate IHL.","start":3922.61,"end":3935.49,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Ensure","start":3922.61,"end":3923.01},{"text":"that","start":3923.01,"end":3923.17},{"text":"laws,","start":3923.17,"end":3923.73},{"text":"mission","start":3924.45,"end":3924.85},{"text":"parameters","start":3924.85,"end":3925.41},{"text":"with","start":3925.41,"end":3925.57},{"text":"regard","start":3925.57,"end":3926.05},{"text":"to","start":3926.05,"end":3926.41},{"text":"types","start":3926.41,"end":3926.61},{"text":"of","start":3926.61,"end":3926.69},{"text":"targets,","start":3926.69,"end":3927.17},{"text":"duration,","start":3927.17,"end":3927.81},{"text":"geographical","start":3928.05,"end":3928.69},{"text":"scope,","start":3928.69,"end":3929.09},{"text":"and","start":3929.09,"end":3929.41},{"text":"scale","start":3929.41,"end":3929.73},{"text":"of","start":3929.73,"end":3929.81},{"text":"the","start":3929.81,"end":3929.93},{"text":"operation","start":3929.93,"end":3930.45},{"text":"cannot","start":3930.93,"end":3931.17},{"text":"be","start":3931.17,"end":3931.29},{"text":"modified","start":3931.29,"end":3931.81},{"text":"by","start":3931.81,"end":3931.93},{"text":"the","start":3931.93,"end":3932.01},{"text":"system","start":3932.01,"end":3932.53},{"text":"in","start":3933.09,"end":3933.25},{"text":"a","start":3933.25,"end":3933.29},{"text":"way","start":3933.29,"end":3933.57},{"text":"that","start":3933.57,"end":3933.73},{"text":"will","start":3933.73,"end":3933.89},{"text":"violate","start":3933.89,"end":3934.53},{"text":"IHL.","start":3934.69,"end":3935.49}]},{"text":"As for Article 6, we don't see sufficient justification for the current restriction.","start":3937.97,"end":3943.49,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3937.97,"end":3938.09},{"text":"for","start":3938.09,"end":3938.21},{"text":"Article","start":3938.21,"end":3938.61},{"text":"6,","start":3938.61,"end":3939.17},{"text":"we","start":3939.61,"end":3939.81},{"text":"don't","start":3939.81,"end":3940.21},{"text":"see","start":3940.65,"end":3940.85},{"text":"sufficient","start":3940.85,"end":3941.61},{"text":"justification","start":3941.61,"end":3942.37},{"text":"for","start":3942.37,"end":3942.53},{"text":"the","start":3942.53,"end":3942.61},{"text":"current","start":3942.61,"end":3942.89},{"text":"restriction.","start":3942.89,"end":3943.49}]},{"text":"There is no need to differentiate between the ability to adequately identify a military objective by its nature and to adequately identify other military objectives, and we don't understand the basis for such a distinction.","start":3944.21,"end":3956.61,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":3944.21,"end":3944.33},{"text":"is","start":3944.33,"end":3944.45},{"text":"no","start":3944.45,"end":3944.61},{"text":"need","start":3944.61,"end":3944.81},{"text":"to","start":3944.81,"end":3944.89},{"text":"differentiate","start":3944.89,"end":3945.65},{"text":"between","start":3945.97,"end":3946.29},{"text":"the","start":3946.29,"end":3946.41},{"text":"ability","start":3946.41,"end":3946.85},{"text":"to","start":3946.89,"end":3947.17},{"text":"adequately","start":3947.33,"end":3947.85},{"text":"identify","start":3947.85,"end":3948.41},{"text":"a","start":3948.41,"end":3948.45},{"text":"military","start":3948.45,"end":3948.89},{"text":"objective","start":3948.89,"end":3949.41},{"text":"by","start":3949.81,"end":3949.97},{"text":"its","start":3949.97,"end":3950.13},{"text":"nature","start":3950.13,"end":3950.61},{"text":"and","start":3950.85,"end":3951.05},{"text":"to","start":3951.05,"end":3951.13},{"text":"adequately","start":3951.13,"end":3951.81},{"text":"identify","start":3951.81,"end":3952.37},{"text":"other","start":3952.37,"end":3952.57},{"text":"military","start":3952.57,"end":3952.89},{"text":"objectives,","start":3952.89,"end":3953.41},{"text":"and","start":3953.41,"end":3953.53},{"text":"we","start":3953.89,"end":3953.97},{"text":"don't","start":3954.13,"end":3954.41},{"text":"understand","start":3954.41,"end":3954.97},{"text":"the","start":3954.97,"end":3955.05},{"text":"basis","start":3955.05,"end":3955.37},{"text":"for","start":3955.37,"end":3955.65},{"text":"such","start":3955.65,"end":3955.97},{"text":"a","start":3955.97,"end":3956.01},{"text":"distinction.","start":3956.01,"end":3956.61}]},{"text":"All military objectives must meet the condition of legality, and there is no justification for restricting the use of weapons against military objectives that meet these conditions.","start":3957.65,"end":3965.97,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"All","start":3957.65,"end":3957.73},{"text":"military","start":3957.73,"end":3958.13},{"text":"objectives","start":3958.13,"end":3958.77},{"text":"must","start":3958.77,"end":3959.01},{"text":"meet","start":3959.01,"end":3959.13},{"text":"the","start":3959.13,"end":3959.25},{"text":"condition","start":3959.25,"end":3959.85},{"text":"of","start":3959.85,"end":3959.97},{"text":"legality,","start":3959.97,"end":3960.61},{"text":"and","start":3960.61,"end":3960.73},{"text":"there","start":3960.73,"end":3960.85},{"text":"is","start":3960.85,"end":3960.93},{"text":"no","start":3960.93,"end":3961.09},{"text":"justification","start":3961.09,"end":3961.89},{"text":"for","start":3961.89,"end":3962.01},{"text":"restricting","start":3962.01,"end":3962.49},{"text":"the","start":3962.49,"end":3962.57},{"text":"use","start":3962.57,"end":3962.73},{"text":"of","start":3962.73,"end":3962.85},{"text":"weapons","start":3962.85,"end":3963.25},{"text":"against","start":3963.25,"end":3963.57},{"text":"military","start":3963.57,"end":3963.89},{"text":"objectives","start":3963.89,"end":3964.45},{"text":"that","start":3964.77,"end":3964.93},{"text":"meet","start":3964.93,"end":3965.13},{"text":"these","start":3965.13,"end":3965.33},{"text":"conditions.","start":3965.33,"end":3965.97}]},{"text":"Therefore, we suggest the following wording, quote, limiting the use of laws against types of targets, for instance, by considering restricting the use of laws against objects that are not military objectives by nature, end quote.","start":3966.89,"end":3980.41,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."},{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3966.89,"end":3967.29},{"text":"we","start":3967.29,"end":3967.41},{"text":"suggest","start":3967.41,"end":3967.77},{"text":"the","start":3967.77,"end":3967.85},{"text":"following","start":3967.85,"end":3968.17},{"text":"wording,","start":3968.17,"end":3968.65},{"text":"quote,","start":3969.45,"end":3969.93},{"text":"limiting","start":3970.09,"end":3970.49},{"text":"the","start":3970.49,"end":3970.69},{"text":"use","start":3970.69,"end":3970.93},{"text":"of","start":3970.93,"end":3971.05},{"text":"laws","start":3971.05,"end":3971.37},{"text":"against","start":3971.37,"end":3971.77},{"text":"types","start":3971.77,"end":3971.93},{"text":"of","start":3971.93,"end":3972.01},{"text":"targets,","start":3972.01,"end":3972.65},{"text":"for","start":3972.73,"end":3972.97},{"text":"instance,","start":3972.97,"end":3973.45},{"text":"by","start":3973.93,"end":3974.17},{"text":"considering","start":3974.17,"end":3974.65},{"text":"restricting","start":3974.65,"end":3975.13},{"text":"the","start":3975.13,"end":3975.29},{"text":"use","start":3975.29,"end":3975.49},{"text":"of","start":3975.49,"end":3975.61},{"text":"laws","start":3975.61,"end":3976.01},{"text":"against","start":3976.17,"end":3976.57},{"text":"objects","start":3976.57,"end":3977.05},{"text":"that","start":3977.37,"end":3977.49},{"text":"are","start":3977.49,"end":3977.61},{"text":"not","start":3977.61,"end":3977.81},{"text":"military","start":3977.81,"end":3978.25},{"text":"objectives","start":3978.25,"end":3978.69},{"text":"by","start":3978.69,"end":3978.81},{"text":"nature,","start":3978.81,"end":3979.29},{"text":"end","start":3979.85,"end":3980.01},{"text":"quote.","start":3980.01,"end":3980.41}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":3981.05,"end":3981.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3981.05,"end":3981.29},{"text":"you,","start":3981.29,"end":3981.41},{"text":"Chair.","start":3981.41,"end":3981.69}]},{"text":"I apologize for being a bit long, but we will share this in writing too.","start":3981.69,"end":3986.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3981.69,"end":3981.77},{"text":"apologize","start":3981.77,"end":3982.17},{"text":"for","start":3982.17,"end":3982.33},{"text":"being","start":3982.33,"end":3982.65},{"text":"a","start":3982.73,"end":3982.89},{"text":"bit","start":3982.89,"end":3983.05},{"text":"long,","start":3983.05,"end":3984.01},{"text":"but","start":3984.65,"end":3984.81},{"text":"we","start":3984.81,"end":3984.93},{"text":"will","start":3984.93,"end":3985.05},{"text":"share","start":3985.05,"end":3985.21},{"text":"this","start":3985.21,"end":3985.33},{"text":"in","start":3985.33,"end":3985.45},{"text":"writing","start":3985.45,"end":3985.77},{"text":"too.","start":3985.77,"end":3986.01}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ISR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Israel"}},{"statement_number":32,"start":3999.89,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:06:40","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Israel, and indeed, the Chair would appreciate to receive the comments in writing.","start":3999.89,"end":4006.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3999.89,"end":4000.13},{"text":"thank","start":4000.13,"end":4000.45},{"text":"the","start":4000.45,"end":4000.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":4000.53,"end":4001.05},{"text":"representative","start":4001.05,"end":4001.73},{"text":"of","start":4001.73,"end":4001.89},{"text":"Israel,","start":4001.89,"end":4002.53},{"text":"and","start":4002.53,"end":4002.69},{"text":"indeed,","start":4002.69,"end":4003.09},{"text":"the","start":4004.01,"end":4004.09},{"text":"Chair","start":4004.13,"end":4004.37},{"text":"would","start":4004.37,"end":4004.53},{"text":"appreciate","start":4004.53,"end":4005.05},{"text":"to","start":4005.05,"end":4005.13},{"text":"receive","start":4005.13,"end":4005.53},{"text":"the","start":4005.53,"end":4005.61},{"text":"comments","start":4005.61,"end":4005.97},{"text":"in","start":4005.97,"end":4006.09},{"text":"writing.","start":4006.09,"end":4006.69}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Colombia, to be followed by AP-ILS, Ireland, the United States, and Canada.","start":4007.65,"end":4015.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4007.65,"end":4008.21},{"text":"on","start":4008.21,"end":4008.29},{"text":"my","start":4008.29,"end":4008.45},{"text":"list","start":4008.45,"end":4008.77},{"text":"is","start":4008.77,"end":4009.09},{"text":"Colombia,","start":4009.09,"end":4009.89},{"text":"to","start":4009.89,"end":4010.37},{"text":"be","start":4010.45,"end":4010.69},{"text":"followed","start":4010.69,"end":4011.25},{"text":"by","start":4011.25,"end":4011.37},{"text":"AP-ILS,","start":4011.37,"end":4012.77},{"text":"Ireland,","start":4012.85,"end":4013.49},{"text":"the","start":4013.49,"end":4013.57},{"text":"United","start":4013.65,"end":4014.05},{"text":"States,","start":4014.05,"end":4014.61},{"text":"and","start":4014.61,"end":4014.93},{"text":"Canada.","start":4014.93,"end":4015.41}]},{"text":"But I will first pass the floor to the distinguished representative 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floor.","start":4019.01,"end":4022.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4019.01,"end":4019.25},{"text":"you","start":4022.17,"end":4022.25},{"text":"have","start":4022.25,"end":4022.41},{"text":"the","start":4022.41,"end":4022.49},{"text":"floor.","start":4022.49,"end":4022.77}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":33,"start":4023.97,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:07:04","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chairperson.","start":4023.97,"end":4024.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4023.97,"end":4024.21},{"text":"you,","start":4024.21,"end":4024.29},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":4024.29,"end":4024.85}]},{"text":"Colombia.","start":4026.29,"end":4026.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Colombia.","start":4026.29,"end":4026.93}]},{"text":"aware that delegation of critical functions in lethal autonomous weapons systems poses significant risks of unpredictability, opacity in decision-making models, and vulnerability given unforeseen conditions, which jeopardizes the stability and accountability of the system.","start":4028.05,"end":4044.61,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. 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Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"aware","start":4028.05,"end":4028.41},{"text":"that","start":4028.41,"end":4028.57},{"text":"delegation","start":4028.57,"end":4029.49},{"text":"of","start":4029.49,"end":4029.57},{"text":"critical","start":4029.57,"end":4030.13},{"text":"functions","start":4030.13,"end":4030.53},{"text":"in","start":4030.53,"end":4030.69},{"text":"lethal","start":4030.77,"end":4031.13},{"text":"autonomous","start":4031.13,"end":4031.65},{"text":"weapons","start":4031.65,"end":4032.05},{"text":"systems","start":4032.05,"end":4032.77},{"text":"poses","start":4032.93,"end":4033.29},{"text":"significant","start":4033.29,"end":4033.93},{"text":"risks","start":4033.93,"end":4034.37},{"text":"of","start":4034.37,"end":4034.53},{"text":"unpredictability,","start":4034.53,"end":4035.65},{"text":"opacity","start":4036.13,"end":4036.65},{"text":"in","start":4036.65,"end":4036.77},{"text":"decision-making","start":4036.77,"end":4037.49},{"text":"models,","start":4037.49,"end":4038.05},{"text":"and","start":4038.53,"end":4038.85},{"text":"vulnerability","start":4038.85,"end":4039.65},{"text":"given","start":4039.65,"end":4039.97},{"text":"unforeseen","start":4039.97,"end":4040.77},{"text":"conditions,","start":4040.77,"end":4041.41},{"text":"which","start":4041.41,"end":4041.73},{"text":"jeopardizes","start":4041.73,"end":4042.69},{"text":"the","start":4042.69,"end":4042.77},{"text":"stability","start":4042.77,"end":4043.17},{"text":"and","start":4043.17,"end":4043.29},{"text":"accountability","start":4043.29,"end":4043.89},{"text":"of","start":4043.89,"end":4043.97},{"text":"the","start":4043.97,"end":4044.09},{"text":"system.","start":4044.09,"end":4044.61}]},{"text":"Which is why, for our delegation, it is indispensable that decisions on the use of lethal force be under human control and judgment, guaranteeing oversight, responsibility, and abiding by the principles of IHL.","start":4045.61,"end":4060.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4103.53,"end":4103.73},{"text":"several","start":4103.73,"end":4104.05},{"text":"delegations","start":4104.05,"end":4104.61},{"text":"highlighted","start":4104.61,"end":4105.29},{"text":"during","start":4105.29,"end":4105.61},{"text":"the","start":4105.61,"end":4105.93},{"text":"March","start":4105.93,"end":4106.33},{"text":"2025","start":4106.33,"end":4107.37},{"text":"GGE","start":4107.37,"end":4107.89},{"text":"meeting,","start":4107.89,"end":4108.17},{"text":"extending","start":4108.41,"end":4108.89},{"text":"coverage","start":4108.89,"end":4109.37},{"text":"to","start":4109.37,"end":4109.61},{"text":"development","start":4109.61,"end":4110.41},{"text":"reflects","start":4110.97,"end":4111.53},{"text":"the","start":4111.85,"end":4111.97},{"text":"IHL","start":4112.17,"end":4112.81},{"text":"requirements,","start":4112.81,"end":4113.33},{"text":"including","start":4113.33,"end":4113.65},{"text":"the","start":4113.65,"end":4113.73},{"text":"requirement","start":4113.73,"end":4114.21},{"text":"to","start":4114.21,"end":4114.29},{"text":"respect","start":4114.29,"end":4114.97},{"text":"IHL","start":4115.69,"end":4116.41},{"text":"in","start":4116.49,"end":4116.73},{"text":"all","start":4116.73,"end":4117.05},{"text":"times","start":4117.05,"end":4117.69},{"text":"and","start":4117.93,"end":4118.13},{"text":"the","start":4118.13,"end":4118.21},{"text":"obligation","start":4118.21,"end":4118.73},{"text":"that","start":4118.73,"end":4118.85},{"text":"the","start":4118.85,"end":4118.93},{"text":"parties","start":4118.93,"end":4119.25},{"text":"to","start":4119.25,"end":4119.37},{"text":"an","start":4119.37,"end":4119.53},{"text":"armed","start":4119.53,"end":4119.77},{"text":"conflict","start":4119.77,"end":4120.33},{"text":"be","start":4120.33,"end":4120.57},{"text":"constantly","start":4120.57,"end":4121.45},{"text":"mindful","start":4121.69,"end":4122.09},{"text":"of","start":4122.09,"end":4122.17},{"text":"protecting","start":4122.17,"end":4122.65},{"text":"the","start":4122.65,"end":4122.73},{"text":"civilian","start":4122.73,"end":4123.13},{"text":"population,","start":4123.13,"end":4123.73},{"text":"not","start":4123.73,"end":4123.85},{"text":"just","start":4123.85,"end":4124.21},{"text":"during","start":4124.21,"end":4124.49},{"text":"attacks,","start":4124.49,"end":4124.93},{"text":"but","start":4124.93,"end":4125.17},{"text":"throughout","start":4125.17,"end":4125.69},{"text":"the","start":4125.69,"end":4125.89},{"text":"cycle","start":4125.89,"end":4126.33},{"text":"of","start":4126.33,"end":4126.41},{"text":"military","start":4126.41,"end":4126.89},{"text":"operations.","start":4126.89,"end":4127.69}]},{"text":"For our delegation, having greater clarity in the definition of the functional and non-functional requirements from the design and development stage of loss is indispensable and will allow us to take proactive ethical considerations that are founded on human judgment and control.","start":4129.21,"end":4148.09,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4129.21,"end":4129.41},{"text":"our","start":4129.41,"end":4129.53},{"text":"delegation,","start":4129.53,"end":4130.33},{"text":"having","start":4130.49,"end":4130.81},{"text":"greater","start":4130.81,"end":4131.21},{"text":"clarity","start":4131.21,"end":4131.81},{"text":"in","start":4131.81,"end":4131.93},{"text":"the","start":4131.93,"end":4132.01},{"text":"definition","start":4132.01,"end":4132.65},{"text":"of","start":4132.65,"end":4132.81},{"text":"the","start":4132.81,"end":4133.01},{"text":"functional","start":4133.13,"end":4133.81},{"text":"and","start":4133.81,"end":4133.97},{"text":"non-functional","start":4133.97,"end":4134.73},{"text":"requirements","start":4134.73,"end":4135.69},{"text":"from","start":4135.85,"end":4136.09},{"text":"the","start":4136.09,"end":4136.21},{"text":"design","start":4136.21,"end":4136.81},{"text":"and","start":4136.81,"end":4137.09},{"text":"development","start":4137.09,"end":4137.65},{"text":"stage","start":4137.65,"end":4138.09},{"text":"of","start":4138.33,"end":4138.49},{"text":"loss","start":4138.49,"end":4138.81},{"text":"is","start":4138.81,"end":4139.05},{"text":"indispensable","start":4139.05,"end":4140.09},{"text":"and","start":4140.57,"end":4140.73},{"text":"will","start":4140.73,"end":4140.85},{"text":"allow","start":4140.85,"end":4141.29},{"text":"us","start":4141.29,"end":4141.53},{"text":"to","start":4141.53,"end":4141.77},{"text":"take","start":4142.01,"end":4142.41},{"text":"proactive","start":4142.57,"end":4143.21},{"text":"ethical","start":4143.29,"end":4143.77},{"text":"considerations","start":4143.77,"end":4144.89},{"text":"that","start":4144.89,"end":4145.13},{"text":"are","start":4145.13,"end":4145.45},{"text":"founded","start":4146.09,"end":4146.57},{"text":"on","start":4146.57,"end":4146.73},{"text":"human","start":4146.73,"end":4147.13},{"text":"judgment","start":4147.13,"end":4147.45},{"text":"and","start":4147.45,"end":4147.57},{"text":"control.","start":4147.57,"end":4148.09}]},{"text":"On ethical considerations found in 6B, We appreciate the shared working document presented by Brazil in April 2025 on the use of the first global ethical standard for robotics and ethically guided automation systems developed by the IEEE as a technical reference framework to integrate ethical principles in the development and use of laws.","start":4149.57,"end":4173.73,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. 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Chair.","start":4187.17,"end":4188.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4187.17,"end":4187.45},{"text":"you,","start":4187.45,"end":4187.57},{"text":"Chair.","start":4187.57,"end":4188.21}]},{"text":"In our view, box 3 helpfully reflects a number of existing rules of IHL and then goes on to articulate practical measures that should be taken to ensure compliance with those rules.","start":4188.77,"end":4200.93,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4207.17,"end":4207.37},{"text":"our","start":4207.37,"end":4207.45},{"text":"view,","start":4207.45,"end":4207.73},{"text":"paragraph","start":4207.73,"end":4208.25},{"text":"4","start":4208.25,"end":4208.61},{"text":"conflates","start":4208.85,"end":4209.53},{"text":"an","start":4209.53,"end":4209.65},{"text":"existing","start":4209.65,"end":4210.13},{"text":"legal","start":4210.13,"end":4210.45},{"text":"obligation","start":4210.45,"end":4211.17},{"text":"and","start":4211.65,"end":4211.89},{"text":"the","start":4211.89,"end":4212.05},{"text":"conditions","start":4212.05,"end":4212.69},{"text":"or","start":4212.69,"end":4212.81},{"text":"measures","start":4212.81,"end":4213.33},{"text":"necessary","start":4213.33,"end":4213.93},{"text":"to","start":4213.93,"end":4214.09},{"text":"comply","start":4214.09,"end":4214.61},{"text":"with","start":4214.61,"end":4214.89},{"text":"that","start":4214.89,"end":4215.05},{"text":"obligation.","start":4215.05,"end":4215.73}]},{"text":"IHL prohibits the use of weapons the effects of which cannot be limited as required by law.","start":4217.41,"end":4222.85,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"IHL","start":4217.41,"end":4217.89},{"text":"prohibits","start":4217.89,"end":4218.37},{"text":"the","start":4218.37,"end":4218.49},{"text":"use","start":4218.49,"end":4218.77},{"text":"of","start":4218.77,"end":4218.85},{"text":"weapons","start":4218.85,"end":4219.25},{"text":"the","start":4219.25,"end":4219.37},{"text":"effects","start":4219.37,"end":4219.81},{"text":"of","start":4219.81,"end":4219.89},{"text":"which","start":4219.89,"end":4220.13},{"text":"cannot","start":4220.13,"end":4220.45},{"text":"be","start":4220.45,"end":4220.61},{"text":"limited","start":4220.61,"end":4221.33},{"text":"as","start":4221.49,"end":4221.65},{"text":"required","start":4221.65,"end":4222.21},{"text":"by","start":4222.21,"end":4222.37},{"text":"law.","start":4222.37,"end":4222.85}]},{"text":"And this prohibition is reflected in Article 51 of Additional Protocol I. Compliance with this rule appears to presume the ability to anticipate and to control the effects of the weapon.","start":4223.73,"end":4238.61,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4223.73,"end":4223.85},{"text":"this","start":4223.85,"end":4224.05},{"text":"prohibition","start":4224.05,"end":4224.57},{"text":"is","start":4224.57,"end":4224.85},{"text":"reflected","start":4224.85,"end":4225.41},{"text":"in","start":4225.41,"end":4225.57},{"text":"Article","start":4225.57,"end":4226.13},{"text":"51","start":4226.13,"end":4226.93},{"text":"of","start":4227.89,"end":4228.09},{"text":"Additional","start":4228.89,"end":4229.33},{"text":"Protocol","start":4229.33,"end":4229.89},{"text":"I.","start":4230.05,"end":4230.13},{"text":"Compliance","start":4231.41,"end":4232.13},{"text":"with","start":4232.13,"end":4232.33},{"text":"this","start":4232.33,"end":4232.53},{"text":"rule","start":4232.53,"end":4232.93},{"text":"appears","start":4232.93,"end":4233.41},{"text":"to","start":4233.41,"end":4233.53},{"text":"presume","start":4233.53,"end":4234.37},{"text":"the","start":4234.37,"end":4234.57},{"text":"ability","start":4234.57,"end":4235.09},{"text":"to","start":4235.09,"end":4235.29},{"text":"anticipate","start":4235.29,"end":4236.05},{"text":"and","start":4236.05,"end":4236.25},{"text":"to","start":4236.25,"end":4236.37},{"text":"control","start":4236.37,"end":4237.09},{"text":"the","start":4237.25,"end":4237.45},{"text":"effects","start":4237.45,"end":4237.97},{"text":"of","start":4237.97,"end":4238.13},{"text":"the","start":4238.13,"end":4238.21},{"text":"weapon.","start":4238.21,"end":4238.61}]},{"text":"But this language goes beyond the rule itself.","start":4239.49,"end":4242.05,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4239.49,"end":4239.65},{"text":"this","start":4239.65,"end":4239.89},{"text":"language","start":4239.89,"end":4240.45},{"text":"goes","start":4240.45,"end":4240.77},{"text":"beyond","start":4240.77,"end":4241.21},{"text":"the","start":4241.21,"end":4241.29},{"text":"rule","start":4241.29,"end":4241.53},{"text":"itself.","start":4241.53,"end":4242.05}]},{"text":"The concept of anticipation is not foreign to IHL, as the ICRC has pointed out.","start":4243.17,"end":4248.61,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4243.17,"end":4243.33},{"text":"concept","start":4243.33,"end":4243.89},{"text":"of","start":4243.89,"end":4244.05},{"text":"anticipation","start":4244.05,"end":4245.01},{"text":"is","start":4245.01,"end":4245.25},{"text":"not","start":4245.25,"end":4245.57},{"text":"foreign","start":4245.57,"end":4245.97},{"text":"to","start":4245.97,"end":4246.13},{"text":"IHL,","start":4246.13,"end":4246.77},{"text":"as","start":4246.77,"end":4247.01},{"text":"the","start":4247.01,"end":4247.13},{"text":"ICRC","start":4247.13,"end":4247.81},{"text":"has","start":4247.81,"end":4247.97},{"text":"pointed","start":4247.97,"end":4248.37},{"text":"out.","start":4248.37,"end":4248.61}]},{"text":"But existing IHL does not use that concept as part of the rule that we are discussing here.","start":4249.41,"end":4254.65,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4249.41,"end":4249.57},{"text":"existing","start":4249.57,"end":4250.13},{"text":"IHL","start":4250.13,"end":4250.61},{"text":"does","start":4250.61,"end":4250.85},{"text":"not","start":4250.85,"end":4251.09},{"text":"use","start":4251.09,"end":4251.49},{"text":"that","start":4251.49,"end":4251.73},{"text":"concept","start":4251.73,"end":4252.21},{"text":"as","start":4252.21,"end":4252.45},{"text":"part","start":4252.45,"end":4252.81},{"text":"of","start":4252.81,"end":4252.93},{"text":"the","start":4252.93,"end":4253.01},{"text":"rule","start":4253.01,"end":4253.41},{"text":"that","start":4253.41,"end":4253.57},{"text":"we","start":4253.57,"end":4253.73},{"text":"are","start":4253.73,"end":4253.81},{"text":"discussing","start":4253.81,"end":4254.37},{"text":"here.","start":4254.37,"end":4254.65}]},{"text":"We suggest resolving this issue by reflecting the substance of paragraph 4 elsewhere.","start":4256.13,"end":4262.05,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4256.13,"end":4256.53},{"text":"suggest","start":4256.53,"end":4257.25},{"text":"resolving","start":4257.25,"end":4257.81},{"text":"this","start":4257.81,"end":4258.21},{"text":"issue","start":4258.21,"end":4258.37},{"text":"by","start":4258.37,"end":4258.57},{"text":"reflecting","start":4258.57,"end":4259.25},{"text":"the","start":4259.25,"end":4259.33},{"text":"substance","start":4259.33,"end":4260.05},{"text":"of","start":4260.13,"end":4260.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":4260.37,"end":4260.97},{"text":"4","start":4260.97,"end":4261.33},{"text":"elsewhere.","start":4261.33,"end":4262.05}]},{"text":"First of all, we note that paragraph 1 already reflects the underlying prohibition of indiscriminate weapons.","start":4263.85,"end":4270.49,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"First","start":4263.85,"end":4264.21},{"text":"of","start":4264.21,"end":4264.29},{"text":"all,","start":4264.29,"end":4264.41},{"text":"we","start":4264.41,"end":4264.57},{"text":"note","start":4264.57,"end":4264.89},{"text":"that","start":4264.89,"end":4265.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":4265.01,"end":4265.61},{"text":"1","start":4265.61,"end":4265.93},{"text":"already","start":4265.93,"end":4266.57},{"text":"reflects","start":4266.57,"end":4267.21},{"text":"the","start":4267.21,"end":4267.33},{"text":"underlying","start":4267.37,"end":4268.01},{"text":"prohibition","start":4268.01,"end":4268.73},{"text":"of","start":4268.81,"end":4269.05},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":4269.05,"end":4269.89},{"text":"weapons.","start":4269.89,"end":4270.49}]},{"text":"A sentence could be added to the end of this paragraph, and I quote, \"This includes weapons, the effects of which cannot be limited as required by IHL.\"","start":4271.85,"end":4282.57,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":4271.85,"end":4271.89},{"text":"sentence","start":4271.89,"end":4272.41},{"text":"could","start":4272.41,"end":4272.57},{"text":"be","start":4272.57,"end":4272.73},{"text":"added","start":4272.73,"end":4273.01},{"text":"to","start":4273.01,"end":4273.13},{"text":"the","start":4273.13,"end":4273.25},{"text":"end","start":4273.29,"end":4273.69},{"text":"of","start":4273.85,"end":4273.97},{"text":"this","start":4273.97,"end":4274.17},{"text":"paragraph,","start":4274.17,"end":4274.89},{"text":"and","start":4275.05,"end":4275.25},{"text":"I","start":4275.25,"end":4275.29},{"text":"quote,","start":4275.29,"end":4275.69},{"text":"\"This","start":4276.09,"end":4276.57},{"text":"includes","start":4276.57,"end":4277.29},{"text":"weapons,","start":4277.29,"end":4277.93},{"text":"the","start":4278.25,"end":4278.53},{"text":"effects","start":4278.53,"end":4278.97},{"text":"of","start":4278.97,"end":4279.09},{"text":"which","start":4279.09,"end":4279.45},{"text":"cannot","start":4279.45,"end":4279.85},{"text":"be","start":4279.85,"end":4280.01},{"text":"limited","start":4280.01,"end":4280.65},{"text":"as","start":4280.65,"end":4280.89},{"text":"required","start":4280.89,"end":4281.53},{"text":"by","start":4281.77,"end":4282.05},{"text":"IHL.\"","start":4282.05,"end":4282.57}]},{"text":"End quote.","start":4282.81,"end":4283.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"End","start":4282.81,"end":4283.01},{"text":"quote.","start":4283.01,"end":4283.29}]},{"text":"Second, we note that paragraph 6 contains a series of measures for ensuring compliance with the law.","start":4285.13,"end":4290.69,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":4285.13,"end":4285.69},{"text":"we","start":4285.69,"end":4285.85},{"text":"note","start":4285.85,"end":4286.13},{"text":"that","start":4286.13,"end":4286.25},{"text":"paragraph","start":4286.25,"end":4286.61},{"text":"6","start":4286.61,"end":4286.97},{"text":"contains","start":4286.97,"end":4287.45},{"text":"a","start":4287.45,"end":4287.49},{"text":"series","start":4287.49,"end":4288.05},{"text":"of","start":4288.05,"end":4288.17},{"text":"measures","start":4288.17,"end":4288.81},{"text":"for","start":4288.81,"end":4288.93},{"text":"ensuring","start":4288.93,"end":4289.53},{"text":"compliance","start":4289.53,"end":4290.25},{"text":"with","start":4290.25,"end":4290.37},{"text":"the","start":4290.37,"end":4290.45},{"text":"law.","start":4290.45,"end":4290.69}]},{"text":"So the language relating to anticipating and controlling effects would work better here.","start":4292.01,"end":4297.69,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4292.01,"end":4292.13},{"text":"the","start":4292.13,"end":4292.25},{"text":"language","start":4292.25,"end":4292.65},{"text":"relating","start":4292.65,"end":4293.21},{"text":"to","start":4293.21,"end":4293.41},{"text":"anticipating","start":4293.45,"end":4294.41},{"text":"and","start":4294.41,"end":4294.61},{"text":"controlling","start":4294.61,"end":4295.29},{"text":"effects","start":4295.29,"end":4295.93},{"text":"would","start":4296.17,"end":4296.49},{"text":"work","start":4296.49,"end":4296.81},{"text":"better","start":4296.81,"end":4297.25},{"text":"here.","start":4297.25,"end":4297.69}]},{"text":"And while moving that language, it might also be prudent to replace the word \"sufficiently\" with the word \"reasonably,\" because this is a term that is better understood in the IHL context.","start":4298.81,"end":4311.53,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4298.81,"end":4298.97},{"text":"while","start":4298.97,"end":4299.37},{"text":"moving","start":4299.37,"end":4299.73},{"text":"that","start":4299.73,"end":4299.93},{"text":"language,","start":4299.93,"end":4300.57},{"text":"it","start":4300.57,"end":4300.73},{"text":"might","start":4300.73,"end":4300.97},{"text":"also","start":4300.97,"end":4301.29},{"text":"be","start":4301.29,"end":4301.45},{"text":"prudent","start":4301.45,"end":4301.89},{"text":"to","start":4301.89,"end":4301.97},{"text":"replace","start":4301.97,"end":4302.49},{"text":"the","start":4302.49,"end":4302.61},{"text":"word","start":4302.61,"end":4302.89},{"text":"\"sufficiently\"","start":4302.89,"end":4303.85},{"text":"with","start":4304.17,"end":4304.37},{"text":"the","start":4304.37,"end":4304.49},{"text":"word","start":4304.49,"end":4304.73},{"text":"\"reasonably,\"","start":4304.73,"end":4305.45},{"text":"because","start":4306.65,"end":4306.89},{"text":"this","start":4306.89,"end":4307.05},{"text":"is","start":4307.05,"end":4307.13},{"text":"a","start":4307.13,"end":4307.21},{"text":"term","start":4307.21,"end":4307.61},{"text":"that","start":4307.61,"end":4307.73},{"text":"is","start":4307.73,"end":4307.85},{"text":"better","start":4307.85,"end":4308.21},{"text":"understood","start":4308.21,"end":4310.25},{"text":"in","start":4310.33,"end":4310.49},{"text":"the","start":4310.49,"end":4310.57},{"text":"IHL","start":4310.57,"end":4310.97},{"text":"context.","start":4310.97,"end":4311.53}]},{"text":"So we suggest adding a new subparagraph to paragraph six to say that states should, quote, ensure that they can reasonably anticipate and control the effects of laws in the circumstances of their use.\"","start":4312.81,"end":4329.61,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4312.81,"end":4313.29},{"text":"we","start":4313.37,"end":4313.69},{"text":"suggest","start":4313.69,"end":4314.25},{"text":"adding","start":4314.25,"end":4314.61},{"text":"a","start":4314.61,"end":4314.65},{"text":"new","start":4314.65,"end":4314.97},{"text":"subparagraph","start":4314.97,"end":4316.01},{"text":"to","start":4316.17,"end":4316.41},{"text":"paragraph","start":4316.41,"end":4316.89},{"text":"six","start":4316.89,"end":4317.53},{"text":"to","start":4318.09,"end":4318.25},{"text":"say","start":4318.25,"end":4318.49},{"text":"that","start":4318.49,"end":4318.73},{"text":"states","start":4318.73,"end":4319.21},{"text":"should,","start":4319.21,"end":4319.77},{"text":"quote,","start":4320.01,"end":4320.57},{"text":"ensure","start":4321.21,"end":4322.01},{"text":"that","start":4322.25,"end":4322.49},{"text":"they","start":4322.49,"end":4322.65},{"text":"can","start":4322.65,"end":4322.89},{"text":"reasonably","start":4322.89,"end":4323.57},{"text":"anticipate","start":4323.57,"end":4324.49},{"text":"and","start":4324.73,"end":4325.05},{"text":"control","start":4325.05,"end":4325.77},{"text":"the","start":4325.77,"end":4325.93},{"text":"effects","start":4325.93,"end":4326.41},{"text":"of","start":4326.41,"end":4326.49},{"text":"laws","start":4326.49,"end":4327.05},{"text":"in","start":4327.29,"end":4327.53},{"text":"the","start":4327.53,"end":4327.61},{"text":"circumstances","start":4327.61,"end":4328.65},{"text":"of","start":4328.73,"end":4328.89},{"text":"their","start":4328.89,"end":4329.13},{"text":"use.\"","start":4329.13,"end":4329.61}]},{"text":"With these changes, paragraph 4 would become redundant and could be deleted.","start":4332.17,"end":4336.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":4332.17,"end":4332.41},{"text":"these","start":4332.41,"end":4332.65},{"text":"changes,","start":4332.65,"end":4333.05},{"text":"paragraph","start":4333.05,"end":4333.61},{"text":"4","start":4333.61,"end":4333.93},{"text":"would","start":4333.93,"end":4334.09},{"text":"become","start":4334.09,"end":4334.49},{"text":"redundant","start":4334.49,"end":4335.13},{"text":"and","start":4335.13,"end":4335.33},{"text":"could","start":4335.33,"end":4335.49},{"text":"be","start":4335.49,"end":4335.61},{"text":"deleted.","start":4335.61,"end":4336.05}]},{"text":"Chair, we also suggest a minor amendment to paragraph 5.","start":4338.17,"end":4341.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4338.17,"end":4338.53},{"text":"we","start":4338.53,"end":4338.81},{"text":"also","start":4338.81,"end":4339.05},{"text":"suggest","start":4339.05,"end":4339.45},{"text":"a","start":4339.45,"end":4339.53},{"text":"minor","start":4339.53,"end":4340.05},{"text":"amendment","start":4340.05,"end":4340.61},{"text":"to","start":4340.61,"end":4340.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":4340.69,"end":4341.25},{"text":"5.","start":4341.25,"end":4341.69}]},{"text":"This paragraph currently refers to the prohibitions set forth in the preceding paragraphs.","start":4342.81,"end":4348.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4342.81,"end":4343.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":4343.13,"end":4343.61},{"text":"currently","start":4343.61,"end":4344.17},{"text":"refers","start":4344.17,"end":4344.73},{"text":"to","start":4344.73,"end":4344.97},{"text":"the","start":4344.97,"end":4345.21},{"text":"prohibitions","start":4345.21,"end":4346.25},{"text":"set","start":4346.25,"end":4346.65},{"text":"forth","start":4346.65,"end":4347.05},{"text":"in","start":4347.05,"end":4347.29},{"text":"the","start":4347.29,"end":4347.41},{"text":"preceding","start":4347.41,"end":4348.01},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":4348.01,"end":4348.81}]},{"text":"However, the preceding paragraphs do not only contain prohibitions.","start":4349.89,"end":4353.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":4349.89,"end":4350.29},{"text":"the","start":4350.29,"end":4350.41},{"text":"preceding","start":4350.41,"end":4350.85},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4350.85,"end":4351.49},{"text":"do","start":4351.57,"end":4351.81},{"text":"not","start":4351.81,"end":4352.13},{"text":"only","start":4352.13,"end":4352.53},{"text":"contain","start":4352.53,"end":4353.01},{"text":"prohibitions.","start":4353.01,"end":4353.81}]},{"text":"In particular, paragraph 2 contains a positive obligation to comply with certain IHL principles and requirements.","start":4354.37,"end":4361.25,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4354.37,"end":4354.53},{"text":"particular,","start":4354.53,"end":4355.05},{"text":"paragraph","start":4355.05,"end":4355.49},{"text":"2","start":4355.49,"end":4355.89},{"text":"contains","start":4355.89,"end":4356.37},{"text":"a","start":4356.37,"end":4356.45},{"text":"positive","start":4356.45,"end":4357.05},{"text":"obligation","start":4357.05,"end":4357.73},{"text":"to","start":4357.73,"end":4357.89},{"text":"comply","start":4357.89,"end":4358.45},{"text":"with","start":4358.45,"end":4358.69},{"text":"certain","start":4358.69,"end":4359.25},{"text":"IHL","start":4359.25,"end":4359.73},{"text":"principles","start":4359.73,"end":4360.45},{"text":"and","start":4360.45,"end":4360.57},{"text":"requirements.","start":4360.57,"end":4361.25}]},{"text":"Paragraph 5 could more accurately refer to the prohibitions and requirements set forth in the preceding paragraphs.","start":4362.93,"end":4370.69,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":4362.93,"end":4363.45},{"text":"5","start":4363.45,"end":4363.81},{"text":"could","start":4363.81,"end":4363.97},{"text":"more","start":4363.97,"end":4364.21},{"text":"accurately","start":4364.21,"end":4364.89},{"text":"refer","start":4364.89,"end":4365.33},{"text":"to","start":4365.33,"end":4365.57},{"text":"the","start":4365.89,"end":4366.05},{"text":"prohibitions","start":4366.05,"end":4366.85},{"text":"and","start":4366.85,"end":4367.17},{"text":"requirements","start":4367.17,"end":4368.21},{"text":"set","start":4368.45,"end":4368.77},{"text":"forth","start":4368.77,"end":4369.25},{"text":"in","start":4369.25,"end":4369.49},{"text":"the","start":4369.49,"end":4369.57},{"text":"preceding","start":4369.57,"end":4370.05},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":4370.05,"end":4370.69}]},{"text":"With your permission, Chair, we would like to return to paragraph 6 later in the discussions.","start":4372.13,"end":4376.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":4372.13,"end":4372.37},{"text":"your","start":4372.37,"end":4372.53},{"text":"permission,","start":4372.53,"end":4373.01},{"text":"Chair,","start":4373.01,"end":4373.29},{"text":"we","start":4373.29,"end":4373.45},{"text":"would","start":4373.45,"end":4373.57},{"text":"like","start":4373.57,"end":4373.81},{"text":"to","start":4373.81,"end":4373.93},{"text":"return","start":4373.93,"end":4374.45},{"text":"to","start":4374.45,"end":4374.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":4374.53,"end":4375.01},{"text":"6","start":4375.01,"end":4375.41},{"text":"later","start":4375.41,"end":4375.73},{"text":"in","start":4375.73,"end":4375.81},{"text":"the","start":4375.81,"end":4375.89},{"text":"discussions.","start":4375.89,"end":4376.61}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":4376.69,"end":4377.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4376.69,"end":4376.85},{"text":"thank","start":4376.85,"end":4377.05},{"text":"you,","start":4377.05,"end":4377.13},{"text":"Chair.","start":4377.13,"end":4377.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"APILS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"APILS"}},{"statement_number":36,"start":4380.81,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:13:01","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of IPI, IAPILS, sorry, and please send us your suggestions also in writing.","start":4380.81,"end":4391.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4380.81,"end":4381.21},{"text":"thank","start":4381.21,"end":4381.45},{"text":"the","start":4381.45,"end":4381.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":4381.53,"end":4382.25},{"text":"representative","start":4382.25,"end":4383.05},{"text":"of","start":4383.09,"end":4383.21},{"text":"IPI,","start":4383.29,"end":4384.73},{"text":"IAPILS,","start":4385.77,"end":4387.05},{"text":"sorry,","start":4387.05,"end":4387.37},{"text":"and","start":4387.93,"end":4388.61},{"text":"please","start":4388.97,"end":4389.29},{"text":"send","start":4389.29,"end":4389.77},{"text":"us","start":4389.85,"end":4390.09},{"text":"your","start":4390.09,"end":4390.25},{"text":"suggestions","start":4390.25,"end":4390.81},{"text":"also","start":4390.81,"end":4391.05},{"text":"in","start":4391.05,"end":4391.21},{"text":"writing.","start":4391.21,"end":4391.73}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Ireland, to be followed by the US and Canada, but let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Ireland.","start":4391.73,"end":4398.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4391.73,"end":4391.93},{"text":"on","start":4391.93,"end":4392.01},{"text":"my","start":4392.01,"end":4392.13},{"text":"list","start":4392.13,"end":4392.33},{"text":"is","start":4392.33,"end":4392.57},{"text":"Ireland,","start":4392.57,"end":4393.13},{"text":"to","start":4393.13,"end":4393.21},{"text":"be","start":4393.21,"end":4393.29},{"text":"followed","start":4393.29,"end":4393.57},{"text":"by","start":4393.57,"end":4393.69},{"text":"the","start":4393.69,"end":4393.89},{"text":"US","start":4393.93,"end":4394.17},{"text":"and","start":4394.17,"end":4394.37},{"text":"Canada,","start":4394.37,"end":4394.81},{"text":"but","start":4394.81,"end":4395.13},{"text":"let","start":4395.13,"end":4395.25},{"text":"me","start":4395.25,"end":4395.37},{"text":"first","start":4395.37,"end":4395.69},{"text":"pass","start":4395.69,"end":4396.01},{"text":"the","start":4396.01,"end":4396.09},{"text":"floor","start":4396.09,"end":4396.33},{"text":"to","start":4396.33,"end":4396.41},{"text":"the","start":4396.41,"end":4396.49},{"text":"distinguished","start":4396.49,"end":4397.05},{"text":"representative","start":4397.05,"end":4397.69},{"text":"of","start":4397.73,"end":4397.85},{"text":"Ireland.","start":4397.85,"end":4398.17}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":4398.17,"end":4398.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4398.17,"end":4398.29},{"text":"you","start":4398.29,"end":4398.37},{"text":"have","start":4398.37,"end":4398.49},{"text":"the","start":4398.49,"end":4398.57},{"text":"floor.","start":4398.57,"end":4398.81}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":37,"start":4401.29,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:13:22","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":4401.29,"end":4402.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4401.29,"end":4401.45},{"text":"you","start":4401.45,"end":4401.53},{"text":"very","start":4401.53,"end":4401.69},{"text":"much,","start":4401.69,"end":4401.97},{"text":"Chair.","start":4401.97,"end":4402.25}]},{"text":"This box is critical for putting into effect the two-tier approach of prohibition and regulation, which we welcome as the organising approach to these elements.","start":4402.49,"end":4410.17,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4402.49,"end":4402.65},{"text":"box","start":4402.65,"end":4402.97},{"text":"is","start":4402.97,"end":4403.29},{"text":"critical","start":4403.29,"end":4403.69},{"text":"for","start":4403.69,"end":4403.81},{"text":"putting","start":4403.81,"end":4404.05},{"text":"into","start":4404.05,"end":4404.29},{"text":"effect","start":4404.29,"end":4404.73},{"text":"the","start":4404.73,"end":4404.93},{"text":"two-tier","start":4404.97,"end":4405.41},{"text":"approach","start":4405.41,"end":4405.85},{"text":"of","start":4405.85,"end":4405.93},{"text":"prohibition","start":4405.93,"end":4406.41},{"text":"and","start":4406.41,"end":4406.53},{"text":"regulation,","start":4406.53,"end":4407.13},{"text":"which","start":4407.45,"end":4407.69},{"text":"we","start":4407.69,"end":4407.77},{"text":"welcome","start":4407.77,"end":4408.17},{"text":"as","start":4408.17,"end":4408.33},{"text":"the","start":4408.33,"end":4408.41},{"text":"organising","start":4408.41,"end":4408.89},{"text":"approach","start":4408.89,"end":4409.37},{"text":"to","start":4409.37,"end":4409.49},{"text":"these","start":4409.49,"end":4409.69},{"text":"elements.","start":4409.69,"end":4410.17}]},{"text":"Before I focus on the prohibitions in this contribution, in paragraphs 1 to 5, and reacting to some of the suggestions made in the room, I would like to support the comments made by Austria on retaining paragraph 6 in this box and changing the \"should\" in that paragraph to \"must\".","start":4410.65,"end":4426.73,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":4410.65,"end":4411.05},{"text":"I","start":4411.05,"end":4411.13},{"text":"focus","start":4411.21,"end":4411.77},{"text":"on","start":4411.77,"end":4412.01},{"text":"the","start":4412.01,"end":4412.09},{"text":"prohibitions","start":4412.09,"end":4412.81},{"text":"in","start":4412.81,"end":4412.89},{"text":"this","start":4412.89,"end":4413.05},{"text":"contribution,","start":4413.05,"end":4413.77},{"text":"in","start":4414.09,"end":4414.29},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4414.29,"end":4414.65},{"text":"1","start":4414.65,"end":4414.81},{"text":"to","start":4414.81,"end":4414.89},{"text":"5,","start":4414.89,"end":4415.29},{"text":"and","start":4415.77,"end":4415.93},{"text":"reacting","start":4415.93,"end":4416.33},{"text":"to","start":4416.33,"end":4416.45},{"text":"some","start":4416.45,"end":4416.61},{"text":"of","start":4416.61,"end":4416.69},{"text":"the","start":4416.69,"end":4416.77},{"text":"suggestions","start":4416.77,"end":4417.41},{"text":"made","start":4417.41,"end":4417.77},{"text":"in","start":4417.93,"end":4418.09},{"text":"the","start":4418.09,"end":4418.21},{"text":"room,","start":4418.21,"end":4418.65},{"text":"I","start":4418.97,"end":4419.01},{"text":"would","start":4419.01,"end":4419.13},{"text":"like","start":4419.13,"end":4419.29},{"text":"to","start":4419.29,"end":4419.37},{"text":"support","start":4419.37,"end":4419.65},{"text":"the","start":4419.65,"end":4419.73},{"text":"comments","start":4419.73,"end":4420.09},{"text":"made","start":4420.09,"end":4420.33},{"text":"by","start":4420.33,"end":4420.57},{"text":"Austria","start":4420.57,"end":4421.13},{"text":"on","start":4421.29,"end":4421.61},{"text":"retaining","start":4421.65,"end":4422.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":4422.17,"end":4422.57},{"text":"6","start":4422.57,"end":4422.97},{"text":"in","start":4422.97,"end":4423.13},{"text":"this","start":4423.13,"end":4423.29},{"text":"box","start":4423.29,"end":4423.77},{"text":"and","start":4424.21,"end":4424.49},{"text":"changing","start":4424.49,"end":4424.89},{"text":"the","start":4424.89,"end":4425.01},{"text":"\"should\"","start":4425.01,"end":4425.37},{"text":"in","start":4425.37,"end":4425.53},{"text":"that","start":4425.53,"end":4425.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":4425.69,"end":4426.17},{"text":"to","start":4426.17,"end":4426.25},{"text":"\"must\".","start":4426.25,"end":4426.73}]},{"text":"This preserves the logic of the two-tier approach, which is extremely important for our delegation.","start":4427.09,"end":4431.57,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4427.09,"end":4427.33},{"text":"preserves","start":4427.33,"end":4427.81},{"text":"the","start":4427.81,"end":4427.89},{"text":"logic","start":4427.89,"end":4428.25},{"text":"of","start":4428.25,"end":4428.33},{"text":"the","start":4428.33,"end":4428.45},{"text":"two-tier","start":4428.45,"end":4428.81},{"text":"approach,","start":4428.81,"end":4429.33},{"text":"which","start":4429.49,"end":4429.69},{"text":"is","start":4429.69,"end":4429.77},{"text":"extremely","start":4429.77,"end":4430.17},{"text":"important","start":4430.17,"end":4430.57},{"text":"for","start":4430.57,"end":4430.77},{"text":"our","start":4430.77,"end":4430.85},{"text":"delegation.","start":4430.85,"end":4431.57}]},{"text":"As others have done, I will now focus on paragraphs 1 to 5 at this stage.","start":4433.29,"end":4436.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4433.29,"end":4433.37},{"text":"others","start":4433.37,"end":4433.57},{"text":"have","start":4433.57,"end":4433.73},{"text":"done,","start":4433.73,"end":4433.93},{"text":"I","start":4433.93,"end":4433.97},{"text":"will","start":4433.97,"end":4434.09},{"text":"now","start":4434.09,"end":4434.17},{"text":"focus","start":4434.17,"end":4434.53},{"text":"on","start":4434.53,"end":4434.69},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4434.69,"end":4435.09},{"text":"1","start":4435.09,"end":4435.37},{"text":"to","start":4435.37,"end":4435.45},{"text":"5","start":4435.49,"end":4435.77},{"text":"at","start":4435.77,"end":4435.85},{"text":"this","start":4435.85,"end":4436.01},{"text":"stage.","start":4436.01,"end":4436.45}]},{"text":"Paragraphs 1 to 4 on prohibitions are well structured, reflect established IHL principles as they relate to laws, and build on previous understandings of the GGE, and we support their inclusion as prohibitions as they stand.","start":4436.69,"end":4450.53,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraphs","start":4436.69,"end":4437.25},{"text":"1","start":4437.33,"end":4437.57},{"text":"to","start":4437.57,"end":4437.65},{"text":"4","start":4437.65,"end":4438.25},{"text":"on","start":4438.25,"end":4438.37},{"text":"prohibitions","start":4438.37,"end":4438.97},{"text":"are","start":4438.97,"end":4439.05},{"text":"well","start":4439.05,"end":4439.25},{"text":"structured,","start":4439.25,"end":4439.89},{"text":"reflect","start":4440.21,"end":4440.65},{"text":"established","start":4440.65,"end":4441.17},{"text":"IHL","start":4441.17,"end":4441.57},{"text":"principles","start":4441.57,"end":4442.13},{"text":"as","start":4442.13,"end":4442.21},{"text":"they","start":4442.21,"end":4442.33},{"text":"relate","start":4442.33,"end":4442.77},{"text":"to","start":4442.81,"end":4442.93},{"text":"laws,","start":4442.93,"end":4443.25},{"text":"and","start":4443.53,"end":4443.69},{"text":"build","start":4443.69,"end":4444.05},{"text":"on","start":4444.05,"end":4444.13},{"text":"previous","start":4444.13,"end":4444.53},{"text":"understandings","start":4444.53,"end":4445.29},{"text":"of","start":4445.29,"end":4445.37},{"text":"the","start":4445.37,"end":4445.45},{"text":"GGE,","start":4445.49,"end":4446.13},{"text":"and","start":4446.45,"end":4446.61},{"text":"we","start":4446.61,"end":4446.69},{"text":"support","start":4446.69,"end":4447.41},{"text":"their","start":4447.65,"end":4448.13},{"text":"inclusion","start":4448.13,"end":4448.73},{"text":"as","start":4448.73,"end":4448.85},{"text":"prohibitions","start":4448.85,"end":4449.49},{"text":"as","start":4449.61,"end":4449.73},{"text":"they","start":4449.73,"end":4449.89},{"text":"stand.","start":4449.89,"end":4450.53}]},{"text":"On paragraph 5, we appreciate how the design and development phases have been taken into account.","start":4451.25,"end":4456.29,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4451.25,"end":4451.33},{"text":"paragraph","start":4451.33,"end":4451.85},{"text":"5,","start":4451.85,"end":4452.45},{"text":"we","start":4452.69,"end":4452.81},{"text":"appreciate","start":4452.81,"end":4453.33},{"text":"how","start":4453.33,"end":4453.45},{"text":"the","start":4453.45,"end":4453.57},{"text":"design","start":4453.57,"end":4453.97},{"text":"and","start":4453.97,"end":4454.17},{"text":"development","start":4454.17,"end":4454.61},{"text":"phases","start":4454.61,"end":4455.05},{"text":"have","start":4455.05,"end":4455.17},{"text":"been","start":4455.17,"end":4455.33},{"text":"taken","start":4455.33,"end":4455.61},{"text":"into","start":4455.61,"end":4455.85},{"text":"account.","start":4455.85,"end":4456.29}]},{"text":"As we and others have argued, IHL consideration should be present throughout the system's life cycle, particularly due to the fact that consideration of core IHL principles must take place in the programming phases of development.","start":4456.85,"end":4469.61,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4456.85,"end":4456.97},{"text":"we","start":4456.97,"end":4457.29},{"text":"and","start":4457.29,"end":4457.45},{"text":"others","start":4457.45,"end":4457.73},{"text":"have","start":4457.73,"end":4457.85},{"text":"argued,","start":4457.85,"end":4458.33},{"text":"IHL","start":4458.33,"end":4458.81},{"text":"consideration","start":4458.81,"end":4459.69},{"text":"should","start":4459.69,"end":4459.85},{"text":"be","start":4459.85,"end":4459.97},{"text":"present","start":4459.97,"end":4460.49},{"text":"throughout","start":4460.49,"end":4460.81},{"text":"the","start":4460.81,"end":4460.89},{"text":"system's","start":4460.89,"end":4461.41},{"text":"life","start":4461.41,"end":4461.61},{"text":"cycle,","start":4461.61,"end":4462.09},{"text":"particularly","start":4462.33,"end":4462.93},{"text":"due","start":4462.93,"end":4463.01},{"text":"to","start":4463.01,"end":4463.09},{"text":"the","start":4463.09,"end":4463.17},{"text":"fact","start":4463.17,"end":4463.69},{"text":"that","start":4463.93,"end":4464.05},{"text":"consideration","start":4464.05,"end":4464.73},{"text":"of","start":4464.73,"end":4464.81},{"text":"core","start":4464.81,"end":4465.05},{"text":"IHL","start":4465.05,"end":4465.53},{"text":"principles","start":4465.53,"end":4466.17},{"text":"must","start":4466.41,"end":4467.01},{"text":"take","start":4467.01,"end":4467.21},{"text":"place","start":4467.21,"end":4467.53},{"text":"in","start":4467.53,"end":4467.69},{"text":"the","start":4467.69,"end":4467.77},{"text":"programming","start":4467.77,"end":4468.25},{"text":"phases","start":4468.25,"end":4468.81},{"text":"of","start":4468.81,"end":4469.05},{"text":"development.","start":4469.05,"end":4469.61}]},{"text":"We do not share the view that prohibiting design and development of such systems would hamper technological development more generally.","start":4470.09,"end":4476.57,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4470.09,"end":4470.25},{"text":"do","start":4470.25,"end":4470.33},{"text":"not","start":4470.33,"end":4470.65},{"text":"share","start":4470.65,"end":4471.13},{"text":"the","start":4471.29,"end":4471.37},{"text":"view","start":4471.37,"end":4471.69},{"text":"that","start":4471.69,"end":4471.85},{"text":"prohibiting","start":4471.85,"end":4472.41},{"text":"design","start":4472.41,"end":4472.77},{"text":"and","start":4472.77,"end":4472.89},{"text":"development","start":4472.89,"end":4473.33},{"text":"of","start":4473.33,"end":4473.41},{"text":"such","start":4473.41,"end":4473.61},{"text":"systems","start":4473.61,"end":4474.09},{"text":"would","start":4474.09,"end":4474.25},{"text":"hamper","start":4474.25,"end":4474.73},{"text":"technological","start":4474.89,"end":4475.57},{"text":"development","start":4475.57,"end":4476.01},{"text":"more","start":4476.01,"end":4476.13},{"text":"generally.","start":4476.13,"end":4476.57}]},{"text":"Technological development can, should and must take place, but not in weapons systems that cannot comply with international law.","start":4476.97,"end":4483.77,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Technological","start":4476.97,"end":4477.77},{"text":"development","start":4477.77,"end":4478.25},{"text":"can,","start":4478.25,"end":4478.65},{"text":"should","start":4478.65,"end":4479.13},{"text":"and","start":4479.49,"end":4479.61},{"text":"must","start":4479.61,"end":4479.97},{"text":"take","start":4479.97,"end":4480.17},{"text":"place,","start":4480.17,"end":4480.57},{"text":"but","start":4480.73,"end":4480.89},{"text":"not","start":4480.89,"end":4481.13},{"text":"in","start":4481.13,"end":4481.25},{"text":"weapons","start":4481.25,"end":4481.57},{"text":"systems","start":4481.57,"end":4481.97},{"text":"that","start":4481.97,"end":4482.09},{"text":"cannot","start":4482.09,"end":4482.37},{"text":"comply","start":4482.37,"end":4482.73},{"text":"with","start":4482.73,"end":4482.85},{"text":"international","start":4482.85,"end":4483.69},{"text":"law.","start":4483.69,"end":4483.77}]},{"text":"In our view, the element we believe to be missing in these paragraphs is the reference to context-appropriate human judgment and control that was included in paragraph 5 of previous texts.","start":4485.37,"end":4501.93,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4485.37,"end":4485.53},{"text":"our","start":4485.53,"end":4485.69},{"text":"view,","start":4485.69,"end":4486.25},{"text":"the","start":4486.25,"end":4486.45},{"text":"element","start":4486.45,"end":4487.05},{"text":"we","start":4487.05,"end":4487.21},{"text":"believe","start":4487.21,"end":4487.57},{"text":"to","start":4487.57,"end":4487.65},{"text":"be","start":4487.65,"end":4487.77},{"text":"missing","start":4487.77,"end":4488.25},{"text":"in","start":4488.25,"end":4488.41},{"text":"these","start":4488.41,"end":4488.65},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4488.65,"end":4489.53},{"text":"is","start":4489.53,"end":4490.57},{"text":"the","start":4491.29,"end":4491.49},{"text":"reference","start":4491.69,"end":4492.33},{"text":"to","start":4492.33,"end":4492.41},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":4492.41,"end":4493.37},{"text":"human","start":4493.61,"end":4494.25},{"text":"judgment","start":4494.25,"end":4494.65},{"text":"and","start":4494.65,"end":4494.77},{"text":"control","start":4494.77,"end":4495.45},{"text":"that","start":4496.49,"end":4496.89},{"text":"was","start":4498.49,"end":4498.73},{"text":"included","start":4498.73,"end":4499.13},{"text":"in","start":4499.13,"end":4499.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":4499.53,"end":4500.29},{"text":"5","start":4500.29,"end":4500.73},{"text":"of","start":4500.73,"end":4500.89},{"text":"previous","start":4500.89,"end":4501.29},{"text":"texts.","start":4501.29,"end":4501.93}]},{"text":"We would prefer its inclusion, as others have suggested, and it would be consistent with our mandate to develop previous understandings in the GGE in light of the nature of these weapons.","start":4502.57,"end":4512.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4502.57,"end":4502.89},{"text":"would","start":4502.89,"end":4503.13},{"text":"prefer","start":4503.13,"end":4503.49},{"text":"its","start":4503.49,"end":4503.61},{"text":"inclusion,","start":4503.61,"end":4504.21},{"text":"as","start":4504.21,"end":4504.33},{"text":"others","start":4504.33,"end":4504.61},{"text":"have","start":4504.61,"end":4504.73},{"text":"suggested,","start":4504.73,"end":4505.45},{"text":"and","start":4506.09,"end":4506.29},{"text":"it","start":4506.29,"end":4506.41},{"text":"would","start":4506.41,"end":4506.53},{"text":"be","start":4506.53,"end":4506.65},{"text":"consistent","start":4506.65,"end":4507.13},{"text":"with","start":4507.13,"end":4507.29},{"text":"our","start":4507.29,"end":4507.41},{"text":"mandate","start":4507.41,"end":4507.89},{"text":"to","start":4507.89,"end":4507.97},{"text":"develop","start":4507.97,"end":4508.33},{"text":"previous","start":4508.33,"end":4508.69},{"text":"understandings","start":4508.69,"end":4509.69},{"text":"in","start":4509.69,"end":4509.89},{"text":"the","start":4509.89,"end":4509.97},{"text":"GGE","start":4509.97,"end":4510.81},{"text":"in","start":4510.97,"end":4511.13},{"text":"light","start":4511.13,"end":4511.41},{"text":"of","start":4511.41,"end":4511.53},{"text":"the","start":4511.53,"end":4511.73},{"text":"nature","start":4511.73,"end":4512.05},{"text":"of","start":4512.05,"end":4512.13},{"text":"these","start":4512.13,"end":4512.33},{"text":"weapons.","start":4512.33,"end":4512.97}]},{"text":"We're flexible as to where this could be reinserted or included in paragraph 1, 2, or as a standalone paragraph.","start":4513.49,"end":4521.25,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"We're","start":4513.49,"end":4513.65},{"text":"flexible","start":4513.65,"end":4514.25},{"text":"as","start":4514.25,"end":4514.37},{"text":"to","start":4514.37,"end":4514.49},{"text":"where","start":4514.49,"end":4514.93},{"text":"this","start":4514.93,"end":4515.17},{"text":"could","start":4515.17,"end":4515.37},{"text":"be","start":4515.37,"end":4515.73},{"text":"reinserted","start":4516.05,"end":4516.93},{"text":"or","start":4516.93,"end":4517.05},{"text":"included","start":4517.05,"end":4517.65},{"text":"in","start":4517.65,"end":4517.89},{"text":"paragraph","start":4517.89,"end":4518.45},{"text":"1,","start":4518.45,"end":4518.93},{"text":"2,","start":4519.25,"end":4519.65},{"text":"or","start":4519.65,"end":4519.93},{"text":"as","start":4519.93,"end":4520.01},{"text":"a","start":4520.01,"end":4520.05},{"text":"standalone","start":4520.05,"end":4520.61},{"text":"paragraph.","start":4520.61,"end":4521.25}]},{"text":"Given that paragraph 4 of box 2 recognizes that context-appropriate human judgment and control is necessary to ensure the use and effects of laws are in compliance with IHL, then it logically follows that laws that operate without context-appropriate human judgment and control should be prohibited.","start":4522.29,"end":4539.33,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":4522.29,"end":4522.69},{"text":"that","start":4522.69,"end":4523.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":4523.01,"end":4523.57},{"text":"4","start":4523.65,"end":4524.05},{"text":"of","start":4524.05,"end":4524.13},{"text":"box","start":4524.13,"end":4524.45},{"text":"2","start":4524.45,"end":4525.01},{"text":"recognizes","start":4525.01,"end":4525.77},{"text":"that","start":4525.77,"end":4525.97},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":4525.97,"end":4526.77},{"text":"human","start":4526.77,"end":4527.05},{"text":"judgment","start":4527.05,"end":4527.37},{"text":"and","start":4527.37,"end":4527.49},{"text":"control","start":4527.49,"end":4527.97},{"text":"is","start":4528.37,"end":4528.53},{"text":"necessary","start":4528.53,"end":4529.17},{"text":"to","start":4529.17,"end":4529.29},{"text":"ensure","start":4529.29,"end":4529.65},{"text":"the","start":4529.65,"end":4529.77},{"text":"use","start":4529.77,"end":4530.05},{"text":"and","start":4530.05,"end":4530.17},{"text":"effects","start":4530.17,"end":4530.53},{"text":"of","start":4530.53,"end":4530.61},{"text":"laws","start":4530.61,"end":4530.93},{"text":"are","start":4530.93,"end":4531.01},{"text":"in","start":4531.01,"end":4531.09},{"text":"compliance","start":4531.09,"end":4531.65},{"text":"with","start":4531.65,"end":4531.81},{"text":"IHL,","start":4531.81,"end":4532.37},{"text":"then","start":4532.77,"end":4533.01},{"text":"it","start":4533.01,"end":4533.09},{"text":"logically","start":4533.09,"end":4533.57},{"text":"follows","start":4533.57,"end":4534.05},{"text":"that","start":4534.05,"end":4534.21},{"text":"laws","start":4534.21,"end":4534.53},{"text":"that","start":4534.53,"end":4534.69},{"text":"operate","start":4534.69,"end":4535.25},{"text":"without","start":4535.41,"end":4536.05},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":4536.13,"end":4536.97},{"text":"human","start":4536.97,"end":4537.49},{"text":"judgment","start":4537.49,"end":4537.85},{"text":"and","start":4537.85,"end":4537.97},{"text":"control","start":4537.97,"end":4538.37},{"text":"should","start":4538.37,"end":4538.61},{"text":"be","start":4538.61,"end":4538.77},{"text":"prohibited.","start":4538.77,"end":4539.33}]},{"text":"While such a prohibition may be inferred by a combination of paragraphs 1 and 4 in this box, reinserting a direct prohibition would remove any ambiguity.","start":4539.97,"end":4549.13,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":4539.97,"end":4540.41},{"text":"such","start":4540.41,"end":4540.65},{"text":"a","start":4540.65,"end":4540.69},{"text":"prohibition","start":4540.69,"end":4541.85},{"text":"may","start":4541.85,"end":4542.09},{"text":"be","start":4542.09,"end":4542.25},{"text":"inferred","start":4542.25,"end":4542.81},{"text":"by","start":4542.81,"end":4542.93},{"text":"a","start":4542.93,"end":4542.97},{"text":"combination","start":4542.97,"end":4543.53},{"text":"of","start":4543.53,"end":4543.61},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4543.61,"end":4544.09},{"text":"1","start":4544.41,"end":4544.69},{"text":"and","start":4544.69,"end":4544.85},{"text":"4","start":4544.85,"end":4545.21},{"text":"in","start":4545.21,"end":4545.29},{"text":"this","start":4545.29,"end":4545.45},{"text":"box,","start":4545.45,"end":4545.93},{"text":"reinserting","start":4546.25,"end":4546.93},{"text":"a","start":4546.93,"end":4546.97},{"text":"direct","start":4546.97,"end":4547.29},{"text":"prohibition","start":4547.29,"end":4547.81},{"text":"would","start":4547.81,"end":4547.93},{"text":"remove","start":4547.93,"end":4548.33},{"text":"any","start":4548.33,"end":4548.53},{"text":"ambiguity.","start":4548.53,"end":4549.13}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":4549.37,"end":4549.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4549.37,"end":4549.69},{"text":"you.","start":4549.69,"end":4549.81}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"IRL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Ireland"}},{"statement_number":38,"start":4553.61,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:15:54","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Ireland.","start":4553.61,"end":4556.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4553.61,"end":4553.69},{"text":"thank","start":4553.69,"end":4554.01},{"text":"the","start":4554.01,"end":4554.09},{"text":"distinguished","start":4554.09,"end":4554.69},{"text":"representative","start":4554.69,"end":4555.29},{"text":"of","start":4555.29,"end":4555.45},{"text":"Ireland.","start":4555.45,"end":4556.01}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the US, to be followed by Canada.","start":4556.09,"end":4560.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4556.09,"end":4556.49},{"text":"on","start":4556.49,"end":4556.57},{"text":"my","start":4556.57,"end":4556.73},{"text":"list","start":4556.73,"end":4557.37},{"text":"is","start":4557.45,"end":4557.53},{"text":"the","start":4557.53,"end":4557.69},{"text":"US,","start":4557.73,"end":4558.09},{"text":"to","start":4559.37,"end":4559.45},{"text":"be","start":4559.45,"end":4559.61},{"text":"followed","start":4559.61,"end":4559.85},{"text":"by","start":4559.85,"end":4559.93},{"text":"Canada.","start":4559.93,"end":4560.37}]},{"text":"But first, the distinguished representative of the US.","start":4560.57,"end":4562.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4560.57,"end":4560.73},{"text":"first,","start":4560.73,"end":4561.05},{"text":"the","start":4561.05,"end":4561.13},{"text":"distinguished","start":4561.13,"end":4561.69},{"text":"representative","start":4561.81,"end":4562.57},{"text":"of","start":4562.61,"end":4562.69},{"text":"the","start":4562.69,"end":4562.77},{"text":"US.","start":4562.77,"end":4562.89}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":4562.89,"end":4563.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4562.89,"end":4562.97},{"text":"have","start":4562.97,"end":4563.09},{"text":"the","start":4563.09,"end":4563.17},{"text":"floor.","start":4563.17,"end":4563.41}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":39,"start":4567.69,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:16:08","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":4567.69,"end":4568.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4567.69,"end":4567.85},{"text":"you,","start":4567.85,"end":4568.01},{"text":"Mr.","start":4568.33,"end":4568.57},{"text":"Chair.","start":4568.57,"end":4568.97}]},{"text":"First, on box 3, my delegation wanted to recommend removing paragraph 6 and combining elements of it with the lists of measures in boxes 4 and 5.","start":4569.97,"end":4581.17,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4569.97,"end":4570.37},{"text":"on","start":4570.37,"end":4570.53},{"text":"box","start":4570.53,"end":4570.93},{"text":"3,","start":4570.93,"end":4571.49},{"text":"my","start":4571.57,"end":4571.81},{"text":"delegation","start":4571.81,"end":4572.53},{"text":"wanted","start":4572.53,"end":4572.77},{"text":"to","start":4572.77,"end":4572.89},{"text":"recommend","start":4572.89,"end":4573.73},{"text":"removing","start":4574.29,"end":4574.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":4574.69,"end":4575.17},{"text":"6","start":4575.17,"end":4575.49},{"text":"and","start":4575.49,"end":4575.61},{"text":"combining","start":4575.61,"end":4576.29},{"text":"elements","start":4576.29,"end":4576.77},{"text":"of","start":4576.81,"end":4576.93},{"text":"it","start":4576.93,"end":4577.09},{"text":"with","start":4577.09,"end":4577.37},{"text":"the","start":4577.37,"end":4577.45},{"text":"lists","start":4577.45,"end":4577.81},{"text":"of","start":4577.81,"end":4577.89},{"text":"measures","start":4577.89,"end":4578.61},{"text":"in","start":4578.85,"end":4579.01},{"text":"boxes","start":4579.01,"end":4579.81},{"text":"4","start":4580.29,"end":4580.57},{"text":"and","start":4580.57,"end":4580.69},{"text":"5.","start":4580.69,"end":4581.17}]},{"text":"In our view, box 3 articulates the key legal rules that apply to the use of all lethal weapons, the principles and requirements of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack.","start":4582.37,"end":4594.85,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4582.37,"end":4582.53},{"text":"our","start":4582.53,"end":4582.69},{"text":"view,","start":4582.69,"end":4583.09},{"text":"box","start":4583.57,"end":4583.97},{"text":"3","start":4583.97,"end":4584.29},{"text":"articulates","start":4584.29,"end":4585.01},{"text":"the","start":4585.01,"end":4585.09},{"text":"key","start":4585.09,"end":4585.41},{"text":"legal","start":4585.41,"end":4585.89},{"text":"rules","start":4585.89,"end":4586.69},{"text":"that","start":4586.93,"end":4587.17},{"text":"apply","start":4587.17,"end":4587.65},{"text":"to","start":4587.65,"end":4587.81},{"text":"the","start":4587.81,"end":4587.97},{"text":"use","start":4587.97,"end":4588.25},{"text":"of","start":4588.25,"end":4588.37},{"text":"all","start":4588.37,"end":4588.85},{"text":"lethal","start":4588.85,"end":4589.25},{"text":"weapons,","start":4589.25,"end":4589.97},{"text":"the","start":4590.05,"end":4590.21},{"text":"principles","start":4590.21,"end":4590.85},{"text":"and","start":4590.85,"end":4590.97},{"text":"requirements","start":4590.97,"end":4591.61},{"text":"of","start":4591.61,"end":4591.69},{"text":"distinction,","start":4591.69,"end":4592.45},{"text":"proportionality,","start":4592.69,"end":4593.61},{"text":"and","start":4593.61,"end":4593.73},{"text":"precautions","start":4593.73,"end":4594.29},{"text":"in","start":4594.29,"end":4594.37},{"text":"attack.","start":4594.37,"end":4594.85}]},{"text":"We do not see paragraph six as articulating an existing rule of IHL or an appropriate new rule of IHL.","start":4596.13,"end":4603.01,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4596.13,"end":4596.25},{"text":"do","start":4596.25,"end":4596.37},{"text":"not","start":4596.37,"end":4596.61},{"text":"see","start":4596.61,"end":4596.85},{"text":"paragraph","start":4596.85,"end":4597.41},{"text":"six","start":4597.49,"end":4598.09},{"text":"as","start":4598.09,"end":4598.21},{"text":"articulating","start":4598.21,"end":4599.09},{"text":"an","start":4599.09,"end":4599.21},{"text":"existing","start":4599.21,"end":4599.73},{"text":"rule","start":4599.73,"end":4599.93},{"text":"of","start":4599.93,"end":4600.05},{"text":"IHL","start":4600.05,"end":4600.69},{"text":"or","start":4601.01,"end":4601.13},{"text":"an","start":4601.13,"end":4601.25},{"text":"appropriate","start":4601.25,"end":4601.89},{"text":"new","start":4601.89,"end":4602.13},{"text":"rule","start":4602.13,"end":4602.37},{"text":"of","start":4602.37,"end":4602.45},{"text":"IHL.","start":4602.45,"end":4603.01}]},{"text":"Moreover, paragraph six has a number of problematic elements that we cannot accept.","start":4603.81,"end":4608.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":4603.81,"end":4604.21},{"text":"paragraph","start":4604.21,"end":4604.69},{"text":"six","start":4604.69,"end":4605.05},{"text":"has","start":4605.05,"end":4605.21},{"text":"a","start":4605.21,"end":4605.25},{"text":"number","start":4605.25,"end":4605.69},{"text":"of","start":4605.69,"end":4605.77},{"text":"problematic","start":4605.77,"end":4606.61},{"text":"elements","start":4607.17,"end":4607.81},{"text":"that","start":4607.81,"end":4607.97},{"text":"we","start":4607.97,"end":4608.05},{"text":"cannot","start":4608.05,"end":4608.37},{"text":"accept.","start":4608.37,"end":4608.77}]},{"text":"That said, we welcome the opportunity in box three to put the specific rules of IHL that will tell us what control, involvement, intervention, judgment, or related measures are required.","start":4609.57,"end":4624.77,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":4609.57,"end":4609.81},{"text":"said,","start":4609.81,"end":4610.21},{"text":"we","start":4610.53,"end":4610.77},{"text":"welcome","start":4610.81,"end":4611.17},{"text":"the","start":4611.17,"end":4611.29},{"text":"opportunity","start":4611.29,"end":4611.97},{"text":"in","start":4611.97,"end":4612.13},{"text":"box","start":4612.13,"end":4612.57},{"text":"three","start":4612.57,"end":4613.01},{"text":"to","start":4613.25,"end":4613.41},{"text":"put","start":4613.41,"end":4613.73},{"text":"the","start":4613.97,"end":4614.21},{"text":"specific","start":4614.21,"end":4614.93},{"text":"rules","start":4614.93,"end":4615.33},{"text":"of","start":4615.33,"end":4615.41},{"text":"IHL","start":4615.41,"end":4616.05},{"text":"that","start":4616.29,"end":4616.45},{"text":"will","start":4616.45,"end":4616.69},{"text":"tell","start":4616.69,"end":4617.09},{"text":"us","start":4617.09,"end":4617.41},{"text":"what","start":4617.85,"end":4618.37},{"text":"control,","start":4618.77,"end":4619.65},{"text":"involvement,","start":4619.65,"end":4620.45},{"text":"intervention,","start":4620.45,"end":4621.41},{"text":"judgment,","start":4621.81,"end":4622.53},{"text":"or","start":4622.53,"end":4622.73},{"text":"related","start":4622.73,"end":4623.25},{"text":"measures","start":4623.25,"end":4623.81},{"text":"are","start":4623.97,"end":4624.25},{"text":"required.","start":4624.25,"end":4624.77}]},{"text":"As we have consistently indicated, we are open to building this terminology into these elements.","start":4626.57,"end":4633.29,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4626.57,"end":4626.73},{"text":"we","start":4626.73,"end":4626.89},{"text":"have","start":4626.89,"end":4627.05},{"text":"consistently","start":4627.05,"end":4627.85},{"text":"indicated,","start":4627.85,"end":4628.49},{"text":"we","start":4628.49,"end":4628.65},{"text":"are","start":4628.65,"end":4628.97},{"text":"open","start":4629.05,"end":4629.69},{"text":"to","start":4630.17,"end":4630.33},{"text":"building","start":4630.33,"end":4630.81},{"text":"this","start":4630.81,"end":4630.97},{"text":"terminology","start":4630.97,"end":4632.01},{"text":"into","start":4632.01,"end":4632.41},{"text":"these","start":4632.41,"end":4632.65},{"text":"elements.","start":4632.65,"end":4633.29}]},{"text":"For us, however, it is vitally important that we use these terms in a way that accurately orients them around legal principles and measures that can be understood and implemented by states.","start":4633.53,"end":4647.61,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4633.53,"end":4633.85},{"text":"us,","start":4633.85,"end":4634.33},{"text":"however,","start":4634.33,"end":4635.05},{"text":"it","start":4635.85,"end":4636.05},{"text":"is","start":4636.05,"end":4636.17},{"text":"vitally","start":4636.17,"end":4636.69},{"text":"important","start":4636.69,"end":4637.25},{"text":"that","start":4637.25,"end":4637.37},{"text":"we","start":4637.37,"end":4637.53},{"text":"use","start":4637.53,"end":4637.93},{"text":"these","start":4637.93,"end":4638.17},{"text":"terms","start":4638.17,"end":4638.81},{"text":"in","start":4638.81,"end":4638.97},{"text":"a","start":4638.97,"end":4639.01},{"text":"way","start":4639.01,"end":4639.45},{"text":"that","start":4639.45,"end":4639.69},{"text":"accurately","start":4639.69,"end":4640.57},{"text":"orients","start":4640.89,"end":4641.45},{"text":"them","start":4641.45,"end":4641.85},{"text":"around","start":4642.25,"end":4642.73},{"text":"legal","start":4642.73,"end":4643.13},{"text":"principles","start":4643.13,"end":4643.77},{"text":"and","start":4643.77,"end":4643.93},{"text":"measures","start":4643.93,"end":4644.57},{"text":"that","start":4644.81,"end":4644.97},{"text":"can","start":4644.97,"end":4645.13},{"text":"be","start":4645.13,"end":4645.37},{"text":"understood","start":4645.37,"end":4646.05},{"text":"and","start":4646.05,"end":4646.17},{"text":"implemented","start":4646.17,"end":4646.81},{"text":"by","start":4646.81,"end":4647.05},{"text":"states.","start":4647.05,"end":4647.61}]},{"text":"On paragraph six, we will also follow the lead of other delegations in coming back with more specific comments.","start":4649.81,"end":4656.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4649.81,"end":4649.93},{"text":"paragraph","start":4649.93,"end":4650.33},{"text":"six,","start":4650.33,"end":4650.61},{"text":"we","start":4650.61,"end":4650.73},{"text":"will","start":4650.73,"end":4650.85},{"text":"also","start":4650.85,"end":4651.49},{"text":"follow","start":4651.73,"end":4652.13},{"text":"the","start":4652.13,"end":4652.25},{"text":"lead","start":4652.25,"end":4652.45},{"text":"of","start":4652.45,"end":4652.57},{"text":"other","start":4652.57,"end":4652.77},{"text":"delegations","start":4652.77,"end":4653.65},{"text":"in","start":4653.65,"end":4653.97},{"text":"coming","start":4654.29,"end":4654.57},{"text":"back","start":4654.57,"end":4654.81},{"text":"with","start":4654.81,"end":4654.97},{"text":"more","start":4654.97,"end":4655.25},{"text":"specific","start":4655.25,"end":4655.77},{"text":"comments.","start":4655.77,"end":4656.29}]},{"text":"So now I'll address paragraphs one through five of box three.","start":4657.25,"end":4661.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4657.25,"end":4657.45},{"text":"now","start":4657.45,"end":4657.65},{"text":"I'll","start":4657.65,"end":4657.89},{"text":"address","start":4657.89,"end":4658.13},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4658.13,"end":4658.77},{"text":"one","start":4658.77,"end":4659.01},{"text":"through","start":4659.01,"end":4659.17},{"text":"five","start":4659.17,"end":4659.81},{"text":"of","start":4659.81,"end":4659.89},{"text":"box","start":4660.29,"end":4660.65},{"text":"three.","start":4660.65,"end":4661.01}]},{"text":"Moving to paragraph two of box three, most IHL rules do not apply to the use of weapons.","start":4663.41,"end":4669.97,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Moving","start":4663.41,"end":4663.81},{"text":"to","start":4663.81,"end":4663.89},{"text":"paragraph","start":4664.13,"end":4664.61},{"text":"two","start":4664.61,"end":4665.09},{"text":"of","start":4665.13,"end":4665.25},{"text":"box","start":4665.25,"end":4665.61},{"text":"three,","start":4665.61,"end":4665.97},{"text":"most","start":4666.69,"end":4667.13},{"text":"IHL","start":4667.13,"end":4667.53},{"text":"rules","start":4667.53,"end":4667.97},{"text":"do","start":4667.97,"end":4668.13},{"text":"not","start":4668.13,"end":4668.45},{"text":"apply","start":4668.45,"end":4668.85},{"text":"to","start":4668.85,"end":4668.93},{"text":"the","start":4668.93,"end":4669.01},{"text":"use","start":4669.01,"end":4669.21},{"text":"of","start":4669.21,"end":4669.29},{"text":"weapons.","start":4669.29,"end":4669.97}]},{"text":"Another issue for us is that not all states are parties to the same IHL instruments.","start":4670.65,"end":4675.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Another","start":4670.65,"end":4671.01},{"text":"issue","start":4671.01,"end":4671.33},{"text":"for","start":4671.33,"end":4671.57},{"text":"us","start":4671.57,"end":4671.81},{"text":"is","start":4671.81,"end":4671.97},{"text":"that","start":4671.97,"end":4672.13},{"text":"not","start":4672.13,"end":4672.45},{"text":"all","start":4672.45,"end":4672.69},{"text":"states","start":4672.69,"end":4673.09},{"text":"are","start":4673.09,"end":4673.25},{"text":"parties","start":4673.25,"end":4673.65},{"text":"to","start":4673.65,"end":4673.73},{"text":"the","start":4673.73,"end":4673.81},{"text":"same","start":4673.81,"end":4674.13},{"text":"IHL","start":4674.13,"end":4674.61},{"text":"instruments.","start":4674.61,"end":4675.25}]},{"text":"So we propose to delete the phrase IHL including from this paragraph.","start":4676.49,"end":4682.25,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4676.49,"end":4676.69},{"text":"we","start":4676.69,"end":4676.81},{"text":"propose","start":4676.81,"end":4677.29},{"text":"to","start":4677.29,"end":4677.45},{"text":"delete","start":4677.45,"end":4678.01},{"text":"the","start":4678.25,"end":4678.45},{"text":"phrase","start":4678.45,"end":4678.89},{"text":"IHL","start":4678.89,"end":4679.49},{"text":"including","start":4679.49,"end":4680.17},{"text":"from","start":4681.13,"end":4681.57},{"text":"this","start":4681.57,"end":4681.73},{"text":"paragraph.","start":4681.73,"end":4682.25}]},{"text":"We can also add and other applicable IHL rules at the end of the sentence if that is helpful for other delegations.","start":4682.25,"end":4691.45,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4682.25,"end":4682.37},{"text":"can","start":4682.37,"end":4682.57},{"text":"also","start":4682.57,"end":4682.89},{"text":"add","start":4682.89,"end":4683.45},{"text":"and","start":4684.57,"end":4684.97},{"text":"other","start":4684.97,"end":4685.45},{"text":"applicable","start":4685.49,"end":4686.17},{"text":"IHL","start":4686.17,"end":4686.65},{"text":"rules","start":4686.65,"end":4687.21},{"text":"at","start":4687.21,"end":4687.29},{"text":"the","start":4687.29,"end":4687.41},{"text":"end","start":4687.45,"end":4687.57},{"text":"of","start":4687.57,"end":4687.65},{"text":"the","start":4687.65,"end":4687.73},{"text":"sentence","start":4687.73,"end":4688.25},{"text":"if","start":4688.25,"end":4688.45},{"text":"that","start":4688.45,"end":4688.73},{"text":"is","start":4688.73,"end":4688.97},{"text":"helpful","start":4688.97,"end":4689.53},{"text":"for","start":4690.09,"end":4690.41},{"text":"other","start":4690.41,"end":4690.61},{"text":"delegations.","start":4690.61,"end":4691.45}]},{"text":"So the paragraph would read, laws may only be used in accordance with the principles and requirements of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack and other applicable IHL rules.","start":4691.93,"end":4704.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4691.93,"end":4692.17},{"text":"the","start":4692.17,"end":4692.41},{"text":"paragraph","start":4692.73,"end":4693.17},{"text":"would","start":4693.17,"end":4693.29},{"text":"read,","start":4693.29,"end":4693.69},{"text":"laws","start":4694.49,"end":4694.97},{"text":"may","start":4694.97,"end":4695.21},{"text":"only","start":4695.21,"end":4695.61},{"text":"be","start":4695.61,"end":4695.77},{"text":"used","start":4695.77,"end":4696.25},{"text":"in","start":4696.25,"end":4696.41},{"text":"accordance","start":4696.41,"end":4697.05},{"text":"with","start":4697.05,"end":4697.17},{"text":"the","start":4697.17,"end":4697.29},{"text":"principles","start":4697.29,"end":4698.17},{"text":"and","start":4698.17,"end":4698.33},{"text":"requirements","start":4698.33,"end":4699.09},{"text":"of","start":4699.09,"end":4699.17},{"text":"distinction,","start":4699.17,"end":4699.93},{"text":"proportionality,","start":4699.93,"end":4700.97},{"text":"and","start":4701.21,"end":4701.37},{"text":"precautions","start":4701.37,"end":4701.97},{"text":"in","start":4701.97,"end":4702.05},{"text":"attack","start":4702.05,"end":4702.57},{"text":"and","start":4702.89,"end":4703.09},{"text":"other","start":4703.09,"end":4703.33},{"text":"applicable","start":4703.33,"end":4703.93},{"text":"IHL","start":4703.93,"end":4704.33},{"text":"rules.","start":4704.33,"end":4704.73}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 3, we first have a legal concern because it is not prohibited to make civilians in all circumstances the object of attack.","start":4707.29,"end":4717.45,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":4707.29,"end":4707.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":4707.77,"end":4708.17},{"text":"3,","start":4708.17,"end":4708.73},{"text":"we","start":4709.05,"end":4709.29},{"text":"first","start":4709.29,"end":4709.61},{"text":"have","start":4709.61,"end":4709.77},{"text":"a","start":4709.77,"end":4709.81},{"text":"legal","start":4709.81,"end":4710.33},{"text":"concern","start":4710.33,"end":4711.21},{"text":"because","start":4712.17,"end":4712.65},{"text":"it","start":4712.65,"end":4712.81},{"text":"is","start":4712.81,"end":4712.97},{"text":"not","start":4712.97,"end":4713.25},{"text":"prohibited","start":4713.25,"end":4713.93},{"text":"to","start":4713.93,"end":4714.05},{"text":"make","start":4714.05,"end":4714.33},{"text":"civilians","start":4714.33,"end":4715.13},{"text":"in","start":4715.13,"end":4715.25},{"text":"all","start":4715.25,"end":4715.37},{"text":"circumstances","start":4715.37,"end":4716.33},{"text":"the","start":4716.33,"end":4716.45},{"text":"object","start":4716.45,"end":4716.85},{"text":"of","start":4716.85,"end":4716.93},{"text":"attack.","start":4716.93,"end":4717.45}]},{"text":"In particular, civilians who take a direct part in hostilities forfeit their protection and may be made the object of attack.","start":4718.33,"end":4724.49,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4718.33,"end":4718.45},{"text":"particular,","start":4718.45,"end":4719.05},{"text":"civilians","start":4719.05,"end":4719.57},{"text":"who","start":4719.57,"end":4719.69},{"text":"take","start":4719.69,"end":4719.97},{"text":"a","start":4719.97,"end":4720.01},{"text":"direct","start":4720.01,"end":4720.49},{"text":"part","start":4720.49,"end":4720.73},{"text":"in","start":4720.73,"end":4720.81},{"text":"hostilities","start":4720.81,"end":4721.61},{"text":"forfeit","start":4721.61,"end":4722.13},{"text":"their","start":4722.13,"end":4722.25},{"text":"protection","start":4722.25,"end":4722.89},{"text":"and","start":4722.89,"end":4723.05},{"text":"may","start":4723.05,"end":4723.21},{"text":"be","start":4723.21,"end":4723.37},{"text":"made","start":4723.37,"end":4723.57},{"text":"the","start":4723.57,"end":4723.65},{"text":"object","start":4723.65,"end":4724.05},{"text":"of","start":4724.05,"end":4724.13},{"text":"attack.","start":4724.13,"end":4724.49}]},{"text":"This issue could be fixed by adding \"protected as such\" after \"individual civilians.\"","start":4726.17,"end":4734.73,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4726.17,"end":4726.41},{"text":"issue","start":4726.41,"end":4726.89},{"text":"could","start":4726.89,"end":4727.05},{"text":"be","start":4727.05,"end":4727.21},{"text":"fixed","start":4727.21,"end":4727.61},{"text":"by","start":4727.61,"end":4727.77},{"text":"adding","start":4727.85,"end":4728.41},{"text":"\"protected","start":4729.69,"end":4730.49},{"text":"as","start":4730.49,"end":4730.73},{"text":"such\"","start":4730.73,"end":4731.37},{"text":"after","start":4731.85,"end":4732.57},{"text":"\"individual","start":4733.37,"end":4733.93},{"text":"civilians.\"","start":4733.93,"end":4734.73}]},{"text":"And that was the solution that was used in the Arms Trade Treaty.","start":4735.25,"end":4738.37,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4735.25,"end":4735.41},{"text":"that","start":4735.41,"end":4735.57},{"text":"was","start":4735.57,"end":4735.77},{"text":"the","start":4735.77,"end":4735.85},{"text":"solution","start":4735.85,"end":4736.57},{"text":"that","start":4736.57,"end":4736.69},{"text":"was","start":4736.69,"end":4736.85},{"text":"used","start":4736.85,"end":4737.13},{"text":"in","start":4737.13,"end":4737.29},{"text":"the","start":4737.29,"end":4737.37},{"text":"Arms","start":4737.37,"end":4737.69},{"text":"Trade","start":4737.69,"end":4737.93},{"text":"Treaty.","start":4737.93,"end":4738.37}]},{"text":"Our second legal concern is with the phrase \"object of attack by laws.\"","start":4740.29,"end":4744.45,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":4740.29,"end":4740.45},{"text":"second","start":4740.45,"end":4740.77},{"text":"legal","start":4740.77,"end":4741.09},{"text":"concern","start":4741.09,"end":4741.65},{"text":"is","start":4741.65,"end":4741.85},{"text":"with","start":4741.85,"end":4742.01},{"text":"the","start":4742.01,"end":4742.09},{"text":"phrase","start":4742.09,"end":4742.53},{"text":"\"object","start":4742.53,"end":4743.05},{"text":"of","start":4743.05,"end":4743.13},{"text":"attack","start":4743.13,"end":4743.65},{"text":"by","start":4743.65,"end":4743.81},{"text":"laws.\"","start":4743.81,"end":4744.45}]},{"text":"Above, we are defining laws as weapon systems that select the target.","start":4745.65,"end":4749.89,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Above,","start":4745.65,"end":4746.05},{"text":"we","start":4746.05,"end":4746.17},{"text":"are","start":4746.17,"end":4746.29},{"text":"defining","start":4746.29,"end":4746.93},{"text":"laws","start":4746.93,"end":4747.41},{"text":"as","start":4747.41,"end":4747.49},{"text":"weapon","start":4747.49,"end":4747.97},{"text":"systems","start":4747.97,"end":4748.45},{"text":"that","start":4748.45,"end":4748.69},{"text":"select","start":4748.69,"end":4749.33},{"text":"the","start":4749.33,"end":4749.45},{"text":"target.","start":4749.45,"end":4749.89}]},{"text":"Thus, one reading of this paragraph is that the laws will have an object of attack.","start":4751.65,"end":4756.77,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":4751.65,"end":4751.89},{"text":"one","start":4751.89,"end":4752.29},{"text":"reading","start":4752.29,"end":4752.73},{"text":"of","start":4752.73,"end":4752.81},{"text":"this","start":4752.81,"end":4753.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":4753.01,"end":4753.73},{"text":"is","start":4753.73,"end":4753.89},{"text":"that","start":4753.89,"end":4754.01},{"text":"the","start":4754.01,"end":4754.09},{"text":"laws","start":4754.09,"end":4754.61},{"text":"will","start":4754.61,"end":4754.85},{"text":"have","start":4754.85,"end":4755.37},{"text":"an","start":4755.37,"end":4755.57},{"text":"object","start":4755.57,"end":4756.09},{"text":"of","start":4756.09,"end":4756.21},{"text":"attack.","start":4756.21,"end":4756.77}]},{"text":"This would be a radical change to the principle of distinction.","start":4757.65,"end":4760.93,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4885.45,"end":4885.61},{"text":"also","start":4885.61,"end":4885.85},{"text":"think","start":4885.85,"end":4886.09},{"text":"it","start":4886.09,"end":4886.21},{"text":"is","start":4886.21,"end":4886.33},{"text":"important","start":4886.33,"end":4886.77},{"text":"to","start":4886.77,"end":4886.85},{"text":"specify","start":4886.85,"end":4887.53},{"text":"that","start":4887.53,"end":4887.77},{"text":"this","start":4887.77,"end":4888.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":4888.33,"end":4888.81},{"text":"relates","start":4888.81,"end":4889.13},{"text":"to","start":4889.13,"end":4889.21},{"text":"the","start":4889.21,"end":4889.33},{"text":"principles","start":4889.33,"end":4889.93},{"text":"of","start":4889.93,"end":4890.01},{"text":"distinction","start":4890.01,"end":4890.57},{"text":"and","start":4890.57,"end":4890.73},{"text":"proportionality","start":4890.73,"end":4891.85},{"text":"rather","start":4892.01,"end":4892.41},{"text":"than","start":4892.41,"end":4892.65},{"text":"all","start":4892.65,"end":4892.97},{"text":"of","start":4892.97,"end":4893.05},{"text":"IHL.","start":4893.05,"end":4893.61}]},{"text":"All of IHL does not apply to attacks.","start":4894.09,"end":4896.57,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":4908.21,"end":4908.93},{"text":"we","start":4908.93,"end":4909.33},{"text":"recommend","start":4909.41,"end":4909.93},{"text":"that","start":4909.93,"end":4910.05},{"text":"the","start":4910.05,"end":4910.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":4910.13,"end":4910.61},{"text":"read,","start":4910.61,"end":4910.93},{"text":"inherently","start":4912.93,"end":4913.89},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":4914.13,"end":4914.93},{"text":"laws","start":4914.93,"end":4915.65},{"text":"include","start":4916.45,"end":4917.13},{"text":"those","start":4917.13,"end":4917.65},{"text":"that","start":4917.65,"end":4917.89},{"text":"are","start":4917.89,"end":4918.05},{"text":"designed","start":4918.05,"end":4918.73},{"text":"to","start":4918.73,"end":4919.05},{"text":"target","start":4919.05,"end":4919.49},{"text":"civilians","start":4919.49,"end":4920.29},{"text":"or","start":4920.29,"end":4920.45},{"text":"civilian","start":4920.45,"end":4921.09},{"text":"objects","start":4921.09,"end":4921.89},{"text":"and","start":4922.93,"end":4923.57},{"text":"those","start":4924.85,"end":4925.25},{"text":"whose","start":4925.25,"end":4925.49},{"text":"effects","start":4925.49,"end":4926.29},{"text":"in","start":4926.77,"end":4927.09},{"text":"an","start":4927.09,"end":4927.17},{"text":"attack","start":4927.17,"end":4927.73},{"text":"cannot","start":4929.01,"end":4929.57},{"text":"be","start":4929.57,"end":4929.73},{"text":"anticipated","start":4929.73,"end":4930.69},{"text":"and","start":4930.77,"end":4931.09},{"text":"controlled","start":4931.09,"end":4931.73},{"text":"as","start":4932.61,"end":4932.85},{"text":"required","start":4932.85,"end":4933.41},{"text":"by","start":4933.41,"end":4933.57},{"text":"the","start":4933.57,"end":4933.69},{"text":"principles","start":4933.69,"end":4934.61},{"text":"of","start":4934.61,"end":4934.77},{"text":"distinction","start":4934.77,"end":4935.41},{"text":"and","start":4935.41,"end":4935.57},{"text":"proportionality","start":4935.57,"end":4936.61},{"text":"in","start":4936.85,"end":4937.09},{"text":"any","start":4937.09,"end":4937.25},{"text":"circumstances.","start":4937.25,"end":4938.13}]},{"text":"Next, my delegation wanted to propose adding language on proportionality and precautions in attack.","start":4941.89,"end":4947.89,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4961.73,"end":4961.93},{"text":"has","start":4961.93,"end":4962.13},{"text":"not","start":4962.13,"end":4962.45},{"text":"adopted","start":4962.45,"end":4963.25},{"text":"specific","start":4963.41,"end":4964.21},{"text":"language","start":4964.21,"end":4964.77},{"text":"on","start":4964.85,"end":4965.01},{"text":"the","start":4965.01,"end":4965.17},{"text":"proportionality","start":4965.17,"end":4966.13},{"text":"prohibition","start":4966.13,"end":4966.93},{"text":"on","start":4966.93,"end":4967.09},{"text":"excessive","start":4967.09,"end":4967.61},{"text":"attacks","start":4967.61,"end":4968.21},{"text":"or","start":4968.61,"end":4968.77},{"text":"the","start":4968.77,"end":4968.97},{"text":"obligation","start":4968.97,"end":4969.65},{"text":"to","start":4969.65,"end":4969.85},{"text":"take","start":4969.85,"end":4970.05},{"text":"feasible","start":4970.05,"end":4970.53},{"text":"precautions","start":4970.53,"end":4971.25},{"text":"in","start":4971.25,"end":4971.41},{"text":"attack.","start":4971.41,"end":4971.89}]},{"text":"In our view, it would be useful to reaffirm these rules in the context of laws because they are among the core IHL requirements.","start":4973.81,"end":4980.77,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4982.21,"end":4982.37},{"text":"think","start":4982.37,"end":4982.53},{"text":"these","start":4982.53,"end":4982.93},{"text":"rules","start":4983.01,"end":4983.41},{"text":"matter","start":4983.41,"end":4983.89},{"text":"because","start":4983.89,"end":4984.33},{"text":"they","start":4984.33,"end":4984.53},{"text":"directly","start":4984.53,"end":4985.05},{"text":"inform","start":4985.05,"end":4985.49},{"text":"the","start":4985.49,"end":4985.61},{"text":"measures","start":4985.61,"end":4986.21},{"text":"that","start":4986.21,"end":4986.33},{"text":"need","start":4986.33,"end":4986.57},{"text":"to","start":4986.57,"end":4986.65},{"text":"be","start":4986.65,"end":4986.77},{"text":"taken","start":4986.77,"end":4987.33},{"text":"and","start":4987.57,"end":4987.73},{"text":"will","start":4987.73,"end":4987.93},{"text":"be","start":4987.93,"end":4988.05},{"text":"articulated","start":4988.05,"end":4988.73},{"text":"in","start":4988.73,"end":4988.81},{"text":"boxes","start":4988.81,"end":4989.17},{"text":"four","start":4989.17,"end":4989.37},{"text":"and","start":4989.37,"end":4989.49},{"text":"five.","start":4989.49,"end":4990.05}]},{"text":"In particular, we think it's useful to articulate the rule on precautions in attack because many of the measures we have been discussing can be framed in terms of precautions.","start":4991.81,"end":5001.33,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4991.81,"end":4991.97},{"text":"particular,","start":4991.97,"end":4992.77},{"text":"we","start":4993.49,"end":4993.65},{"text":"think","start":4993.65,"end":4993.81},{"text":"it's","start":4993.81,"end":4994.05},{"text":"useful","start":4994.05,"end":4994.45},{"text":"to","start":4994.45,"end":4994.53},{"text":"articulate","start":4994.53,"end":4995.09},{"text":"the","start":4995.09,"end":4995.17},{"text":"rule","start":4995.17,"end":4995.49},{"text":"on","start":4995.49,"end":4995.57},{"text":"precautions","start":4995.57,"end":4996.25},{"text":"in","start":4996.25,"end":4996.37},{"text":"attack","start":4996.37,"end":4996.77},{"text":"because","start":4996.77,"end":4997.09},{"text":"many","start":4997.09,"end":4997.41},{"text":"of","start":4997.41,"end":4997.49},{"text":"the","start":4997.49,"end":4997.61},{"text":"measures","start":4997.61,"end":4998.05},{"text":"we","start":4998.05,"end":4998.17},{"text":"have","start":4998.17,"end":4998.29},{"text":"been","start":4998.29,"end":4998.41},{"text":"discussing","start":4998.41,"end":4999.01},{"text":"can","start":4999.25,"end":4999.45},{"text":"be","start":4999.45,"end":4999.57},{"text":"framed","start":4999.57,"end":4999.97},{"text":"in","start":4999.97,"end":5000.13},{"text":"terms","start":5000.13,"end":5000.37},{"text":"of","start":5000.37,"end":5000.45},{"text":"precautions.","start":5000.45,"end":5001.33}]},{"text":"We also think that the prohibition on attacks expected to cause excessive civilian harm is closely related to the concerns that delegations are raising about predictability and the anticipation of the effects of laws.","start":5002.53,"end":5016.13,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5002.53,"end":5002.69},{"text":"also","start":5002.69,"end":5003.01},{"text":"think","start":5003.01,"end":5003.37},{"text":"that","start":5003.37,"end":5003.49},{"text":"the","start":5003.49,"end":5003.65},{"text":"prohibition","start":5003.65,"end":5004.29},{"text":"on","start":5004.29,"end":5004.45},{"text":"attacks","start":5004.45,"end":5004.93},{"text":"expected","start":5004.93,"end":5005.65},{"text":"to","start":5005.81,"end":5005.97},{"text":"cause","start":5005.97,"end":5006.37},{"text":"excessive","start":5006.37,"end":5006.89},{"text":"civilian","start":5006.89,"end":5007.25},{"text":"harm","start":5007.25,"end":5007.57},{"text":"is","start":5007.57,"end":5007.81},{"text":"closely","start":5008.13,"end":5008.73},{"text":"related","start":5008.73,"end":5009.33},{"text":"to","start":5009.89,"end":5010.01},{"text":"the","start":5010.01,"end":5010.21},{"text":"concerns","start":5010.21,"end":5011.01},{"text":"that","start":5011.01,"end":5011.13},{"text":"delegations","start":5011.13,"end":5011.85},{"text":"are","start":5011.85,"end":5012.01},{"text":"raising","start":5012.01,"end":5012.37},{"text":"about","start":5012.37,"end":5012.57},{"text":"predictability","start":5012.57,"end":5013.73},{"text":"and","start":5013.97,"end":5014.09},{"text":"the","start":5014.09,"end":5014.17},{"text":"anticipation","start":5014.17,"end":5014.97},{"text":"of","start":5014.97,"end":5015.05},{"text":"the","start":5015.05,"end":5015.13},{"text":"effects","start":5015.13,"end":5015.53},{"text":"of","start":5015.53,"end":5015.61},{"text":"laws.","start":5015.61,"end":5016.13}]},{"text":"I will not read out our proposals again, but again, we're happy to send these again to the Chair for consideration.","start":5017.57,"end":5024.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5017.57,"end":5017.65},{"text":"will","start":5017.65,"end":5017.89},{"text":"not","start":5017.89,"end":5018.21},{"text":"read","start":5018.21,"end":5018.45},{"text":"out","start":5018.45,"end":5018.69},{"text":"our","start":5018.69,"end":5018.77},{"text":"proposals","start":5018.77,"end":5019.41},{"text":"again,","start":5019.41,"end":5019.81},{"text":"but","start":5019.81,"end":5020.01},{"text":"again,","start":5020.05,"end":5020.53},{"text":"we're","start":5020.53,"end":5020.73},{"text":"happy","start":5020.73,"end":5021.01},{"text":"to","start":5021.01,"end":5021.33},{"text":"send","start":5021.49,"end":5021.77},{"text":"these","start":5021.77,"end":5021.93},{"text":"again","start":5021.93,"end":5022.21},{"text":"to","start":5022.21,"end":5022.29},{"text":"the","start":5022.29,"end":5022.37},{"text":"Chair","start":5022.37,"end":5022.93},{"text":"for","start":5023.09,"end":5023.41},{"text":"consideration.","start":5023.41,"end":5024.13}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph five, we propose to begin this paragraph, \"A State developing a laws needs to take into account rather than the current formulation, which is in the passive voice.","start":5026.53,"end":5040.73,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":5026.53,"end":5027.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":5027.09,"end":5027.61},{"text":"five,","start":5027.61,"end":5028.05},{"text":"we","start":5029.25,"end":5029.41},{"text":"propose","start":5029.41,"end":5030.13},{"text":"to","start":5030.53,"end":5030.65},{"text":"begin","start":5030.69,"end":5030.93},{"text":"this","start":5030.93,"end":5031.09},{"text":"paragraph,","start":5031.09,"end":5031.97},{"text":"\"A","start":5032.01,"end":5032.13},{"text":"State","start":5032.37,"end":5032.93},{"text":"developing","start":5033.57,"end":5034.21},{"text":"a","start":5034.21,"end":5034.25},{"text":"laws","start":5034.25,"end":5034.97},{"text":"needs","start":5035.21,"end":5035.69},{"text":"to","start":5035.69,"end":5035.97},{"text":"take","start":5035.97,"end":5036.25},{"text":"into","start":5036.25,"end":5036.53},{"text":"account","start":5036.53,"end":5037.05},{"text":"rather","start":5037.21,"end":5037.61},{"text":"than","start":5037.61,"end":5037.85},{"text":"the","start":5037.85,"end":5038.01},{"text":"current","start":5038.09,"end":5038.45},{"text":"formulation,","start":5038.45,"end":5039.29},{"text":"which","start":5039.29,"end":5039.45},{"text":"is","start":5039.45,"end":5039.65},{"text":"in","start":5039.65,"end":5039.73},{"text":"the","start":5039.73,"end":5039.81},{"text":"passive","start":5039.81,"end":5040.21},{"text":"voice.","start":5040.21,"end":5040.73}]},{"text":"This approach will be more consistent with some existing GGE language, which relates to measures taken by the state.","start":5041.93,"end":5048.65,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5041.93,"end":5042.17},{"text":"approach","start":5042.17,"end":5042.65},{"text":"will","start":5042.65,"end":5042.77},{"text":"be","start":5042.77,"end":5042.89},{"text":"more","start":5042.89,"end":5043.21},{"text":"consistent","start":5043.21,"end":5043.93},{"text":"with","start":5043.93,"end":5044.09},{"text":"some","start":5044.09,"end":5044.33},{"text":"existing","start":5044.33,"end":5044.89},{"text":"GGE","start":5044.89,"end":5045.45},{"text":"language,","start":5045.45,"end":5046.17},{"text":"which","start":5046.57,"end":5046.81},{"text":"relates","start":5046.81,"end":5047.29},{"text":"to","start":5047.29,"end":5047.41},{"text":"measures","start":5047.41,"end":5047.77},{"text":"taken","start":5047.77,"end":5048.09},{"text":"by","start":5048.09,"end":5048.17},{"text":"the","start":5048.17,"end":5048.29},{"text":"state.","start":5048.29,"end":5048.65}]},{"text":"We also propose to add in restrictions on the use of laws after prohibitions.","start":5050.57,"end":5058.41,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5050.57,"end":5050.81},{"text":"also","start":5050.81,"end":5051.21},{"text":"propose","start":5051.21,"end":5051.77},{"text":"to","start":5051.77,"end":5051.93},{"text":"add","start":5051.93,"end":5052.65},{"text":"in","start":5053.29,"end":5053.45},{"text":"restrictions","start":5053.45,"end":5054.65},{"text":"on","start":5054.89,"end":5055.05},{"text":"the","start":5055.05,"end":5055.17},{"text":"use","start":5055.17,"end":5055.49},{"text":"of","start":5055.49,"end":5055.61},{"text":"laws","start":5055.61,"end":5056.25},{"text":"after","start":5056.65,"end":5057.45},{"text":"prohibitions.","start":5057.45,"end":5058.41}]},{"text":"This addition better reflects the legal rules above, which include restrictions as well as prohibitions.","start":5059.69,"end":5066.17,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5059.69,"end":5059.85},{"text":"addition","start":5059.85,"end":5060.41},{"text":"better","start":5060.41,"end":5060.73},{"text":"reflects","start":5060.73,"end":5061.21},{"text":"the","start":5061.21,"end":5061.37},{"text":"legal","start":5061.37,"end":5061.73},{"text":"rules","start":5061.73,"end":5062.25},{"text":"above,","start":5062.25,"end":5062.61},{"text":"which","start":5062.61,"end":5063.01},{"text":"include","start":5063.13,"end":5063.85},{"text":"restrictions","start":5064.09,"end":5064.97},{"text":"as","start":5064.97,"end":5065.13},{"text":"well","start":5065.13,"end":5065.37},{"text":"as","start":5065.37,"end":5065.45},{"text":"prohibitions.","start":5065.45,"end":5066.17}]},{"text":"We also propose to move the notion of the use of laws in this paragraph.","start":5069.13,"end":5074.41,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5069.13,"end":5069.29},{"text":"also","start":5069.29,"end":5070.01},{"text":"propose","start":5070.85,"end":5071.37},{"text":"to","start":5071.37,"end":5071.49},{"text":"move","start":5071.53,"end":5071.85},{"text":"the","start":5071.85,"end":5071.93},{"text":"notion","start":5071.93,"end":5072.33},{"text":"of","start":5072.37,"end":5072.49},{"text":"the","start":5072.49,"end":5072.57},{"text":"use","start":5072.57,"end":5072.93},{"text":"of","start":5072.93,"end":5073.05},{"text":"laws","start":5073.05,"end":5073.45},{"text":"in","start":5073.45,"end":5073.53},{"text":"this","start":5073.53,"end":5073.69},{"text":"paragraph.","start":5073.69,"end":5074.41}]},{"text":"Our concern with the current formulation is that IHL rules already apply to use, and to say they may be taken into account into use seems to water down the existing legal requirements.","start":5074.85,"end":5089.05,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":5119.49,"end":5120.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5119.49,"end":5119.69},{"text":"you,","start":5119.69,"end":5119.77},{"text":"Mr.","start":5119.77,"end":5120.01},{"text":"Chair.","start":5120.01,"end":5120.21}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"USA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"United States of America"}},{"statement_number":40,"start":5132.79,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:25:33","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of the United States for making concrete 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in box 3, my delegation accepts the wordings in paragraphs 1 and 2 as presented.","start":5162.81,"end":5169.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5162.81,"end":5163.21},{"text":"in","start":5163.21,"end":5163.37},{"text":"box","start":5163.37,"end":5163.69},{"text":"3,","start":5163.69,"end":5164.01},{"text":"my","start":5164.01,"end":5164.25},{"text":"delegation","start":5164.25,"end":5164.85},{"text":"accepts","start":5164.85,"end":5165.33},{"text":"the","start":5165.33,"end":5165.45},{"text":"wordings","start":5165.45,"end":5166.01},{"text":"in","start":5166.01,"end":5166.17},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5166.17,"end":5166.89},{"text":"1","start":5166.89,"end":5167.45},{"text":"and","start":5167.53,"end":5167.85},{"text":"2","start":5167.85,"end":5168.25},{"text":"as","start":5168.25,"end":5168.49},{"text":"presented.","start":5168.49,"end":5169.13}]},{"text":"Moving to paragraph 3, my delegation would recommend removing the terminology \"in all circumstances.\"","start":5170.33,"end":5176.97,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Moving","start":5170.33,"end":5170.61},{"text":"to","start":5170.61,"end":5170.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":5170.69,"end":5171.45},{"text":"3,","start":5171.45,"end":5172.09},{"text":"my","start":5172.09,"end":5172.25},{"text":"delegation","start":5172.25,"end":5172.97},{"text":"would","start":5172.97,"end":5173.17},{"text":"recommend","start":5173.17,"end":5173.69},{"text":"removing","start":5173.69,"end":5174.25},{"text":"the","start":5174.25,"end":5174.45},{"text":"terminology","start":5174.45,"end":5175.29},{"text":"\"in","start":5175.29,"end":5175.53},{"text":"all","start":5175.53,"end":5175.77},{"text":"circumstances.\"","start":5175.77,"end":5176.97}]},{"text":"This does not take into account the possibility of civilians losing their protective status by directly participating in hostilities.","start":5177.93,"end":5186.17,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5177.93,"end":5178.09},{"text":"does","start":5178.09,"end":5178.33},{"text":"not","start":5178.33,"end":5178.69},{"text":"take","start":5178.69,"end":5178.85},{"text":"into","start":5178.85,"end":5179.17},{"text":"account","start":5179.17,"end":5179.61},{"text":"the","start":5179.61,"end":5179.69},{"text":"possibility","start":5179.69,"end":5180.57},{"text":"of","start":5180.57,"end":5180.73},{"text":"civilians","start":5180.73,"end":5181.45},{"text":"losing","start":5181.45,"end":5181.93},{"text":"their","start":5181.93,"end":5182.09},{"text":"protective","start":5182.09,"end":5182.65},{"text":"status","start":5182.65,"end":5183.21},{"text":"by","start":5183.69,"end":5183.93},{"text":"directly","start":5183.93,"end":5184.41},{"text":"participating","start":5184.41,"end":5185.17},{"text":"in","start":5185.17,"end":5185.29},{"text":"hostilities.","start":5185.29,"end":5186.17}]},{"text":"We could propose the following wording: \"It is prohibited to make the civilian population, individual civilians, or civilian objects protected as such the object of an attack.\"","start":5186.73,"end":5199.45,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5186.73,"end":5186.97},{"text":"could","start":5186.97,"end":5187.37},{"text":"propose","start":5187.37,"end":5188.01},{"text":"the","start":5188.01,"end":5188.09},{"text":"following","start":5188.09,"end":5188.65},{"text":"wording:","start":5188.65,"end":5189.13},{"text":"\"It","start":5189.93,"end":5190.09},{"text":"is","start":5190.09,"end":5190.21},{"text":"prohibited","start":5190.21,"end":5190.81},{"text":"to","start":5190.81,"end":5190.93},{"text":"make","start":5190.93,"end":5191.21},{"text":"the","start":5191.21,"end":5191.33},{"text":"civilian","start":5191.33,"end":5191.93},{"text":"population,","start":5191.93,"end":5192.89},{"text":"individual","start":5193.05,"end":5193.85},{"text":"civilians,","start":5193.85,"end":5194.81},{"text":"or","start":5195.05,"end":5195.29},{"text":"civilian","start":5195.29,"end":5196.01},{"text":"objects","start":5196.01,"end":5196.65},{"text":"protected","start":5196.65,"end":5197.21},{"text":"as","start":5197.21,"end":5197.33},{"text":"such","start":5197.33,"end":5197.85},{"text":"the","start":5197.85,"end":5198.05},{"text":"object","start":5198.05,"end":5198.65},{"text":"of","start":5198.65,"end":5198.81},{"text":"an","start":5198.81,"end":5198.89},{"text":"attack.\"","start":5198.89,"end":5199.45}]},{"text":"On to paragraph 4, we accept the wording here as is.","start":5200.49,"end":5204.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5200.49,"end":5200.65},{"text":"to","start":5200.65,"end":5200.81},{"text":"paragraph","start":5200.81,"end":5201.57},{"text":"4,","start":5201.57,"end":5201.93},{"text":"we","start":5201.93,"end":5202.09},{"text":"accept","start":5202.09,"end":5202.49},{"text":"the","start":5202.49,"end":5202.57},{"text":"wording","start":5202.57,"end":5203.05},{"text":"here","start":5203.05,"end":5203.37},{"text":"as","start":5203.37,"end":5203.61},{"text":"is.","start":5203.61,"end":5204.09}]},{"text":"And finally, on paragraph five, my delegation wishes to underscore that the obligation to comply with IHL applies to the use of weapons, means, and method of warfare.","start":5204.97,"end":5216.89,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5204.97,"end":5205.29},{"text":"finally,","start":5205.29,"end":5205.69},{"text":"on","start":5205.69,"end":5205.85},{"text":"paragraph","start":5205.85,"end":5206.61},{"text":"five,","start":5206.61,"end":5207.13},{"text":"my","start":5207.21,"end":5207.45},{"text":"delegation","start":5207.45,"end":5208.17},{"text":"wishes","start":5208.17,"end":5208.57},{"text":"to","start":5208.57,"end":5208.77},{"text":"underscore","start":5208.77,"end":5209.53},{"text":"that","start":5209.53,"end":5209.69},{"text":"the","start":5209.69,"end":5209.81},{"text":"obligation","start":5209.81,"end":5210.57},{"text":"to","start":5210.57,"end":5210.69},{"text":"comply","start":5210.69,"end":5211.37},{"text":"with","start":5212.09,"end":5212.33},{"text":"IHL","start":5212.33,"end":5213.05},{"text":"applies","start":5213.05,"end":5213.61},{"text":"to","start":5213.61,"end":5213.73},{"text":"the","start":5213.73,"end":5213.85},{"text":"use","start":5213.85,"end":5214.17},{"text":"of","start":5214.17,"end":5214.33},{"text":"weapons,","start":5214.33,"end":5214.97},{"text":"means,","start":5214.97,"end":5215.53},{"text":"and","start":5215.53,"end":5215.73},{"text":"method","start":5215.73,"end":5216.09},{"text":"of","start":5216.09,"end":5216.25},{"text":"warfare.","start":5216.25,"end":5216.89}]},{"text":"It is our position that IHL compliance is required in the use of laws, i.e. complying with the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions.","start":5217.37,"end":5227.53,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5217.37,"end":5217.49},{"text":"is","start":5217.49,"end":5217.61},{"text":"our","start":5217.61,"end":5217.69},{"text":"position","start":5217.69,"end":5218.21},{"text":"that","start":5218.21,"end":5218.33},{"text":"IHL","start":5218.33,"end":5218.97},{"text":"compliance","start":5219.29,"end":5219.93},{"text":"is","start":5219.93,"end":5220.09},{"text":"required","start":5220.09,"end":5220.81},{"text":"in","start":5220.81,"end":5221.05},{"text":"the","start":5221.05,"end":5221.17},{"text":"use","start":5221.17,"end":5221.57},{"text":"of","start":5221.57,"end":5221.77},{"text":"laws,","start":5221.77,"end":5222.33},{"text":"i.e.","start":5222.33,"end":5222.81},{"text":"complying","start":5223.13,"end":5223.85},{"text":"with","start":5223.85,"end":5224.05},{"text":"the","start":5224.05,"end":5224.17},{"text":"principles","start":5224.17,"end":5224.73},{"text":"of","start":5224.73,"end":5224.85},{"text":"distinction,","start":5224.85,"end":5225.61},{"text":"proportionality,","start":5225.69,"end":5226.65},{"text":"and","start":5226.65,"end":5226.85},{"text":"precautions.","start":5226.85,"end":5227.53}]},{"text":"However, during the design and development stage, this is a matter for consideration as opposed to a specific legal requirement.","start":5227.53,"end":5234.85,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5227.53,"end":5228.09},{"text":"during","start":5228.49,"end":5228.73},{"text":"the","start":5228.73,"end":5228.85},{"text":"design","start":5228.85,"end":5229.29},{"text":"and","start":5229.29,"end":5229.49},{"text":"development","start":5229.49,"end":5230.05},{"text":"stage,","start":5230.05,"end":5230.49},{"text":"this","start":5230.49,"end":5230.73},{"text":"is","start":5230.73,"end":5230.89},{"text":"a","start":5230.89,"end":5230.93},{"text":"matter","start":5230.93,"end":5231.37},{"text":"for","start":5231.37,"end":5231.53},{"text":"consideration","start":5231.53,"end":5232.41},{"text":"as","start":5232.41,"end":5232.65},{"text":"opposed","start":5232.65,"end":5233.05},{"text":"to","start":5233.05,"end":5233.21},{"text":"a","start":5233.21,"end":5233.25},{"text":"specific","start":5233.25,"end":5233.81},{"text":"legal","start":5233.81,"end":5234.17},{"text":"requirement.","start":5234.17,"end":5234.85}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":5234.97,"end":5235.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5234.97,"end":5235.05},{"text":"thank","start":5235.05,"end":5235.37},{"text":"you.","start":5235.37,"end":5235.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CAN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Canada"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":5251.45,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:27:32","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Canada.","start":5251.45,"end":5254.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5251.45,"end":5251.61},{"text":"thank","start":5251.61,"end":5251.97},{"text":"the","start":5251.97,"end":5252.05},{"text":"distinguished","start":5252.05,"end":5252.61},{"text":"representative","start":5252.61,"end":5253.29},{"text":"of","start":5253.33,"end":5253.45},{"text":"Canada.","start":5253.45,"end":5254.09}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the distinguished representative... I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Panama, thanking the distinguished representative of Canada.","start":5254.49,"end":5264.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5254.49,"end":5254.97},{"text":"on","start":5254.97,"end":5255.05},{"text":"my","start":5255.05,"end":5255.29},{"text":"list","start":5255.29,"end":5255.69},{"text":"is","start":5255.69,"end":5256.01},{"text":"the","start":5256.17,"end":5256.33},{"text":"distinguished","start":5256.33,"end":5256.97},{"text":"representative...","start":5256.97,"end":5257.69},{"text":"I","start":5259.05,"end":5259.21},{"text":"would","start":5259.21,"end":5259.37},{"text":"like","start":5259.37,"end":5259.53},{"text":"to","start":5259.53,"end":5259.61},{"text":"give","start":5259.61,"end":5259.77},{"text":"the","start":5259.77,"end":5259.85},{"text":"floor","start":5259.85,"end":5260.09},{"text":"to","start":5260.09,"end":5260.17},{"text":"the","start":5260.17,"end":5260.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":5260.25,"end":5260.89},{"text":"representative","start":5260.97,"end":5261.77},{"text":"of","start":5261.81,"end":5261.93},{"text":"Panama,","start":5261.93,"end":5262.25},{"text":"thanking","start":5262.25,"end":5262.81},{"text":"the","start":5262.81,"end":5262.89},{"text":"distinguished","start":5262.89,"end":5263.45},{"text":"representative","start":5263.45,"end":5264.13},{"text":"of","start":5264.13,"end":5264.33},{"text":"Canada.","start":5264.33,"end":5264.65}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the floor.","start":5265.41,"end":5266.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":5265.41,"end":5265.65},{"text":"you","start":5265.65,"end":5265.73},{"text":"have","start":5265.73,"end":5265.85},{"text":"the","start":5265.85,"end":5265.93},{"text":"floor.","start":5265.93,"end":5266.13}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":43,"start":5270.09,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:27:51","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson.","start":5270.09,"end":5272.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5270.09,"end":5270.33},{"text":"you","start":5270.33,"end":5270.49},{"text":"very","start":5270.49,"end":5270.85},{"text":"much,","start":5270.85,"end":5271.25},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":5271.25,"end":5272.09}]},{"text":"for giving me an opportunity to offer some additional comments on box 3.","start":5273.13,"end":5279.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"for","start":5273.13,"end":5273.45},{"text":"giving","start":5273.45,"end":5273.73},{"text":"me","start":5273.73,"end":5273.89},{"text":"an","start":5273.89,"end":5274.01},{"text":"opportunity","start":5274.01,"end":5274.89},{"text":"to","start":5274.89,"end":5275.05},{"text":"offer","start":5275.05,"end":5275.45},{"text":"some","start":5275.45,"end":5275.69},{"text":"additional","start":5275.69,"end":5276.17},{"text":"comments","start":5276.17,"end":5276.89},{"text":"on","start":5278.09,"end":5278.41},{"text":"box","start":5278.41,"end":5278.97},{"text":"3.","start":5278.97,"end":5279.45}]},{"text":"In paragraph 5, though we have said that we support the paragraph as drafted, we are able to support the proposal made by Malawi on transfer.","start":5281.17,"end":5295.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5281.17,"end":5281.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":5281.29,"end":5281.81},{"text":"5,","start":5281.81,"end":5282.25},{"text":"though","start":5283.05,"end":5283.29},{"text":"we","start":5283.29,"end":5283.45},{"text":"have","start":5283.45,"end":5283.77},{"text":"said","start":5283.77,"end":5284.09},{"text":"that","start":5284.09,"end":5284.25},{"text":"we","start":5284.25,"end":5284.41},{"text":"support","start":5284.41,"end":5284.77},{"text":"the","start":5284.77,"end":5284.85},{"text":"paragraph","start":5284.85,"end":5285.29},{"text":"as","start":5285.29,"end":5285.61},{"text":"drafted,","start":5285.61,"end":5286.33},{"text":"we","start":5289.13,"end":5289.53},{"text":"are","start":5289.85,"end":5290.41},{"text":"able","start":5290.49,"end":5290.89},{"text":"to","start":5290.89,"end":5291.01},{"text":"support","start":5291.05,"end":5291.53},{"text":"the","start":5291.53,"end":5291.69},{"text":"proposal","start":5292.17,"end":5292.81},{"text":"made","start":5292.89,"end":5293.13},{"text":"by","start":5293.13,"end":5293.25},{"text":"Malawi","start":5293.25,"end":5293.93},{"text":"on","start":5294.25,"end":5294.65},{"text":"transfer.","start":5294.81,"end":5295.61}]},{"text":"On paragraph 6, the chapeau, we support the comments of Austria and Ireland to replace \"should\" with 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would also like to keep paragraph 6 and its subparagraphs in their entirety, given that it complements paragraph 4 of box 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are our comments for now.","start":5447.89,"end":5448.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":5447.89,"end":5448.13},{"text":"are","start":5448.13,"end":5448.21},{"text":"our","start":5448.21,"end":5448.29},{"text":"comments","start":5448.29,"end":5448.69},{"text":"for","start":5448.69,"end":5448.85},{"text":"now.","start":5448.85,"end":5448.93}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":5448.93,"end":5449.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5448.93,"end":5449.25},{"text":"you.","start":5449.25,"end":5449.41}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PAN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Panama"}},{"statement_number":44,"start":5451.49,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:30:52","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Panama and let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Japan to be followed by 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would also like to comment first on paragraph 1 through 5 and come back to paragraph 6 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The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5471.37,"end":5471.61},{"text":"the","start":5471.61,"end":5471.73},{"text":"development,","start":5471.73,"end":5472.65},{"text":"we","start":5472.73,"end":5473.21},{"text":"share","start":5473.21,"end":5473.53},{"text":"the","start":5473.53,"end":5473.61},{"text":"necessity","start":5473.61,"end":5474.57},{"text":"to","start":5475.29,"end":5475.69},{"text":"consider","start":5475.77,"end":5476.33},{"text":"the","start":5476.33,"end":5476.45},{"text":"whole","start":5476.45,"end":5476.65},{"text":"life","start":5476.81,"end":5477.05},{"text":"cycle","start":5477.05,"end":5477.49},{"text":"of","start":5477.49,"end":5477.69},{"text":"a","start":5478.01,"end":5478.09},{"text":"weapon","start":5478.09,"end":5478.41},{"text":"system,","start":5478.41,"end":5478.73},{"text":"including","start":5478.73,"end":5479.29},{"text":"development,","start":5479.37,"end":5480.17},{"text":"as","start":5480.57,"end":5480.81},{"text":"well","start":5480.81,"end":5480.97},{"text":"as","start":5480.97,"end":5481.29},{"text":"the","start":5481.29,"end":5481.41},{"text":"importance","start":5481.41,"end":5482.17},{"text":"of","start":5482.17,"end":5482.25},{"text":"predictability","start":5482.25,"end":5483.29},{"text":"and","start":5483.37,"end":5483.49},{"text":"reliability","start":5483.49,"end":5484.41},{"text":"of","start":5485.01,"end":5485.13},{"text":"effective","start":5485.13,"end":5485.61},{"text":"use","start":5485.61,"end":5485.93},{"text":"of","start":5485.97,"end":5486.13},{"text":"a","start":5486.13,"end":5486.17},{"text":"weapon","start":5486.17,"end":5486.49},{"text":"system.","start":5486.53,"end":5486.89}]},{"text":"At the same time, we should be mindful of not creating excessive chilling effects to development for peaceful purposes, as well as development for security purposes, that does not cause any problem with regards to ensuring compliance with international law.","start":5487.77,"end":5505.53,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5487.77,"end":5487.89},{"text":"the","start":5487.89,"end":5487.97},{"text":"same","start":5487.97,"end":5488.21},{"text":"time,","start":5488.21,"end":5488.49},{"text":"we","start":5488.49,"end":5488.65},{"text":"should","start":5488.65,"end":5488.81},{"text":"be","start":5488.81,"end":5488.97},{"text":"mindful","start":5488.97,"end":5489.69},{"text":"of","start":5490.05,"end":5490.33},{"text":"not","start":5490.81,"end":5491.01},{"text":"creating","start":5491.01,"end":5491.53},{"text":"excessive","start":5491.53,"end":5492.17},{"text":"chilling","start":5492.17,"end":5492.53},{"text":"effects","start":5492.53,"end":5493.13},{"text":"to","start":5493.61,"end":5493.77},{"text":"development","start":5493.77,"end":5494.37},{"text":"for","start":5494.37,"end":5494.49},{"text":"peaceful","start":5494.49,"end":5494.85},{"text":"purposes,","start":5494.85,"end":5495.61},{"text":"as","start":5495.93,"end":5496.05},{"text":"well","start":5496.09,"end":5496.25},{"text":"as","start":5496.25,"end":5496.33},{"text":"development","start":5496.33,"end":5497.05},{"text":"for","start":5497.37,"end":5497.53},{"text":"security","start":5497.53,"end":5497.93},{"text":"purposes,","start":5497.93,"end":5498.65},{"text":"that","start":5498.89,"end":5499.01},{"text":"does","start":5499.01,"end":5499.13},{"text":"not","start":5499.13,"end":5499.41},{"text":"cause","start":5499.41,"end":5499.69},{"text":"any","start":5499.69,"end":5500.01},{"text":"problem","start":5500.81,"end":5501.21},{"text":"with","start":5501.21,"end":5501.37},{"text":"regards","start":5501.37,"end":5501.73},{"text":"to","start":5501.73,"end":5502.25},{"text":"ensuring","start":5503.21,"end":5503.69},{"text":"compliance","start":5503.69,"end":5504.13},{"text":"with","start":5504.21,"end":5504.33},{"text":"international","start":5504.41,"end":5505.33},{"text":"law.","start":5505.33,"end":5505.53}]},{"text":"From this perspective, on paragraph 5, while we agree with the content and the language, we would agree with India to move it to section 4 as it relates to considerations in the development phase and others.","start":5507.13,"end":5523.69,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":5507.13,"end":5507.49},{"text":"this","start":5507.49,"end":5507.69},{"text":"perspective,","start":5507.69,"end":5508.49},{"text":"on","start":5509.13,"end":5509.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":5509.37,"end":5509.89},{"text":"5,","start":5509.93,"end":5510.65},{"text":"while","start":5511.21,"end":5511.45},{"text":"we","start":5511.45,"end":5511.57},{"text":"agree","start":5511.57,"end":5511.97},{"text":"with","start":5511.97,"end":5512.13},{"text":"the","start":5512.13,"end":5512.21},{"text":"content","start":5512.21,"end":5512.81},{"text":"and","start":5512.81,"end":5512.93},{"text":"the","start":5512.93,"end":5513.01},{"text":"language,","start":5513.01,"end":5513.77},{"text":"we","start":5514.17,"end":5514.41},{"text":"would","start":5514.41,"end":5514.73},{"text":"agree","start":5515.61,"end":5515.85},{"text":"with","start":5515.85,"end":5515.97},{"text":"India","start":5515.97,"end":5516.33},{"text":"to","start":5516.33,"end":5516.45},{"text":"move","start":5516.45,"end":5516.65},{"text":"it","start":5516.65,"end":5517.01},{"text":"to","start":5517.01,"end":5517.21},{"text":"section","start":5517.21,"end":5517.77},{"text":"4","start":5517.77,"end":5518.25},{"text":"as","start":5518.57,"end":5518.77},{"text":"it","start":5518.81,"end":5518.97},{"text":"relates","start":5519.29,"end":5519.77},{"text":"to","start":5519.77,"end":5519.93},{"text":"considerations","start":5519.93,"end":5521.13},{"text":"in","start":5521.53,"end":5521.81},{"text":"the","start":5521.81,"end":5521.93},{"text":"development","start":5522.09,"end":5522.73},{"text":"phase","start":5522.73,"end":5523.05},{"text":"and","start":5523.09,"end":5523.33},{"text":"others.","start":5523.33,"end":5523.69}]},{"text":"Also on this point, we support the US's comment to delete use from this sentence as use is addressed in other prohibitions.","start":5526.17,"end":5535.77,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Also","start":5526.17,"end":5526.57},{"text":"on","start":5526.57,"end":5526.65},{"text":"this","start":5526.65,"end":5526.89},{"text":"point,","start":5526.89,"end":5527.21},{"text":"we","start":5527.21,"end":5527.45},{"text":"support","start":5527.45,"end":5528.01},{"text":"the","start":5528.01,"end":5528.29},{"text":"US's","start":5528.29,"end":5528.57},{"text":"comment","start":5528.57,"end":5529.13},{"text":"to","start":5529.45,"end":5529.57},{"text":"delete","start":5529.61,"end":5530.01},{"text":"use","start":5530.01,"end":5530.37},{"text":"from","start":5530.37,"end":5530.53},{"text":"this","start":5530.53,"end":5530.89},{"text":"sentence","start":5531.45,"end":5532.09},{"text":"as","start":5532.09,"end":5532.17},{"text":"use","start":5532.17,"end":5532.57},{"text":"is","start":5532.57,"end":5532.89},{"text":"addressed","start":5533.89,"end":5534.41},{"text":"in","start":5534.41,"end":5534.81},{"text":"other","start":5534.81,"end":5535.01},{"text":"prohibitions.","start":5535.01,"end":5535.77}]},{"text":"Secondly, on paragraph 4, we support the proposal by Israel to replace \"anticipated and controlled\" to \"limited,\" which, in our view, would align better with the IHL, especially the Additional Protocol of Geneva Convention, Article 51.","start":5536.85,"end":5557.17,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":5557.41,"end":5559.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5557.41,"end":5557.57},{"text":"you,","start":5557.73,"end":5557.81},{"text":"Mr.","start":5558.57,"end":5558.97},{"text":"Chair.","start":5558.97,"end":5559.09}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"JPN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Japan"}},{"statement_number":46,"start":5566.89,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:32:47","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Japan for her comments.","start":5566.89,"end":5571.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5566.89,"end":5566.93},{"text":"thank","start":5566.93,"end":5567.21},{"text":"the","start":5567.21,"end":5567.29},{"text":"distinguished","start":5567.29,"end":5567.89},{"text":"representative","start":5567.89,"end":5568.65},{"text":"of","start":5568.69,"end":5568.81},{"text":"Japan","start":5568.81,"end":5569.53},{"text":"for","start":5569.69,"end":5570.17},{"text":"her","start":5570.41,"end":5570.65},{"text":"comments.","start":5570.65,"end":5571.29}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the distinguished representative of Singapore.","start":5571.61,"end":5575.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5571.61,"end":5572.09},{"text":"on","start":5572.09,"end":5572.17},{"text":"my","start":5572.17,"end":5572.49},{"text":"list","start":5572.57,"end":5572.97},{"text":"is","start":5573.13,"end":5573.53},{"text":"the","start":5573.69,"end":5573.77},{"text":"distinguished","start":5573.77,"end":5574.49},{"text":"representative","start":5574.73,"end":5575.37},{"text":"of","start":5575.37,"end":5575.45},{"text":"Singapore.","start":5575.45,"end":5575.93}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":5576.01,"end":5576.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5576.01,"end":5576.09},{"text":"have","start":5576.13,"end":5576.25},{"text":"the","start":5576.33,"end":5576.41},{"text":"floor.","start":5576.41,"end":5576.65}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":47,"start":5579.77,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:33:00","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5579.77,"end":5580.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5579.77,"end":5579.93},{"text":"you,","start":5579.93,"end":5580.01},{"text":"Chair.","start":5580.01,"end":5580.41}]},{"text":"Regarding the proposed measures under discussion in box 3, we currently have the following comments.","start":5581.21,"end":5586.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":5581.21,"end":5581.69},{"text":"the","start":5581.69,"end":5581.77},{"text":"proposed","start":5581.77,"end":5582.25},{"text":"measures","start":5582.25,"end":5582.81},{"text":"under","start":5582.81,"end":5583.05},{"text":"discussion","start":5583.05,"end":5583.65},{"text":"in","start":5583.65,"end":5583.77},{"text":"box","start":5583.77,"end":5584.25},{"text":"3,","start":5584.25,"end":5584.73},{"text":"we","start":5585.05,"end":5585.21},{"text":"currently","start":5585.21,"end":5585.61},{"text":"have","start":5585.61,"end":5585.77},{"text":"the","start":5585.77,"end":5585.89},{"text":"following","start":5585.89,"end":5586.17},{"text":"comments.","start":5586.17,"end":5586.65}]},{"text":"On box 3, paragraph 2, my delegation is supportive of the revised paragraph, which helps to clarify the IHR obligations on states.","start":5587.61,"end":5596.01,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5587.61,"end":5587.85},{"text":"box","start":5587.85,"end":5588.33},{"text":"3,","start":5588.33,"end":5588.65},{"text":"paragraph","start":5588.65,"end":5589.21},{"text":"2,","start":5589.21,"end":5589.69},{"text":"my","start":5589.85,"end":5590.01},{"text":"delegation","start":5590.01,"end":5590.57},{"text":"is","start":5590.57,"end":5590.65},{"text":"supportive","start":5590.65,"end":5591.29},{"text":"of","start":5591.29,"end":5591.45},{"text":"the","start":5591.45,"end":5591.53},{"text":"revised","start":5591.53,"end":5592.09},{"text":"paragraph,","start":5592.09,"end":5592.65},{"text":"which","start":5592.65,"end":5593.05},{"text":"helps","start":5593.05,"end":5593.33},{"text":"to","start":5593.33,"end":5593.45},{"text":"clarify","start":5593.45,"end":5594.17},{"text":"the","start":5594.17,"end":5594.49},{"text":"IHR","start":5594.53,"end":5594.73},{"text":"obligations","start":5594.73,"end":5595.41},{"text":"on","start":5595.41,"end":5595.53},{"text":"states.","start":5595.53,"end":5596.01}]},{"text":"That said, to make clear that these are obligations, we propose that \"may only\" be replaced by \"must\".","start":5596.57,"end":5604.65,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":5596.57,"end":5596.81},{"text":"said,","start":5596.81,"end":5597.01},{"text":"to","start":5597.01,"end":5597.53},{"text":"make","start":5597.61,"end":5597.97},{"text":"clear","start":5597.97,"end":5598.33},{"text":"that","start":5598.33,"end":5598.53},{"text":"these","start":5598.53,"end":5598.81},{"text":"are","start":5598.81,"end":5599.17},{"text":"obligations,","start":5599.17,"end":5600.01},{"text":"we","start":5600.17,"end":5600.49},{"text":"propose","start":5600.49,"end":5600.97},{"text":"that","start":5600.97,"end":5601.29},{"text":"\"may","start":5601.85,"end":5602.25},{"text":"only\"","start":5602.25,"end":5602.73},{"text":"be","start":5602.89,"end":5603.21},{"text":"replaced","start":5603.21,"end":5603.81},{"text":"by","start":5603.81,"end":5604.17},{"text":"\"must\".","start":5604.17,"end":5604.65}]},{"text":"The text would thus read, \"Laws must be used in accordance with IHL, including the principles and requirement of distinction, proportionality and precautions in attack.\"","start":5605.37,"end":5616.49,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5605.37,"end":5605.49},{"text":"text","start":5605.49,"end":5605.93},{"text":"would","start":5605.93,"end":5606.13},{"text":"thus","start":5606.13,"end":5606.49},{"text":"read,","start":5606.49,"end":5606.73},{"text":"\"Laws","start":5607.61,"end":5608.17},{"text":"must","start":5608.49,"end":5608.89},{"text":"be","start":5608.89,"end":5609.05},{"text":"used","start":5609.05,"end":5609.41},{"text":"in","start":5609.41,"end":5609.49},{"text":"accordance","start":5609.49,"end":5609.89},{"text":"with","start":5609.89,"end":5610.05},{"text":"IHL,","start":5610.05,"end":5610.81},{"text":"including","start":5611.61,"end":5612.09},{"text":"the","start":5612.09,"end":5612.17},{"text":"principles","start":5612.17,"end":5612.61},{"text":"and","start":5612.61,"end":5612.73},{"text":"requirement","start":5612.73,"end":5613.45},{"text":"of","start":5613.45,"end":5613.69},{"text":"distinction,","start":5613.69,"end":5614.29},{"text":"proportionality","start":5614.29,"end":5615.29},{"text":"and","start":5615.29,"end":5615.49},{"text":"precautions","start":5615.49,"end":5616.01},{"text":"in","start":5616.01,"end":5616.09},{"text":"attack.\"","start":5616.09,"end":5616.49}]},{"text":"On box 3, paragraph 6, my delegation would like to raise two points.","start":5618.17,"end":5623.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5618.17,"end":5618.49},{"text":"box","start":5618.49,"end":5618.89},{"text":"3,","start":5618.89,"end":5619.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":5619.69,"end":5620.13},{"text":"6,","start":5620.13,"end":5620.49},{"text":"my","start":5621.53,"end":5621.69},{"text":"delegation","start":5621.69,"end":5622.33},{"text":"would","start":5622.33,"end":5622.49},{"text":"like","start":5622.49,"end":5622.69},{"text":"to","start":5622.69,"end":5622.85},{"text":"raise","start":5622.85,"end":5623.13},{"text":"two","start":5623.13,"end":5623.33},{"text":"points.","start":5623.33,"end":5623.69}]},{"text":"First, During the June informal consultations as well as the March session of the GGE, my delegation had posed questions about the requirement for an assessment of legal obligations and ethical considerations by a human.","start":5625.05,"end":5638.69,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":5625.05,"end":5625.41},{"text":"During","start":5626.05,"end":5626.29},{"text":"the","start":5626.29,"end":5626.41},{"text":"June","start":5626.41,"end":5626.73},{"text":"informal","start":5626.73,"end":5627.25},{"text":"consultations","start":5627.25,"end":5628.21},{"text":"as","start":5628.21,"end":5628.37},{"text":"well","start":5628.37,"end":5628.57},{"text":"as","start":5628.57,"end":5628.69},{"text":"the","start":5628.69,"end":5628.85},{"text":"March","start":5628.85,"end":5629.17},{"text":"session","start":5629.17,"end":5629.57},{"text":"of","start":5629.57,"end":5629.65},{"text":"the","start":5629.65,"end":5629.77},{"text":"GGE,","start":5629.77,"end":5630.45},{"text":"my","start":5630.93,"end":5631.09},{"text":"delegation","start":5631.09,"end":5631.65},{"text":"had","start":5631.65,"end":5631.93},{"text":"posed","start":5631.93,"end":5632.29},{"text":"questions","start":5632.29,"end":5632.85},{"text":"about","start":5632.85,"end":5633.13},{"text":"the","start":5633.13,"end":5633.21},{"text":"requirement","start":5633.21,"end":5633.89},{"text":"for","start":5633.89,"end":5634.17},{"text":"an","start":5634.17,"end":5634.25},{"text":"assessment","start":5634.25,"end":5635.01},{"text":"of","start":5635.01,"end":5635.09},{"text":"legal","start":5635.09,"end":5635.53},{"text":"obligations","start":5635.53,"end":5636.29},{"text":"and","start":5636.61,"end":5636.89},{"text":"ethical","start":5636.89,"end":5637.41},{"text":"considerations","start":5637.41,"end":5638.13},{"text":"by","start":5638.13,"end":5638.29},{"text":"a","start":5638.29,"end":5638.33},{"text":"human.","start":5638.33,"end":5638.69}]},{"text":"My delegation is of the view that legal obligations are defined by an established and codified body of law agreed upon by States Party, for example, the Geneva Conventions of 1949 or the 1977 Protocols to the Geneva Conventions.","start":5639.89,"end":5655.09,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":5639.89,"end":5640.09},{"text":"delegation","start":5640.09,"end":5640.65},{"text":"is","start":5640.65,"end":5640.77},{"text":"of","start":5640.77,"end":5640.85},{"text":"the","start":5640.85,"end":5640.97},{"text":"view","start":5640.97,"end":5641.25},{"text":"that","start":5641.25,"end":5641.49},{"text":"legal","start":5641.49,"end":5641.89},{"text":"obligations","start":5641.89,"end":5642.61},{"text":"are","start":5642.61,"end":5642.81},{"text":"defined","start":5642.81,"end":5643.41},{"text":"by","start":5643.41,"end":5643.65},{"text":"an","start":5643.69,"end":5643.81},{"text":"established","start":5643.81,"end":5644.45},{"text":"and","start":5644.45,"end":5644.57},{"text":"codified","start":5644.57,"end":5645.13},{"text":"body","start":5645.13,"end":5645.45},{"text":"of","start":5645.45,"end":5645.57},{"text":"law","start":5645.57,"end":5646.01},{"text":"agreed","start":5646.01,"end":5646.53},{"text":"upon","start":5646.61,"end":5646.93},{"text":"by","start":5646.93,"end":5647.09},{"text":"States","start":5647.09,"end":5647.49},{"text":"Party,","start":5647.49,"end":5648.05},{"text":"for","start":5648.37,"end":5648.57},{"text":"example,","start":5648.57,"end":5649.25},{"text":"the","start":5649.25,"end":5649.41},{"text":"Geneva","start":5649.41,"end":5649.77},{"text":"Conventions","start":5649.77,"end":5650.33},{"text":"of","start":5650.33,"end":5650.41},{"text":"1949","start":5650.41,"end":5651.33},{"text":"or","start":5651.33,"end":5651.53},{"text":"the","start":5651.53,"end":5651.65},{"text":"1977","start":5651.65,"end":5652.77},{"text":"Protocols","start":5653.17,"end":5653.73},{"text":"to","start":5653.73,"end":5653.81},{"text":"the","start":5653.81,"end":5653.89},{"text":"Geneva","start":5653.89,"end":5654.29},{"text":"Conventions.","start":5654.29,"end":5655.09}]},{"text":"However, ethical considerations are normative considerations of what is right and what is wrong, for which there is no agreed set of moral standards among States.","start":5655.97,"end":5667.41,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5655.97,"end":5656.69},{"text":"ethical","start":5657.41,"end":5657.81},{"text":"considerations","start":5657.81,"end":5658.69},{"text":"are","start":5658.77,"end":5659.17},{"text":"normative","start":5659.25,"end":5659.97},{"text":"considerations","start":5659.97,"end":5660.93},{"text":"of","start":5660.93,"end":5661.13},{"text":"what","start":5661.13,"end":5661.41},{"text":"is","start":5661.41,"end":5661.57},{"text":"right","start":5661.57,"end":5661.89},{"text":"and","start":5661.89,"end":5662.05},{"text":"what","start":5662.05,"end":5662.21},{"text":"is","start":5662.21,"end":5662.37},{"text":"wrong,","start":5662.37,"end":5662.77},{"text":"for","start":5663.73,"end":5663.89},{"text":"which","start":5663.89,"end":5664.21},{"text":"there","start":5664.21,"end":5664.37},{"text":"is","start":5664.37,"end":5664.61},{"text":"no","start":5664.61,"end":5664.97},{"text":"agreed","start":5664.97,"end":5665.25},{"text":"set","start":5665.25,"end":5665.57},{"text":"of","start":5665.57,"end":5665.65},{"text":"moral","start":5665.65,"end":5666.05},{"text":"standards","start":5666.05,"end":5666.53},{"text":"among","start":5666.53,"end":5666.85},{"text":"States.","start":5666.85,"end":5667.41}]},{"text":"For avoidance of doubt, this is not to say that ethical considerations are not worthy of discussion.","start":5668.53,"end":5675.09,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":5688.45,"end":5689.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":5690.13,"end":5690.57},{"text":"6","start":5690.57,"end":5690.85},{"text":"further","start":5691.09,"end":5691.53},{"text":"specifies","start":5691.53,"end":5692.29},{"text":"that","start":5692.29,"end":5692.45},{"text":"these","start":5692.45,"end":5692.77},{"text":"assessments","start":5692.77,"end":5693.49},{"text":"should","start":5693.49,"end":5693.77},{"text":"take","start":5693.77,"end":5694.05},{"text":"place","start":5694.05,"end":5694.53},{"text":"in","start":5694.93,"end":5695.17},{"text":"particular","start":5695.17,"end":5695.89},{"text":"with","start":5696.05,"end":5696.29},{"text":"regard","start":5696.29,"end":5696.69},{"text":"to","start":5696.69,"end":5696.85},{"text":"the","start":5696.85,"end":5696.93},{"text":"effects","start":5696.93,"end":5697.37},{"text":"of","start":5697.37,"end":5697.49},{"text":"the","start":5697.49,"end":5697.61},{"text":"selection","start":5697.61,"end":5698.13},{"text":"and","start":5698.13,"end":5698.25},{"text":"engagement","start":5698.25,"end":5698.85},{"text":"functions.","start":5698.85,"end":5699.49}]},{"text":"My delegation's view is that this specification may not be necessary, as the focus of the legal assessment should be on States' compliance with IHL obligations.","start":5700.29,"end":5709.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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I thank you, 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my delegation, this is actually the very heart of what may become a future instrument under the CCW.","start":5793.73,"end":5804.13,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. 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a way of introduction, I would say we can support paragraphs 1 to 5 as they stand.","start":5942.37,"end":5950.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5942.37,"end":5942.53},{"text":"a","start":5942.53,"end":5942.57},{"text":"way","start":5942.57,"end":5942.77},{"text":"of","start":5942.77,"end":5943.01},{"text":"introduction,","start":5943.33,"end":5944.21},{"text":"I","start":5944.21,"end":5944.29},{"text":"would","start":5944.29,"end":5944.45},{"text":"say","start":5944.45,"end":5944.93},{"text":"we","start":5945.25,"end":5945.41},{"text":"can","start":5945.41,"end":5945.57},{"text":"support","start":5945.57,"end":5946.13},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5946.13,"end":5946.61},{"text":"1","start":5946.61,"end":5947.01},{"text":"to","start":5947.01,"end":5947.21},{"text":"5","start":5947.25,"end":5947.97},{"text":"as","start":5948.37,"end":5948.93},{"text":"they","start":5949.25,"end":5949.57},{"text":"stand.","start":5949.73,"end":5950.57}]},{"text":"Perhaps a little bit in reaction to what have been said by different delegations, we would be having certain reluctance to change language and rules that have been accepted previously, for instance, with regard to the prohibition of direct attacks against the civilian population as such, individual civilians or civilian objects, where formulations exactly in this sense have been accepted in different protocols of the CCW, for instance, protocol two or amended protocol two or Protocol 3, all of which contain this formulation.","start":5954.45,"end":5998.13,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":6038.81,"end":6039.01},{"text":"show","start":6039.01,"end":6039.29},{"text":"what","start":6039.29,"end":6039.53},{"text":"is","start":6039.53,"end":6039.77},{"text":"needed","start":6039.77,"end":6040.17},{"text":"to","start":6040.17,"end":6040.41},{"text":"comply","start":6040.41,"end":6040.81},{"text":"with","start":6040.81,"end":6041.01},{"text":"IHL.","start":6041.01,"end":6041.69}]},{"text":"For instance, predictability and anticipation of effects are in our understanding a necessity for being able to comply with IHL and to make the relevant assessments.","start":6042.57,"end":6054.33,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":6055.21,"end":6055.45},{"text":"instance,","start":6055.45,"end":6056.01},{"text":"the","start":6056.01,"end":6056.13},{"text":"prohibition","start":6056.13,"end":6056.81},{"text":"of","start":6056.81,"end":6056.89},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":6056.89,"end":6057.53},{"text":"attacks","start":6057.53,"end":6058.01},{"text":"includes","start":6058.01,"end":6058.65},{"text":"those","start":6059.37,"end":6059.65},{"text":"which","start":6059.65,"end":6059.85},{"text":"employ","start":6059.85,"end":6060.17},{"text":"a","start":6060.25,"end":6060.29},{"text":"means","start":6060.29,"end":6060.65},{"text":"or","start":6060.65,"end":6060.81},{"text":"methods","start":6060.81,"end":6061.13},{"text":"of","start":6061.13,"end":6061.29},{"text":"combat","start":6061.29,"end":6061.89},{"text":"the","start":6061.89,"end":6061.97},{"text":"effects","start":6061.97,"end":6062.57},{"text":"of","start":6062.57,"end":6062.81},{"text":"which","start":6063.09,"end":6063.45},{"text":"cannot","start":6063.45,"end":6063.93},{"text":"be","start":6063.93,"end":6064.09},{"text":"limited","start":6064.09,"end":6064.73},{"text":"as","start":6065.05,"end":6065.29},{"text":"required","start":6065.29,"end":6065.69},{"text":"by","start":6065.69,"end":6065.89},{"text":"IHL,","start":6065.89,"end":6066.57},{"text":"or","start":6067.13,"end":6067.25},{"text":"the","start":6067.25,"end":6067.33},{"text":"principle","start":6067.33,"end":6067.89},{"text":"of","start":6067.89,"end":6068.01},{"text":"proportionality","start":6068.01,"end":6069.01},{"text":"explicitly","start":6069.01,"end":6069.85},{"text":"balances","start":6070.09,"end":6070.89},{"text":"expected","start":6071.01,"end":6071.85},{"text":"incidental","start":6071.85,"end":6072.49},{"text":"harm","start":6072.49,"end":6072.89},{"text":"with","start":6073.77,"end":6073.97},{"text":"the","start":6073.97,"end":6074.09},{"text":"concrete","start":6074.09,"end":6074.61},{"text":"and","start":6074.61,"end":6074.77},{"text":"direct","start":6074.77,"end":6075.21},{"text":"military","start":6075.21,"end":6075.77},{"text":"advantage","start":6075.77,"end":6076.33},{"text":"anticipated.","start":6076.41,"end":6077.29}]},{"text":"And finally, on paragraph five, we can support some feelings that has been expressed in the room that the paragraph should not be limited only to corporations, but also and be added to terms like requirements or similar, as not all points above solely refer to prohibitions.","start":6079.37,"end":6103.61,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":6104.41,"end":6105.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6104.41,"end":6104.65},{"text":"you,","start":6104.65,"end":6104.73},{"text":"Mr.","start":6104.73,"end":6105.01},{"text":"Chair.","start":6105.01,"end":6105.37}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CHE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Switzerland"}},{"statement_number":52,"start":6107.37,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:41:48","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of 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believe that we have moved quite far along the path as we work on this text and could be a good foundation taking into account the 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6226.05,"end":6226.45},{"text":"believe","start":6226.45,"end":6227.09},{"text":"that","start":6227.09,"end":6227.57},{"text":"\"military","start":6228.29,"end":6229.33},{"text":"objectives\"","start":6229.33,"end":6230.45},{"text":"is","start":6230.45,"end":6230.61},{"text":"already","start":6230.61,"end":6231.17},{"text":"something","start":6232.37,"end":6232.77},{"text":"that","start":6232.77,"end":6232.93},{"text":"is","start":6232.93,"end":6233.01},{"text":"referred","start":6233.01,"end":6233.45},{"text":"to","start":6233.45,"end":6233.97},{"text":"in","start":6233.97,"end":6234.69},{"text":"the","start":6234.69,"end":6234.89},{"text":"Geneva","start":6234.89,"end":6235.25},{"text":"Conventions.","start":6235.25,"end":6236.05}]},{"text":"We believe that still this term is not enjoying full 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once again, we would like to reiterate that we remain flexible in our position.","start":6258.49,"end":6262.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6258.49,"end":6258.73},{"text":"once","start":6258.73,"end":6258.97},{"text":"again,","start":6258.97,"end":6259.29},{"text":"we","start":6259.29,"end":6259.53},{"text":"would","start":6259.53,"end":6259.65},{"text":"like","start":6259.65,"end":6259.93},{"text":"to","start":6259.93,"end":6260.05},{"text":"reiterate","start":6260.05,"end":6260.53},{"text":"that","start":6260.53,"end":6260.73},{"text":"we","start":6260.73,"end":6260.97},{"text":"remain","start":6260.97,"end":6261.29},{"text":"flexible","start":6261.29,"end":6261.93},{"text":"in","start":6262.09,"end":6262.25},{"text":"our","start":6262.25,"end":6262.33},{"text":"position.","start":6262.33,"end":6262.77}]},{"text":"Thank 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colleagues.","start":6283.06,"end":6286.18,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6283.06,"end":6283.22},{"text":"you","start":6283.22,"end":6283.34},{"text":"very","start":6283.34,"end":6283.54},{"text":"much,","start":6283.54,"end":6283.94},{"text":"Chair,","start":6284.1,"end":6284.46},{"text":"and","start":6284.46,"end":6284.7},{"text":"good","start":6284.74,"end":6284.9},{"text":"afternoon,","start":6284.9,"end":6285.38},{"text":"colleagues.","start":6285.58,"end":6286.18}]},{"text":"Sweden appreciates and support the changes made in this box based on our discussion in March, and we believe that this is moving us in a good direction.","start":6287.06,"end":6294.42,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sweden","start":6287.06,"end":6287.42},{"text":"appreciates","start":6287.42,"end":6287.98},{"text":"and","start":6287.98,"end":6288.1},{"text":"support","start":6288.1,"end":6288.42},{"text":"the","start":6288.42,"end":6288.5},{"text":"changes","start":6288.5,"end":6288.9},{"text":"made","start":6288.9,"end":6289.3},{"text":"in","start":6289.38,"end":6289.62},{"text":"this","start":6289.62,"end":6289.86},{"text":"box","start":6289.86,"end":6290.26},{"text":"based","start":6290.26,"end":6290.58},{"text":"on","start":6290.58,"end":6290.66},{"text":"our","start":6290.66,"end":6290.82},{"text":"discussion","start":6290.82,"end":6291.26},{"text":"in","start":6291.26,"end":6291.38},{"text":"March,","start":6291.38,"end":6291.86},{"text":"and","start":6291.86,"end":6292.1},{"text":"we","start":6292.1,"end":6292.26},{"text":"believe","start":6292.26,"end":6292.54},{"text":"that","start":6292.54,"end":6292.66},{"text":"this","start":6292.66,"end":6292.82},{"text":"is","start":6292.82,"end":6292.9},{"text":"moving","start":6292.9,"end":6293.3},{"text":"us","start":6293.3,"end":6293.46},{"text":"in","start":6293.46,"end":6293.58},{"text":"a","start":6293.58,"end":6293.62},{"text":"good","start":6293.62,"end":6293.9},{"text":"direction.","start":6293.9,"end":6294.42}]},{"text":"Like many other delegations, we support a two-tier approach with prohibitions and restrictions and want to keep that structure in the rolling text.","start":6295.29,"end":6302.89,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Like","start":6295.29,"end":6295.49},{"text":"many","start":6295.49,"end":6295.69},{"text":"other","start":6295.69,"end":6295.85},{"text":"delegations,","start":6295.85,"end":6296.57},{"text":"we","start":6296.57,"end":6296.73},{"text":"support","start":6296.73,"end":6297.09},{"text":"a","start":6297.09,"end":6297.13},{"text":"two-tier","start":6297.13,"end":6297.61},{"text":"approach","start":6297.61,"end":6298.17},{"text":"with","start":6298.25,"end":6298.45},{"text":"prohibitions","start":6298.49,"end":6299.25},{"text":"and","start":6299.25,"end":6299.45},{"text":"restrictions","start":6299.45,"end":6300.17},{"text":"and","start":6300.17,"end":6300.29},{"text":"want","start":6300.29,"end":6300.45},{"text":"to","start":6300.45,"end":6300.53},{"text":"keep","start":6300.57,"end":6300.89},{"text":"that","start":6300.89,"end":6301.13},{"text":"structure","start":6301.13,"end":6301.69},{"text":"in","start":6301.69,"end":6301.93},{"text":"the","start":6301.93,"end":6302.01},{"text":"rolling","start":6302.01,"end":6302.41},{"text":"text.","start":6302.41,"end":6302.89}]},{"text":"And as long as the rolling text reflect this structure, we can be flexible whether, for example, para 6 should be in box 2 or box 4.","start":6303.81,"end":6312.65,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6303.81,"end":6303.97},{"text":"as","start":6303.97,"end":6304.09},{"text":"long","start":6304.09,"end":6304.21},{"text":"as","start":6304.21,"end":6304.29},{"text":"the","start":6304.29,"end":6304.37},{"text":"rolling","start":6304.37,"end":6304.65},{"text":"text","start":6304.65,"end":6304.97},{"text":"reflect","start":6304.97,"end":6305.49},{"text":"this","start":6305.49,"end":6305.65},{"text":"structure,","start":6305.65,"end":6306.25},{"text":"we","start":6306.49,"end":6306.57},{"text":"can","start":6306.57,"end":6306.73},{"text":"be","start":6306.73,"end":6307.21},{"text":"flexible","start":6307.37,"end":6308.09},{"text":"whether,","start":6308.21,"end":6308.73},{"text":"for","start":6308.73,"end":6308.85},{"text":"example,","start":6308.85,"end":6309.21},{"text":"para","start":6309.21,"end":6309.45},{"text":"6","start":6309.45,"end":6309.81},{"text":"should","start":6309.81,"end":6310.01},{"text":"be","start":6310.01,"end":6310.13},{"text":"in","start":6310.13,"end":6310.33},{"text":"box","start":6310.33,"end":6310.81},{"text":"2","start":6310.81,"end":6311.21},{"text":"or","start":6311.21,"end":6311.53},{"text":"box","start":6311.61,"end":6312.09},{"text":"4.","start":6312.09,"end":6312.65}]},{"text":"We appreciate that paras 1 to 4 place existing IHL prohibition and requirements in a clear laws context.","start":6314.33,"end":6321.53,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6314.33,"end":6314.45},{"text":"appreciate","start":6314.45,"end":6315.05},{"text":"that","start":6315.05,"end":6315.29},{"text":"paras","start":6315.37,"end":6315.85},{"text":"1","start":6315.85,"end":6316.25},{"text":"to","start":6316.25,"end":6316.41},{"text":"4","start":6316.41,"end":6316.73},{"text":"place","start":6316.73,"end":6317.13},{"text":"existing","start":6317.13,"end":6317.85},{"text":"IHL","start":6317.85,"end":6318.33},{"text":"prohibition","start":6318.33,"end":6318.89},{"text":"and","start":6318.89,"end":6319.01},{"text":"requirements","start":6319.01,"end":6319.65},{"text":"in","start":6319.77,"end":6319.93},{"text":"a","start":6319.93,"end":6319.97},{"text":"clear","start":6319.97,"end":6320.41},{"text":"laws","start":6320.41,"end":6320.81},{"text":"context.","start":6320.81,"end":6321.53}]},{"text":"Para 3 is important, but as the U.S. delegation stated, we wish to note that civilians are protected unless and for such time as they take direct part in hostilities, and we therefore support the U.S. suggested addition of \"protected as such.\"","start":6322.97,"end":6338.57,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"More","start":6340.25,"end":6340.49},{"text":"generally,","start":6340.49,"end":6341.05},{"text":"we","start":6341.05,"end":6341.21},{"text":"are","start":6341.21,"end":6341.29},{"text":"open","start":6341.29,"end":6341.69},{"text":"to","start":6341.69,"end":6341.77},{"text":"some","start":6341.77,"end":6341.97},{"text":"modifications","start":6341.97,"end":6342.81},{"text":"relating","start":6342.81,"end":6343.21},{"text":"to","start":6343.21,"end":6343.29},{"text":"language,","start":6343.29,"end":6343.85},{"text":"but","start":6344.09,"end":6344.29},{"text":"prefer","start":6344.29,"end":6344.65},{"text":"treaty","start":6344.65,"end":6345.13},{"text":"near","start":6345.13,"end":6345.37},{"text":"formulations","start":6345.37,"end":6346.25},{"text":"regarding","start":6346.25,"end":6346.73},{"text":"para","start":6346.73,"end":6347.05},{"text":"1","start":6347.05,"end":6347.37},{"text":"to","start":6347.37,"end":6347.53},{"text":"4.","start":6347.53,"end":6347.93}]},{"text":"For example, para 4 could be formulated along the lines of Article 51, para 4 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Convention.","start":6348.61,"end":6357.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Australia.","start":6385.53,"end":6389.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6385.53,"end":6385.65},{"text":"me","start":6385.65,"end":6385.81},{"text":"now","start":6385.81,"end":6385.97},{"text":"pass","start":6385.97,"end":6386.29},{"text":"the","start":6386.29,"end":6386.37},{"text":"floor","start":6386.37,"end":6386.65},{"text":"to","start":6386.65,"end":6386.85},{"text":"the","start":6387.09,"end":6387.21},{"text":"distinguished","start":6387.33,"end":6387.97},{"text":"representative","start":6387.97,"end":6388.53},{"text":"of","start":6388.57,"end":6388.65},{"text":"Australia.","start":6388.69,"end":6389.33}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the floor.","start":6389.33,"end":6390.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":6389.33,"end":6389.57},{"text":"you","start":6389.69,"end":6389.77},{"text":"have","start":6389.77,"end":6389.89},{"text":"the","start":6389.89,"end":6390.01},{"text":"floor.","start":6390.05,"end":6390.25}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":57,"start":6392.13,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:46:33","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, for giving me the floor.","start":6392.13,"end":6393.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6392.13,"end":6392.37},{"text":"you,","start":6392.37,"end":6392.45},{"text":"Chair,","start":6392.45,"end":6392.61},{"text":"for","start":6392.61,"end":6392.73},{"text":"giving","start":6392.73,"end":6392.93},{"text":"me","start":6392.93,"end":6393.05},{"text":"the","start":6393.05,"end":6393.13},{"text":"floor.","start":6393.13,"end":6393.57}]},{"text":"We consider that paragraphs 1 to 4 of box 3 are expressions of IHL, and we support their inclusion and retention.","start":6394.69,"end":6401.09,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6394.69,"end":6394.89},{"text":"consider","start":6394.89,"end":6395.33},{"text":"that","start":6395.33,"end":6395.49},{"text":"paragraphs","start":6395.49,"end":6395.97},{"text":"1","start":6395.97,"end":6396.21},{"text":"to","start":6396.21,"end":6396.33},{"text":"4","start":6396.33,"end":6396.85},{"text":"of","start":6396.93,"end":6397.09},{"text":"box","start":6397.09,"end":6397.41},{"text":"3","start":6397.41,"end":6397.65},{"text":"are","start":6397.65,"end":6397.73},{"text":"expressions","start":6397.73,"end":6398.21},{"text":"of","start":6398.21,"end":6398.29},{"text":"IHL,","start":6398.29,"end":6398.93},{"text":"and","start":6398.93,"end":6399.05},{"text":"we","start":6399.05,"end":6399.17},{"text":"support","start":6399.17,"end":6399.57},{"text":"their","start":6399.57,"end":6399.73},{"text":"inclusion","start":6399.73,"end":6400.21},{"text":"and","start":6400.21,"end":6400.33},{"text":"retention.","start":6400.33,"end":6401.09}]},{"text":"We are encouraged by the edits made to the rolling text during the intercessional period, which have increased the clarity and fidelity of these paragraphs to IHL.","start":6401.57,"end":6409.97,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6401.57,"end":6401.73},{"text":"are","start":6401.73,"end":6401.85},{"text":"encouraged","start":6401.85,"end":6402.53},{"text":"by","start":6402.53,"end":6402.69},{"text":"the","start":6402.69,"end":6402.81},{"text":"edits","start":6402.81,"end":6403.25},{"text":"made","start":6403.25,"end":6403.57},{"text":"to","start":6403.57,"end":6403.65},{"text":"the","start":6403.65,"end":6403.77},{"text":"rolling","start":6403.77,"end":6404.05},{"text":"text","start":6404.05,"end":6404.41},{"text":"during","start":6404.41,"end":6404.61},{"text":"the","start":6404.61,"end":6404.69},{"text":"intercessional","start":6404.69,"end":6405.21},{"text":"period,","start":6405.21,"end":6405.73},{"text":"which","start":6405.97,"end":6406.13},{"text":"have","start":6406.13,"end":6406.29},{"text":"increased","start":6406.29,"end":6406.85},{"text":"the","start":6406.85,"end":6406.93},{"text":"clarity","start":6406.93,"end":6407.49},{"text":"and","start":6407.49,"end":6407.69},{"text":"fidelity","start":6407.69,"end":6408.25},{"text":"of","start":6408.25,"end":6408.37},{"text":"these","start":6408.37,"end":6408.69},{"text":"paragraphs","start":6408.69,"end":6409.25},{"text":"to","start":6409.25,"end":6409.37},{"text":"IHL.","start":6409.37,"end":6409.97}]},{"text":"Chair, we echo the comments of Canada and prefer that \"in all circumstances\" is removed from paragraph 3 so that this paragraph accurately and clearly reflects IHL.","start":6410.85,"end":6420.05,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6410.85,"end":6411.13},{"text":"we","start":6411.13,"end":6411.33},{"text":"echo","start":6411.33,"end":6411.57},{"text":"the","start":6411.57,"end":6411.65},{"text":"comments","start":6411.65,"end":6412.01},{"text":"of","start":6412.01,"end":6412.13},{"text":"Canada","start":6412.13,"end":6412.69},{"text":"and","start":6412.85,"end":6413.05},{"text":"prefer","start":6413.05,"end":6413.33},{"text":"that","start":6413.33,"end":6413.57},{"text":"\"in","start":6413.57,"end":6413.73},{"text":"all","start":6413.73,"end":6413.97},{"text":"circumstances\"","start":6413.97,"end":6414.77},{"text":"is","start":6414.77,"end":6415.01},{"text":"removed","start":6415.01,"end":6415.41},{"text":"from","start":6415.41,"end":6415.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":6415.69,"end":6416.25},{"text":"3","start":6416.25,"end":6416.61},{"text":"so","start":6416.85,"end":6417.09},{"text":"that","start":6417.09,"end":6417.21},{"text":"this","start":6417.21,"end":6417.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":6417.37,"end":6417.89},{"text":"accurately","start":6417.97,"end":6418.53},{"text":"and","start":6418.53,"end":6418.73},{"text":"clearly","start":6418.73,"end":6419.01},{"text":"reflects","start":6419.01,"end":6419.41},{"text":"IHL.","start":6419.49,"end":6420.05}]},{"text":"On paragraph 4, we are interested in the suggestion of APILS to merge this paragraph with paragraph 6A.","start":6421.01,"end":6427.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6421.01,"end":6421.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":6421.17,"end":6421.61},{"text":"4,","start":6421.61,"end":6421.97},{"text":"we","start":6421.97,"end":6422.13},{"text":"are","start":6422.13,"end":6422.21},{"text":"interested","start":6422.21,"end":6422.69},{"text":"in","start":6422.69,"end":6422.81},{"text":"the","start":6422.81,"end":6422.89},{"text":"suggestion","start":6422.89,"end":6423.29},{"text":"of","start":6423.29,"end":6423.41},{"text":"APILS","start":6423.57,"end":6424.69},{"text":"to","start":6424.77,"end":6424.89},{"text":"merge","start":6424.89,"end":6425.33},{"text":"this","start":6425.33,"end":6425.65},{"text":"paragraph","start":6425.65,"end":6426.21},{"text":"with","start":6426.29,"end":6426.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":6426.53,"end":6426.97},{"text":"6A.","start":6426.97,"end":6427.73}]},{"text":"We see this as a possible landing zone.","start":6428.05,"end":6429.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6428.05,"end":6428.21},{"text":"see","start":6428.21,"end":6428.33},{"text":"this","start":6428.33,"end":6428.53},{"text":"as","start":6428.53,"end":6428.61},{"text":"a","start":6428.61,"end":6428.69},{"text":"possible","start":6428.69,"end":6429.09},{"text":"landing","start":6429.09,"end":6429.41},{"text":"zone.","start":6429.41,"end":6429.81}]},{"text":"In respect of paragraph 5, we see the edits that have been made to this paragraph as a significant improvement on the prior version.","start":6431.17,"end":6437.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6431.17,"end":6431.33},{"text":"respect","start":6431.33,"end":6431.69},{"text":"of","start":6431.69,"end":6431.81},{"text":"paragraph","start":6431.81,"end":6432.41},{"text":"5,","start":6432.41,"end":6432.93},{"text":"we","start":6433.33,"end":6433.57},{"text":"see","start":6433.57,"end":6433.69},{"text":"the","start":6433.69,"end":6433.77},{"text":"edits","start":6433.77,"end":6434.01},{"text":"that","start":6434.01,"end":6434.13},{"text":"have","start":6434.13,"end":6434.25},{"text":"been","start":6434.25,"end":6434.41},{"text":"made","start":6434.41,"end":6434.69},{"text":"to","start":6434.69,"end":6434.77},{"text":"this","start":6434.77,"end":6434.93},{"text":"paragraph","start":6434.93,"end":6435.33},{"text":"as","start":6435.33,"end":6435.45},{"text":"a","start":6435.45,"end":6435.49},{"text":"significant","start":6435.49,"end":6436.17},{"text":"improvement","start":6436.17,"end":6436.77},{"text":"on","start":6436.77,"end":6436.85},{"text":"the","start":6436.85,"end":6436.93},{"text":"prior","start":6436.93,"end":6437.25},{"text":"version.","start":6437.25,"end":6437.81}]},{"text":"We welcome the removal of the prior prohibition on employment of laws which operate without context-appropriate human control and judgment.","start":6438.45,"end":6445.41,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6438.45,"end":6438.65},{"text":"welcome","start":6438.65,"end":6439.01},{"text":"the","start":6439.01,"end":6439.17},{"text":"removal","start":6439.17,"end":6439.61},{"text":"of","start":6439.61,"end":6439.73},{"text":"the","start":6439.73,"end":6439.81},{"text":"prior","start":6439.81,"end":6440.13},{"text":"prohibition","start":6440.13,"end":6440.85},{"text":"on","start":6440.85,"end":6441.01},{"text":"employment","start":6441.01,"end":6441.49},{"text":"of","start":6441.49,"end":6441.57},{"text":"laws","start":6441.57,"end":6442.05},{"text":"which","start":6442.05,"end":6442.29},{"text":"operate","start":6442.29,"end":6442.77},{"text":"without","start":6442.77,"end":6443.25},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":6443.25,"end":6444.13},{"text":"human","start":6444.13,"end":6444.37},{"text":"control","start":6444.37,"end":6444.77},{"text":"and","start":6444.77,"end":6444.93},{"text":"judgment.","start":6444.93,"end":6445.41}]},{"text":"As previously expressed, our view was that this concept was not an appropriate basis for a broad prohibition.","start":6445.57,"end":6451.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6445.57,"end":6445.81},{"text":"previously","start":6445.81,"end":6446.25},{"text":"expressed,","start":6446.25,"end":6446.93},{"text":"our","start":6447.41,"end":6447.49},{"text":"view","start":6447.49,"end":6447.89},{"text":"was","start":6448.05,"end":6448.17},{"text":"that","start":6448.17,"end":6448.29},{"text":"this","start":6448.29,"end":6448.53},{"text":"concept","start":6448.53,"end":6448.93},{"text":"was","start":6448.93,"end":6449.17},{"text":"not","start":6449.17,"end":6449.37},{"text":"an","start":6449.37,"end":6449.45},{"text":"appropriate","start":6449.45,"end":6450.13},{"text":"basis","start":6450.13,"end":6450.61},{"text":"for","start":6450.61,"end":6450.85},{"text":"a","start":6450.85,"end":6450.89},{"text":"broad","start":6450.89,"end":6451.21},{"text":"prohibition.","start":6451.21,"end":6451.97}]},{"text":"We can support the current paragraph five as we agree that those aspects of IHL listed in paragraphs one to four of box three should be taken into account in the design, development, and use of laws.","start":6453.09,"end":6464.85,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6453.09,"end":6453.25},{"text":"can","start":6453.25,"end":6453.57},{"text":"support","start":6453.57,"end":6454.05},{"text":"the","start":6454.05,"end":6454.13},{"text":"current","start":6454.13,"end":6454.45},{"text":"paragraph","start":6454.45,"end":6454.97},{"text":"five","start":6454.97,"end":6455.41},{"text":"as","start":6455.57,"end":6455.73},{"text":"we","start":6455.73,"end":6455.97},{"text":"agree","start":6455.97,"end":6456.45},{"text":"that","start":6456.69,"end":6456.93},{"text":"those","start":6456.93,"end":6457.25},{"text":"aspects","start":6457.25,"end":6457.73},{"text":"of","start":6457.73,"end":6457.81},{"text":"IHL","start":6457.81,"end":6458.41},{"text":"listed","start":6458.41,"end":6458.73},{"text":"in","start":6458.73,"end":6458.85},{"text":"paragraphs","start":6458.85,"end":6459.33},{"text":"one","start":6459.33,"end":6459.65},{"text":"to","start":6459.65,"end":6459.73},{"text":"four","start":6459.73,"end":6460.05},{"text":"of","start":6460.05,"end":6460.29},{"text":"box","start":6460.29,"end":6460.65},{"text":"three","start":6460.65,"end":6461.01},{"text":"should","start":6461.09,"end":6461.41},{"text":"be","start":6461.41,"end":6461.49},{"text":"taken","start":6461.49,"end":6461.89},{"text":"into","start":6461.89,"end":6462.17},{"text":"account","start":6462.17,"end":6462.53},{"text":"in","start":6462.53,"end":6462.61},{"text":"the","start":6462.61,"end":6462.69},{"text":"design,","start":6462.69,"end":6463.17},{"text":"development,","start":6463.17,"end":6463.77},{"text":"and","start":6463.77,"end":6463.89},{"text":"use","start":6463.89,"end":6464.17},{"text":"of","start":6464.17,"end":6464.29},{"text":"laws.","start":6464.29,"end":6464.85}]},{"text":"Chair, turning now to paragraph six, we support the edits to the chapeau as they clarify that context appropriate human control and judgment is a means to support compliance with IHL in the context of laws rather than a separate obligation of IHL.","start":6467.33,"end":6481.65,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6467.33,"end":6467.65},{"text":"turning","start":6467.65,"end":6468.09},{"text":"now","start":6468.09,"end":6468.37},{"text":"to","start":6468.37,"end":6468.49},{"text":"paragraph","start":6468.49,"end":6468.89},{"text":"six,","start":6468.89,"end":6469.41},{"text":"we","start":6469.81,"end":6470.05},{"text":"support","start":6470.05,"end":6470.45},{"text":"the","start":6470.45,"end":6470.57},{"text":"edits","start":6470.61,"end":6470.97},{"text":"to","start":6470.97,"end":6471.05},{"text":"the","start":6471.05,"end":6471.13},{"text":"chapeau","start":6471.13,"end":6471.73},{"text":"as","start":6471.73,"end":6471.89},{"text":"they","start":6471.89,"end":6472.05},{"text":"clarify","start":6472.05,"end":6472.57},{"text":"that","start":6472.57,"end":6472.77},{"text":"context","start":6472.77,"end":6473.21},{"text":"appropriate","start":6473.21,"end":6473.77},{"text":"human","start":6473.77,"end":6474.13},{"text":"control","start":6474.13,"end":6474.53},{"text":"and","start":6474.53,"end":6474.73},{"text":"judgment","start":6474.73,"end":6475.21},{"text":"is","start":6475.41,"end":6475.61},{"text":"a","start":6475.61,"end":6475.65},{"text":"means","start":6475.65,"end":6476.05},{"text":"to","start":6476.05,"end":6476.17},{"text":"support","start":6476.17,"end":6476.69},{"text":"compliance","start":6476.69,"end":6477.21},{"text":"with","start":6477.21,"end":6477.33},{"text":"IHL","start":6477.33,"end":6477.81},{"text":"in","start":6477.81,"end":6477.97},{"text":"the","start":6477.97,"end":6478.05},{"text":"context","start":6478.05,"end":6478.57},{"text":"of","start":6478.57,"end":6478.69},{"text":"laws","start":6478.69,"end":6479.17},{"text":"rather","start":6479.25,"end":6479.65},{"text":"than","start":6479.65,"end":6479.81},{"text":"a","start":6479.81,"end":6479.85},{"text":"separate","start":6479.85,"end":6480.29},{"text":"obligation","start":6480.29,"end":6480.89},{"text":"of","start":6480.89,"end":6481.01},{"text":"IHL.","start":6481.01,"end":6481.65}]},{"text":"Australia supports the way paragraph 6 is framed, which seeks to enumerate specific measures for laws and give meaning to the concept of context-appropriate human control and judgement.","start":6483.05,"end":6492.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"Australia","start":6483.05,"end":6483.53},{"text":"supports","start":6483.53,"end":6484.09},{"text":"the","start":6484.09,"end":6484.21},{"text":"way","start":6484.21,"end":6484.41},{"text":"paragraph","start":6484.41,"end":6484.77},{"text":"6","start":6484.77,"end":6485.09},{"text":"is","start":6485.09,"end":6485.21},{"text":"framed,","start":6485.21,"end":6485.73},{"text":"which","start":6485.73,"end":6486.01},{"text":"seeks","start":6486.01,"end":6486.33},{"text":"to","start":6486.33,"end":6486.45},{"text":"enumerate","start":6486.45,"end":6486.97},{"text":"specific","start":6486.97,"end":6487.53},{"text":"measures","start":6487.53,"end":6488.09},{"text":"for","start":6488.09,"end":6488.29},{"text":"laws","start":6488.29,"end":6488.81},{"text":"and","start":6489.05,"end":6489.25},{"text":"give","start":6489.25,"end":6489.45},{"text":"meaning","start":6489.45,"end":6489.85},{"text":"to","start":6489.85,"end":6489.93},{"text":"the","start":6489.93,"end":6490.01},{"text":"concept","start":6490.01,"end":6490.61},{"text":"of","start":6490.61,"end":6490.81},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":6490.81,"end":6491.69},{"text":"human","start":6491.69,"end":6491.97},{"text":"control","start":6491.97,"end":6492.33},{"text":"and","start":6492.33,"end":6492.45},{"text":"judgement.","start":6492.45,"end":6492.97}]},{"text":"We see these as measures specific to laws, akin to those set out in box 4.","start":6494.57,"end":6501.37,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6494.57,"end":6494.81},{"text":"see","start":6494.81,"end":6495.21},{"text":"these","start":6496.25,"end":6496.97},{"text":"as","start":6496.97,"end":6497.21},{"text":"measures","start":6497.21,"end":6497.69},{"text":"specific","start":6497.69,"end":6498.49},{"text":"to","start":6498.49,"end":6498.69},{"text":"laws,","start":6498.69,"end":6499.13},{"text":"akin","start":6499.21,"end":6499.53},{"text":"to","start":6499.53,"end":6499.61},{"text":"those","start":6499.61,"end":6499.93},{"text":"set","start":6499.93,"end":6500.25},{"text":"out","start":6500.25,"end":6500.49},{"text":"in","start":6500.49,"end":6500.65},{"text":"box","start":6500.65,"end":6500.89},{"text":"4.","start":6500.97,"end":6501.37}]},{"text":"We will intervene separately on our understanding of context-appropriate human control and judgement, Chair, and the measures listed in paragraph 6A to D. I thank you.","start":6502.49,"end":6510.69,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6502.49,"end":6502.69},{"text":"will","start":6502.69,"end":6502.89},{"text":"intervene","start":6502.89,"end":6503.37},{"text":"separately","start":6503.37,"end":6503.85},{"text":"on","start":6503.85,"end":6504.01},{"text":"our","start":6504.01,"end":6504.21},{"text":"understanding","start":6504.21,"end":6504.81},{"text":"of","start":6504.81,"end":6504.89},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":6504.89,"end":6505.73},{"text":"human","start":6505.73,"end":6506.01},{"text":"control","start":6506.01,"end":6506.33},{"text":"and","start":6506.33,"end":6506.45},{"text":"judgement,","start":6506.45,"end":6506.85},{"text":"Chair,","start":6506.85,"end":6507.13},{"text":"and","start":6507.21,"end":6507.45},{"text":"the","start":6507.45,"end":6507.53},{"text":"measures","start":6507.53,"end":6508.01},{"text":"listed","start":6508.01,"end":6508.41},{"text":"in","start":6508.41,"end":6508.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":6508.53,"end":6508.85},{"text":"6A","start":6508.85,"end":6509.45},{"text":"to","start":6509.45,"end":6509.61},{"text":"D.","start":6509.61,"end":6509.93},{"text":"I","start":6510.09,"end":6510.25},{"text":"thank","start":6510.25,"end":6510.57},{"text":"you.","start":6510.57,"end":6510.69}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"AUS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Australia"}},{"statement_number":58,"start":6513.57,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:48:34","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Australia.","start":6513.57,"end":6516.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6513.57,"end":6513.97},{"text":"thank","start":6513.97,"end":6514.29},{"text":"the","start":6514.29,"end":6514.41},{"text":"distinguished","start":6514.41,"end":6515.01},{"text":"representative","start":6515.01,"end":6515.65},{"text":"of","start":6515.73,"end":6515.89},{"text":"Australia.","start":6516.05,"end":6516.93}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Italy, to be followed by Kazakhstan, the United Arab Emirates, and France.","start":6516.93,"end":6523.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6516.93,"end":6517.57},{"text":"on","start":6517.57,"end":6517.65},{"text":"my","start":6517.65,"end":6517.81},{"text":"list","start":6517.81,"end":6518.13},{"text":"is","start":6518.13,"end":6518.37},{"text":"Italy,","start":6518.45,"end":6518.93},{"text":"to","start":6518.93,"end":6519.05},{"text":"be","start":6519.05,"end":6519.17},{"text":"followed","start":6519.17,"end":6519.65},{"text":"by","start":6519.65,"end":6519.97},{"text":"Kazakhstan,","start":6519.97,"end":6520.69},{"text":"the","start":6520.69,"end":6520.77},{"text":"United","start":6520.77,"end":6521.33},{"text":"Arab","start":6521.33,"end":6521.69},{"text":"Emirates,","start":6521.81,"end":6522.37},{"text":"and","start":6522.37,"end":6522.61},{"text":"France.","start":6522.61,"end":6523.33}]},{"text":"But now first, the distinguished representative of Italy, you have the floor.","start":6523.33,"end":6527.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6523.33,"end":6523.65},{"text":"now","start":6523.65,"end":6523.89},{"text":"first,","start":6523.89,"end":6524.37},{"text":"the","start":6524.37,"end":6524.49},{"text":"distinguished","start":6524.49,"end":6525.09},{"text":"representative","start":6525.09,"end":6525.89},{"text":"of","start":6525.89,"end":6525.97},{"text":"Italy,","start":6525.97,"end":6526.37},{"text":"you","start":6526.37,"end":6526.53},{"text":"have","start":6526.53,"end":6526.65},{"text":"the","start":6526.73,"end":6526.81},{"text":"floor.","start":6526.85,"end":6527.13}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":59,"start":6530.49,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:48:51","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chair, thank you for your work on another relevant section of this rolling text, which includes some principles that have already been recognized by the GGE in the guiding principles and reiterate the application of IHL rules and principles to laws.","start":6530.49,"end":6549.21,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6530.49,"end":6530.89},{"text":"Chair,","start":6530.89,"end":6531.21},{"text":"thank","start":6531.41,"end":6531.69},{"text":"you","start":6531.69,"end":6531.77},{"text":"for","start":6531.85,"end":6532.49},{"text":"your","start":6532.81,"end":6533.05},{"text":"work","start":6533.05,"end":6533.53},{"text":"on","start":6533.85,"end":6534.33},{"text":"another","start":6534.33,"end":6534.85},{"text":"relevant","start":6534.85,"end":6535.37},{"text":"section","start":6535.37,"end":6536.01},{"text":"of","start":6536.01,"end":6536.25},{"text":"this","start":6536.25,"end":6536.65},{"text":"rolling","start":6536.89,"end":6537.45},{"text":"text,","start":6537.45,"end":6538.09},{"text":"which","start":6538.45,"end":6538.73},{"text":"includes","start":6538.73,"end":6539.29},{"text":"some","start":6539.29,"end":6539.53},{"text":"principles","start":6539.53,"end":6540.25},{"text":"that","start":6540.25,"end":6540.41},{"text":"have","start":6540.41,"end":6540.57},{"text":"already","start":6540.57,"end":6540.97},{"text":"been","start":6540.97,"end":6541.29},{"text":"recognized","start":6541.29,"end":6541.97},{"text":"by","start":6541.97,"end":6542.17},{"text":"the","start":6542.17,"end":6542.29},{"text":"GGE","start":6542.29,"end":6542.97},{"text":"in","start":6543.21,"end":6543.29},{"text":"the","start":6543.29,"end":6543.41},{"text":"guiding","start":6543.41,"end":6543.69},{"text":"principles","start":6543.69,"end":6544.49},{"text":"and","start":6544.49,"end":6544.89},{"text":"reiterate","start":6544.89,"end":6545.61},{"text":"the","start":6545.65,"end":6545.73},{"text":"application","start":6545.73,"end":6546.41},{"text":"of","start":6546.41,"end":6546.57},{"text":"IHL","start":6546.57,"end":6547.01},{"text":"rules","start":6547.01,"end":6547.45},{"text":"and","start":6547.45,"end":6547.61},{"text":"principles","start":6547.61,"end":6548.33},{"text":"to","start":6548.33,"end":6548.53},{"text":"laws.","start":6548.73,"end":6549.21}]},{"text":"We support the current wording, which distinguishes prohibitions from obligations and general prohibitions.","start":6549.85,"end":6557.85,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6549.85,"end":6550.25},{"text":"support","start":6550.25,"end":6550.93},{"text":"the","start":6550.93,"end":6551.05},{"text":"current","start":6551.05,"end":6551.77},{"text":"wording,","start":6551.77,"end":6552.49},{"text":"which","start":6552.53,"end":6552.89},{"text":"distinguishes","start":6552.89,"end":6553.85},{"text":"prohibitions","start":6553.85,"end":6554.73},{"text":"from","start":6554.73,"end":6555.05},{"text":"obligations","start":6555.13,"end":6556.17},{"text":"and","start":6556.17,"end":6556.49},{"text":"general","start":6556.49,"end":6556.89},{"text":"prohibitions.","start":6556.89,"end":6557.85}]},{"text":"We have some comments on the following paras.","start":6558.57,"end":6562.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6558.57,"end":6558.73},{"text":"have","start":6558.73,"end":6558.97},{"text":"some","start":6558.97,"end":6559.37},{"text":"comments","start":6559.37,"end":6560.17},{"text":"on","start":6560.17,"end":6560.57},{"text":"the","start":6560.57,"end":6560.73},{"text":"following","start":6560.73,"end":6561.29},{"text":"paras.","start":6561.29,"end":6562.09}]},{"text":"In para 4, in terms of \"controlled\", as other delegations already pointed out, we would prefer to replace it with \"limited\", in line with Article 51, paragraph 4 of Additional Protocol I. Furthermore, we would suggest that we add after \"use\" except unforeseen and unforeseeable effects related to exogenous causes that represent cases of force majeure.","start":6562.57,"end":6594.21,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6562.57,"end":6562.73},{"text":"para","start":6562.73,"end":6563.13},{"text":"4,","start":6563.13,"end":6563.85},{"text":"in","start":6564.01,"end":6564.25},{"text":"terms","start":6564.25,"end":6564.69},{"text":"of","start":6564.69,"end":6564.89},{"text":"\"controlled\",","start":6564.89,"end":6565.85},{"text":"as","start":6566.49,"end":6566.65},{"text":"other","start":6566.65,"end":6566.89},{"text":"delegations","start":6566.89,"end":6567.77},{"text":"already","start":6567.77,"end":6568.13},{"text":"pointed","start":6568.13,"end":6568.57},{"text":"out,","start":6568.57,"end":6568.97},{"text":"we","start":6569.29,"end":6569.49},{"text":"would","start":6569.49,"end":6569.69},{"text":"prefer","start":6569.69,"end":6570.41},{"text":"to","start":6570.41,"end":6570.73},{"text":"replace","start":6570.81,"end":6571.37},{"text":"it","start":6571.37,"end":6571.53},{"text":"with","start":6571.53,"end":6571.85},{"text":"\"limited\",","start":6571.85,"end":6572.65},{"text":"in","start":6573.29,"end":6573.37},{"text":"line","start":6573.37,"end":6573.69},{"text":"with","start":6573.69,"end":6573.93},{"text":"Article","start":6574.01,"end":6574.49},{"text":"51,","start":6574.49,"end":6575.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":6575.37,"end":6575.89},{"text":"4","start":6575.89,"end":6576.21},{"text":"of","start":6576.21,"end":6576.41},{"text":"Additional","start":6576.49,"end":6576.97},{"text":"Protocol","start":6576.97,"end":6577.53},{"text":"I.","start":6577.53,"end":6577.61},{"text":"Furthermore,","start":6578.89,"end":6579.85},{"text":"we","start":6580.01,"end":6580.49},{"text":"would","start":6580.49,"end":6580.73},{"text":"suggest","start":6580.81,"end":6581.81},{"text":"that","start":6581.81,"end":6582.09},{"text":"we","start":6582.09,"end":6582.81},{"text":"add","start":6582.81,"end":6583.29},{"text":"after","start":6583.29,"end":6583.77},{"text":"\"use\"","start":6583.77,"end":6584.57},{"text":"except","start":6585.09,"end":6585.81},{"text":"unforeseen","start":6585.81,"end":6586.77},{"text":"and","start":6586.77,"end":6587.01},{"text":"unforeseeable","start":6587.01,"end":6587.97},{"text":"effects","start":6587.97,"end":6588.85},{"text":"related","start":6588.85,"end":6589.45},{"text":"to","start":6589.45,"end":6589.65},{"text":"exogenous","start":6589.77,"end":6590.53},{"text":"causes","start":6590.53,"end":6591.17},{"text":"that","start":6591.17,"end":6591.33},{"text":"represent","start":6591.33,"end":6592.13},{"text":"cases","start":6592.13,"end":6592.77},{"text":"of","start":6592.77,"end":6593.09},{"text":"force","start":6593.09,"end":6593.57},{"text":"majeure.","start":6593.57,"end":6594.21}]},{"text":"Anticipating the effects is not, in fact, always possible, especially those unexpected and unpredictable linked to causes outside of human control.","start":6594.81,"end":6605.09,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"Anticipating","start":6594.81,"end":6595.57},{"text":"the","start":6595.57,"end":6595.69},{"text":"effects","start":6595.69,"end":6596.69},{"text":"is","start":6596.69,"end":6596.93},{"text":"not,","start":6596.93,"end":6597.13},{"text":"in","start":6597.13,"end":6597.25},{"text":"fact,","start":6597.25,"end":6597.57},{"text":"always","start":6597.57,"end":6597.89},{"text":"possible,","start":6597.89,"end":6598.53},{"text":"especially","start":6598.61,"end":6599.49},{"text":"those","start":6599.57,"end":6600.05},{"text":"unexpected","start":6600.05,"end":6600.93},{"text":"and","start":6600.93,"end":6601.25},{"text":"unpredictable","start":6601.25,"end":6602.13},{"text":"linked","start":6602.53,"end":6602.85},{"text":"to","start":6602.85,"end":6602.93},{"text":"causes","start":6602.93,"end":6603.49},{"text":"outside","start":6603.49,"end":6604.05},{"text":"of","start":6604.05,"end":6604.13},{"text":"human","start":6604.13,"end":6604.45},{"text":"control.","start":6604.45,"end":6605.09}]},{"text":"And for this reason, we would recommend this addition.","start":6605.65,"end":6608.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6605.65,"end":6605.81},{"text":"for","start":6605.81,"end":6606.05},{"text":"this","start":6606.05,"end":6606.21},{"text":"reason,","start":6606.21,"end":6606.85},{"text":"we","start":6606.85,"end":6607.09},{"text":"would","start":6607.09,"end":6607.33},{"text":"recommend","start":6607.41,"end":6608.09},{"text":"this","start":6608.09,"end":6608.29},{"text":"addition.","start":6608.29,"end":6608.93}]},{"text":"In para 5, we are glad for the addition of the terms \"design\" and \"development\" in line with Article 36 of the first additional protocol to the Geneva Convention.","start":6609.61,"end":6623.29,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6609.61,"end":6609.77},{"text":"para","start":6609.77,"end":6610.09},{"text":"5,","start":6610.09,"end":6610.81},{"text":"we","start":6610.89,"end":6611.25},{"text":"are","start":6611.25,"end":6611.53},{"text":"glad","start":6611.53,"end":6612.09},{"text":"for","start":6612.09,"end":6612.81},{"text":"the","start":6612.97,"end":6613.09},{"text":"addition","start":6613.29,"end":6613.89},{"text":"of","start":6613.89,"end":6614.01},{"text":"the","start":6614.01,"end":6614.09},{"text":"terms","start":6614.09,"end":6614.65},{"text":"\"design\"","start":6614.73,"end":6615.77},{"text":"and","start":6615.85,"end":6616.41},{"text":"\"development\"","start":6616.49,"end":6617.25},{"text":"in","start":6618.01,"end":6618.13},{"text":"line","start":6618.13,"end":6618.41},{"text":"with","start":6618.41,"end":6618.65},{"text":"Article","start":6618.65,"end":6619.21},{"text":"36","start":6619.21,"end":6619.93},{"text":"of","start":6619.93,"end":6620.17},{"text":"the","start":6620.33,"end":6620.53},{"text":"first","start":6620.53,"end":6620.81},{"text":"additional","start":6620.81,"end":6621.33},{"text":"protocol","start":6621.33,"end":6622.01},{"text":"to","start":6622.01,"end":6622.09},{"text":"the","start":6622.09,"end":6622.21},{"text":"Geneva","start":6622.21,"end":6622.57},{"text":"Convention.","start":6622.57,"end":6623.29}]},{"text":"We, in fact, believe in the importance to preserve and retain context-appropriate human judgment and control to reconnect with the section 2 at all times and across the entire life cycle of the weapon.","start":6623.69,"end":6638.89,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We,","start":6623.69,"end":6623.89},{"text":"in","start":6623.89,"end":6623.97},{"text":"fact,","start":6623.97,"end":6624.29},{"text":"believe","start":6624.29,"end":6624.89},{"text":"in","start":6624.89,"end":6625.05},{"text":"the","start":6625.05,"end":6625.17},{"text":"importance","start":6625.17,"end":6626.01},{"text":"to","start":6626.01,"end":6626.33},{"text":"preserve","start":6626.41,"end":6627.05},{"text":"and","start":6627.21,"end":6627.37},{"text":"retain","start":6627.37,"end":6628.09},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":6628.09,"end":6629.37},{"text":"human","start":6629.37,"end":6629.85},{"text":"judgment","start":6629.85,"end":6630.49},{"text":"and","start":6630.49,"end":6630.61},{"text":"control","start":6630.61,"end":6631.21},{"text":"to","start":6631.85,"end":6631.97},{"text":"reconnect","start":6631.97,"end":6632.73},{"text":"with","start":6632.73,"end":6633.09},{"text":"the","start":6633.09,"end":6633.21},{"text":"section","start":6633.21,"end":6633.77},{"text":"2","start":6633.77,"end":6634.17},{"text":"at","start":6634.45,"end":6634.57},{"text":"all","start":6634.57,"end":6634.73},{"text":"times","start":6634.73,"end":6635.29},{"text":"and","start":6635.29,"end":6635.77},{"text":"across","start":6635.77,"end":6636.41},{"text":"the","start":6636.41,"end":6636.65},{"text":"entire","start":6636.89,"end":6637.37},{"text":"life","start":6637.37,"end":6637.69},{"text":"cycle","start":6637.69,"end":6638.21},{"text":"of","start":6638.21,"end":6638.29},{"text":"the","start":6638.29,"end":6638.41},{"text":"weapon.","start":6638.41,"end":6638.89}]},{"text":"It is an aspect that we also had the opportunity to dwell on in the working paper dedicated to the human element we submitted with 10 other countries to this GGE session, and that the distinguished delegation of Germany detailed yesterday.","start":6639.61,"end":6655.61,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6639.61,"end":6639.73},{"text":"is","start":6639.73,"end":6639.89},{"text":"an","start":6639.89,"end":6640.01},{"text":"aspect","start":6640.01,"end":6640.49},{"text":"that","start":6640.49,"end":6640.73},{"text":"we","start":6640.73,"end":6641.13},{"text":"also","start":6641.13,"end":6641.53},{"text":"had","start":6641.53,"end":6641.89},{"text":"the","start":6641.89,"end":6641.97},{"text":"opportunity","start":6641.97,"end":6642.81},{"text":"to","start":6642.81,"end":6643.05},{"text":"dwell","start":6643.05,"end":6643.53},{"text":"on","start":6643.53,"end":6643.85},{"text":"in","start":6643.85,"end":6644.01},{"text":"the","start":6644.01,"end":6644.17},{"text":"working","start":6644.17,"end":6644.49},{"text":"paper","start":6644.49,"end":6645.05},{"text":"dedicated","start":6645.05,"end":6645.69},{"text":"to","start":6645.69,"end":6646.01},{"text":"the","start":6646.33,"end":6646.45},{"text":"human","start":6646.49,"end":6646.85},{"text":"element","start":6646.85,"end":6647.37},{"text":"we","start":6647.37,"end":6647.61},{"text":"submitted","start":6647.61,"end":6648.57},{"text":"with","start":6648.57,"end":6649.05},{"text":"10","start":6649.29,"end":6649.69},{"text":"other","start":6649.69,"end":6649.85},{"text":"countries","start":6649.85,"end":6650.41},{"text":"to","start":6650.41,"end":6650.57},{"text":"this","start":6650.57,"end":6650.81},{"text":"GGE","start":6650.81,"end":6651.29},{"text":"session,","start":6651.29,"end":6651.85},{"text":"and","start":6652.17,"end":6652.37},{"text":"that","start":6652.37,"end":6652.57},{"text":"the","start":6652.57,"end":6652.81},{"text":"distinguished","start":6652.81,"end":6653.45},{"text":"delegation","start":6653.45,"end":6653.97},{"text":"of","start":6653.97,"end":6654.09},{"text":"Germany","start":6654.09,"end":6654.57},{"text":"detailed","start":6654.57,"end":6655.05},{"text":"yesterday.","start":6655.05,"end":6655.61}]},{"text":"In para 6A, we confirm our support to this sentence, especially in the provision of the facts of these weapons systems.","start":6655.61,"end":6667.69,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6655.61,"end":6655.77},{"text":"para","start":6656.81,"end":6657.37},{"text":"6A,","start":6657.37,"end":6658.73},{"text":"we","start":6658.97,"end":6659.61},{"text":"confirm","start":6659.61,"end":6660.41},{"text":"our","start":6660.57,"end":6660.89},{"text":"support","start":6660.89,"end":6661.57},{"text":"to","start":6661.57,"end":6661.65},{"text":"this","start":6661.65,"end":6661.97},{"text":"sentence,","start":6661.97,"end":6662.65},{"text":"especially","start":6663.05,"end":6663.81},{"text":"in","start":6663.81,"end":6664.01},{"text":"the","start":6664.01,"end":6664.25},{"text":"provision","start":6664.25,"end":6664.97},{"text":"of","start":6664.97,"end":6665.13},{"text":"the","start":6665.13,"end":6665.25},{"text":"facts","start":6665.37,"end":6666.09},{"text":"of","start":6666.17,"end":6666.33},{"text":"these","start":6666.33,"end":6666.57},{"text":"weapons","start":6666.57,"end":6667.01},{"text":"systems.","start":6667.01,"end":6667.69}]},{"text":"The use of predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable clarifies the actions taken into consideration for full compliance with IHL prior to employment.","start":6668.29,"end":6682.77,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6668.29,"end":6668.45},{"text":"use","start":6668.45,"end":6668.77},{"text":"of","start":6668.77,"end":6668.89},{"text":"predictable,","start":6668.89,"end":6669.81},{"text":"reliable,","start":6669.81,"end":6670.77},{"text":"traceable,","start":6670.77,"end":6671.65},{"text":"and","start":6671.65,"end":6671.89},{"text":"explainable","start":6671.89,"end":6672.85},{"text":"clarifies","start":6673.01,"end":6673.81},{"text":"the","start":6673.81,"end":6673.93},{"text":"actions","start":6673.97,"end":6674.77},{"text":"taken","start":6674.77,"end":6675.57},{"text":"into","start":6675.73,"end":6676.13},{"text":"consideration","start":6676.13,"end":6677.17},{"text":"for","start":6677.17,"end":6677.81},{"text":"full","start":6678.13,"end":6678.45},{"text":"compliance","start":6678.45,"end":6679.25},{"text":"with","start":6679.25,"end":6679.49},{"text":"IHL","start":6679.49,"end":6680.37},{"text":"prior","start":6680.93,"end":6681.49},{"text":"to","start":6681.49,"end":6681.89},{"text":"employment.","start":6681.89,"end":6682.77}]},{"text":"In para 6, we support the new wording focused on the chain of command.","start":6684.17,"end":6691.17,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6684.17,"end":6684.29},{"text":"para","start":6684.29,"end":6684.73},{"text":"6,","start":6684.73,"end":6685.33},{"text":"we","start":6686.29,"end":6686.93},{"text":"support","start":6686.93,"end":6687.97},{"text":"the","start":6688.13,"end":6688.33},{"text":"new","start":6688.33,"end":6688.53},{"text":"wording","start":6688.53,"end":6689.17},{"text":"focused","start":6689.17,"end":6689.69},{"text":"on","start":6689.69,"end":6690.01},{"text":"the","start":6690.01,"end":6690.13},{"text":"chain","start":6690.13,"end":6690.41},{"text":"of","start":6690.41,"end":6690.53},{"text":"command.","start":6690.53,"end":6691.17}]},{"text":"which is responsible for deciding, based on a legal or ethical assessment, the legitimacy of the target selection and engagement.","start":6691.69,"end":6702.93,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"which","start":6691.69,"end":6691.97},{"text":"is","start":6691.97,"end":6692.13},{"text":"responsible","start":6692.13,"end":6693.01},{"text":"for","start":6693.01,"end":6693.49},{"text":"deciding,","start":6693.49,"end":6694.45},{"text":"based","start":6694.61,"end":6695.09},{"text":"on","start":6695.09,"end":6695.29},{"text":"a","start":6695.29,"end":6695.33},{"text":"legal","start":6695.33,"end":6695.89},{"text":"or","start":6695.89,"end":6696.45},{"text":"ethical","start":6696.77,"end":6697.41},{"text":"assessment,","start":6697.41,"end":6698.21},{"text":"the","start":6698.53,"end":6698.85},{"text":"legitimacy","start":6698.93,"end":6700.21},{"text":"of","start":6700.21,"end":6700.45},{"text":"the","start":6700.45,"end":6700.53},{"text":"target","start":6700.53,"end":6701.01},{"text":"selection","start":6701.01,"end":6701.89},{"text":"and","start":6701.89,"end":6702.09},{"text":"engagement.","start":6702.09,"end":6702.93}]},{"text":"This formulation reflects the criteria established in the selection process and therefore would appear to be largely acceptable to many delegations.","start":6703.49,"end":6716.21,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6703.49,"end":6703.81},{"text":"formulation","start":6703.81,"end":6704.77},{"text":"reflects","start":6704.77,"end":6705.57},{"text":"the","start":6705.57,"end":6705.81},{"text":"criteria","start":6705.81,"end":6706.89},{"text":"established","start":6706.89,"end":6707.73},{"text":"in","start":6707.73,"end":6708.01},{"text":"the","start":6708.01,"end":6708.21},{"text":"selection","start":6708.21,"end":6708.77},{"text":"process","start":6708.77,"end":6709.49},{"text":"and","start":6709.49,"end":6710.13},{"text":"therefore","start":6710.13,"end":6710.85},{"text":"would","start":6711.17,"end":6711.37},{"text":"appear","start":6711.37,"end":6711.89},{"text":"to","start":6711.89,"end":6712.01},{"text":"be","start":6712.01,"end":6712.37},{"text":"largely","start":6712.37,"end":6713.33},{"text":"acceptable","start":6713.45,"end":6714.45},{"text":"to","start":6714.53,"end":6714.77},{"text":"many","start":6714.93,"end":6715.25},{"text":"delegations.","start":6715.25,"end":6716.21}]},{"text":"In para 6C, We would suggest to add the word goals prior to the types of targets, rephrasing with the following formula.","start":6717.25,"end":6729.21,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6717.25,"end":6717.41},{"text":"para","start":6717.41,"end":6717.97},{"text":"6C,","start":6717.97,"end":6719.09},{"text":"We","start":6719.69,"end":6720.09},{"text":"would","start":6720.09,"end":6720.41},{"text":"suggest","start":6720.73,"end":6721.57},{"text":"to","start":6721.57,"end":6721.69},{"text":"add","start":6721.69,"end":6721.89},{"text":"the","start":6721.89,"end":6722.01},{"text":"word","start":6722.01,"end":6722.57},{"text":"goals","start":6722.57,"end":6723.45},{"text":"prior","start":6723.45,"end":6724.25},{"text":"to","start":6724.57,"end":6724.73},{"text":"the","start":6724.73,"end":6724.89},{"text":"types","start":6724.89,"end":6725.45},{"text":"of","start":6725.45,"end":6725.53},{"text":"targets,","start":6725.53,"end":6726.25},{"text":"rephrasing","start":6727.05,"end":6727.85},{"text":"with","start":6727.85,"end":6728.01},{"text":"the","start":6728.01,"end":6728.09},{"text":"following","start":6728.09,"end":6728.57},{"text":"formula.","start":6728.57,"end":6729.21}]},{"text":"Ensure that those mission parameters with regard to the goals or types of targets, condition, duration, geographical scope, and scale of the operation cannot be modified by the system without context appropriate human judgment and control.","start":6729.65,"end":6745.69,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"Ensure","start":6729.65,"end":6730.41},{"text":"that","start":6730.41,"end":6730.69},{"text":"those","start":6730.85,"end":6731.29},{"text":"mission","start":6731.29,"end":6731.77},{"text":"parameters","start":6731.77,"end":6732.49},{"text":"with","start":6732.49,"end":6732.81},{"text":"regard","start":6732.81,"end":6733.41},{"text":"to","start":6733.41,"end":6733.65},{"text":"the","start":6733.69,"end":6733.81},{"text":"goals","start":6733.81,"end":6734.41},{"text":"or","start":6734.41,"end":6734.65},{"text":"types","start":6734.65,"end":6735.05},{"text":"of","start":6735.05,"end":6735.21},{"text":"targets,","start":6735.21,"end":6735.85},{"text":"condition,","start":6736.17,"end":6736.81},{"text":"duration,","start":6736.81,"end":6737.45},{"text":"geographical","start":6737.45,"end":6738.01},{"text":"scope,","start":6738.01,"end":6738.41},{"text":"and","start":6738.41,"end":6738.53},{"text":"scale","start":6738.53,"end":6738.85},{"text":"of","start":6738.85,"end":6738.93},{"text":"the","start":6738.93,"end":6739.01},{"text":"operation","start":6739.01,"end":6739.77},{"text":"cannot","start":6740.01,"end":6740.41},{"text":"be","start":6740.41,"end":6740.65},{"text":"modified","start":6740.65,"end":6741.45},{"text":"by","start":6741.45,"end":6741.61},{"text":"the","start":6741.61,"end":6741.69},{"text":"system","start":6741.69,"end":6742.41},{"text":"without","start":6742.41,"end":6743.05},{"text":"context","start":6743.05,"end":6743.61},{"text":"appropriate","start":6743.61,"end":6744.17},{"text":"human","start":6744.17,"end":6744.49},{"text":"judgment","start":6744.49,"end":6744.97},{"text":"and","start":6744.97,"end":6745.09},{"text":"control.","start":6745.09,"end":6745.69}]},{"text":"In order to increase clarity, we suggest that we add a new sentence, \"Laws cannot modify preset parameters without human intervention.\"","start":6746.61,"end":6758.45,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6746.61,"end":6746.85},{"text":"order","start":6746.85,"end":6747.33},{"text":"to","start":6747.33,"end":6747.65},{"text":"increase","start":6748.05,"end":6748.77},{"text":"clarity,","start":6748.77,"end":6749.49},{"text":"we","start":6749.49,"end":6749.97},{"text":"suggest","start":6749.97,"end":6750.81},{"text":"that","start":6750.81,"end":6750.93},{"text":"we","start":6750.93,"end":6751.17},{"text":"add","start":6751.17,"end":6751.37},{"text":"a","start":6751.37,"end":6751.41},{"text":"new","start":6751.41,"end":6751.65},{"text":"sentence,","start":6751.65,"end":6752.53},{"text":"\"Laws","start":6753.01,"end":6753.57},{"text":"cannot","start":6753.57,"end":6754.05},{"text":"modify","start":6754.05,"end":6754.85},{"text":"preset","start":6754.85,"end":6755.49},{"text":"parameters","start":6755.49,"end":6756.53},{"text":"without","start":6756.53,"end":6757.17},{"text":"human","start":6757.17,"end":6757.57},{"text":"intervention.\"","start":6757.57,"end":6758.45}]},{"text":"This amendment has the purpose to limit the machine learning or deep learning capacity, resulting in analysis developed independently by the autonomous system.","start":6759.01,"end":6773.33,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6759.01,"end":6759.29},{"text":"amendment","start":6759.29,"end":6760.25},{"text":"has","start":6760.45,"end":6760.61},{"text":"the","start":6760.61,"end":6760.85},{"text":"purpose","start":6760.85,"end":6761.65},{"text":"to","start":6761.65,"end":6761.85},{"text":"limit","start":6762.05,"end":6762.77},{"text":"the","start":6762.93,"end":6763.17},{"text":"machine","start":6763.17,"end":6763.57},{"text":"learning","start":6763.57,"end":6764.21},{"text":"or","start":6764.45,"end":6764.69},{"text":"deep","start":6764.69,"end":6765.01},{"text":"learning","start":6765.01,"end":6765.57},{"text":"capacity,","start":6765.57,"end":6766.37},{"text":"resulting","start":6766.77,"end":6767.65},{"text":"in","start":6767.65,"end":6767.97},{"text":"analysis","start":6767.97,"end":6768.93},{"text":"developed","start":6768.93,"end":6769.97},{"text":"independently","start":6770.05,"end":6771.17},{"text":"by","start":6771.17,"end":6771.49},{"text":"the","start":6771.53,"end":6771.61},{"text":"autonomous","start":6772.05,"end":6772.73},{"text":"system.","start":6772.73,"end":6773.33}]},{"text":"Regarding para 6, we would recommend eliminating this para pertaining to the limitation of the number of engagements, as this restriction appears to us unclear from a military point of view.","start":6774.45,"end":6791.65,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":6811.53,"end":6812.49},{"text":"on","start":6812.73,"end":6812.97},{"text":"para","start":6812.97,"end":6813.29},{"text":"6,","start":6813.29,"end":6813.85},{"text":"we","start":6813.89,"end":6814.33},{"text":"would","start":6814.73,"end":6815.37},{"text":"like","start":6815.93,"end":6816.41},{"text":"to","start":6816.41,"end":6816.53},{"text":"recommend","start":6816.53,"end":6817.05},{"text":"a","start":6817.05,"end":6817.09},{"text":"language","start":6817.09,"end":6817.85},{"text":"more","start":6817.85,"end":6818.09},{"text":"in","start":6818.09,"end":6818.17},{"text":"line","start":6818.17,"end":6818.65},{"text":"with","start":6818.65,"end":6818.97},{"text":"IHL","start":6819.13,"end":6819.69},{"text":"provisions,","start":6819.69,"end":6820.57},{"text":"Rephrasing","start":6821.13,"end":6821.69},{"text":"the","start":6821.69,"end":6821.77},{"text":"first","start":6821.77,"end":6822.13},{"text":"sentence","start":6822.13,"end":6822.81},{"text":"in,","start":6822.81,"end":6823.29},{"text":"uh,","start":6823.29,"end":6823.45},{"text":"restrict","start":6823.45,"end":6824.21},{"text":"the","start":6824.21,"end":6824.41},{"text":"use","start":6824.41,"end":6824.65},{"text":"of","start":6824.65,"end":6824.73},{"text":"laws","start":6824.73,"end":6825.29},{"text":"against","start":6825.33,"end":6825.89},{"text":"objects","start":6825.89,"end":6826.57},{"text":"that","start":6826.57,"end":6826.73},{"text":"are","start":6826.73,"end":6826.97},{"text":"military","start":6826.97,"end":6827.61},{"text":"objectives","start":6827.61,"end":6828.33},{"text":"by","start":6828.33,"end":6828.57},{"text":"nature","start":6828.57,"end":6829.13},{"text":"or","start":6829.13,"end":6829.45},{"text":"otherwise","start":6829.45,"end":6830.25},{"text":"lawful","start":6830.65,"end":6831.13},{"text":"military","start":6831.13,"end":6831.85},{"text":"targets,","start":6831.85,"end":6832.57},{"text":"limiting","start":6833.21,"end":6833.69},{"text":"the","start":6833.69,"end":6833.81},{"text":"use","start":6833.85,"end":6834.05},{"text":"of","start":6834.05,"end":6834.13},{"text":"laws","start":6834.13,"end":6834.73},{"text":"against","start":6834.81,"end":6835.21},{"text":"military","start":6835.21,"end":6835.69},{"text":"targets","start":6835.69,"end":6836.33},{"text":"may","start":6836.33,"end":6836.57},{"text":"be","start":6836.57,"end":6836.97},{"text":"unclear.","start":6837.01,"end":6837.69}]},{"text":"ICHL describes in the Additional Protocol I, Article 52, para 2, different types of objects that contribute to the military action and constitute legitimate targets by their nature, location, purpose, or use.","start":6838.29,"end":6854.89,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"ICHL","start":6838.29,"end":6839.05},{"text":"describes","start":6839.21,"end":6839.77},{"text":"in","start":6839.77,"end":6839.93},{"text":"the","start":6839.93,"end":6840.01},{"text":"Additional","start":6840.01,"end":6840.45},{"text":"Protocol","start":6840.45,"end":6841.09},{"text":"I,","start":6841.09,"end":6841.13},{"text":"Article","start":6841.37,"end":6842.09},{"text":"52,","start":6842.57,"end":6843.45},{"text":"para","start":6843.45,"end":6843.81},{"text":"2,","start":6843.81,"end":6844.33},{"text":"different","start":6844.65,"end":6845.09},{"text":"types","start":6845.09,"end":6845.45},{"text":"of","start":6845.45,"end":6845.69},{"text":"objects","start":6845.69,"end":6846.33},{"text":"that","start":6846.33,"end":6846.57},{"text":"contribute","start":6846.57,"end":6847.25},{"text":"to","start":6847.25,"end":6847.33},{"text":"the","start":6847.33,"end":6847.45},{"text":"military","start":6847.45,"end":6848.01},{"text":"action","start":6848.01,"end":6848.57},{"text":"and","start":6848.57,"end":6848.73},{"text":"constitute","start":6848.73,"end":6849.53},{"text":"legitimate","start":6849.61,"end":6850.29},{"text":"targets","start":6850.29,"end":6850.89},{"text":"by","start":6850.89,"end":6851.13},{"text":"their","start":6851.13,"end":6851.37},{"text":"nature,","start":6851.37,"end":6852.01},{"text":"location,","start":6852.25,"end":6853.05},{"text":"purpose,","start":6853.21,"end":6854.09},{"text":"or","start":6854.17,"end":6854.41},{"text":"use.","start":6854.41,"end":6854.89}]},{"text":"And of course, Chair, we are going to send our recommendations into writing.","start":6855.29,"end":6860.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6855.29,"end":6855.49},{"text":"of","start":6855.49,"end":6855.61},{"text":"course,","start":6855.61,"end":6856.01},{"text":"Chair,","start":6856.09,"end":6856.73},{"text":"we","start":6856.89,"end":6857.09},{"text":"are","start":6857.09,"end":6857.21},{"text":"going","start":6857.21,"end":6857.45},{"text":"to","start":6857.45,"end":6857.65},{"text":"send","start":6857.65,"end":6858.17},{"text":"our","start":6858.17,"end":6858.73},{"text":"recommendations","start":6858.89,"end":6859.93},{"text":"into","start":6859.93,"end":6860.41},{"text":"writing.","start":6860.49,"end":6860.97}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank 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writing.","start":6864.17,"end":6869.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6864.17,"end":6864.29},{"text":"me","start":6864.29,"end":6864.65},{"text":"thank","start":6864.65,"end":6864.93},{"text":"the","start":6864.93,"end":6865.01},{"text":"distinguished","start":6865.01,"end":6865.53},{"text":"representative","start":6865.53,"end":6866.29},{"text":"of","start":6866.29,"end":6866.41},{"text":"Italy","start":6866.41,"end":6866.73},{"text":"and","start":6866.73,"end":6866.85},{"text":"also","start":6866.85,"end":6867.05},{"text":"for","start":6867.05,"end":6867.21},{"text":"the","start":6867.25,"end":6867.33},{"text":"offer","start":6867.33,"end":6867.53},{"text":"to","start":6867.53,"end":6867.65},{"text":"send","start":6867.65,"end":6868.09},{"text":"the","start":6868.09,"end":6868.17},{"text":"remarks","start":6868.33,"end":6869.13},{"text":"in","start":6869.13,"end":6869.37},{"text":"writing.","start":6869.37,"end":6869.93}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Kazakhstan, and then we have the United Arab Emirates and France.","start":6870.25,"end":6875.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6870.25,"end":6870.53},{"text":"on","start":6870.53,"end":6870.61},{"text":"my","start":6870.61,"end":6870.73},{"text":"list","start":6870.73,"end":6871.09},{"text":"is","start":6871.09,"end":6871.37},{"text":"Kazakhstan,","start":6871.37,"end":6871.97},{"text":"and","start":6871.97,"end":6872.45},{"text":"then","start":6872.45,"end":6872.57},{"text":"we","start":6872.57,"end":6872.69},{"text":"have","start":6872.69,"end":6872.81},{"text":"the","start":6872.81,"end":6872.89},{"text":"United","start":6872.89,"end":6873.45},{"text":"Arab","start":6873.53,"end":6873.89},{"text":"Emirates","start":6873.93,"end":6874.57},{"text":"and","start":6874.57,"end":6874.81},{"text":"France.","start":6874.81,"end":6875.45}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Kazakhstan.","start":6875.45,"end":6879.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6875.45,"end":6875.57},{"text":"let","start":6875.57,"end":6875.69},{"text":"me","start":6875.69,"end":6875.81},{"text":"first","start":6875.85,"end":6876.17},{"text":"pass","start":6876.17,"end":6876.49},{"text":"the","start":6876.49,"end":6876.57},{"text":"floor","start":6876.57,"end":6876.85},{"text":"to","start":6876.85,"end":6876.93},{"text":"the","start":6876.93,"end":6877.01},{"text":"distinguished","start":6877.01,"end":6877.61},{"text":"representative","start":6877.61,"end":6878.29},{"text":"of","start":6878.29,"end":6878.41},{"text":"Kazakhstan.","start":6878.41,"end":6879.05}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":6879.05,"end":6879.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6879.05,"end":6879.21},{"text":"you","start":6879.21,"end":6879.29},{"text":"have","start":6879.29,"end":6879.41},{"text":"the","start":6879.41,"end":6879.49},{"text":"floor.","start":6879.53,"end":6879.77}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":61,"start":6881.45,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:54:42","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chairperson.","start":6881.45,"end":6883.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6881.45,"end":6881.69},{"text":"you,","start":6881.69,"end":6881.77},{"text":"Mr.","start":6881.77,"end":6882.01},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":6882.49,"end":6883.13}]},{"text":"On box 3, our delegation would like to highlight several issues.","start":6885.21,"end":6891.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6885.21,"end":6885.29},{"text":"box","start":6885.37,"end":6885.73},{"text":"3,","start":6885.73,"end":6886.09},{"text":"our","start":6886.85,"end":6886.93},{"text":"delegation","start":6886.93,"end":6887.41},{"text":"would","start":6887.41,"end":6887.53},{"text":"like","start":6887.53,"end":6887.69},{"text":"to","start":6887.69,"end":6887.85},{"text":"highlight","start":6889.13,"end":6889.85},{"text":"several","start":6890.01,"end":6890.49},{"text":"issues.","start":6891.25,"end":6891.77}]},{"text":"several parts to be commented.","start":6892.13,"end":6894.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"several","start":6892.13,"end":6892.45},{"text":"parts","start":6892.45,"end":6893.01},{"text":"to","start":6893.33,"end":6893.61},{"text":"be","start":6893.61,"end":6893.73},{"text":"commented.","start":6893.73,"end":6894.21}]},{"text":"The part of five, we propose to keep or even enhance this part and obviously to retain wording about design, development and use of laws because all these elements should be taken into account during the implementation of such weapon and the prohibition that's set in preceding paragraphs.","start":6894.69,"end":6930.93,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. 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Emirates.","start":7071.69,"end":7075.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7071.69,"end":7072.05},{"text":"on","start":7072.05,"end":7072.13},{"text":"my","start":7072.13,"end":7072.33},{"text":"list","start":7072.33,"end":7072.81},{"text":"is","start":7072.81,"end":7073.29},{"text":"the","start":7073.53,"end":7073.73},{"text":"United","start":7073.73,"end":7074.33},{"text":"Arab","start":7074.33,"end":7074.61},{"text":"Emirates.","start":7074.97,"end":7075.53}]},{"text":"Let me pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the United Arab Emirates.","start":7075.53,"end":7079.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":7075.53,"end":7075.65},{"text":"me","start":7075.65,"end":7075.77},{"text":"pass","start":7075.77,"end":7076.01},{"text":"the","start":7076.01,"end":7076.09},{"text":"floor","start":7076.09,"end":7076.33},{"text":"to","start":7076.33,"end":7076.45},{"text":"the","start":7076.45,"end":7076.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":7076.53,"end":7077.05},{"text":"representative","start":7077.05,"end":7077.69},{"text":"of","start":7077.69,"end":7077.77},{"text":"the","start":7077.77,"end":7077.85},{"text":"United","start":7077.85,"end":7078.49},{"text":"Arab","start":7078.49,"end":7078.81},{"text":"Emirates.","start":7079.17,"end":7079.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":63,"start":7085.41,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=1:58:06","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chairperson, for allowing us to take the floor once again.","start":7085.41,"end":7089.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7085.41,"end":7085.73},{"text":"you,","start":7085.73,"end":7085.89},{"text":"Mr.","start":7085.89,"end":7086.45},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":7086.45,"end":7087.33},{"text":"for","start":7087.33,"end":7087.57},{"text":"allowing","start":7087.57,"end":7088.13},{"text":"us","start":7088.13,"end":7088.29},{"text":"to","start":7088.29,"end":7088.41},{"text":"take","start":7088.41,"end":7088.61},{"text":"the","start":7088.61,"end":7088.69},{"text":"floor","start":7088.69,"end":7089.09},{"text":"once","start":7089.09,"end":7089.41},{"text":"again.","start":7089.41,"end":7089.81}]},{"text":"I would like, in my intervention, to present observations regarding paragraphs 1 to 5, and I shall tackle other paragraphs at a later stage.","start":7090.37,"end":7101.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7090.37,"end":7090.53},{"text":"would","start":7090.53,"end":7090.73},{"text":"like,","start":7090.73,"end":7091.01},{"text":"in","start":7091.05,"end":7091.17},{"text":"my","start":7091.17,"end":7091.49},{"text":"intervention,","start":7091.65,"end":7092.77},{"text":"to","start":7092.85,"end":7093.17},{"text":"present","start":7093.45,"end":7094.29},{"text":"observations","start":7095.09,"end":7095.89},{"text":"regarding","start":7095.89,"end":7096.53},{"text":"paragraphs","start":7096.53,"end":7097.25},{"text":"1","start":7097.25,"end":7097.49},{"text":"to","start":7097.49,"end":7097.65},{"text":"5,","start":7097.65,"end":7098.13},{"text":"and","start":7098.13,"end":7098.37},{"text":"I","start":7098.37,"end":7098.45},{"text":"shall","start":7098.45,"end":7098.69},{"text":"tackle","start":7098.69,"end":7099.25},{"text":"other","start":7099.25,"end":7099.65},{"text":"paragraphs","start":7099.65,"end":7100.29},{"text":"at","start":7100.37,"end":7100.53},{"text":"a","start":7100.53,"end":7100.61},{"text":"later","start":7100.61,"end":7100.93},{"text":"stage.","start":7100.93,"end":7101.57}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 1, we concur with the general principle of prohibition in the text, and we propose to to mention in a clear way the Additional Protocol of the Geneva Conventions.","start":7102.01,"end":7119.85,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":7102.01,"end":7102.57},{"text":"paragraph","start":7102.57,"end":7103.25},{"text":"1,","start":7103.25,"end":7103.65},{"text":"we","start":7103.73,"end":7104.05},{"text":"concur","start":7104.05,"end":7104.85},{"text":"with","start":7104.85,"end":7105.21},{"text":"the","start":7105.21,"end":7105.33},{"text":"general","start":7105.81,"end":7106.37},{"text":"principle","start":7106.37,"end":7107.01},{"text":"of","start":7107.01,"end":7107.17},{"text":"prohibition","start":7107.17,"end":7107.89},{"text":"in","start":7107.89,"end":7108.09},{"text":"the","start":7108.09,"end":7108.21},{"text":"text,","start":7108.21,"end":7108.69},{"text":"and","start":7108.69,"end":7109.17},{"text":"we","start":7109.17,"end":7109.57},{"text":"propose","start":7111.33,"end":7112.21},{"text":"to","start":7112.29,"end":7112.77},{"text":"to","start":7114.65,"end":7114.89},{"text":"mention","start":7114.89,"end":7115.85},{"text":"in","start":7115.85,"end":7115.93},{"text":"a","start":7115.93,"end":7115.97},{"text":"clear","start":7115.97,"end":7116.33},{"text":"way","start":7116.33,"end":7116.81},{"text":"the","start":7116.89,"end":7117.09},{"text":"Additional","start":7117.09,"end":7117.85},{"text":"Protocol","start":7117.85,"end":7118.33},{"text":"of","start":7118.33,"end":7118.49},{"text":"the","start":7118.49,"end":7118.57},{"text":"Geneva","start":7118.57,"end":7118.97},{"text":"Conventions.","start":7118.97,"end":7119.85}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 2, it is a repetition of paragraph 1, and we propose that it should be merged with paragraph 1 so that we have one paragraph without duplication or repetition, and it will also send a clear message on the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions.","start":7120.25,"end":7140.81,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":7120.25,"end":7121.05},{"text":"paragraph","start":7121.21,"end":7121.85},{"text":"2,","start":7122.01,"end":7122.41},{"text":"it","start":7122.41,"end":7122.65},{"text":"is","start":7122.65,"end":7122.89},{"text":"a","start":7122.89,"end":7122.93},{"text":"repetition","start":7122.93,"end":7123.85},{"text":"of","start":7123.85,"end":7124.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":7124.09,"end":7124.73},{"text":"1,","start":7124.73,"end":7125.13},{"text":"and","start":7125.13,"end":7125.33},{"text":"we","start":7125.33,"end":7125.45},{"text":"propose","start":7125.45,"end":7126.01},{"text":"that","start":7126.25,"end":7126.57},{"text":"it","start":7126.57,"end":7126.77},{"text":"should","start":7126.77,"end":7126.93},{"text":"be","start":7126.93,"end":7127.21},{"text":"merged","start":7127.21,"end":7127.77},{"text":"with","start":7127.77,"end":7128.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":7128.01,"end":7128.57},{"text":"1","start":7128.57,"end":7128.89},{"text":"so","start":7128.89,"end":7129.13},{"text":"that","start":7129.13,"end":7129.37},{"text":"we","start":7129.37,"end":7129.45},{"text":"have","start":7129.45,"end":7129.61},{"text":"one","start":7129.61,"end":7129.85},{"text":"paragraph","start":7129.85,"end":7130.41},{"text":"without","start":7130.57,"end":7131.29},{"text":"duplication","start":7131.29,"end":7132.17},{"text":"or","start":7132.17,"end":7132.29},{"text":"repetition,","start":7132.29,"end":7133.05},{"text":"and","start":7133.05,"end":7133.29},{"text":"it","start":7133.29,"end":7133.45},{"text":"will","start":7133.53,"end":7133.85},{"text":"also","start":7133.85,"end":7134.41},{"text":"send","start":7135.05,"end":7135.49},{"text":"a","start":7135.49,"end":7135.53},{"text":"clear","start":7135.53,"end":7136.17},{"text":"message","start":7136.65,"end":7137.21},{"text":"on","start":7137.29,"end":7137.45},{"text":"the","start":7137.45,"end":7137.57},{"text":"principles","start":7137.57,"end":7138.13},{"text":"of","start":7138.13,"end":7138.29},{"text":"distinction,","start":7138.29,"end":7138.89},{"text":"proportionality,","start":7138.89,"end":7139.77},{"text":"and","start":7139.77,"end":7139.93},{"text":"precautions.","start":7139.93,"end":7140.81}]},{"text":"one and two tackle the commitment to the principles of IHL, namely principles of distinction, proportionality, and emerging of both paragraphs will bring a more clarity on principles, procedure without any repetition.","start":7142.77,"end":7168.33,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"one","start":7142.77,"end":7143.17},{"text":"and","start":7143.17,"end":7143.45},{"text":"two","start":7143.45,"end":7143.89},{"text":"tackle","start":7144.05,"end":7144.61},{"text":"the","start":7144.93,"end":7145.17},{"text":"commitment","start":7145.17,"end":7146.01},{"text":"to","start":7146.05,"end":7146.77},{"text":"the","start":7146.77,"end":7147.17},{"text":"principles","start":7147.17,"end":7147.89},{"text":"of","start":7147.89,"end":7148.13},{"text":"IHL,","start":7148.13,"end":7149.01},{"text":"namely","start":7149.33,"end":7149.97},{"text":"principles","start":7149.97,"end":7150.77},{"text":"of","start":7150.77,"end":7151.01},{"text":"distinction,","start":7151.01,"end":7152.05},{"text":"proportionality,","start":7152.13,"end":7153.33},{"text":"and","start":7153.89,"end":7154.45},{"text":"emerging","start":7157.73,"end":7158.53},{"text":"of","start":7158.53,"end":7158.77},{"text":"both","start":7158.77,"end":7159.17},{"text":"paragraphs","start":7159.25,"end":7160.61},{"text":"will","start":7160.69,"end":7161.25},{"text":"bring","start":7161.89,"end":7162.37},{"text":"a","start":7162.45,"end":7162.49},{"text":"more","start":7162.49,"end":7162.77},{"text":"clarity","start":7162.77,"end":7163.49},{"text":"on","start":7163.49,"end":7163.73},{"text":"principles,","start":7163.73,"end":7164.61},{"text":"procedure","start":7164.93,"end":7165.81},{"text":"without","start":7165.89,"end":7166.61},{"text":"any","start":7166.61,"end":7167.01},{"text":"repetition.","start":7167.01,"end":7168.33}]},{"text":"And this is what is recommended when it comes to legal text.","start":7168.33,"end":7171.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7168.33,"end":7168.49},{"text":"this","start":7168.49,"end":7168.69},{"text":"is","start":7168.69,"end":7168.81},{"text":"what","start":7168.81,"end":7169.01},{"text":"is","start":7169.01,"end":7169.17},{"text":"recommended","start":7169.17,"end":7169.73},{"text":"when","start":7169.73,"end":7169.93},{"text":"it","start":7169.93,"end":7170.05},{"text":"comes","start":7170.05,"end":7170.37},{"text":"to","start":7170.37,"end":7170.49},{"text":"legal","start":7170.49,"end":7170.85},{"text":"text.","start":7170.85,"end":7171.41}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 3, we concur with this principle, which is the foundation of IHL, and there is no need for any amendment.","start":7172.25,"end":7182.81,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":7172.25,"end":7172.97},{"text":"paragraph","start":7172.97,"end":7173.61},{"text":"3,","start":7173.61,"end":7174.01},{"text":"we","start":7174.09,"end":7174.41},{"text":"concur","start":7174.41,"end":7175.05},{"text":"with","start":7175.05,"end":7175.17},{"text":"this","start":7175.17,"end":7175.37},{"text":"principle,","start":7175.37,"end":7176.09},{"text":"which","start":7176.41,"end":7176.97},{"text":"is","start":7176.97,"end":7177.37},{"text":"the","start":7177.37,"end":7177.61},{"text":"foundation","start":7177.61,"end":7178.57},{"text":"of","start":7178.57,"end":7178.81},{"text":"IHL,","start":7178.97,"end":7179.93},{"text":"and","start":7180.25,"end":7180.65},{"text":"there","start":7180.65,"end":7180.93},{"text":"is","start":7180.93,"end":7181.05},{"text":"no","start":7181.05,"end":7181.21},{"text":"need","start":7181.21,"end":7181.45},{"text":"for","start":7181.45,"end":7181.69},{"text":"any","start":7181.69,"end":7181.93},{"text":"amendment.","start":7181.93,"end":7182.81}]},{"text":"And we recommend to keep this paragraph as is.","start":7183.37,"end":7186.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7183.37,"end":7183.69},{"text":"we","start":7183.69,"end":7183.77},{"text":"recommend","start":7183.77,"end":7184.49},{"text":"to","start":7184.49,"end":7184.81},{"text":"keep","start":7184.81,"end":7185.21},{"text":"this","start":7185.21,"end":7185.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":7185.37,"end":7185.93},{"text":"as","start":7186.01,"end":7186.41},{"text":"is.","start":7186.41,"end":7186.89}]},{"text":"And we also reiterate the importance of this drafting that calls for prohibition of indiscriminate attacks due to attacks by laws.","start":7187.69,"end":7201.77,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7187.69,"end":7187.93},{"text":"we","start":7187.93,"end":7188.09},{"text":"also","start":7188.09,"end":7188.57},{"text":"reiterate","start":7188.57,"end":7189.21},{"text":"the","start":7189.21,"end":7189.37},{"text":"importance","start":7189.37,"end":7190.25},{"text":"of","start":7190.33,"end":7190.65},{"text":"this","start":7190.97,"end":7191.45},{"text":"drafting","start":7192.65,"end":7193.45},{"text":"that","start":7193.45,"end":7193.85},{"text":"calls","start":7193.85,"end":7194.17},{"text":"for","start":7194.17,"end":7194.49},{"text":"prohibition","start":7194.49,"end":7195.77},{"text":"of","start":7195.77,"end":7196.25},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":7196.73,"end":7197.77},{"text":"attacks","start":7197.93,"end":7198.81},{"text":"due","start":7199.37,"end":7199.77},{"text":"to","start":7199.77,"end":7200.33},{"text":"attacks","start":7200.33,"end":7200.81},{"text":"by","start":7200.81,"end":7201.21},{"text":"laws.","start":7201.21,"end":7201.77}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 4, we concur with this direction because it continues in the same track of human control.","start":7204.01,"end":7214.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":7204.01,"end":7204.49},{"text":"paragraph","start":7204.49,"end":7205.01},{"text":"4,","start":7205.01,"end":7205.37},{"text":"we","start":7206.41,"end":7206.81},{"text":"concur","start":7206.81,"end":7207.61},{"text":"with","start":7207.61,"end":7208.01},{"text":"this","start":7208.33,"end":7208.81},{"text":"direction","start":7208.89,"end":7209.61},{"text":"because","start":7209.61,"end":7210.25},{"text":"it","start":7210.25,"end":7210.49},{"text":"continues","start":7210.49,"end":7211.37},{"text":"in","start":7211.37,"end":7211.69},{"text":"the","start":7211.69,"end":7211.81},{"text":"same","start":7211.81,"end":7212.17},{"text":"track","start":7212.17,"end":7212.49},{"text":"of","start":7212.57,"end":7212.89},{"text":"human","start":7212.89,"end":7213.45},{"text":"control.","start":7214.09,"end":7214.97}]},{"text":"and we prefer to replace \"anticipated\" and \"controlled\" by a clearer drafting.","start":7217.57,"end":7224.13,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":7217.57,"end":7217.85},{"text":"we","start":7217.85,"end":7217.97},{"text":"prefer","start":7217.97,"end":7218.37},{"text":"to","start":7218.37,"end":7218.49},{"text":"replace","start":7218.49,"end":7219.01},{"text":"\"anticipated\"","start":7219.01,"end":7219.89},{"text":"and","start":7219.89,"end":7220.05},{"text":"\"controlled\"","start":7220.05,"end":7220.77},{"text":"by","start":7220.77,"end":7221.17},{"text":"a","start":7222.53,"end":7222.61},{"text":"clearer","start":7222.77,"end":7223.57},{"text":"drafting.","start":7223.57,"end":7224.13}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 5, we concur with the content of this paragraph, and we have some reservation on \"context appropriate\", and we prefer to refer to human judgment and control, and we recommend to merge paragraphs 4 and 5 so that we can bring in more clarity about human control and commitment to IHL.","start":7224.53,"end":7254.61,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":7224.53,"end":7225.25},{"text":"paragraph","start":7225.25,"end":7225.89},{"text":"5,","start":7225.97,"end":7226.61},{"text":"we","start":7226.69,"end":7227.01},{"text":"concur","start":7227.01,"end":7227.65},{"text":"with","start":7227.65,"end":7227.81},{"text":"the","start":7227.81,"end":7227.89},{"text":"content","start":7227.89,"end":7228.69},{"text":"of","start":7228.69,"end":7228.93},{"text":"this","start":7228.93,"end":7229.17},{"text":"paragraph,","start":7229.17,"end":7229.81},{"text":"and","start":7229.81,"end":7230.13},{"text":"we","start":7230.13,"end":7230.33},{"text":"have","start":7230.33,"end":7230.61},{"text":"some","start":7230.93,"end":7231.41},{"text":"reservation","start":7231.41,"end":7232.37},{"text":"on","start":7232.37,"end":7232.69},{"text":"\"context","start":7232.69,"end":7233.33},{"text":"appropriate\",","start":7233.33,"end":7234.21},{"text":"and","start":7234.21,"end":7234.61},{"text":"we","start":7234.61,"end":7235.01},{"text":"prefer","start":7236.13,"end":7236.77},{"text":"to","start":7236.77,"end":7236.85},{"text":"refer","start":7236.85,"end":7237.25},{"text":"to","start":7237.25,"end":7237.41},{"text":"human","start":7237.41,"end":7237.97},{"text":"judgment","start":7237.97,"end":7238.45},{"text":"and","start":7238.45,"end":7238.61},{"text":"control,","start":7238.61,"end":7239.17},{"text":"and","start":7239.73,"end":7240.21},{"text":"we","start":7240.37,"end":7240.61},{"text":"recommend","start":7240.61,"end":7241.57},{"text":"to","start":7242.93,"end":7243.17},{"text":"merge","start":7243.17,"end":7243.73},{"text":"paragraphs","start":7243.73,"end":7244.61},{"text":"4","start":7244.93,"end":7245.25},{"text":"and","start":7245.25,"end":7245.49},{"text":"5","start":7245.49,"end":7246.13},{"text":"so","start":7246.45,"end":7246.77},{"text":"that","start":7246.77,"end":7247.25},{"text":"we","start":7247.25,"end":7247.41},{"text":"can","start":7247.41,"end":7247.65},{"text":"bring","start":7247.65,"end":7248.13},{"text":"in","start":7248.13,"end":7248.53},{"text":"more","start":7248.53,"end":7249.09},{"text":"clarity","start":7249.09,"end":7249.89},{"text":"about","start":7249.89,"end":7250.61},{"text":"human","start":7250.85,"end":7251.33},{"text":"control","start":7251.33,"end":7252.05},{"text":"and","start":7252.45,"end":7252.85},{"text":"commitment","start":7252.85,"end":7253.61},{"text":"to","start":7253.61,"end":7253.89},{"text":"IHL.","start":7253.89,"end":7254.61}]},{"text":"And we also think that this merging of the two paragraph will mean that absence of control will mean absence of judgment.","start":7255.17,"end":7269.33,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7255.17,"end":7255.49},{"text":"we","start":7255.49,"end":7255.65},{"text":"also","start":7255.65,"end":7256.05},{"text":"think","start":7256.05,"end":7256.45},{"text":"that","start":7256.45,"end":7256.73},{"text":"this","start":7256.73,"end":7257.09},{"text":"merging","start":7257.09,"end":7257.97},{"text":"of","start":7258.05,"end":7258.37},{"text":"the","start":7258.37,"end":7258.49},{"text":"two","start":7258.49,"end":7258.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":7258.77,"end":7259.57},{"text":"will","start":7260.05,"end":7260.69},{"text":"mean","start":7262.45,"end":7263.01},{"text":"that","start":7263.01,"end":7263.49},{"text":"absence","start":7263.97,"end":7264.69},{"text":"of","start":7264.69,"end":7264.93},{"text":"control","start":7265.41,"end":7266.13},{"text":"will","start":7266.29,"end":7266.85},{"text":"mean","start":7267.01,"end":7267.57},{"text":"absence","start":7267.57,"end":7268.21},{"text":"of","start":7268.21,"end":7268.61},{"text":"judgment.","start":7268.69,"end":7269.33}]},{"text":"However, I would like to reiterate that paragraph 5 is very important when it comes to compliance with IHL.","start":7269.65,"end":7281.53,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7348.17,"end":7348.53},{"text":"this","start":7348.53,"end":7348.89},{"text":"reflects","start":7349.13,"end":7349.93},{"text":"a","start":7350.09,"end":7350.13},{"text":"common","start":7350.13,"end":7350.89},{"text":"commitment","start":7351.21,"end":7352.29},{"text":"to","start":7352.29,"end":7352.37},{"text":"prevent","start":7352.37,"end":7353.21},{"text":"any","start":7353.21,"end":7353.61},{"text":"violations","start":7353.85,"end":7354.65},{"text":"prior","start":7354.65,"end":7356.33},{"text":"to","start":7356.49,"end":7356.89},{"text":"any","start":7356.89,"end":7357.13},{"text":"attack.","start":7357.13,"end":7357.53}]},{"text":"Thank 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France.","start":7366.97,"end":7371.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7366.97,"end":7367.13},{"text":"let","start":7367.13,"end":7367.29},{"text":"me","start":7367.29,"end":7367.45},{"text":"first","start":7367.45,"end":7367.77},{"text":"pass","start":7367.77,"end":7368.09},{"text":"the","start":7368.25,"end":7368.41},{"text":"floor","start":7368.41,"end":7368.65},{"text":"to","start":7368.65,"end":7368.73},{"text":"the","start":7368.73,"end":7368.81},{"text":"distinguished","start":7368.81,"end":7369.45},{"text":"representative","start":7369.45,"end":7370.25},{"text":"of","start":7370.61,"end":7370.69},{"text":"France.","start":7370.69,"end":7371.05}]},{"text":"you have the 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thank you.","start":7549.65,"end":7550.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":7549.65,"end":7550.29},{"text":"thank","start":7550.29,"end":7550.61},{"text":"you.","start":7550.61,"end":7550.69}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"FRA","group":null,"function":"Ambassador","affiliation_full":"France"}},{"statement_number":66,"start":7551.89,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:05:52","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the Ambassador of France for sharing the views of her 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me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Hungary, who will be followed by Austria, but first 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Chair, since it is my first time to take the floor, my delegation wishes to congratulate you and your team on guiding the work of this group of governmental 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delegation would like to propose in box 3, paragraph 3, the following.","start":7582.49,"end":7586.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":7582.49,"end":7582.73},{"text":"delegation","start":7582.73,"end":7583.21},{"text":"would","start":7583.21,"end":7583.33},{"text":"like","start":7583.33,"end":7583.57},{"text":"to","start":7583.57,"end":7583.69},{"text":"propose","start":7583.69,"end":7584.25},{"text":"in","start":7584.25,"end":7584.41},{"text":"box","start":7584.41,"end":7585.01},{"text":"3,","start":7585.01,"end":7585.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":7585.29,"end":7585.77},{"text":"3,","start":7585.77,"end":7585.93},{"text":"the","start":7585.93,"end":7586.09},{"text":"following.","start":7586.09,"end":7586.73}]},{"text":"It is prohibited in all circumstances to make the civilian population as such individual civilians or civilian objects, and following our proposal, other individuals, for example, medical personnel, prisoners of war, and objects protected by international law and international humanitarian law, as an example, field hospitals, cultural heritage, installations containing dangerous forces, in accordance with Article 38 and 56 of the Additional Protocol of the Geneva-- Protocol of-- First Protocol of the Geneva Convention, the object of an attack by laws.","start":7588.09,"end":7625.73,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":7625.73,"end":7626.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7625.73,"end":7626.01},{"text":"you,","start":7626.01,"end":7626.13},{"text":"Mr.","start":7626.13,"end":7626.45},{"text":"Chair.","start":7626.45,"end":7626.61}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"HUN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Hungary"}},{"statement_number":68,"start":7630.01,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:07:11","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Hungary.","start":7630.01,"end":7632.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7630.01,"end":7630.17},{"text":"thank","start":7630.17,"end":7630.45},{"text":"the","start":7630.45,"end":7630.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":7630.53,"end":7631.05},{"text":"representative","start":7631.05,"end":7631.69},{"text":"of","start":7631.73,"end":7631.85},{"text":"Hungary.","start":7631.93,"end":7632.41}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Austria.","start":7632.41,"end":7634.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7632.41,"end":7632.77},{"text":"on","start":7632.77,"end":7632.85},{"text":"my","start":7632.85,"end":7633.13},{"text":"list","start":7633.21,"end":7633.53},{"text":"is","start":7633.53,"end":7633.69},{"text":"Austria.","start":7633.69,"end":7634.17}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":7634.17,"end":7634.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7634.17,"end":7634.41},{"text":"you","start":7634.41,"end":7634.49},{"text":"have","start":7634.49,"end":7634.61},{"text":"the","start":7634.61,"end":7634.69},{"text":"floor.","start":7634.73,"end":7634.93}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":69,"start":7638.89,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:07:19","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Before going into the second part of our intervention on this box with regard to para 6, we also would like to come back to 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para 6, we have already expressed our opinion that this should stay here.","start":7966.69,"end":7973.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7966.69,"end":7966.97},{"text":"para","start":7967.29,"end":7967.69},{"text":"6,","start":7967.69,"end":7968.25},{"text":"we","start":7970.25,"end":7970.45},{"text":"have","start":7970.45,"end":7970.61},{"text":"already","start":7970.61,"end":7971.29},{"text":"expressed","start":7971.53,"end":7971.97},{"text":"our","start":7971.97,"end":7972.09},{"text":"opinion","start":7972.09,"end":7972.49},{"text":"that","start":7972.49,"end":7972.69},{"text":"this","start":7972.69,"end":7972.93},{"text":"should","start":7972.93,"end":7973.09},{"text":"stay","start":7973.09,"end":7973.45},{"text":"here.","start":7973.45,"end":7973.93}]},{"text":"If people -- and this is maybe similar to the discussion that we had on box 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for being so long, and thank you.","start":8352.09,"end":8354.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sorry","start":8352.09,"end":8352.33},{"text":"for","start":8352.33,"end":8352.49},{"text":"being","start":8352.49,"end":8352.73},{"text":"so","start":8352.73,"end":8352.85},{"text":"long,","start":8352.85,"end":8353.13},{"text":"and","start":8353.85,"end":8354.01},{"text":"thank","start":8354.01,"end":8354.17},{"text":"you.","start":8354.17,"end":8354.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"AUT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Austria"}},{"statement_number":70,"start":8356.89,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:19:17","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of 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I will now pass the floor first to the distinguished representative of Algeria.","start":8391.33,"end":8395.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":8391.33,"end":8391.49},{"text":"I","start":8391.49,"end":8391.57},{"text":"will","start":8391.57,"end":8391.69},{"text":"now","start":8391.69,"end":8391.81},{"text":"pass","start":8391.81,"end":8392.29},{"text":"the","start":8392.53,"end":8392.69},{"text":"floor","start":8392.69,"end":8393.01},{"text":"first","start":8393.01,"end":8393.49},{"text":"to","start":8393.49,"end":8393.57},{"text":"the","start":8393.57,"end":8393.69},{"text":"distinguished","start":8393.69,"end":8394.21},{"text":"representative","start":8394.21,"end":8394.93},{"text":"of","start":8395.05,"end":8395.17},{"text":"Algeria.","start":8395.21,"end":8395.77}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the floor.","start":8395.77,"end":8396.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":8395.77,"end":8396.05},{"text":"you","start":8396.05,"end":8396.13},{"text":"have","start":8396.13,"end":8396.25},{"text":"the","start":8396.25,"end":8396.33},{"text":"floor.","start":8396.37,"end":8396.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":71,"start":8401.93,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:20:02","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":8401.93,"end":8402.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8401.93,"end":8402.13},{"text":"you,","start":8402.13,"end":8402.29},{"text":"Mr.","start":8402.29,"end":8402.61},{"text":"Chair.","start":8402.61,"end":8402.81}]},{"text":"My delegation wishes to deliver the following observations on the third box of the rolling 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8410.77,"end":8410.89},{"text":"fully","start":8410.93,"end":8411.17},{"text":"support","start":8411.17,"end":8411.81},{"text":"the","start":8411.89,"end":8412.01},{"text":"indication","start":8412.05,"end":8412.85},{"text":"in","start":8412.85,"end":8413.01},{"text":"the","start":8413.01,"end":8413.09},{"text":"rolling","start":8413.09,"end":8413.45},{"text":"text","start":8413.45,"end":8413.97},{"text":"to","start":8414.05,"end":8414.25},{"text":"the","start":8414.25,"end":8414.41},{"text":"absolute","start":8414.41,"end":8415.09},{"text":"prohibition","start":8415.09,"end":8415.97},{"text":"of","start":8415.97,"end":8416.21},{"text":"the","start":8416.21,"end":8416.33},{"text":"laws","start":8416.33,"end":8416.85},{"text":"that","start":8416.85,"end":8417.17},{"text":"are","start":8417.17,"end":8417.41},{"text":"inherently","start":8417.41,"end":8418.45},{"text":"unlawful,","start":8418.45,"end":8419.09},{"text":"those","start":8419.33,"end":8419.73},{"text":"that","start":8419.73,"end":8420.05},{"text":"cause","start":8420.05,"end":8420.45},{"text":"unnecessary","start":8420.49,"end":8421.17},{"text":"suffering,","start":8421.17,"end":8421.81},{"text":"are","start":8422.21,"end":8422.37},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":8422.37,"end":8423.25},{"text":"by","start":8423.25,"end":8423.49},{"text":"nature,","start":8423.49,"end":8423.97},{"text":"or","start":8423.97,"end":8424.21},{"text":"incapable","start":8424.25,"end":8425.33},{"text":"of","start":8425.33,"end":8425.49},{"text":"being","start":8425.49,"end":8425.77},{"text":"used","start":8425.77,"end":8426.13},{"text":"in","start":8426.13,"end":8426.29},{"text":"compliance","start":8426.29,"end":8426.93},{"text":"with","start":8426.93,"end":8427.09},{"text":"IHL.","start":8427.09,"end":8427.73}]},{"text":"In line with the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law, such as Article 13 of Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Convention, which established that civilian population as such, as well as individual civilians, shall not be object of attack, we wish to emphasize the critical importance of paragraph 3.","start":8428.61,"end":8449.41,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. 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Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."},{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8488.05,"end":8488.13},{"text":"addition,","start":8488.13,"end":8488.69},{"text":"we","start":8489.01,"end":8489.29},{"text":"see","start":8489.29,"end":8489.45},{"text":"merit","start":8489.45,"end":8489.89},{"text":"in","start":8489.89,"end":8490.13},{"text":"ensuring","start":8490.13,"end":8490.77},{"text":"that","start":8490.77,"end":8491.09},{"text":"laws","start":8491.09,"end":8491.65},{"text":"operate","start":8491.73,"end":8492.33},{"text":"under","start":8492.33,"end":8492.69},{"text":"a","start":8492.69,"end":8492.73},{"text":"responsible","start":8492.73,"end":8493.57},{"text":"chain","start":8493.57,"end":8493.89},{"text":"of","start":8493.89,"end":8493.97},{"text":"command","start":8493.97,"end":8494.61},{"text":"and","start":8494.77,"end":8495.05},{"text":"can","start":8495.05,"end":8495.33},{"text":"be","start":8495.33,"end":8495.57},{"text":"predictably","start":8495.57,"end":8496.33},{"text":"controlled,","start":8496.33,"end":8497.01},{"text":"including","start":8497.25,"end":8497.97},{"text":"through","start":8497.97,"end":8498.29},{"text":"restriction","start":8498.53,"end":8499.33},{"text":"on","start":8499.33,"end":8499.57},{"text":"the","start":8499.57,"end":8499.65},{"text":"scope","start":8499.65,"end":8500.13},{"text":"and","start":8500.13,"end":8500.33},{"text":"duration","start":8500.33,"end":8500.93},{"text":"of","start":8500.93,"end":8501.09},{"text":"their","start":8501.09,"end":8501.25},{"text":"missions","start":8501.25,"end":8501.89},{"text":"and","start":8502.13,"end":8502.41},{"text":"the","start":8502.41,"end":8502.49},{"text":"ability","start":8502.49,"end":8503.09},{"text":"for","start":8503.09,"end":8503.33},{"text":"human","start":8503.33,"end":8503.81},{"text":"operator","start":8503.81,"end":8504.53},{"text":"to","start":8504.77,"end":8504.89},{"text":"deactivate","start":8504.89,"end":8505.65},{"text":"the","start":8505.65,"end":8505.77},{"text":"system","start":8505.77,"end":8506.29},{"text":"in","start":8506.29,"end":8506.53},{"text":"timely","start":8506.53,"end":8506.93},{"text":"manner.","start":8506.93,"end":8507.33}]},{"text":"We caution, however, against reliance on autonomous self-deactivation mechanisms.","start":8509.33,"end":8515.97,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8509.33,"end":8509.65},{"text":"caution,","start":8509.73,"end":8510.37},{"text":"however,","start":8510.53,"end":8511.17},{"text":"against","start":8511.33,"end":8511.89},{"text":"reliance","start":8511.89,"end":8512.53},{"text":"on","start":8512.61,"end":8512.77},{"text":"autonomous","start":8512.81,"end":8513.53},{"text":"self-deactivation","start":8513.53,"end":8515.01},{"text":"mechanisms.","start":8515.09,"end":8515.97}]},{"text":"as such measures would shift responsibility from the human operator to the machine itself.","start":8516.21,"end":8522.65,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"as","start":8516.21,"end":8516.25},{"text":"such","start":8516.33,"end":8516.81},{"text":"measures","start":8516.81,"end":8517.37},{"text":"would","start":8517.61,"end":8517.89},{"text":"shift","start":8517.89,"end":8518.25},{"text":"responsibility","start":8518.25,"end":8519.37},{"text":"from","start":8519.69,"end":8520.09},{"text":"the","start":8520.09,"end":8520.17},{"text":"human","start":8520.17,"end":8520.65},{"text":"operator","start":8520.65,"end":8521.37},{"text":"to","start":8521.45,"end":8521.57},{"text":"the","start":8521.57,"end":8521.69},{"text":"machine","start":8521.69,"end":8522.09},{"text":"itself.","start":8522.09,"end":8522.65}]},{"text":"Effective human judgment and accountability must remain at the core of any use of these systems.","start":8523.21,"end":8529.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Effective","start":8523.21,"end":8523.77},{"text":"human","start":8523.77,"end":8524.17},{"text":"judgment","start":8524.17,"end":8524.77},{"text":"and","start":8524.77,"end":8524.93},{"text":"accountability","start":8524.93,"end":8525.85},{"text":"must","start":8525.85,"end":8526.13},{"text":"remain","start":8526.13,"end":8526.81},{"text":"at","start":8526.81,"end":8527.01},{"text":"the","start":8527.01,"end":8527.17},{"text":"core","start":8527.17,"end":8527.53},{"text":"of","start":8527.53,"end":8527.69},{"text":"any","start":8527.69,"end":8527.97},{"text":"use","start":8527.97,"end":8528.29},{"text":"of","start":8528.29,"end":8528.41},{"text":"these","start":8528.41,"end":8528.57},{"text":"systems.","start":8528.57,"end":8529.13}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 6C, we already expressed our position regarding the term context-appropriate human control and judgment.","start":8530.17,"end":8538.41,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":8530.17,"end":8530.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":8530.77,"end":8531.37},{"text":"6C,","start":8531.37,"end":8532.09},{"text":"we","start":8532.09,"end":8532.41},{"text":"already","start":8532.49,"end":8532.93},{"text":"expressed","start":8532.93,"end":8533.53},{"text":"our","start":8533.53,"end":8533.77},{"text":"position","start":8533.77,"end":8534.33},{"text":"regarding","start":8534.33,"end":8534.81},{"text":"the","start":8534.81,"end":8534.93},{"text":"term","start":8534.93,"end":8535.45},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":8535.45,"end":8536.57},{"text":"human","start":8536.57,"end":8537.13},{"text":"control","start":8537.13,"end":8537.69},{"text":"and","start":8537.69,"end":8537.81},{"text":"judgment.","start":8537.81,"end":8538.41}]},{"text":"In line of this, we think that this term needs further explanation in compliance with IHL principles.","start":8538.81,"end":8545.93,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8538.81,"end":8538.97},{"text":"line","start":8538.97,"end":8539.21},{"text":"of","start":8539.25,"end":8539.37},{"text":"this,","start":8539.37,"end":8539.53},{"text":"we","start":8539.53,"end":8539.69},{"text":"think","start":8539.69,"end":8539.93},{"text":"that","start":8539.93,"end":8540.13},{"text":"this","start":8540.13,"end":8540.41},{"text":"term","start":8540.41,"end":8540.89},{"text":"needs","start":8540.89,"end":8541.29},{"text":"further","start":8541.29,"end":8541.85},{"text":"explanation","start":8541.85,"end":8543.45},{"text":"in","start":8543.45,"end":8543.61},{"text":"compliance","start":8543.61,"end":8544.25},{"text":"with","start":8544.25,"end":8544.41},{"text":"IHL","start":8544.41,"end":8545.05},{"text":"principles.","start":8545.05,"end":8545.93}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":8546.49,"end":8547.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8546.49,"end":8546.65},{"text":"thank","start":8546.73,"end":8546.93},{"text":"you.","start":8546.97,"end":8547.05}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"DZA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Algeria"}},{"statement_number":72,"start":8556.58,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:22:37","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Algeria.","start":8556.58,"end":8559.26,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8556.58,"end":8556.74},{"text":"thank","start":8556.74,"end":8557.02},{"text":"the","start":8557.02,"end":8557.1},{"text":"distinguished","start":8557.1,"end":8557.78},{"text":"representative","start":8557.94,"end":8558.58},{"text":"of","start":8558.62,"end":8558.74},{"text":"Algeria.","start":8558.74,"end":8559.26}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Denmark, to be followed by Spain, ENCO and Singapore.","start":8559.26,"end":8565.3,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":8559.26,"end":8559.78},{"text":"on","start":8559.78,"end":8559.86},{"text":"my","start":8559.86,"end":8560.02},{"text":"list","start":8560.02,"end":8560.42},{"text":"is","start":8560.42,"end":8560.74},{"text":"Denmark,","start":8561.14,"end":8561.66},{"text":"to","start":8561.66,"end":8561.74},{"text":"be","start":8561.74,"end":8561.86},{"text":"followed","start":8561.86,"end":8562.26},{"text":"by","start":8562.34,"end":8562.58},{"text":"Spain,","start":8562.58,"end":8563.42},{"text":"ENCO","start":8563.42,"end":8564.1},{"text":"and","start":8564.26,"end":8564.58},{"text":"Singapore.","start":8564.58,"end":8565.3}]},{"text":"But first, the distinguished representative of Denmark.","start":8565.7,"end":8568.34,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":8565.7,"end":8566.02},{"text":"first,","start":8566.02,"end":8566.34},{"text":"the","start":8566.38,"end":8566.46},{"text":"distinguished","start":8566.46,"end":8567.02},{"text":"representative","start":8567.02,"end":8567.62},{"text":"of","start":8567.66,"end":8567.78},{"text":"Denmark.","start":8567.78,"end":8568.34}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":8568.34,"end":8568.98,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":8568.34,"end":8568.42},{"text":"have","start":8568.42,"end":8568.54},{"text":"the","start":8568.58,"end":8568.7},{"text":"floor.","start":8568.74,"end":8568.98}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":73,"start":8570.42,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:22:51","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, for allowing me to take the floor.","start":8570.42,"end":8572.58,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8570.42,"end":8570.66},{"text":"you,","start":8570.66,"end":8570.74},{"text":"Chair,","start":8570.74,"end":8570.98},{"text":"for","start":8570.98,"end":8571.22},{"text":"allowing","start":8571.22,"end":8571.42},{"text":"me","start":8571.42,"end":8571.62},{"text":"to","start":8571.62,"end":8571.82},{"text":"take","start":8571.94,"end":8572.18},{"text":"the","start":8572.18,"end":8572.26},{"text":"floor.","start":8572.26,"end":8572.58}]},{"text":"Although we have now opened the discussion on para 6, we would like to limit this intervention to comment on para 1 to 5.","start":8573.38,"end":8580.34,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":8573.38,"end":8573.7},{"text":"we","start":8573.7,"end":8573.78},{"text":"have","start":8573.78,"end":8573.94},{"text":"now","start":8573.94,"end":8574.18},{"text":"opened","start":8574.18,"end":8574.62},{"text":"the","start":8574.62,"end":8574.7},{"text":"discussion","start":8574.7,"end":8575.3},{"text":"on","start":8575.42,"end":8575.7},{"text":"para","start":8575.78,"end":8576.02},{"text":"6,","start":8576.02,"end":8576.42},{"text":"we","start":8576.42,"end":8576.58},{"text":"would","start":8576.58,"end":8576.7},{"text":"like","start":8576.7,"end":8576.9},{"text":"to","start":8576.9,"end":8577.02},{"text":"limit","start":8577.02,"end":8577.34},{"text":"this","start":8577.34,"end":8577.54},{"text":"intervention","start":8577.54,"end":8578.18},{"text":"to","start":8578.18,"end":8578.34},{"text":"comment","start":8578.34,"end":8578.82},{"text":"on","start":8578.82,"end":8579.06},{"text":"para","start":8579.06,"end":8579.38},{"text":"1","start":8579.38,"end":8579.78},{"text":"to","start":8579.78,"end":8579.9},{"text":"5.","start":8579.94,"end":8580.34}]},{"text":"On para 6, we would consider making a more detailed intervention at a later stage.","start":8581.33,"end":8585.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":8581.33,"end":8581.49},{"text":"para","start":8581.49,"end":8581.69},{"text":"6,","start":8581.69,"end":8581.89},{"text":"we","start":8581.89,"end":8581.97},{"text":"would","start":8581.97,"end":8582.21},{"text":"consider","start":8582.21,"end":8582.69},{"text":"making","start":8582.69,"end":8583.01},{"text":"a","start":8583.01,"end":8583.05},{"text":"more","start":8583.05,"end":8583.25},{"text":"detailed","start":8583.25,"end":8583.65},{"text":"intervention","start":8583.65,"end":8584.17},{"text":"at","start":8584.17,"end":8584.25},{"text":"a","start":8584.25,"end":8584.29},{"text":"later","start":8584.29,"end":8584.61},{"text":"stage.","start":8584.61,"end":8585.17}]},{"text":"But we can support paras 1 to 5 overall.","start":8585.49,"end":8588.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":8585.49,"end":8585.89},{"text":"we","start":8585.89,"end":8586.05},{"text":"can","start":8586.05,"end":8586.29},{"text":"support","start":8586.29,"end":8586.77},{"text":"paras","start":8586.77,"end":8587.17},{"text":"1","start":8587.17,"end":8587.41},{"text":"to","start":8587.41,"end":8587.49},{"text":"5","start":8587.49,"end":8587.81},{"text":"overall.","start":8587.81,"end":8588.53}]},{"text":"Like a number of delegations, however, we would like to suggest additional language to para 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hostilities.","start":8594.69,"end":8603.01,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8594.69,"end":8594.93},{"text":"after","start":8594.93,"end":8595.41},{"text":"individual","start":8595.41,"end":8596.05},{"text":"civilians,","start":8596.05,"end":8596.69},{"text":"we","start":8596.69,"end":8596.93},{"text":"would","start":8596.93,"end":8597.09},{"text":"add,","start":8597.09,"end":8597.49},{"text":"unless","start":8597.73,"end":8598.45},{"text":"and","start":8598.85,"end":8599.13},{"text":"for","start":8599.13,"end":8599.29},{"text":"such","start":8599.29,"end":8599.65},{"text":"a","start":8599.65,"end":8599.69},{"text":"time,","start":8599.69,"end":8600.21},{"text":"they","start":8600.29,"end":8600.49},{"text":"are","start":8600.49,"end":8600.61},{"text":"directly","start":8600.61,"end":8601.25},{"text":"participating","start":8601.25,"end":8602.01},{"text":"in","start":8602.01,"end":8602.13},{"text":"hostilities.","start":8602.13,"end":8603.01}]},{"text":"The full sentence would thus read, \"It is prohibited in all circumstances to make the civilian population as such, individual civilians, unless and for such a time they are directly participating in hostilities, or civilian objects, the object of an attack by loss.\"","start":8603.61,"end":8619.37,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. 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on my list is Singapore, to be followed by Japan and Canada.","start":9001.01,"end":9005.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":9001.01,"end":9001.57},{"text":"on","start":9001.61,"end":9001.69},{"text":"my","start":9001.73,"end":9001.89},{"text":"list","start":9001.89,"end":9002.13},{"text":"is","start":9002.13,"end":9002.29},{"text":"Singapore,","start":9002.29,"end":9002.85},{"text":"to","start":9002.85,"end":9003.05},{"text":"be","start":9003.05,"end":9003.33},{"text":"followed","start":9003.33,"end":9003.65},{"text":"by","start":9003.65,"end":9003.81},{"text":"Japan","start":9003.81,"end":9004.29},{"text":"and","start":9004.29,"end":9004.41},{"text":"Canada.","start":9004.41,"end":9005.01}]},{"text":"But now first, the distinguished representative of Singapore, you have the 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Similarly,","start":9084.85,"end":9085.73},{"text":"the","start":9086.21,"end":9086.37},{"text":"location","start":9086.37,"end":9087.01},{"text":"of","start":9087.01,"end":9087.17},{"text":"an","start":9087.17,"end":9087.33},{"text":"object","start":9087.33,"end":9087.81},{"text":"may","start":9087.89,"end":9088.09},{"text":"affect","start":9088.09,"end":9088.53},{"text":"its","start":9088.53,"end":9088.73},{"text":"status","start":9088.73,"end":9089.17},{"text":"as","start":9089.17,"end":9089.41},{"text":"a","start":9089.41,"end":9089.45},{"text":"legitimate","start":9089.45,"end":9090.09},{"text":"military","start":9090.09,"end":9090.53},{"text":"objective,","start":9090.53,"end":9091.17},{"text":"regardless","start":9091.49,"end":9092.29},{"text":"of","start":9092.29,"end":9092.45},{"text":"its","start":9092.45,"end":9092.69},{"text":"nature.","start":9092.69,"end":9093.17}]},{"text":"For example, a bridge could be used by the belligerent for troop movement to reinforce frontal positions.","start":9093.97,"end":9100.61,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":9152.73,"end":9153.05},{"text":"instance,","start":9153.05,"end":9153.85},{"text":"what","start":9154.29,"end":9154.61},{"text":"would","start":9154.61,"end":9154.73},{"text":"be","start":9154.73,"end":9154.89},{"text":"considered","start":9154.89,"end":9155.45},{"text":"real-time?","start":9155.53,"end":9156.33}]},{"text":"What would the scope of machine learning constitute?","start":9157.45,"end":9160.25,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":9157.45,"end":9157.77},{"text":"would","start":9157.77,"end":9157.89},{"text":"the","start":9157.89,"end":9157.97},{"text":"scope","start":9157.97,"end":9158.33},{"text":"of","start":9158.33,"end":9158.49},{"text":"machine","start":9158.49,"end":9159.05},{"text":"learning","start":9159.05,"end":9159.45},{"text":"constitute?","start":9159.45,"end":9160.25}]},{"text":"Assuming the aim of paragraph 6 is to limit the ability of laws in autonomously altering the types of targets and parameters of engagement, then my delegation puts it to the floor that the current phrasing of paragraph 6 may already fulfil the intention of those limits.","start":9162.33,"end":9181.53,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. 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thank you, Chair.","start":9182.17,"end":9182.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9182.17,"end":9182.33},{"text":"thank","start":9182.33,"end":9182.53},{"text":"you,","start":9182.53,"end":9182.61},{"text":"Chair.","start":9182.61,"end":9182.81}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SGP","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Singapore"}},{"statement_number":80,"start":9189.89,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:33:10","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Singapore.","start":9189.89,"end":9192.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9189.89,"end":9190.13},{"text":"thank","start":9190.13,"end":9190.45},{"text":"the","start":9190.45,"end":9190.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":9190.53,"end":9191.09},{"text":"representative","start":9191.09,"end":9191.89},{"text":"of","start":9191.89,"end":9191.97},{"text":"Singapore.","start":9191.97,"end":9192.69}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Japan, to be followed by Canada and Ireland.","start":9193.57,"end":9198.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":9193.57,"end":9194.37},{"text":"on","start":9194.37,"end":9194.45},{"text":"my","start":9194.45,"end":9194.85},{"text":"list","start":9194.93,"end":9195.41},{"text":"is","start":9195.41,"end":9195.89},{"text":"Japan,","start":9196.53,"end":9197.01},{"text":"to","start":9197.01,"end":9197.09},{"text":"be","start":9197.09,"end":9197.25},{"text":"followed","start":9197.25,"end":9197.49},{"text":"by","start":9197.49,"end":9197.57},{"text":"Canada","start":9197.57,"end":9197.93},{"text":"and","start":9197.93,"end":9198.13},{"text":"Ireland.","start":9198.13,"end":9198.65}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Japan.","start":9198.65,"end":9201.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":9198.65,"end":9198.81},{"text":"me","start":9198.81,"end":9198.93},{"text":"now","start":9198.93,"end":9199.01},{"text":"pass","start":9199.01,"end":9199.37},{"text":"the","start":9199.37,"end":9199.45},{"text":"floor","start":9199.45,"end":9199.73},{"text":"to","start":9199.73,"end":9199.81},{"text":"the","start":9199.81,"end":9199.89},{"text":"distinguished","start":9199.89,"end":9200.49},{"text":"representative","start":9200.49,"end":9201.17},{"text":"of","start":9201.17,"end":9201.25},{"text":"Japan.","start":9201.25,"end":9201.73}]},{"text":"You have the floor, madam.","start":9201.73,"end":9202.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":9201.73,"end":9201.85},{"text":"have","start":9201.85,"end":9202.01},{"text":"the","start":9202.05,"end":9202.13},{"text":"floor,","start":9202.13,"end":9202.41},{"text":"madam.","start":9202.41,"end":9202.65}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":81,"start":9207.17,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:33:28","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, for giving me the floor again.","start":9207.17,"end":9209.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9207.17,"end":9207.37},{"text":"you,","start":9207.37,"end":9207.45},{"text":"Mr.","start":9207.45,"end":9207.69},{"text":"Chair,","start":9207.69,"end":9207.89},{"text":"for","start":9207.89,"end":9208.05},{"text":"giving","start":9208.05,"end":9208.25},{"text":"me","start":9208.25,"end":9208.37},{"text":"the","start":9208.37,"end":9208.49},{"text":"floor","start":9208.49,"end":9208.77},{"text":"again.","start":9208.77,"end":9209.09}]},{"text":"Paragraph 6.","start":9210.13,"end":9211.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":9210.13,"end":9210.57},{"text":"6.","start":9210.57,"end":9211.09}]},{"text":"Regarding the chapeau, we welcome the articulation of the objective.","start":9212.37,"end":9216.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":9212.37,"end":9212.77},{"text":"the","start":9212.77,"end":9212.85},{"text":"chapeau,","start":9212.85,"end":9213.65},{"text":"we","start":9213.65,"end":9213.81},{"text":"welcome","start":9213.81,"end":9214.33},{"text":"the","start":9214.77,"end":9214.97},{"text":"articulation","start":9214.97,"end":9215.65},{"text":"of","start":9215.65,"end":9215.73},{"text":"the","start":9215.73,"end":9215.81},{"text":"objective.","start":9215.81,"end":9216.61}]},{"text":"at the beginning of the sentence, which clarifies that the objective is to uphold compliance with IHL.","start":9217.81,"end":9223.57,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"at","start":9217.81,"end":9217.93},{"text":"the","start":9217.93,"end":9218.05},{"text":"beginning","start":9218.05,"end":9218.49},{"text":"of","start":9218.49,"end":9218.57},{"text":"the","start":9218.57,"end":9218.65},{"text":"sentence,","start":9218.65,"end":9219.17},{"text":"which","start":9219.17,"end":9219.33},{"text":"clarifies","start":9219.33,"end":9219.97},{"text":"that","start":9219.97,"end":9220.29},{"text":"the","start":9220.77,"end":9220.85},{"text":"objective","start":9220.85,"end":9221.41},{"text":"is","start":9221.41,"end":9221.61},{"text":"to","start":9221.61,"end":9221.69},{"text":"uphold","start":9221.69,"end":9222.17},{"text":"compliance","start":9222.17,"end":9222.73},{"text":"with","start":9222.73,"end":9222.89},{"text":"IHL.","start":9222.93,"end":9223.57}]},{"text":"In the latter half, I will not repeat our thinking on the context-appropriate human judgment and control, but would like to register our reservation.","start":9224.93,"end":9234.45,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9224.93,"end":9225.09},{"text":"the","start":9225.09,"end":9225.21},{"text":"latter","start":9225.21,"end":9225.57},{"text":"half,","start":9225.57,"end":9226.05},{"text":"I","start":9226.29,"end":9226.41},{"text":"will","start":9226.41,"end":9226.53},{"text":"not","start":9226.53,"end":9226.69},{"text":"repeat","start":9226.69,"end":9227.33},{"text":"our","start":9227.57,"end":9227.81},{"text":"thinking","start":9227.81,"end":9228.45},{"text":"on","start":9228.45,"end":9229.01},{"text":"the","start":9229.01,"end":9229.17},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":9229.17,"end":9230.05},{"text":"human","start":9230.05,"end":9230.37},{"text":"judgment","start":9230.37,"end":9230.89},{"text":"and","start":9230.89,"end":9231.05},{"text":"control,","start":9231.05,"end":9231.57},{"text":"but","start":9232.05,"end":9232.17},{"text":"would","start":9232.17,"end":9232.29},{"text":"like","start":9232.29,"end":9232.57},{"text":"to","start":9232.57,"end":9232.93},{"text":"register","start":9232.93,"end":9233.57},{"text":"our","start":9233.57,"end":9233.65},{"text":"reservation.","start":9233.65,"end":9234.45}]},{"text":"On the other paragraphs, regarding paragraph 6, we support the first paragraph, but in the second sentence, I'm sorry, we support the first sentence, but on second sentence, like the distinguished delegation from France and Singapore have mentioned, we would like to delete ethical considerations.","start":9236.41,"end":9258.97,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9236.41,"end":9236.61},{"text":"the","start":9236.61,"end":9236.73},{"text":"other","start":9236.77,"end":9237.25},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":9237.49,"end":9238.05},{"text":"regarding","start":9238.37,"end":9238.73},{"text":"paragraph","start":9239.33,"end":9239.65},{"text":"6,","start":9239.65,"end":9240.21},{"text":"we","start":9240.33,"end":9240.77},{"text":"support","start":9241.41,"end":9241.97},{"text":"the","start":9241.97,"end":9242.05},{"text":"first","start":9242.05,"end":9242.29},{"text":"paragraph,","start":9242.37,"end":9242.93},{"text":"but","start":9243.65,"end":9243.97},{"text":"in","start":9243.97,"end":9244.13},{"text":"the","start":9244.13,"end":9244.25},{"text":"second","start":9244.25,"end":9244.69},{"text":"sentence,","start":9244.69,"end":9245.41},{"text":"I'm","start":9246.13,"end":9246.29},{"text":"sorry,","start":9246.29,"end":9246.65},{"text":"we","start":9246.73,"end":9246.89},{"text":"support","start":9246.89,"end":9247.25},{"text":"the","start":9247.25,"end":9247.37},{"text":"first","start":9247.37,"end":9247.61},{"text":"sentence,","start":9247.61,"end":9248.25},{"text":"but","start":9248.81,"end":9249.05},{"text":"on","start":9249.45,"end":9249.77},{"text":"second","start":9249.77,"end":9250.17},{"text":"sentence,","start":9250.17,"end":9250.81},{"text":"like","start":9251.37,"end":9251.77},{"text":"the","start":9252.25,"end":9252.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":9252.37,"end":9252.85},{"text":"delegation","start":9252.85,"end":9253.45},{"text":"from","start":9253.45,"end":9253.85},{"text":"France","start":9253.93,"end":9254.37},{"text":"and","start":9254.37,"end":9254.49},{"text":"Singapore","start":9254.49,"end":9254.97},{"text":"have","start":9254.97,"end":9255.21},{"text":"mentioned,","start":9255.21,"end":9255.85},{"text":"we","start":9256.33,"end":9256.45},{"text":"would","start":9256.45,"end":9256.61},{"text":"like","start":9256.61,"end":9256.73},{"text":"to","start":9256.73,"end":9256.81},{"text":"delete","start":9256.81,"end":9257.45},{"text":"ethical","start":9257.45,"end":9257.85},{"text":"considerations.","start":9257.85,"end":9258.97}]},{"text":"Assessment of legal obligations has clear basis, but ethical considerations does not have that clear basis.","start":9260.17,"end":9267.29,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. 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Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9269.09,"end":9269.29},{"text":"addition,","start":9269.29,"end":9269.89},{"text":"with","start":9269.89,"end":9270.05},{"text":"regards","start":9270.05,"end":9270.61},{"text":"to","start":9270.61,"end":9271.09},{"text":"reference","start":9271.17,"end":9271.69},{"text":"to","start":9271.69,"end":9271.89},{"text":"effects","start":9271.89,"end":9272.53},{"text":"of","start":9272.53,"end":9272.61},{"text":"selection","start":9272.61,"end":9273.25},{"text":"and","start":9273.25,"end":9273.37},{"text":"engagement","start":9273.37,"end":9274.13},{"text":"functions","start":9274.13,"end":9274.77},{"text":"at","start":9274.77,"end":9275.05},{"text":"the","start":9275.05,"end":9275.13},{"text":"end","start":9275.13,"end":9275.41},{"text":"of","start":9275.41,"end":9275.49},{"text":"the","start":9275.49,"end":9275.57},{"text":"sentence,","start":9275.57,"end":9276.21},{"text":"we","start":9277.33,"end":9277.57},{"text":"understood","start":9277.57,"end":9278.29},{"text":"that","start":9278.37,"end":9278.77},{"text":"this","start":9279.25,"end":9279.49},{"text":"was","start":9279.49,"end":9279.65},{"text":"intended","start":9279.65,"end":9280.21},{"text":"to","start":9280.21,"end":9280.37},{"text":"be","start":9280.37,"end":9280.53},{"text":"in","start":9280.53,"end":9280.61},{"text":"line","start":9280.61,"end":9281.01},{"text":"with","start":9281.01,"end":9281.13},{"text":"the","start":9281.13,"end":9281.25},{"text":"characteristics","start":9281.25,"end":9281.97},{"text":"of","start":9282.01,"end":9282.13},{"text":"laws,","start":9282.13,"end":9282.61},{"text":"which","start":9282.97,"end":9283.17},{"text":"lists","start":9283.17,"end":9283.73},{"text":"selection","start":9284.13,"end":9284.61},{"text":"and","start":9284.61,"end":9284.73},{"text":"engagement","start":9284.73,"end":9285.37},{"text":"as","start":9285.37,"end":9285.45},{"text":"essential","start":9285.45,"end":9285.89},{"text":"functions,","start":9285.89,"end":9286.69},{"text":"but","start":9287.25,"end":9287.41},{"text":"we","start":9287.41,"end":9287.53},{"text":"wonder","start":9287.53,"end":9287.93},{"text":"whether","start":9287.93,"end":9288.21},{"text":"it","start":9288.21,"end":9288.29},{"text":"would","start":9288.29,"end":9288.41},{"text":"be","start":9288.41,"end":9288.53},{"text":"more","start":9288.53,"end":9288.93},{"text":"reasonable","start":9289.01,"end":9289.73},{"text":"to","start":9289.89,"end":9290.05},{"text":"align","start":9290.05,"end":9290.53},{"text":"with","start":9290.53,"end":9290.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":9290.77,"end":9291.41},{"text":"4","start":9292.77,"end":9293.13},{"text":"of","start":9293.13,"end":9293.21},{"text":"section","start":9293.21,"end":9293.81},{"text":"3","start":9293.89,"end":9294.37},{"text":"and","start":9295.01,"end":9295.37},{"text":"replace","start":9295.37,"end":9295.73},{"text":"it","start":9295.73,"end":9295.81},{"text":"with","start":9295.81,"end":9296.01},{"text":"the","start":9296.01,"end":9296.09},{"text":"effects","start":9296.09,"end":9296.69},{"text":"of","start":9296.69,"end":9296.81},{"text":"attack.","start":9296.85,"end":9297.41}]},{"text":"On paragraph C6D, Roman numeral 2, we agree with Spain that we should delete this, as it is unclear as to how we count the number of engagements.","start":9299.97,"end":9314.01,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9299.97,"end":9300.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":9300.29,"end":9300.69},{"text":"C6D,","start":9300.69,"end":9303.65},{"text":"Roman","start":9303.89,"end":9304.25},{"text":"numeral","start":9304.25,"end":9304.61},{"text":"2,","start":9304.61,"end":9305.17},{"text":"we","start":9306.05,"end":9306.25},{"text":"agree","start":9306.25,"end":9306.53},{"text":"with","start":9306.53,"end":9306.73},{"text":"Spain","start":9306.73,"end":9307.57},{"text":"that","start":9307.73,"end":9308.21},{"text":"we","start":9308.85,"end":9309.05},{"text":"should","start":9309.05,"end":9309.21},{"text":"delete","start":9309.21,"end":9309.73},{"text":"this,","start":9309.73,"end":9310.13},{"text":"as","start":9310.13,"end":9310.45},{"text":"it","start":9310.45,"end":9310.57},{"text":"is","start":9310.57,"end":9310.77},{"text":"unclear","start":9310.77,"end":9311.25},{"text":"as","start":9311.33,"end":9311.45},{"text":"to","start":9311.49,"end":9311.65},{"text":"how","start":9311.65,"end":9312.05},{"text":"we","start":9312.05,"end":9312.29},{"text":"count","start":9312.29,"end":9312.85},{"text":"the","start":9312.85,"end":9312.93},{"text":"number","start":9312.93,"end":9313.29},{"text":"of","start":9313.29,"end":9313.37},{"text":"engagements.","start":9313.37,"end":9314.01}]},{"text":"On Roman numeral 4, we concur with the view expressed by Spain and Singapore on the need to delete by nature as Article 52 of Additional Protocol I of Geneva Convention stipulates the possibility of other military objectives.","start":9316.53,"end":9339.45,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9316.53,"end":9316.77},{"text":"Roman","start":9316.77,"end":9317.13},{"text":"numeral","start":9317.13,"end":9317.49},{"text":"4,","start":9317.49,"end":9318.05},{"text":"we","start":9319.33,"end":9319.49},{"text":"concur","start":9319.49,"end":9319.97},{"text":"with","start":9319.97,"end":9320.13},{"text":"the","start":9320.13,"end":9320.21},{"text":"view","start":9320.21,"end":9320.53},{"text":"expressed","start":9320.53,"end":9321.05},{"text":"by","start":9321.05,"end":9321.65},{"text":"Spain","start":9321.81,"end":9322.29},{"text":"and","start":9322.29,"end":9322.45},{"text":"Singapore","start":9322.45,"end":9323.09},{"text":"on","start":9324.33,"end":9324.53},{"text":"the","start":9325.41,"end":9325.57},{"text":"need","start":9325.57,"end":9325.93},{"text":"to","start":9325.97,"end":9326.61},{"text":"delete","start":9326.77,"end":9327.41},{"text":"by","start":9328.09,"end":9328.17},{"text":"nature","start":9328.17,"end":9328.89},{"text":"as","start":9329.45,"end":9329.69},{"text":"Article","start":9329.69,"end":9330.01},{"text":"52","start":9330.01,"end":9330.73},{"text":"of","start":9330.77,"end":9330.85},{"text":"Additional","start":9330.85,"end":9331.33},{"text":"Protocol","start":9331.33,"end":9331.85},{"text":"I","start":9331.85,"end":9331.93},{"text":"of","start":9332.01,"end":9332.13},{"text":"Geneva","start":9332.13,"end":9332.45},{"text":"Convention","start":9332.45,"end":9333.13},{"text":"stipulates","start":9333.77,"end":9334.57},{"text":"the","start":9336.13,"end":9336.21},{"text":"possibility","start":9336.97,"end":9337.57},{"text":"of","start":9337.57,"end":9337.77},{"text":"other","start":9337.77,"end":9338.25},{"text":"military","start":9338.57,"end":9338.93},{"text":"objectives.","start":9338.93,"end":9339.45}]},{"text":"Therefore, we propose to change the sentence to restrict the use of loss to military objectives.","start":9339.61,"end":9347.21,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. 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would like to ask for its deletion.","start":9364.69,"end":9366.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9364.69,"end":9364.77},{"text":"would","start":9364.85,"end":9364.97},{"text":"like","start":9364.97,"end":9365.17},{"text":"to","start":9365.17,"end":9365.33},{"text":"ask","start":9365.33,"end":9365.69},{"text":"for","start":9365.69,"end":9365.89},{"text":"its","start":9365.89,"end":9366.05},{"text":"deletion.","start":9366.05,"end":9366.53}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":9366.77,"end":9367.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9366.77,"end":9367.01},{"text":"you.","start":9367.01,"end":9367.13}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"JPN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Japan"}},{"statement_number":82,"start":9373.65,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:36:14","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Japan for sharing her views and making 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Philippines.","start":9378.81,"end":9383.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":9378.81,"end":9379.13},{"text":"on","start":9379.13,"end":9379.21},{"text":"my","start":9379.21,"end":9379.57},{"text":"list","start":9379.57,"end":9379.97},{"text":"is","start":9380.13,"end":9380.53},{"text":"Canada,","start":9380.53,"end":9380.93},{"text":"to","start":9380.93,"end":9381.13},{"text":"be","start":9381.13,"end":9381.33},{"text":"followed","start":9381.33,"end":9381.69},{"text":"by","start":9381.69,"end":9381.77},{"text":"Ireland","start":9381.77,"end":9382.13},{"text":"and","start":9382.17,"end":9382.45},{"text":"the","start":9382.45,"end":9382.53},{"text":"Philippines.","start":9382.53,"end":9383.25}]},{"text":"But first, the distinguished representative of Canada.","start":9383.25,"end":9385.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":9383.25,"end":9383.49},{"text":"first,","start":9383.49,"end":9383.73},{"text":"the","start":9383.81,"end":9383.89},{"text":"distinguished","start":9383.89,"end":9384.53},{"text":"representative","start":9384.53,"end":9385.25},{"text":"of","start":9385.25,"end":9385.33},{"text":"Canada.","start":9385.33,"end":9385.85}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":9385.85,"end":9386.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":9385.85,"end":9385.93},{"text":"have","start":9385.93,"end":9386.09},{"text":"the","start":9386.17,"end":9386.25},{"text":"floor.","start":9386.29,"end":9386.49}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":83,"start":9388.69,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:36:29","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":9388.69,"end":9390.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9388.69,"end":9388.93},{"text":"you,","start":9388.93,"end":9389.09},{"text":"Mr.","start":9389.33,"end":9389.85},{"text":"Chair.","start":9389.85,"end":9390.13}]},{"text":"My delegation wishes to weigh in on box number 3 for a second time with a focus on paragraph 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observation, Canada agrees with other delegations that the compliance measures listed in para.","start":9399.33,"end":9406.13,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9586.05,"end":9586.29},{"text":"6D3,","start":9586.29,"end":9587.41},{"text":"we","start":9587.41,"end":9587.57},{"text":"would","start":9587.57,"end":9587.89},{"text":"propose","start":9588.05,"end":9588.45},{"text":"to","start":9588.45,"end":9588.65},{"text":"remove","start":9588.65,"end":9589.01},{"text":"harm","start":9589.01,"end":9589.33},{"text":"to","start":9589.33,"end":9589.45},{"text":"civilians","start":9589.45,"end":9590.29},{"text":"and","start":9590.77,"end":9590.97},{"text":"replace","start":9590.97,"end":9591.41},{"text":"with","start":9591.41,"end":9591.65},{"text":"loss","start":9591.65,"end":9592.13},{"text":"of","start":9592.17,"end":9592.37},{"text":"civilian","start":9592.37,"end":9593.01},{"text":"life,","start":9593.01,"end":9593.49},{"text":"injury","start":9594.05,"end":9594.53},{"text":"to","start":9594.53,"end":9594.69},{"text":"civilians,","start":9594.69,"end":9595.41},{"text":"or","start":9595.41,"end":9595.57},{"text":"damage","start":9595.57,"end":9595.97},{"text":"to","start":9595.97,"end":9596.09},{"text":"civilian","start":9596.09,"end":9596.61},{"text":"objects","start":9596.61,"end":9597.25},{"text":"as","start":9597.49,"end":9597.73},{"text":"to","start":9597.73,"end":9597.81},{"text":"be","start":9597.81,"end":9597.97},{"text":"more","start":9597.97,"end":9598.21},{"text":"precise","start":9598.21,"end":9598.85},{"text":"as","start":9599.01,"end":9599.25},{"text":"to","start":9599.25,"end":9599.41},{"text":"the","start":9599.41,"end":9599.49},{"text":"nature","start":9599.49,"end":9599.97},{"text":"of","start":9599.97,"end":9600.05},{"text":"the","start":9600.05,"end":9600.17},{"text":"harm","start":9600.17,"end":9600.53},{"text":"to","start":9600.53,"end":9600.65},{"text":"civilians.","start":9600.65,"end":9601.41}]},{"text":"And finally, under 4, after \"nature\", we propose adding \"location, purpose or use\" to better reflect the wording of \"military objective\" in AP1.","start":9601.77,"end":9613.61,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. 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Luxembourg.","start":9629.7,"end":9634.46,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":9629.7,"end":9630.18},{"text":"on","start":9630.18,"end":9630.26},{"text":"my","start":9630.26,"end":9630.58},{"text":"list","start":9630.74,"end":9631.22},{"text":"is","start":9631.22,"end":9631.62},{"text":"Ireland,","start":9631.78,"end":9632.14},{"text":"to","start":9632.14,"end":9632.22},{"text":"be","start":9632.22,"end":9632.34},{"text":"followed","start":9632.34,"end":9632.74},{"text":"by","start":9632.74,"end":9632.86},{"text":"the","start":9632.86,"end":9632.98},{"text":"Philippines","start":9632.98,"end":9633.62},{"text":"and","start":9633.62,"end":9633.74},{"text":"Luxembourg.","start":9633.74,"end":9634.46}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Ireland.","start":9634.5,"end":9638.02,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":9634.5,"end":9634.66},{"text":"let","start":9634.66,"end":9634.78},{"text":"me","start":9634.78,"end":9634.98},{"text":"first","start":9634.98,"end":9635.3},{"text":"pass","start":9635.3,"end":9635.66},{"text":"the","start":9635.66,"end":9635.74},{"text":"floor","start":9635.74,"end":9636.06},{"text":"to","start":9636.06,"end":9636.14},{"text":"the","start":9636.14,"end":9636.22},{"text":"distinguished","start":9636.22,"end":9636.82},{"text":"representative","start":9636.82,"end":9637.5},{"text":"of","start":9637.5,"end":9637.7},{"text":"Ireland.","start":9637.7,"end":9638.02}]},{"text":"You have 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paragraph 6 and its subparagraphs.","start":9643.89,"end":9646.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9643.89,"end":9644.01},{"text":"welcome","start":9644.01,"end":9644.45},{"text":"paragraph","start":9644.45,"end":9644.93},{"text":"6","start":9644.93,"end":9645.41},{"text":"and","start":9645.41,"end":9645.61},{"text":"its","start":9645.61,"end":9645.73},{"text":"subparagraphs.","start":9645.73,"end":9646.69}]},{"text":"Some delegations have argued that context-appropriate human judgement and control lacks a shared understanding.","start":9647.09,"end":9653.65,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":9714.01,"end":9714.21},{"text":"such,","start":9714.21,"end":9714.73},{"text":"it","start":9715.13,"end":9715.33},{"text":"is","start":9715.33,"end":9715.45},{"text":"essential","start":9715.45,"end":9716.17},{"text":"that","start":9716.17,"end":9716.33},{"text":"that","start":9716.33,"end":9716.49},{"text":"section","start":9716.49,"end":9717.13},{"text":"remains","start":9717.13,"end":9717.69},{"text":"in","start":9717.69,"end":9717.85},{"text":"box","start":9717.85,"end":9718.25},{"text":"3.","start":9718.25,"end":9718.65},{"text":"as","start":9719.25,"end":9719.41},{"text":"part","start":9719.41,"end":9719.85},{"text":"of","start":9719.85,"end":9719.97},{"text":"the","start":9719.97,"end":9720.05},{"text":"two-tiered","start":9720.05,"end":9720.73},{"text":"approach","start":9720.73,"end":9721.33},{"text":"to","start":9721.33,"end":9721.45},{"text":"regulating","start":9721.45,"end":9722.13},{"text":"laws.","start":9722.13,"end":9722.53}]},{"text":"Moving it to box 4 as a voluntary measure would defeat the purpose of that approach.","start":9723.33,"end":9728.77,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Moving","start":9723.33,"end":9723.73},{"text":"it","start":9723.73,"end":9723.93},{"text":"to","start":9723.93,"end":9724.01},{"text":"box","start":9724.01,"end":9724.37},{"text":"4","start":9724.37,"end":9724.85},{"text":"as","start":9725.05,"end":9725.21},{"text":"a","start":9725.21,"end":9725.25},{"text":"voluntary","start":9725.25,"end":9725.81},{"text":"measure","start":9725.81,"end":9726.21},{"text":"would","start":9726.53,"end":9726.73},{"text":"defeat","start":9726.73,"end":9727.21},{"text":"the","start":9727.21,"end":9727.29},{"text":"purpose","start":9727.29,"end":9727.77},{"text":"of","start":9727.77,"end":9727.89},{"text":"that","start":9727.89,"end":9728.13},{"text":"approach.","start":9728.13,"end":9728.77}]},{"text":"In that vein, the word \"should\" in paragraph 6 should be changed to the word \"must\".","start":9729.97,"end":9735.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":9736.53,"end":9737.01},{"text":"that","start":9737.17,"end":9737.29},{"text":"those","start":9737.29,"end":9737.53},{"text":"are","start":9737.53,"end":9737.61},{"text":"the","start":9737.61,"end":9737.69},{"text":"steps","start":9737.69,"end":9738.01},{"text":"that","start":9738.01,"end":9738.13},{"text":"are","start":9738.13,"end":9738.21},{"text":"necessary","start":9738.21,"end":9738.85},{"text":"to","start":9738.85,"end":9739.05},{"text":"ensure","start":9739.05,"end":9739.53},{"text":"a","start":9739.53,"end":9739.57},{"text":"system's","start":9739.57,"end":9740.13},{"text":"compliance","start":9740.13,"end":9740.85},{"text":"with","start":9740.85,"end":9741.09},{"text":"IHL","start":9741.17,"end":9741.73},{"text":"obligations,","start":9741.73,"end":9742.61},{"text":"the","start":9743.17,"end":9743.33},{"text":"word","start":9743.41,"end":9743.73},{"text":"\"should\"","start":9743.73,"end":9744.13},{"text":"is","start":9744.21,"end":9744.45},{"text":"undoubtedly","start":9744.45,"end":9745.09},{"text":"too","start":9745.09,"end":9745.33},{"text":"weak.","start":9745.33,"end":9745.65}]},{"text":"While generally supportive of the sub-items under paragraph 6, the concepts of predictability, reliability, traceability and explainability are essential for ensuring the appropriate control in order to comply with IHL as well as ensure accountability.","start":9747.13,"end":9764.61,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."},{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":9747.13,"end":9747.41},{"text":"generally","start":9747.41,"end":9747.89},{"text":"supportive","start":9747.89,"end":9748.45},{"text":"of","start":9748.45,"end":9748.53},{"text":"the","start":9748.53,"end":9748.61},{"text":"sub-items","start":9748.61,"end":9749.65},{"text":"under","start":9749.65,"end":9749.97},{"text":"paragraph","start":9749.97,"end":9750.53},{"text":"6,","start":9750.53,"end":9751.09},{"text":"the","start":9751.57,"end":9751.69},{"text":"concepts","start":9751.69,"end":9752.29},{"text":"of","start":9752.29,"end":9752.45},{"text":"predictability,","start":9752.45,"end":9753.49},{"text":"reliability,","start":9753.81,"end":9754.77},{"text":"traceability","start":9755.01,"end":9755.97},{"text":"and","start":9755.97,"end":9756.13},{"text":"explainability","start":9756.13,"end":9757.17},{"text":"are","start":9757.65,"end":9757.85},{"text":"essential","start":9757.85,"end":9758.37},{"text":"for","start":9758.37,"end":9758.49},{"text":"ensuring","start":9758.49,"end":9759.09},{"text":"the","start":9759.09,"end":9759.25},{"text":"appropriate","start":9759.25,"end":9759.77},{"text":"control","start":9759.77,"end":9760.37},{"text":"in","start":9760.85,"end":9761.01},{"text":"order","start":9761.01,"end":9761.29},{"text":"to","start":9761.29,"end":9761.37},{"text":"comply","start":9761.37,"end":9761.81},{"text":"with","start":9761.81,"end":9761.97},{"text":"IHL","start":9761.97,"end":9762.69},{"text":"as","start":9762.73,"end":9762.85},{"text":"well","start":9762.85,"end":9763.25},{"text":"as","start":9763.25,"end":9763.37},{"text":"ensure","start":9763.37,"end":9763.77},{"text":"accountability.","start":9763.77,"end":9764.61}]},{"text":"In 6b, we welcome the reference to legal and ethical considerations performed by a human over the effects of the system.","start":9765.57,"end":9773.33,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9765.57,"end":9765.81},{"text":"6b,","start":9765.81,"end":9766.53},{"text":"we","start":9766.53,"end":9766.69},{"text":"welcome","start":9766.69,"end":9767.09},{"text":"the","start":9767.09,"end":9767.25},{"text":"reference","start":9767.25,"end":9767.69},{"text":"to","start":9767.69,"end":9767.89},{"text":"legal","start":9767.89,"end":9768.37},{"text":"and","start":9768.45,"end":9768.69},{"text":"ethical","start":9768.69,"end":9769.17},{"text":"considerations","start":9769.17,"end":9770.13},{"text":"performed","start":9770.13,"end":9770.85},{"text":"by","start":9770.85,"end":9771.09},{"text":"a","start":9771.09,"end":9771.13},{"text":"human","start":9771.13,"end":9771.65},{"text":"over","start":9771.89,"end":9772.13},{"text":"the","start":9772.13,"end":9772.25},{"text":"effects","start":9772.25,"end":9772.69},{"text":"of","start":9772.69,"end":9772.77},{"text":"the","start":9772.77,"end":9772.85},{"text":"system.","start":9772.85,"end":9773.33}]},{"text":"These reaffirm the central aspect of the human element, and for us it is important that it remains in that paragraph.","start":9774.37,"end":9782.13,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":9774.37,"end":9774.69},{"text":"reaffirm","start":9774.77,"end":9775.49},{"text":"the","start":9776.01,"end":9776.05},{"text":"central","start":9776.13,"end":9776.69},{"text":"aspect","start":9776.69,"end":9777.25},{"text":"of","start":9777.25,"end":9777.41},{"text":"the","start":9777.41,"end":9777.53},{"text":"human","start":9777.53,"end":9777.93},{"text":"element,","start":9777.93,"end":9778.45},{"text":"and","start":9778.97,"end":9779.17},{"text":"for","start":9779.17,"end":9779.45},{"text":"us","start":9779.45,"end":9779.57},{"text":"it","start":9779.57,"end":9779.73},{"text":"is","start":9779.73,"end":9779.81},{"text":"important","start":9779.81,"end":9780.49},{"text":"that","start":9780.49,"end":9780.69},{"text":"it","start":9780.69,"end":9780.77},{"text":"remains","start":9780.77,"end":9781.25},{"text":"in","start":9781.25,"end":9781.33},{"text":"that","start":9781.33,"end":9781.49},{"text":"paragraph.","start":9781.49,"end":9782.13}]},{"text":"However, the use of the term \"chain of command and control\" appears to be the combination of two terms, being \"chain of command\" and \"command and control\".","start":9783.25,"end":9793.17,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":9783.25,"end":9783.81},{"text":"the","start":9783.81,"end":9783.93},{"text":"use","start":9783.93,"end":9784.21},{"text":"of","start":9784.21,"end":9784.33},{"text":"the","start":9784.33,"end":9784.41},{"text":"term","start":9784.41,"end":9784.85},{"text":"\"chain","start":9784.85,"end":9785.37},{"text":"of","start":9785.37,"end":9785.49},{"text":"command","start":9785.49,"end":9785.89},{"text":"and","start":9785.89,"end":9786.05},{"text":"control\"","start":9786.05,"end":9786.61},{"text":"appears","start":9787.17,"end":9787.65},{"text":"to","start":9787.65,"end":9787.77},{"text":"be","start":9787.77,"end":9787.97},{"text":"the","start":9787.97,"end":9788.05},{"text":"combination","start":9788.05,"end":9788.65},{"text":"of","start":9788.65,"end":9788.77},{"text":"two","start":9788.77,"end":9789.01},{"text":"terms,","start":9789.01,"end":9789.65},{"text":"being","start":9789.97,"end":9790.37},{"text":"\"chain","start":9790.37,"end":9790.77},{"text":"of","start":9790.77,"end":9790.85},{"text":"command\"","start":9790.85,"end":9791.49},{"text":"and","start":9791.93,"end":9792.21},{"text":"\"command","start":9792.21,"end":9792.49},{"text":"and","start":9792.49,"end":9792.61},{"text":"control\".","start":9792.61,"end":9793.17}]},{"text":"A chain of command exercises command and control, and as a result we think that the phrase should be amended to read \"operated under a responsible chain of command\" or operated with an appropriate level of command and control.","start":9793.89,"end":9809.53,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":9793.89,"end":9793.93},{"text":"chain","start":9793.93,"end":9794.29},{"text":"of","start":9794.29,"end":9794.37},{"text":"command","start":9794.37,"end":9794.85},{"text":"exercises","start":9794.85,"end":9795.65},{"text":"command","start":9795.65,"end":9796.21},{"text":"and","start":9796.21,"end":9796.37},{"text":"control,","start":9796.37,"end":9796.85},{"text":"and","start":9797.45,"end":9797.69},{"text":"as","start":9797.69,"end":9797.81},{"text":"a","start":9797.81,"end":9797.85},{"text":"result","start":9797.85,"end":9798.37},{"text":"we","start":9798.37,"end":9798.61},{"text":"think","start":9798.61,"end":9798.93},{"text":"that","start":9798.93,"end":9799.13},{"text":"the","start":9799.13,"end":9799.25},{"text":"phrase","start":9799.25,"end":9799.81},{"text":"should","start":9799.81,"end":9800.05},{"text":"be","start":9800.05,"end":9800.17},{"text":"amended","start":9800.17,"end":9800.61},{"text":"to","start":9800.61,"end":9800.73},{"text":"read","start":9800.73,"end":9801.17},{"text":"\"operated","start":9801.65,"end":9802.45},{"text":"under","start":9802.45,"end":9802.85},{"text":"a","start":9802.85,"end":9802.89},{"text":"responsible","start":9802.89,"end":9803.61},{"text":"chain","start":9803.61,"end":9803.93},{"text":"of","start":9803.93,"end":9804.05},{"text":"command\"","start":9804.05,"end":9804.61},{"text":"or","start":9805.01,"end":9805.49},{"text":"operated","start":9806.01,"end":9806.81},{"text":"with","start":9806.81,"end":9806.97},{"text":"an","start":9806.97,"end":9807.05},{"text":"appropriate","start":9807.05,"end":9807.69},{"text":"level","start":9807.69,"end":9808.09},{"text":"of","start":9808.09,"end":9808.33},{"text":"command","start":9808.33,"end":9808.85},{"text":"and","start":9808.85,"end":9809.01},{"text":"control.","start":9809.01,"end":9809.53}]},{"text":"We also support 6 and its sub-items on clear limits.","start":9811.05,"end":9815.29,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9811.05,"end":9811.21},{"text":"also","start":9811.21,"end":9811.53},{"text":"support","start":9811.53,"end":9812.09},{"text":"6","start":9812.09,"end":9812.49},{"text":"and","start":9812.81,"end":9812.97},{"text":"its","start":9812.97,"end":9813.17},{"text":"sub-items","start":9813.17,"end":9814.01},{"text":"on","start":9814.09,"end":9814.41},{"text":"clear","start":9814.41,"end":9814.73},{"text":"limits.","start":9814.73,"end":9815.29}]},{"text":"We would suggest in 6 to replace \"reduce the likelihood of harm to civilians\" with \"avoid civilian harm\".","start":9816.41,"end":9825.69,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9816.41,"end":9816.57},{"text":"would","start":9816.57,"end":9816.73},{"text":"suggest","start":9816.73,"end":9817.29},{"text":"in","start":9817.29,"end":9817.53},{"text":"6","start":9817.53,"end":9818.01},{"text":"to","start":9818.65,"end":9818.85},{"text":"replace","start":9819.61,"end":9820.41},{"text":"\"reduce","start":9820.57,"end":9821.13},{"text":"the","start":9821.13,"end":9821.21},{"text":"likelihood","start":9821.21,"end":9821.93},{"text":"of","start":9822.33,"end":9822.57},{"text":"harm","start":9822.57,"end":9822.97},{"text":"to","start":9822.97,"end":9823.09},{"text":"civilians\"","start":9823.09,"end":9823.77},{"text":"with","start":9824.09,"end":9824.21},{"text":"\"avoid","start":9824.21,"end":9824.81},{"text":"civilian","start":9824.81,"end":9825.21},{"text":"harm\".","start":9825.21,"end":9825.69}]},{"text":"That would read: \"limiting the operation of laws to a defined perimeter, in particular to avoid civilian harm or damage to civilian objects.","start":9826.49,"end":9837.49,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":9826.49,"end":9826.61},{"text":"would","start":9826.61,"end":9826.97},{"text":"read:","start":9826.97,"end":9827.37},{"text":"\"limiting","start":9827.53,"end":9828.17},{"text":"the","start":9828.17,"end":9828.33},{"text":"operation","start":9828.33,"end":9829.05},{"text":"of","start":9829.05,"end":9829.21},{"text":"laws","start":9829.21,"end":9829.77},{"text":"to","start":9830.29,"end":9830.33},{"text":"a","start":9830.33,"end":9830.37},{"text":"defined","start":9830.37,"end":9831.01},{"text":"perimeter,","start":9831.01,"end":9831.57},{"text":"in","start":9831.57,"end":9831.69},{"text":"particular","start":9831.69,"end":9832.37},{"text":"to","start":9832.45,"end":9832.65},{"text":"avoid","start":9832.65,"end":9833.09},{"text":"civilian","start":9833.09,"end":9833.49},{"text":"harm","start":9833.49,"end":9833.97},{"text":"or","start":9835.33,"end":9835.89},{"text":"damage","start":9835.89,"end":9836.37},{"text":"to","start":9836.37,"end":9836.49},{"text":"civilian","start":9836.49,"end":9836.93},{"text":"objects.","start":9836.93,"end":9837.49}]},{"text":"Also, at para 6, the use of the term \"limiting the operation of laws to a defined perimeter\" does not seem to reflect the operational deployment of such weapons systems, in particular those that are airborne.","start":9838.53,"end":9853.41,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target 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modification.","start":9918.01,"end":9921.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9918.01,"end":9918.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":9918.17,"end":9918.65},{"text":"one,","start":9918.65,"end":9918.97},{"text":"we","start":9918.97,"end":9919.13},{"text":"propose","start":9919.13,"end":9919.61},{"text":"the","start":9919.61,"end":9919.73},{"text":"following","start":9919.73,"end":9920.17},{"text":"modification.","start":9920.17,"end":9921.13}]},{"text":"It is prohibited in all circumstances to use laws which are of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering, which are inherently indiscriminate, or which are not compliant with IHL.","start":9921.85,"end":9935.13,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to 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Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":9978.17,"end":9978.85},{"text":"law","start":9978.85,"end":9978.93},{"text":"requires","start":9978.93,"end":9979.45},{"text":"States","start":9979.45,"end":9979.85},{"text":"to","start":9979.85,"end":9979.97},{"text":"determine","start":9980.01,"end":9980.65},{"text":"whether","start":9981.01,"end":9981.41},{"text":"a","start":9981.41,"end":9981.45},{"text":"weapon","start":9981.45,"end":9981.81},{"text":"would","start":9981.81,"end":9981.97},{"text":"be","start":9981.97,"end":9982.09},{"text":"prohibited","start":9982.09,"end":9982.81},{"text":"under","start":9982.81,"end":9983.13},{"text":"international","start":9983.13,"end":9984.21},{"text":"law","start":9984.21,"end":9984.29},{"text":"under","start":9984.29,"end":9984.57},{"text":"some","start":9984.57,"end":9984.89},{"text":"or","start":9984.89,"end":9985.05},{"text":"all","start":9985.05,"end":9985.29},{"text":"circumstances","start":9985.29,"end":9986.25},{"text":"when","start":9986.53,"end":9986.73},{"text":"studying,","start":9986.73,"end":9987.37},{"text":"developing,","start":9987.37,"end":9988.17},{"text":"acquiring","start":9988.17,"end":9988.81},{"text":"or","start":9988.81,"end":9988.97},{"text":"adopting","start":9988.97,"end":9989.41},{"text":"a","start":9989.41,"end":9989.45},{"text":"new","start":9989.45,"end":9989.65},{"text":"weapon.","start":9989.65,"end":9990.17}]},{"text":"Our delegation appreciates the measures elaborated in paragraph 6 of box 3 as well as the attempt to operationalize context-appropriate human judgment and control.","start":9991.05,"end":10000.45,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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Speakers also discussed how to define this concept in practical and legally precise terms."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":10000.93,"end":10001.73},{"text":"there","start":10001.73,"end":10002.01},{"text":"is","start":10002.01,"end":10002.09},{"text":"still","start":10002.09,"end":10002.33},{"text":"a","start":10002.33,"end":10002.37},{"text":"need","start":10002.37,"end":10002.61},{"text":"to","start":10002.61,"end":10002.69},{"text":"have","start":10002.69,"end":10002.89},{"text":"a","start":10002.89,"end":10002.93},{"text":"common","start":10002.93,"end":10003.33},{"text":"understanding","start":10003.33,"end":10004.13},{"text":"and","start":10004.13,"end":10004.33},{"text":"greater","start":10004.33,"end":10004.61},{"text":"clarity","start":10004.61,"end":10005.25},{"text":"on","start":10005.25,"end":10005.37},{"text":"this","start":10005.37,"end":10005.57},{"text":"new","start":10005.57,"end":10005.81},{"text":"terminology","start":10005.81,"end":10006.61},{"text":"among","start":10006.61,"end":10006.89},{"text":"delegations.","start":10006.89,"end":10007.81}]},{"text":"Additionally, our delegation views that paragraph 6b's reference to ethical considerations is due to the mention of responsible chain of command and control in the first sentence.","start":10008.69,"end":10019.49,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":10008.69,"end":10009.41},{"text":"our","start":10009.41,"end":10009.57},{"text":"delegation","start":10009.57,"end":10010.13},{"text":"views","start":10010.13,"end":10010.45},{"text":"that","start":10010.45,"end":10010.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":10010.69,"end":10011.33},{"text":"6b's","start":10011.41,"end":10012.21},{"text":"reference","start":10012.21,"end":10012.69},{"text":"to","start":10012.69,"end":10012.77},{"text":"ethical","start":10012.77,"end":10013.17},{"text":"considerations","start":10013.17,"end":10014.21},{"text":"is","start":10014.77,"end":10015.01},{"text":"due","start":10015.01,"end":10015.21},{"text":"to","start":10015.21,"end":10015.33},{"text":"the","start":10015.33,"end":10015.41},{"text":"mention","start":10015.41,"end":10015.89},{"text":"of","start":10015.89,"end":10016.21},{"text":"responsible","start":10016.21,"end":10016.93},{"text":"chain","start":10016.93,"end":10017.17},{"text":"of","start":10017.17,"end":10017.33},{"text":"command","start":10017.33,"end":10017.65},{"text":"and","start":10017.65,"end":10017.77},{"text":"control","start":10017.77,"end":10018.29},{"text":"in","start":10018.29,"end":10018.45},{"text":"the","start":10018.45,"end":10018.53},{"text":"first","start":10018.53,"end":10018.81},{"text":"sentence.","start":10018.81,"end":10019.49}]},{"text":"Hence, we interpret ethical considerations as referring to accountability in terms of the deployment and effects of laws.","start":10020.13,"end":10027.37,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Hence,","start":10020.13,"end":10020.53},{"text":"we","start":10020.53,"end":10020.77},{"text":"interpret","start":10021.09,"end":10021.65},{"text":"ethical","start":10021.65,"end":10022.05},{"text":"considerations","start":10022.05,"end":10022.93},{"text":"as","start":10022.93,"end":10023.09},{"text":"referring","start":10023.09,"end":10023.57},{"text":"to","start":10023.57,"end":10023.69},{"text":"accountability","start":10023.69,"end":10024.69},{"text":"in","start":10025.13,"end":10025.29},{"text":"terms","start":10025.29,"end":10025.53},{"text":"of","start":10025.53,"end":10025.61},{"text":"the","start":10025.61,"end":10025.73},{"text":"deployment","start":10025.73,"end":10026.29},{"text":"and","start":10026.29,"end":10026.41},{"text":"effects","start":10026.41,"end":10026.81},{"text":"of","start":10026.81,"end":10026.89},{"text":"laws.","start":10026.89,"end":10027.37}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, our delegation welcomes further discussion on this matter if deemed needed.","start":10027.85,"end":10032.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":10027.85,"end":10028.61},{"text":"our","start":10028.61,"end":10028.73},{"text":"delegation","start":10028.73,"end":10029.29},{"text":"welcomes","start":10029.29,"end":10029.77},{"text":"further","start":10029.77,"end":10030.09},{"text":"discussion","start":10030.09,"end":10030.57},{"text":"on","start":10030.57,"end":10030.65},{"text":"this","start":10030.65,"end":10030.89},{"text":"matter","start":10030.89,"end":10031.21},{"text":"if","start":10031.21,"end":10031.37},{"text":"deemed","start":10031.41,"end":10031.69},{"text":"needed.","start":10031.77,"end":10032.17}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":10032.25,"end":10032.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10032.25,"end":10032.45},{"text":"you,","start":10032.45,"end":10032.53},{"text":"Chair.","start":10032.53,"end":10032.89}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PHL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Philippines"}},{"statement_number":88,"start":10035.21,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:47:16","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Philippines for sharing the views of her delegation.","start":10035.21,"end":10040.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10035.21,"end":10035.45},{"text":"thank","start":10035.49,"end":10035.73},{"text":"the","start":10035.73,"end":10035.81},{"text":"distinguished","start":10035.81,"end":10036.33},{"text":"representative","start":10036.33,"end":10037.21},{"text":"of","start":10037.21,"end":10037.29},{"text":"the","start":10037.85,"end":10037.97},{"text":"Philippines","start":10038.01,"end":10038.89},{"text":"for","start":10038.89,"end":10039.21},{"text":"sharing","start":10039.21,"end":10039.53},{"text":"the","start":10039.53,"end":10039.61},{"text":"views","start":10039.61,"end":10039.85},{"text":"of","start":10039.85,"end":10039.93},{"text":"her","start":10039.93,"end":10040.05},{"text":"delegation.","start":10040.05,"end":10040.69}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Luxembourg, to be followed by the US.","start":10040.69,"end":10043.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":10040.69,"end":10040.97},{"text":"on","start":10040.97,"end":10041.05},{"text":"my","start":10041.05,"end":10041.29},{"text":"list","start":10041.29,"end":10041.69},{"text":"is","start":10041.69,"end":10041.85},{"text":"Luxembourg,","start":10041.85,"end":10042.41},{"text":"to","start":10042.41,"end":10042.57},{"text":"be","start":10042.57,"end":10042.81},{"text":"followed","start":10042.81,"end":10043.17},{"text":"by","start":10043.17,"end":10043.29},{"text":"the","start":10043.29,"end":10043.57},{"text":"US.","start":10043.57,"end":10043.85}]},{"text":"But let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Luxembourg, who is available.","start":10043.93,"end":10051.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":10043.93,"end":10044.17},{"text":"let","start":10044.17,"end":10044.29},{"text":"me","start":10044.29,"end":10044.41},{"text":"now","start":10044.41,"end":10044.65},{"text":"pass","start":10044.65,"end":10044.89},{"text":"the","start":10044.89,"end":10045.01},{"text":"floor","start":10045.01,"end":10045.37},{"text":"to","start":10045.37,"end":10045.57},{"text":"the","start":10045.61,"end":10045.77},{"text":"distinguished","start":10048.41,"end":10049.13},{"text":"representative","start":10049.37,"end":10050.01},{"text":"of","start":10050.01,"end":10050.09},{"text":"Luxembourg,","start":10050.09,"end":10050.89},{"text":"who","start":10051.13,"end":10051.21},{"text":"is","start":10051.21,"end":10051.29},{"text":"available.","start":10051.29,"end":10051.85}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":89,"start":10056.49,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:47:37","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, for giving us the floor.","start":10056.49,"end":10058.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10056.49,"end":10056.73},{"text":"you,","start":10056.73,"end":10056.89},{"text":"Chair,","start":10056.89,"end":10057.17},{"text":"for","start":10057.21,"end":10057.37},{"text":"giving","start":10057.37,"end":10057.65},{"text":"us","start":10057.65,"end":10057.77},{"text":"the","start":10057.77,"end":10057.85},{"text":"floor.","start":10057.85,"end":10058.25}]},{"text":"Regarding the first five paragraphs of the third box, we have no further comments, and we support the way they are currently drafted.","start":10059.29,"end":10066.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":10059.29,"end":10059.73},{"text":"the","start":10059.73,"end":10059.81},{"text":"first","start":10059.81,"end":10060.25},{"text":"five","start":10060.25,"end":10060.57},{"text":"paragraphs","start":10060.57,"end":10061.21},{"text":"of","start":10061.25,"end":10061.37},{"text":"the","start":10061.37,"end":10061.49},{"text":"third","start":10061.49,"end":10061.69},{"text":"box,","start":10061.69,"end":10062.09},{"text":"we","start":10062.09,"end":10062.25},{"text":"have","start":10062.25,"end":10062.41},{"text":"no","start":10062.41,"end":10062.57},{"text":"further","start":10062.57,"end":10062.89},{"text":"comments,","start":10062.89,"end":10063.53},{"text":"and","start":10063.53,"end":10063.69},{"text":"we","start":10063.69,"end":10063.85},{"text":"support","start":10063.85,"end":10064.25},{"text":"the","start":10064.25,"end":10064.33},{"text":"way","start":10064.33,"end":10064.73},{"text":"they","start":10064.73,"end":10064.89},{"text":"are","start":10064.89,"end":10064.97},{"text":"currently","start":10064.97,"end":10065.33},{"text":"drafted.","start":10065.33,"end":10066.09}]},{"text":"Thus, concerning paragraph 6, please allow us to make a few observations.","start":10067.21,"end":10071.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":10067.21,"end":10067.53},{"text":"concerning","start":10067.53,"end":10068.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":10068.09,"end":10068.57},{"text":"6,","start":10068.57,"end":10068.97},{"text":"please","start":10068.97,"end":10069.17},{"text":"allow","start":10069.17,"end":10069.37},{"text":"us","start":10069.37,"end":10069.45},{"text":"to","start":10069.45,"end":10069.53},{"text":"make","start":10069.53,"end":10069.73},{"text":"a","start":10069.73,"end":10069.77},{"text":"few","start":10069.77,"end":10070.17},{"text":"observations.","start":10070.17,"end":10071.21}]},{"text":"First, regarding paragraph 6a, we propose replacing \"I cite to those responsible for their use\" with, I cite again, to those responsible within the chain of command and control, as stated under paragraph 6.","start":10071.77,"end":10087.45,"topics":[{"key":"ethical-accountability","label":"Ethical Considerations and Accountability","description":"Speakers repeatedly raised whether regulation should include explicit ethical considerations alongside legal ones, especially for decisions involving the use of force. Related discussions focused on responsible chains of command, human responsibility, and accountability for the effects of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":10071.77,"end":10072.41},{"text":"regarding","start":10073.13,"end":10073.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":10073.77,"end":10074.17},{"text":"6a,","start":10074.17,"end":10074.73},{"text":"we","start":10074.73,"end":10074.93},{"text":"propose","start":10074.93,"end":10075.45},{"text":"replacing","start":10075.45,"end":10076.49},{"text":"\"I","start":10076.61,"end":10076.73},{"text":"cite","start":10076.73,"end":10077.25},{"text":"to","start":10077.25,"end":10077.37},{"text":"those","start":10077.37,"end":10077.85},{"text":"responsible","start":10077.93,"end":10078.57},{"text":"for","start":10078.57,"end":10078.73},{"text":"their","start":10078.73,"end":10078.89},{"text":"use\"","start":10078.89,"end":10079.37},{"text":"with,","start":10079.77,"end":10080.09},{"text":"I","start":10080.25,"end":10080.41},{"text":"cite","start":10080.41,"end":10080.65},{"text":"again,","start":10080.65,"end":10080.97},{"text":"to","start":10081.29,"end":10081.37},{"text":"those","start":10081.37,"end":10081.61},{"text":"responsible","start":10081.61,"end":10082.41},{"text":"within","start":10082.49,"end":10082.77},{"text":"the","start":10082.77,"end":10082.89},{"text":"chain","start":10082.89,"end":10083.37},{"text":"of","start":10083.45,"end":10083.61},{"text":"command","start":10083.61,"end":10084.01},{"text":"and","start":10084.01,"end":10084.13},{"text":"control,","start":10084.13,"end":10084.73},{"text":"as","start":10085.45,"end":10085.57},{"text":"stated","start":10085.57,"end":10086.25},{"text":"under","start":10086.25,"end":10086.45},{"text":"paragraph","start":10086.45,"end":10087.05},{"text":"6.","start":10087.05,"end":10087.45}]},{"text":"We consider that this formulation more precisely identifies those who need to understand and predict the effects of laws.","start":10088.09,"end":10096.41,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10088.09,"end":10088.33},{"text":"consider","start":10088.33,"end":10088.89},{"text":"that","start":10088.89,"end":10089.09},{"text":"this","start":10089.09,"end":10089.29},{"text":"formulation","start":10089.29,"end":10090.17},{"text":"more","start":10090.57,"end":10090.81},{"text":"precisely","start":10090.81,"end":10091.61},{"text":"identifies","start":10091.93,"end":10092.57},{"text":"those","start":10092.57,"end":10093.21},{"text":"who","start":10093.37,"end":10093.49},{"text":"need","start":10093.49,"end":10093.65},{"text":"to","start":10093.65,"end":10093.73},{"text":"understand","start":10093.73,"end":10094.21},{"text":"and","start":10094.21,"end":10094.33},{"text":"predict","start":10094.33,"end":10094.85},{"text":"the","start":10094.85,"end":10094.93},{"text":"effects","start":10094.93,"end":10095.53},{"text":"of","start":10095.77,"end":10095.93},{"text":"laws.","start":10095.93,"end":10096.41}]},{"text":"Second, regarding paragraph 5, we would prefer the term \"requirements\" instead of the term \"prohibitions,\" as it refers not only to paragraphs 1, 2, and 4, but also to paragraph 3 that does not refer to a prohibition.","start":10097.69,"end":10115.53,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":10097.69,"end":10098.01},{"text":"regarding","start":10099.13,"end":10099.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":10099.69,"end":10100.25},{"text":"5,","start":10100.41,"end":10100.97},{"text":"we","start":10101.21,"end":10101.29},{"text":"would","start":10101.29,"end":10101.61},{"text":"prefer","start":10101.61,"end":10102.01},{"text":"the","start":10102.01,"end":10102.13},{"text":"term","start":10102.13,"end":10102.65},{"text":"\"requirements\"","start":10103.21,"end":10104.17},{"text":"instead","start":10104.33,"end":10104.73},{"text":"of","start":10104.73,"end":10104.81},{"text":"the","start":10104.81,"end":10104.93},{"text":"term","start":10104.93,"end":10105.29},{"text":"\"prohibitions,\"","start":10105.61,"end":10106.57},{"text":"as","start":10106.89,"end":10107.05},{"text":"it","start":10107.05,"end":10107.21},{"text":"refers","start":10107.21,"end":10107.61},{"text":"not","start":10107.61,"end":10107.85},{"text":"only","start":10107.85,"end":10108.33},{"text":"to","start":10108.65,"end":10108.77},{"text":"paragraphs","start":10108.77,"end":10109.53},{"text":"1,","start":10109.53,"end":10110.01},{"text":"2,","start":10110.09,"end":10110.41},{"text":"and","start":10110.41,"end":10110.57},{"text":"4,","start":10110.57,"end":10110.97},{"text":"but","start":10111.29,"end":10111.53},{"text":"also","start":10111.53,"end":10111.85},{"text":"to","start":10111.85,"end":10112.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":10112.01,"end":10112.73},{"text":"3","start":10113.45,"end":10113.77},{"text":"that","start":10113.77,"end":10113.89},{"text":"does","start":10113.89,"end":10114.05},{"text":"not","start":10114.05,"end":10114.25},{"text":"refer","start":10114.25,"end":10114.57},{"text":"to","start":10114.57,"end":10114.69},{"text":"a","start":10114.69,"end":10114.73},{"text":"prohibition.","start":10114.73,"end":10115.53}]},{"text":"Third, in regard to paragraph 6, we would also like to echo the comment made by France regarding the addition of the word \"substantially\" before the term \"modified\" in order to preserve an appropriate level of autonomy of the weapons systems.","start":10117.61,"end":10130.81,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":10117.61,"end":10117.85},{"text":"in","start":10117.93,"end":10118.09},{"text":"regard","start":10118.09,"end":10118.41},{"text":"to","start":10118.41,"end":10118.49},{"text":"paragraph","start":10118.49,"end":10119.05},{"text":"6,","start":10119.05,"end":10119.65},{"text":"we","start":10119.65,"end":10119.93},{"text":"would","start":10119.93,"end":10120.29},{"text":"also","start":10120.29,"end":10120.57},{"text":"like","start":10120.57,"end":10120.77},{"text":"to","start":10120.77,"end":10120.93},{"text":"echo","start":10120.93,"end":10121.21},{"text":"the","start":10121.21,"end":10121.33},{"text":"comment","start":10121.37,"end":10121.77},{"text":"made","start":10121.77,"end":10121.93},{"text":"by","start":10121.93,"end":10122.09},{"text":"France","start":10122.09,"end":10122.57},{"text":"regarding","start":10122.57,"end":10123.01},{"text":"the","start":10123.01,"end":10123.09},{"text":"addition","start":10123.13,"end":10123.57},{"text":"of","start":10123.57,"end":10123.69},{"text":"the","start":10123.69,"end":10123.77},{"text":"word","start":10123.77,"end":10124.05},{"text":"\"substantially\"","start":10124.17,"end":10124.97},{"text":"before","start":10124.97,"end":10125.21},{"text":"the","start":10125.21,"end":10125.33},{"text":"term","start":10125.33,"end":10125.61},{"text":"\"modified\"","start":10125.69,"end":10126.41},{"text":"in","start":10126.41,"end":10126.65},{"text":"order","start":10126.65,"end":10126.85},{"text":"to","start":10126.85,"end":10126.93},{"text":"preserve","start":10126.93,"end":10127.41},{"text":"an","start":10127.41,"end":10127.53},{"text":"appropriate","start":10127.53,"end":10128.01},{"text":"level","start":10128.01,"end":10128.33},{"text":"of","start":10128.33,"end":10128.49},{"text":"autonomy","start":10128.49,"end":10129.13},{"text":"of","start":10129.57,"end":10129.69},{"text":"the","start":10129.69,"end":10129.81},{"text":"weapons","start":10129.81,"end":10130.13},{"text":"systems.","start":10130.13,"end":10130.81}]},{"text":"With regard to paragraph 6, we add our voice to the delegations that have underlined there is neither need nor reason to limit the number of engagements when they are carried out in accordance with IHL.","start":10131.93,"end":10146.61,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":10131.93,"end":10132.25},{"text":"regard","start":10132.25,"end":10132.69},{"text":"to","start":10132.69,"end":10133.05},{"text":"paragraph","start":10133.05,"end":10133.77},{"text":"6,","start":10133.85,"end":10134.41},{"text":"we","start":10136.93,"end":10137.09},{"text":"add","start":10137.09,"end":10137.25},{"text":"our","start":10137.25,"end":10137.33},{"text":"voice","start":10137.33,"end":10137.73},{"text":"to","start":10137.73,"end":10137.89},{"text":"the","start":10137.89,"end":10138.01},{"text":"delegations","start":10138.01,"end":10138.61},{"text":"that","start":10138.61,"end":10138.77},{"text":"have","start":10138.77,"end":10138.93},{"text":"underlined","start":10138.93,"end":10139.57},{"text":"there","start":10140.13,"end":10140.37},{"text":"is","start":10140.37,"end":10140.53},{"text":"neither","start":10140.53,"end":10140.85},{"text":"need","start":10140.85,"end":10141.25},{"text":"nor","start":10141.25,"end":10141.53},{"text":"reason","start":10141.53,"end":10141.81},{"text":"to","start":10141.81,"end":10141.93},{"text":"limit","start":10141.93,"end":10142.21},{"text":"the","start":10142.21,"end":10142.29},{"text":"number","start":10142.29,"end":10142.57},{"text":"of","start":10142.57,"end":10142.65},{"text":"engagements","start":10142.65,"end":10143.37},{"text":"when","start":10143.37,"end":10143.53},{"text":"they","start":10143.53,"end":10143.61},{"text":"are","start":10143.61,"end":10143.69},{"text":"carried","start":10143.69,"end":10144.05},{"text":"out","start":10144.13,"end":10144.37},{"text":"in","start":10144.37,"end":10144.61},{"text":"accordance","start":10144.61,"end":10145.33},{"text":"with","start":10145.33,"end":10145.57},{"text":"IHL.","start":10145.73,"end":10146.61}]},{"text":"Finally, regarding paragraph 60, roman 4, we would prefer, similar to Italy's proposal, to employ a phrasing closer to existing IHL as reflected in Article 52 of Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions.","start":10149.25,"end":10167.45,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":10149.25,"end":10149.89},{"text":"regarding","start":10149.89,"end":10150.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":10150.37,"end":10151.01},{"text":"60,","start":10151.01,"end":10151.73},{"text":"roman","start":10151.73,"end":10152.13},{"text":"4,","start":10152.13,"end":10152.53},{"text":"we","start":10153.09,"end":10153.41},{"text":"would","start":10153.41,"end":10153.57},{"text":"prefer,","start":10153.57,"end":10154.13},{"text":"similar","start":10154.37,"end":10154.93},{"text":"to","start":10154.93,"end":10155.17},{"text":"Italy's","start":10155.33,"end":10155.85},{"text":"proposal,","start":10155.85,"end":10156.53},{"text":"to","start":10157.01,"end":10157.13},{"text":"employ","start":10157.13,"end":10157.49},{"text":"a","start":10157.57,"end":10157.65},{"text":"phrasing","start":10157.65,"end":10158.21},{"text":"closer","start":10158.21,"end":10158.61},{"text":"to","start":10158.61,"end":10158.77},{"text":"existing","start":10158.77,"end":10159.33},{"text":"IHL","start":10159.33,"end":10159.89},{"text":"as","start":10159.97,"end":10160.13},{"text":"reflected","start":10160.13,"end":10160.93},{"text":"in","start":10160.93,"end":10161.09},{"text":"Article","start":10161.09,"end":10161.73},{"text":"52","start":10161.97,"end":10163.25},{"text":"of","start":10163.73,"end":10164.01},{"text":"Additional","start":10164.09,"end":10164.57},{"text":"Protocol","start":10164.57,"end":10165.29},{"text":"I","start":10165.93,"end":10165.97},{"text":"of","start":10165.97,"end":10166.09},{"text":"the","start":10166.09,"end":10166.17},{"text":"Geneva","start":10166.17,"end":10166.65},{"text":"Conventions.","start":10166.65,"end":10167.45}]},{"text":"Accordingly, we would suggest the following wording: \"Restrict the use of laws against military objectives as defined in Article 52 of Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions.\"","start":10167.45,"end":10182.41,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Accordingly,","start":10167.45,"end":10168.25},{"text":"we","start":10169.13,"end":10169.45},{"text":"would","start":10170.01,"end":10170.21},{"text":"suggest","start":10170.21,"end":10170.81},{"text":"the","start":10170.81,"end":10170.93},{"text":"following","start":10170.93,"end":10171.37},{"text":"wording:","start":10171.37,"end":10171.85},{"text":"\"Restrict","start":10172.49,"end":10173.29},{"text":"the","start":10173.29,"end":10173.53},{"text":"use","start":10173.53,"end":10174.01},{"text":"of","start":10174.01,"end":10174.17},{"text":"laws","start":10174.17,"end":10174.73},{"text":"against","start":10175.13,"end":10175.61},{"text":"military","start":10175.61,"end":10176.17},{"text":"objectives","start":10176.17,"end":10176.97},{"text":"as","start":10177.05,"end":10177.25},{"text":"defined","start":10177.25,"end":10177.77},{"text":"in","start":10177.77,"end":10177.93},{"text":"Article","start":10177.93,"end":10178.41},{"text":"52","start":10178.41,"end":10179.21},{"text":"of","start":10179.21,"end":10179.37},{"text":"Additional","start":10179.37,"end":10179.77},{"text":"Protocol","start":10179.77,"end":10180.41},{"text":"I","start":10180.97,"end":10181.01},{"text":"of","start":10181.01,"end":10181.13},{"text":"the","start":10181.13,"end":10181.21},{"text":"Geneva","start":10181.21,"end":10181.61},{"text":"Conventions.\"","start":10181.61,"end":10182.41}]},{"text":"Thank you for your patience, Chair.","start":10183.69,"end":10185.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10183.69,"end":10184.01},{"text":"you","start":10184.01,"end":10184.25},{"text":"for","start":10184.25,"end":10184.45},{"text":"your","start":10184.45,"end":10184.57},{"text":"patience,","start":10184.57,"end":10185.21},{"text":"Chair.","start":10185.21,"end":10185.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"LUX","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Luxembourg"}},{"statement_number":90,"start":10191.41,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:49:52","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the delegation of Luxembourg for stating their position.","start":10191.41,"end":10196.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":10191.41,"end":10191.61},{"text":"me","start":10191.61,"end":10191.85},{"text":"thank","start":10191.85,"end":10192.17},{"text":"the","start":10192.37,"end":10192.45},{"text":"delegation","start":10192.65,"end":10193.33},{"text":"of","start":10193.33,"end":10193.41},{"text":"Luxembourg","start":10193.41,"end":10193.89},{"text":"for","start":10194.09,"end":10194.33},{"text":"stating","start":10194.41,"end":10195.05},{"text":"their","start":10195.85,"end":10196.01},{"text":"position.","start":10196.01,"end":10196.77}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the US, and I still have Belgium and the ICSC.","start":10196.77,"end":10202.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":10196.77,"end":10196.97},{"text":"on","start":10196.97,"end":10197.05},{"text":"my","start":10197.05,"end":10197.29},{"text":"list","start":10197.29,"end":10197.61},{"text":"is","start":10197.69,"end":10197.93},{"text":"the","start":10199.57,"end":10199.73},{"text":"US,","start":10199.73,"end":10200.01},{"text":"and","start":10200.01,"end":10200.17},{"text":"I","start":10200.17,"end":10200.25},{"text":"still","start":10200.25,"end":10200.49},{"text":"have","start":10200.49,"end":10200.73},{"text":"Belgium","start":10200.73,"end":10201.21},{"text":"and","start":10201.21,"end":10201.33},{"text":"the","start":10201.33,"end":10201.41},{"text":"ICSC.","start":10201.41,"end":10202.17}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the US.","start":10202.33,"end":10206.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":10202.33,"end":10202.45},{"text":"let","start":10202.45,"end":10202.57},{"text":"me","start":10202.57,"end":10202.69},{"text":"first","start":10202.69,"end":10202.93},{"text":"pass","start":10202.93,"end":10203.29},{"text":"the","start":10203.29,"end":10203.45},{"text":"floor","start":10203.53,"end":10203.85},{"text":"to","start":10203.85,"end":10204.05},{"text":"the","start":10204.05,"end":10204.13},{"text":"distinguished","start":10204.49,"end":10205.01},{"text":"representative","start":10205.21,"end":10206.05},{"text":"of","start":10206.05,"end":10206.13},{"text":"the","start":10206.13,"end":10206.21},{"text":"US.","start":10206.21,"end":10206.41}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":91,"start":10208.25,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:50:09","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chair, thank you for giving my delegation the opportunity to provide specific comments on paragraph 6.","start":10208.25,"end":10214.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":10208.25,"end":10208.49},{"text":"Chair,","start":10208.49,"end":10208.89},{"text":"thank","start":10209.05,"end":10209.29},{"text":"you","start":10209.29,"end":10209.41},{"text":"for","start":10209.41,"end":10209.53},{"text":"giving","start":10209.53,"end":10209.85},{"text":"my","start":10209.85,"end":10210.09},{"text":"delegation","start":10210.09,"end":10210.73},{"text":"the","start":10210.77,"end":10210.85},{"text":"opportunity","start":10210.85,"end":10211.69},{"text":"to","start":10211.93,"end":10212.05},{"text":"provide","start":10212.05,"end":10212.57},{"text":"specific","start":10212.57,"end":10213.09},{"text":"comments","start":10213.09,"end":10213.53},{"text":"on","start":10213.53,"end":10213.61},{"text":"paragraph","start":10213.61,"end":10214.05},{"text":"6.","start":10214.05,"end":10214.57}]},{"text":"First, regarding subparagraph A, Predictable and reliable need to be tied more to specific IHL rules.","start":10215.93,"end":10224.85,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":10215.93,"end":10216.33},{"text":"regarding","start":10216.33,"end":10216.89},{"text":"subparagraph","start":10216.89,"end":10217.89},{"text":"A,","start":10219.21,"end":10219.22},{"text":"Predictable","start":10219.33,"end":10220.01},{"text":"and","start":10220.01,"end":10220.13},{"text":"reliable","start":10220.13,"end":10220.85},{"text":"need","start":10221.17,"end":10221.45},{"text":"to","start":10221.45,"end":10221.53},{"text":"be","start":10221.53,"end":10221.65},{"text":"tied","start":10221.65,"end":10222.29},{"text":"more","start":10222.85,"end":10223.17},{"text":"to","start":10223.17,"end":10223.33},{"text":"specific","start":10223.33,"end":10223.89},{"text":"IHL","start":10223.89,"end":10224.25},{"text":"rules.","start":10224.25,"end":10224.85}]},{"text":"IHL does not establish general standards for reliability or predictability of weapons.","start":10225.17,"end":10230.77,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"IHL","start":10225.17,"end":10225.81},{"text":"does","start":10225.81,"end":10226.05},{"text":"not","start":10226.05,"end":10226.45},{"text":"establish","start":10226.45,"end":10227.01},{"text":"general","start":10227.01,"end":10227.49},{"text":"standards","start":10227.49,"end":10228.21},{"text":"for","start":10228.37,"end":10228.61},{"text":"reliability","start":10228.61,"end":10229.33},{"text":"or","start":10229.33,"end":10229.41},{"text":"predictability","start":10229.41,"end":10230.09},{"text":"of","start":10230.09,"end":10230.17},{"text":"weapons.","start":10230.17,"end":10230.77}]},{"text":"Predictability and reliability in relation to effects on civilians are aspects of the prohibition on inherently indiscriminate weapons and the prohibition on attacks expected to cause excessive civilian harm.","start":10231.69,"end":10243.17,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."}],"words":[{"text":"Predictability","start":10231.69,"end":10232.49},{"text":"and","start":10232.49,"end":10232.61},{"text":"reliability","start":10232.61,"end":10233.85},{"text":"in","start":10233.85,"end":10233.97},{"text":"relation","start":10233.97,"end":10234.45},{"text":"to","start":10234.45,"end":10234.57},{"text":"effects","start":10234.57,"end":10234.97},{"text":"on","start":10234.97,"end":10235.09},{"text":"civilians","start":10235.09,"end":10235.73},{"text":"are","start":10235.73,"end":10235.89},{"text":"aspects","start":10235.89,"end":10236.49},{"text":"of","start":10236.49,"end":10236.57},{"text":"the","start":10236.57,"end":10236.69},{"text":"prohibition","start":10236.69,"end":10237.49},{"text":"on","start":10237.77,"end":10237.89},{"text":"inherently","start":10237.89,"end":10238.33},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":10238.33,"end":10238.89},{"text":"weapons","start":10238.89,"end":10239.45},{"text":"and","start":10239.45,"end":10239.57},{"text":"the","start":10239.57,"end":10239.65},{"text":"prohibition","start":10239.65,"end":10240.29},{"text":"on","start":10240.29,"end":10240.37},{"text":"attacks","start":10240.37,"end":10240.89},{"text":"expected","start":10240.89,"end":10241.45},{"text":"to","start":10241.45,"end":10241.61},{"text":"cause","start":10241.61,"end":10241.97},{"text":"excessive","start":10241.97,"end":10242.45},{"text":"civilian","start":10242.45,"end":10242.81},{"text":"harm.","start":10242.81,"end":10243.17}]},{"text":"So although we cannot support These as freestanding requirements, we are open to working on these concepts to give them more granularity and a connection to existing IHL rules and requirements.","start":10243.97,"end":10255.29,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":10243.97,"end":10244.13},{"text":"although","start":10244.13,"end":10244.37},{"text":"we","start":10244.37,"end":10244.53},{"text":"cannot","start":10244.53,"end":10245.01},{"text":"support","start":10245.01,"end":10245.65},{"text":"These","start":10246.49,"end":10246.69},{"text":"as","start":10246.69,"end":10246.81},{"text":"freestanding","start":10246.81,"end":10247.45},{"text":"requirements,","start":10247.45,"end":10248.17},{"text":"we","start":10248.17,"end":10248.25},{"text":"are","start":10248.25,"end":10248.41},{"text":"open","start":10248.41,"end":10248.73},{"text":"to","start":10248.73,"end":10248.81},{"text":"working","start":10248.81,"end":10249.13},{"text":"on","start":10249.13,"end":10249.21},{"text":"these","start":10249.21,"end":10249.37},{"text":"concepts","start":10249.37,"end":10250.09},{"text":"to","start":10250.41,"end":10250.53},{"text":"give","start":10250.53,"end":10250.69},{"text":"them","start":10250.69,"end":10251.17},{"text":"more","start":10251.17,"end":10251.37},{"text":"granularity","start":10251.37,"end":10252.13},{"text":"and","start":10252.13,"end":10252.29},{"text":"a","start":10252.29,"end":10252.33},{"text":"connection","start":10252.33,"end":10252.89},{"text":"to","start":10252.89,"end":10253.01},{"text":"existing","start":10253.01,"end":10253.69},{"text":"IHL","start":10253.69,"end":10254.25},{"text":"rules","start":10254.25,"end":10254.53},{"text":"and","start":10254.53,"end":10254.65},{"text":"requirements.","start":10254.65,"end":10255.29}]},{"text":"Regarding traceable and explainable, these are relatively new terms used in the context of discussions on AI developments without well-developed common understandings.","start":10257.29,"end":10267.37,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":10257.29,"end":10257.77},{"text":"traceable","start":10257.77,"end":10258.37},{"text":"and","start":10258.37,"end":10258.49},{"text":"explainable,","start":10258.49,"end":10259.37},{"text":"these","start":10259.61,"end":10259.85},{"text":"are","start":10259.85,"end":10260.01},{"text":"relatively","start":10260.01,"end":10260.57},{"text":"new","start":10260.57,"end":10260.89},{"text":"terms","start":10260.89,"end":10261.29},{"text":"used","start":10261.29,"end":10261.69},{"text":"in","start":10261.69,"end":10261.89},{"text":"the","start":10261.89,"end":10262.01},{"text":"context","start":10262.01,"end":10262.49},{"text":"of","start":10262.49,"end":10262.57},{"text":"discussions","start":10262.57,"end":10263.25},{"text":"on","start":10263.25,"end":10263.69},{"text":"AI","start":10263.69,"end":10263.85},{"text":"developments","start":10263.85,"end":10264.57},{"text":"without","start":10264.81,"end":10265.37},{"text":"well-developed","start":10265.37,"end":10266.17},{"text":"common","start":10266.17,"end":10266.53},{"text":"understandings.","start":10266.53,"end":10267.37}]},{"text":"These are not requirements of IHL, and laws do not necessarily involve the use of AI capabilities.","start":10268.17,"end":10274.73,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":10268.17,"end":10268.41},{"text":"are","start":10268.41,"end":10268.49},{"text":"not","start":10268.49,"end":10268.73},{"text":"requirements","start":10268.73,"end":10269.21},{"text":"of","start":10269.21,"end":10269.29},{"text":"IHL,","start":10269.29,"end":10269.85},{"text":"and","start":10269.85,"end":10270.17},{"text":"laws","start":10270.81,"end":10271.29},{"text":"do","start":10271.29,"end":10271.37},{"text":"not","start":10271.37,"end":10271.65},{"text":"necessarily","start":10271.65,"end":10272.37},{"text":"involve","start":10272.37,"end":10272.85},{"text":"the","start":10272.85,"end":10272.97},{"text":"use","start":10272.97,"end":10273.21},{"text":"of","start":10273.21,"end":10273.37},{"text":"AI","start":10273.45,"end":10273.77},{"text":"capabilities.","start":10273.77,"end":10274.73}]},{"text":"Indeed, our characterization of laws does not indicate that AI capabilities are an essential element.","start":10275.21,"end":10281.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Indeed,","start":10275.21,"end":10275.61},{"text":"our","start":10275.61,"end":10275.69},{"text":"characterization","start":10275.69,"end":10276.57},{"text":"of","start":10276.57,"end":10276.65},{"text":"laws","start":10276.65,"end":10276.97},{"text":"does","start":10276.97,"end":10277.21},{"text":"not","start":10277.21,"end":10277.53},{"text":"indicate","start":10277.61,"end":10278.17},{"text":"that","start":10278.33,"end":10278.81},{"text":"AI","start":10278.81,"end":10278.97},{"text":"capabilities","start":10278.97,"end":10279.77},{"text":"are","start":10279.77,"end":10280.09},{"text":"an","start":10280.09,"end":10280.21},{"text":"essential","start":10280.57,"end":10280.97},{"text":"element.","start":10280.97,"end":10281.37}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph B, we support the first sentence, but see as a measure appropriate in box 5.","start":10283.21,"end":10290.09,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":10283.21,"end":10283.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":10283.69,"end":10284.21},{"text":"B,","start":10284.21,"end":10284.73},{"text":"we","start":10285.05,"end":10285.29},{"text":"support","start":10285.29,"end":10285.77},{"text":"the","start":10285.77,"end":10286.01},{"text":"first","start":10286.25,"end":10286.53},{"text":"sentence,","start":10286.53,"end":10286.89},{"text":"but","start":10286.89,"end":10287.05},{"text":"see","start":10287.05,"end":10287.33},{"text":"as","start":10287.33,"end":10287.61},{"text":"a","start":10287.69,"end":10287.77},{"text":"measure","start":10287.77,"end":10288.33},{"text":"appropriate","start":10288.33,"end":10289.05},{"text":"in","start":10289.05,"end":10289.29},{"text":"box","start":10289.29,"end":10289.61},{"text":"5.","start":10289.61,"end":10290.09}]},{"text":"Like Israel and Singapore, we have concerns with the second sentence of subparagraph B. We do not see the second sentence of subparagraph B as emanating from the first sentence, nor as specific enough or tied to a rule of IHL to be effectively implemented in practice.","start":10291.45,"end":10309.17,"topics":[{"key":"predictability-safeguards","label":"Predictability, Reliability, and Explainability","description":"Delegations discussed whether lawful use of autonomous weapon systems requires their effects to be predictable, reliable, traceable, explainable, and capable of being anticipated or limited. The debate focused on whether these are existing IHL requirements, technical safeguards to support compliance, or overly vague standards."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Like","start":10291.45,"end":10291.77},{"text":"Israel","start":10291.85,"end":10292.33},{"text":"and","start":10292.33,"end":10292.49},{"text":"Singapore,","start":10292.49,"end":10293.05},{"text":"we","start":10293.05,"end":10293.13},{"text":"have","start":10293.13,"end":10293.25},{"text":"concerns","start":10293.25,"end":10293.77},{"text":"with","start":10293.77,"end":10293.89},{"text":"the","start":10293.89,"end":10294.01},{"text":"second","start":10294.01,"end":10294.33},{"text":"sentence","start":10294.33,"end":10294.85},{"text":"of","start":10294.85,"end":10294.93},{"text":"subparagraph","start":10294.93,"end":10295.57},{"text":"B.","start":10295.57,"end":10295.93},{"text":"We","start":10296.41,"end":10296.57},{"text":"do","start":10296.57,"end":10296.65},{"text":"not","start":10296.65,"end":10296.89},{"text":"see","start":10296.89,"end":10297.05},{"text":"the","start":10297.05,"end":10297.17},{"text":"second","start":10297.17,"end":10297.53},{"text":"sentence","start":10297.53,"end":10298.01},{"text":"of","start":10298.13,"end":10298.33},{"text":"subparagraph","start":10299.29,"end":10300.09},{"text":"B","start":10300.09,"end":10300.49},{"text":"as","start":10300.49,"end":10300.73},{"text":"emanating","start":10300.73,"end":10301.29},{"text":"from","start":10301.29,"end":10301.45},{"text":"the","start":10301.45,"end":10301.53},{"text":"first","start":10301.53,"end":10301.81},{"text":"sentence,","start":10301.81,"end":10302.25},{"text":"nor","start":10302.61,"end":10303.05},{"text":"as","start":10303.05,"end":10303.17},{"text":"specific","start":10303.17,"end":10303.85},{"text":"enough","start":10304.05,"end":10304.53},{"text":"or","start":10304.77,"end":10304.93},{"text":"tied","start":10304.93,"end":10305.33},{"text":"to","start":10305.33,"end":10305.57},{"text":"a","start":10305.57,"end":10305.73},{"text":"rule","start":10306.13,"end":10306.45},{"text":"of","start":10306.45,"end":10306.53},{"text":"IHL","start":10306.53,"end":10306.93},{"text":"to","start":10306.93,"end":10307.09},{"text":"be","start":10307.09,"end":10307.25},{"text":"effectively","start":10307.25,"end":10307.89},{"text":"implemented","start":10307.89,"end":10308.45},{"text":"in","start":10308.45,"end":10308.61},{"text":"practice.","start":10308.61,"end":10309.17}]},{"text":"Regarding subparagraph C, we do not think this statement reflects an accurate technical characterization of these systems.","start":10311.81,"end":10319.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":10311.81,"end":10312.53},{"text":"subparagraph","start":10312.53,"end":10313.09},{"text":"C,","start":10313.09,"end":10313.49},{"text":"we","start":10314.45,"end":10314.69},{"text":"do","start":10314.69,"end":10314.81},{"text":"not","start":10314.81,"end":10315.01},{"text":"think","start":10315.01,"end":10315.25},{"text":"this","start":10315.25,"end":10315.45},{"text":"statement","start":10315.45,"end":10315.89},{"text":"reflects","start":10315.89,"end":10316.29},{"text":"an","start":10316.29,"end":10316.37},{"text":"accurate","start":10316.37,"end":10316.97},{"text":"technical","start":10316.97,"end":10317.41},{"text":"characterization","start":10317.41,"end":10318.53},{"text":"of","start":10318.57,"end":10318.73},{"text":"these","start":10318.73,"end":10318.89},{"text":"systems.","start":10318.89,"end":10319.57}]},{"text":"Autonomous systems are only capable of performing functions they are designed, engineered, and enabled to perform.","start":10320.13,"end":10326.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Autonomous","start":10320.13,"end":10320.65},{"text":"systems","start":10320.65,"end":10321.17},{"text":"are","start":10321.17,"end":10321.41},{"text":"only","start":10321.41,"end":10321.81},{"text":"capable","start":10321.81,"end":10322.41},{"text":"of","start":10322.41,"end":10322.49},{"text":"performing","start":10322.49,"end":10323.09},{"text":"functions","start":10323.09,"end":10323.61},{"text":"they","start":10323.61,"end":10323.69},{"text":"are","start":10323.69,"end":10323.81},{"text":"designed,","start":10323.81,"end":10324.45},{"text":"engineered,","start":10324.49,"end":10325.33},{"text":"and","start":10325.37,"end":10325.65},{"text":"enabled","start":10325.65,"end":10326.09},{"text":"to","start":10326.09,"end":10326.17},{"text":"perform.","start":10326.17,"end":10326.69}]},{"text":"If a system can move to a geographic area outside of the immediate environment where it is deployed, all that means is that the developer engineered the system and the operators enabled it to operate in that wider environment.","start":10327.33,"end":10341.41,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. Delegations differed on whether such limits are necessary safeguards or unjustified constraints on technology and military effectiveness."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":10327.33,"end":10327.45},{"text":"a","start":10327.45,"end":10327.49},{"text":"system","start":10327.49,"end":10328.13},{"text":"can","start":10328.45,"end":10328.61},{"text":"move","start":10328.61,"end":10328.85},{"text":"to","start":10328.85,"end":10328.97},{"text":"a","start":10328.97,"end":10329.01},{"text":"geographic","start":10329.01,"end":10329.61},{"text":"area","start":10329.61,"end":10329.89},{"text":"outside","start":10329.89,"end":10330.33},{"text":"of","start":10330.33,"end":10330.45},{"text":"the","start":10330.45,"end":10330.57},{"text":"immediate","start":10330.57,"end":10331.49},{"text":"environment","start":10331.49,"end":10332.29},{"text":"where","start":10332.77,"end":10333.25},{"text":"it","start":10333.25,"end":10333.45},{"text":"is","start":10333.45,"end":10333.65},{"text":"deployed,","start":10333.65,"end":10334.21},{"text":"all","start":10335.01,"end":10335.17},{"text":"that","start":10335.17,"end":10335.33},{"text":"means","start":10335.33,"end":10335.97},{"text":"is","start":10336.05,"end":10336.25},{"text":"that","start":10336.25,"end":10336.37},{"text":"the","start":10336.37,"end":10336.45},{"text":"developer","start":10336.45,"end":10337.05},{"text":"engineered","start":10337.05,"end":10337.49},{"text":"the","start":10337.49,"end":10337.57},{"text":"system","start":10337.57,"end":10337.97},{"text":"and","start":10337.97,"end":10338.17},{"text":"the","start":10338.17,"end":10338.25},{"text":"operators","start":10338.25,"end":10338.81},{"text":"enabled","start":10338.81,"end":10339.33},{"text":"it","start":10339.33,"end":10339.53},{"text":"to","start":10339.53,"end":10339.65},{"text":"operate","start":10339.65,"end":10340.13},{"text":"in","start":10340.13,"end":10340.25},{"text":"that","start":10340.25,"end":10340.41},{"text":"wider","start":10340.41,"end":10340.77},{"text":"environment.","start":10340.77,"end":10341.41}]},{"text":"An operator might fail to properly determine or specify operational parameters, for example, if they lack training or a proper understanding of the system, but that does not mean the system modified its own parameters on its own accord.","start":10342.49,"end":10355.97,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and System Parameters","description":"A major topic was what concrete limits should be imposed on autonomous weapon systems, including target types, mission duration, geographic scope, scale of operation, modification of mission parameters, number of engagements, and real-time machine learning. 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Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target 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subparagraph D, Roman 5, we support the comments of the Republic of Korea and the request of Japan to delete this 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thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":10420.45,"end":10421.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10420.45,"end":10420.53},{"text":"thank","start":10420.53,"end":10420.77},{"text":"you,","start":10420.77,"end":10420.85},{"text":"Mr.","start":10420.85,"end":10421.09},{"text":"Chair.","start":10421.09,"end":10421.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"USA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"United States of America"}},{"statement_number":92,"start":10425.41,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:53:46","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the United States.","start":10425.41,"end":10428.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10425.41,"end":10425.57},{"text":"thank","start":10425.57,"end":10425.85},{"text":"the","start":10425.85,"end":10425.93},{"text":"distinguished","start":10425.93,"end":10426.53},{"text":"representative","start":10426.61,"end":10427.29},{"text":"of","start":10427.29,"end":10427.41},{"text":"the","start":10427.41,"end":10427.49},{"text":"United","start":10427.49,"end":10427.97},{"text":"States.","start":10427.97,"end":10428.45}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Belgium to be followed by the ICSC, but let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Belgium.","start":10428.45,"end":10437.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":10428.45,"end":10428.77},{"text":"on","start":10428.77,"end":10428.85},{"text":"my","start":10428.85,"end":10429.01},{"text":"list","start":10429.01,"end":10429.41},{"text":"is","start":10429.41,"end":10429.73},{"text":"Belgium","start":10429.89,"end":10430.45},{"text":"to","start":10430.57,"end":10430.69},{"text":"be","start":10430.85,"end":10431.09},{"text":"followed","start":10431.09,"end":10431.57},{"text":"by","start":10431.57,"end":10431.81},{"text":"the","start":10431.93,"end":10432.01},{"text":"ICSC,","start":10432.53,"end":10433.41},{"text":"but","start":10433.41,"end":10433.57},{"text":"let","start":10433.69,"end":10433.81},{"text":"me","start":10433.81,"end":10433.97},{"text":"first","start":10433.97,"end":10434.21},{"text":"pass","start":10434.93,"end":10435.17},{"text":"the","start":10435.17,"end":10435.25},{"text":"floor","start":10435.25,"end":10435.45},{"text":"to","start":10435.45,"end":10435.53},{"text":"the","start":10435.53,"end":10435.61},{"text":"distinguished","start":10435.61,"end":10436.13},{"text":"representative","start":10436.13,"end":10436.77},{"text":"of","start":10436.77,"end":10436.93},{"text":"Belgium.","start":10436.93,"end":10437.37}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":10437.37,"end":10437.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":10437.37,"end":10437.45},{"text":"have","start":10437.45,"end":10437.61},{"text":"the","start":10437.61,"end":10437.69},{"text":"floor.","start":10437.73,"end":10437.97}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":93,"start":10441.25,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:54:02","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chairperson, in Belgium's views, overall, the text in this box seems to be in good shape.","start":10441.25,"end":10448.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":10441.25,"end":10441.73},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":10441.73,"end":10442.45},{"text":"in","start":10443.65,"end":10443.81},{"text":"Belgium's","start":10443.81,"end":10444.37},{"text":"views,","start":10444.37,"end":10445.01},{"text":"overall,","start":10445.09,"end":10445.65},{"text":"the","start":10445.81,"end":10445.97},{"text":"text","start":10445.97,"end":10446.29},{"text":"in","start":10446.29,"end":10446.37},{"text":"this","start":10446.37,"end":10446.53},{"text":"box","start":10446.53,"end":10447.05},{"text":"seems","start":10447.05,"end":10447.25},{"text":"to","start":10447.25,"end":10447.37},{"text":"be","start":10447.37,"end":10447.45},{"text":"in","start":10447.45,"end":10447.57},{"text":"good","start":10447.57,"end":10447.77},{"text":"shape.","start":10447.77,"end":10448.13}]},{"text":"In general terms, this box contains the elements we are looking for.","start":10449.01,"end":10452.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10449.01,"end":10449.17},{"text":"general","start":10449.17,"end":10449.49},{"text":"terms,","start":10449.49,"end":10449.97},{"text":"this","start":10450.05,"end":10450.25},{"text":"box","start":10450.25,"end":10450.61},{"text":"contains","start":10450.61,"end":10451.05},{"text":"the","start":10451.05,"end":10451.13},{"text":"elements","start":10451.13,"end":10451.57},{"text":"we","start":10451.57,"end":10451.69},{"text":"are","start":10451.69,"end":10451.81},{"text":"looking","start":10451.81,"end":10452.13},{"text":"for.","start":10452.13,"end":10452.53}]},{"text":"We view this box as a key section for the incorporation of the two-tier approach into the text.","start":10453.41,"end":10458.85,"topics":[{"key":"two-tier-approach","label":"Prohibitions and Restrictions Approach","description":"A recurring policy debate concerned whether the instrument should combine outright prohibitions with binding restrictions or regulations for other systems. Several delegations defended this two-tier model, while others argued that some listed measures should instead be treated as implementation tools rather than legal restrictions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10453.41,"end":10453.65},{"text":"view","start":10453.65,"end":10453.93},{"text":"this","start":10453.93,"end":10454.13},{"text":"box","start":10454.13,"end":10454.53},{"text":"as","start":10454.53,"end":10454.73},{"text":"a","start":10454.73,"end":10454.77},{"text":"key","start":10454.77,"end":10455.01},{"text":"section","start":10455.01,"end":10455.57},{"text":"for","start":10455.65,"end":10455.81},{"text":"the","start":10455.81,"end":10455.89},{"text":"incorporation","start":10455.89,"end":10456.69},{"text":"of","start":10456.69,"end":10456.85},{"text":"the","start":10456.85,"end":10456.93},{"text":"two-tier","start":10456.93,"end":10457.33},{"text":"approach","start":10457.33,"end":10457.89},{"text":"into","start":10457.97,"end":10458.45},{"text":"the","start":10458.45,"end":10458.53},{"text":"text.","start":10458.53,"end":10458.85}]},{"text":"At this stage, our comments will be limited to paragraphs 1 to 5.","start":10459.73,"end":10463.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":10459.73,"end":10459.93},{"text":"this","start":10459.93,"end":10460.09},{"text":"stage,","start":10460.09,"end":10460.45},{"text":"our","start":10460.53,"end":10460.69},{"text":"comments","start":10460.69,"end":10461.09},{"text":"will","start":10461.09,"end":10461.21},{"text":"be","start":10461.21,"end":10461.29},{"text":"limited","start":10461.29,"end":10461.77},{"text":"to","start":10461.77,"end":10461.89},{"text":"paragraphs","start":10461.89,"end":10462.45},{"text":"1","start":10462.45,"end":10462.77},{"text":"to","start":10462.77,"end":10462.85},{"text":"5.","start":10462.85,"end":10463.33}]},{"text":"Listening to the interventions made in the room, We can echo the comments made by some previous delegations regarding paragraph 3.","start":10464.61,"end":10472.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Listening","start":10464.61,"end":10465.01},{"text":"to","start":10465.01,"end":10465.17},{"text":"the","start":10465.17,"end":10465.25},{"text":"interventions","start":10465.25,"end":10465.97},{"text":"made","start":10465.97,"end":10466.21},{"text":"in","start":10466.21,"end":10466.33},{"text":"the","start":10466.33,"end":10466.45},{"text":"room,","start":10466.45,"end":10466.77},{"text":"We","start":10467.45,"end":10467.61},{"text":"can","start":10467.61,"end":10467.77},{"text":"echo","start":10467.77,"end":10468.09},{"text":"the","start":10468.09,"end":10468.25},{"text":"comments","start":10468.25,"end":10468.65},{"text":"made","start":10468.65,"end":10469.05},{"text":"by","start":10469.29,"end":10469.45},{"text":"some","start":10469.45,"end":10469.61},{"text":"previous","start":10469.61,"end":10470.05},{"text":"delegations","start":10470.05,"end":10470.81},{"text":"regarding","start":10470.81,"end":10471.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":10471.29,"end":10471.85},{"text":"3.","start":10471.85,"end":10472.25}]},{"text":"We would like to underline that we understand that the words \"civilian objects\" refers to civilian objects which may not be qualified as military targets, and that \"individual civilians\" refers to those individuals, unless, as for such time, as they do not take a direct part in hostilities.","start":10473.33,"end":10496.57,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10473.33,"end":10473.45},{"text":"would","start":10473.45,"end":10473.61},{"text":"like","start":10473.61,"end":10473.77},{"text":"to","start":10473.77,"end":10473.97},{"text":"underline","start":10473.97,"end":10474.57},{"text":"that","start":10474.57,"end":10474.73},{"text":"we","start":10474.73,"end":10474.89},{"text":"understand","start":10474.89,"end":10475.61},{"text":"that","start":10475.85,"end":10476.05},{"text":"the","start":10476.05,"end":10476.17},{"text":"words","start":10476.17,"end":10476.65},{"text":"\"civilian","start":10476.73,"end":10477.45},{"text":"objects\"","start":10477.45,"end":10478.09},{"text":"refers","start":10478.41,"end":10478.81},{"text":"to","start":10478.81,"end":10478.93},{"text":"civilian","start":10478.93,"end":10479.53},{"text":"objects","start":10479.53,"end":10480.17},{"text":"which","start":10480.21,"end":10480.49},{"text":"may","start":10480.49,"end":10480.65},{"text":"not","start":10480.65,"end":10480.89},{"text":"be","start":10480.89,"end":10481.05},{"text":"qualified","start":10481.05,"end":10481.77},{"text":"as","start":10481.77,"end":10481.93},{"text":"military","start":10481.93,"end":10482.41},{"text":"targets,","start":10482.41,"end":10482.97},{"text":"and","start":10483.45,"end":10483.65},{"text":"that","start":10483.65,"end":10483.93},{"text":"\"individual","start":10484.09,"end":10484.73},{"text":"civilians\"","start":10484.73,"end":10485.53},{"text":"refers","start":10485.93,"end":10486.33},{"text":"to","start":10486.33,"end":10486.45},{"text":"those","start":10486.45,"end":10486.73},{"text":"individuals,","start":10486.73,"end":10487.61},{"text":"unless,","start":10487.93,"end":10488.41},{"text":"as","start":10488.45,"end":10488.57},{"text":"for","start":10488.57,"end":10488.81},{"text":"such","start":10488.81,"end":10489.13},{"text":"time,","start":10489.77,"end":10491.45},{"text":"as","start":10492.29,"end":10492.49},{"text":"they","start":10492.81,"end":10493.21},{"text":"do","start":10493.85,"end":10494.09},{"text":"not","start":10494.09,"end":10494.41},{"text":"take","start":10494.41,"end":10494.73},{"text":"a","start":10494.81,"end":10494.85},{"text":"direct","start":10494.85,"end":10495.29},{"text":"part","start":10495.29,"end":10495.61},{"text":"in","start":10495.61,"end":10495.85},{"text":"hostilities.","start":10495.85,"end":10496.57}]},{"text":"We support the previous comments asking to add the prohibition of attack against other protected persons and objects under IHL under this paragraph.","start":10498.21,"end":10507.41,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Civilian Protection and Human Targeting","description":"Many interventions focused on protecting civilians and civilian objects, including the wording of prohibitions on attacks involving autonomous weapon systems. Some delegations and observers also called for an explicit ban on anti-personnel systems or on systems that directly target humans."},{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10498.21,"end":10498.45},{"text":"support","start":10498.45,"end":10499.01},{"text":"the","start":10499.01,"end":10499.09},{"text":"previous","start":10499.09,"end":10499.49},{"text":"comments","start":10499.49,"end":10500.13},{"text":"asking","start":10500.37,"end":10500.93},{"text":"to","start":10501.01,"end":10501.17},{"text":"add","start":10501.17,"end":10501.49},{"text":"the","start":10501.49,"end":10501.57},{"text":"prohibition","start":10501.57,"end":10502.17},{"text":"of","start":10502.17,"end":10502.29},{"text":"attack","start":10502.29,"end":10502.69},{"text":"against","start":10502.69,"end":10503.17},{"text":"other","start":10503.17,"end":10503.41},{"text":"protected","start":10503.41,"end":10503.89},{"text":"persons","start":10503.89,"end":10504.37},{"text":"and","start":10504.41,"end":10504.61},{"text":"objects","start":10504.61,"end":10505.09},{"text":"under","start":10505.25,"end":10505.57},{"text":"IHL","start":10505.57,"end":10506.13},{"text":"under","start":10506.21,"end":10506.49},{"text":"this","start":10506.49,"end":10506.69},{"text":"paragraph.","start":10506.69,"end":10507.41}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 5, we welcome that the prohibitions included under paragraph 1 to 4 are to be taken into account during the design and development phases of the life cycle.","start":10508.93,"end":10520.37,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":10508.93,"end":10509.41},{"text":"paragraph","start":10509.41,"end":10510.01},{"text":"5,","start":10510.01,"end":10510.37},{"text":"we","start":10510.85,"end":10511.05},{"text":"welcome","start":10511.05,"end":10511.49},{"text":"that","start":10511.49,"end":10511.61},{"text":"the","start":10511.61,"end":10511.73},{"text":"prohibitions","start":10511.73,"end":10512.45},{"text":"included","start":10512.45,"end":10513.09},{"text":"under","start":10513.25,"end":10513.49},{"text":"paragraph","start":10513.49,"end":10514.13},{"text":"1","start":10514.13,"end":10514.61},{"text":"to","start":10514.61,"end":10514.85},{"text":"4","start":10514.85,"end":10515.33},{"text":"are","start":10515.49,"end":10515.65},{"text":"to","start":10515.65,"end":10515.77},{"text":"be","start":10515.77,"end":10515.97},{"text":"taken","start":10515.97,"end":10516.37},{"text":"into","start":10516.37,"end":10516.73},{"text":"account","start":10516.73,"end":10517.29},{"text":"during","start":10517.29,"end":10517.49},{"text":"the","start":10517.49,"end":10517.61},{"text":"design","start":10517.61,"end":10518.13},{"text":"and","start":10518.13,"end":10518.25},{"text":"development","start":10518.25,"end":10518.85},{"text":"phases","start":10518.85,"end":10519.41},{"text":"of","start":10519.41,"end":10519.57},{"text":"the","start":10519.57,"end":10519.65},{"text":"life","start":10519.65,"end":10519.85},{"text":"cycle.","start":10519.85,"end":10520.37}]},{"text":"However, we think that we could go even further by including the development phase in the explicit prohibition under paragraph 1.","start":10521.53,"end":10529.13,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":10521.53,"end":10522.17},{"text":"we","start":10522.49,"end":10522.73},{"text":"think","start":10522.73,"end":10522.97},{"text":"that","start":10522.97,"end":10523.13},{"text":"we","start":10523.13,"end":10523.21},{"text":"could","start":10523.21,"end":10523.45},{"text":"go","start":10523.45,"end":10523.61},{"text":"even","start":10523.61,"end":10523.93},{"text":"further","start":10523.93,"end":10524.49},{"text":"by","start":10524.49,"end":10524.61},{"text":"including","start":10524.61,"end":10525.21},{"text":"the","start":10525.21,"end":10525.33},{"text":"development","start":10525.33,"end":10525.85},{"text":"phase","start":10525.85,"end":10526.25},{"text":"in","start":10526.25,"end":10526.45},{"text":"the","start":10526.45,"end":10526.53},{"text":"explicit","start":10526.53,"end":10527.13},{"text":"prohibition","start":10527.13,"end":10527.85},{"text":"under","start":10527.85,"end":10528.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":10528.17,"end":10528.81},{"text":"1.","start":10528.81,"end":10529.13}]},{"text":"This also reflects the idea included in the current paragraph 9 of box 4, stating that states undertake not to manufacture laws that cannot be used in compliance with IHL.","start":10530.41,"end":10542.41,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon systems."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":10530.41,"end":10530.65},{"text":"also","start":10530.65,"end":10530.97},{"text":"reflects","start":10530.97,"end":10531.61},{"text":"the","start":10531.61,"end":10531.73},{"text":"idea","start":10531.77,"end":10532.33},{"text":"included","start":10532.41,"end":10533.13},{"text":"in","start":10533.13,"end":10533.25},{"text":"the","start":10533.25,"end":10533.33},{"text":"current","start":10533.33,"end":10533.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":10533.77,"end":10534.33},{"text":"9","start":10534.33,"end":10534.81},{"text":"of","start":10534.85,"end":10535.05},{"text":"box","start":10535.05,"end":10535.29},{"text":"4,","start":10535.29,"end":10535.69},{"text":"stating","start":10536.09,"end":10536.57},{"text":"that","start":10536.57,"end":10536.81},{"text":"states","start":10536.81,"end":10537.37},{"text":"undertake","start":10537.45,"end":10538.17},{"text":"not","start":10538.57,"end":10538.93},{"text":"to","start":10538.93,"end":10539.01},{"text":"manufacture","start":10539.01,"end":10539.61},{"text":"laws","start":10539.61,"end":10540.01},{"text":"that","start":10540.01,"end":10540.17},{"text":"cannot","start":10540.17,"end":10540.45},{"text":"be","start":10540.45,"end":10540.61},{"text":"used","start":10540.61,"end":10540.89},{"text":"in","start":10540.89,"end":10541.01},{"text":"compliance","start":10541.01,"end":10541.53},{"text":"with","start":10541.53,"end":10541.73},{"text":"IHL.","start":10541.77,"end":10542.41}]},{"text":"We, therefore, suggest to change paragraph 1 to read as follows: It is prohibited in all circumstances to develop and use laws which are of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.","start":10543.69,"end":10559.01,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-compliance","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"A central topic was how existing IHL rules, especially distinction, proportionality, precautions in attack, and prohibitions on unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate weapons, apply to autonomous weapon systems. Several delegations argued over how closely the text should track existing treaty language and whether any proposed wording creates new legal obligations."},{"key":"lifecycle-regulation","label":"Design and Development Across the Weapon Life Cycle","description":"Many statements addressed whether legal obligations should apply only at the stage of use or also during design, development, testing, and deployment. Delegations referred repeatedly to Article 36 reviews and to the need to consider IHL compliance throughout the full life cycle of autonomous weapon 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such a case, paragraph 5 could be deleted as it becomes obsolete.","start":10560.37,"end":10569.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10560.37,"end":10560.53},{"text":"such","start":10560.53,"end":10560.81},{"text":"a","start":10560.81,"end":10560.85},{"text":"case,","start":10560.85,"end":10561.33},{"text":"paragraph","start":10561.49,"end":10562.05},{"text":"5","start":10562.13,"end":10562.69},{"text":"could","start":10562.77,"end":10562.93},{"text":"be","start":10562.93,"end":10563.05},{"text":"deleted","start":10563.05,"end":10563.65},{"text":"as","start":10563.65,"end":10563.97},{"text":"it","start":10567.49,"end":10567.73},{"text":"becomes","start":10567.73,"end":10569.09},{"text":"obsolete.","start":10569.09,"end":10569.57}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":10570.05,"end":10570.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10570.05,"end":10570.21},{"text":"thank","start":10570.21,"end":10570.45},{"text":"you.","start":10570.45,"end":10570.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BEL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Belgium"}},{"statement_number":94,"start":10572.93,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k19/k197usei81?lang=en&t=2:56:13","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Belgium for sharing the views of his delegation.","start":10572.93,"end":10578.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10572.93,"end":10573.17},{"text":"thank","start":10573.17,"end":10573.49},{"text":"the","start":10573.49,"end":10573.61},{"text":"distinguished","start":10573.61,"end":10574.13},{"text":"representative","start":10574.13,"end":10574.77},{"text":"of","start":10574.77,"end":10574.85},{"text":"Belgium","start":10574.85,"end":10575.49},{"text":"for","start":10576.05,"end":10576.29},{"text":"sharing","start":10576.29,"end":10576.69},{"text":"the","start":10576.69,"end":10576.77},{"text":"views","start":10576.77,"end":10577.05},{"text":"of","start":10577.05,"end":10577.17},{"text":"his","start":10577.17,"end":10577.33},{"text":"delegation.","start":10577.33,"end":10578.13}]},{"text":"And we have less than two minutes left.","start":10578.13,"end":10580.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10578.13,"end":10578.45},{"text":"we","start":10578.45,"end":10578.61},{"text":"have","start":10578.61,"end":10578.85},{"text":"less","start":10578.85,"end":10579.09},{"text":"than","start":10579.09,"end":10579.25},{"text":"two","start":10579.25,"end":10579.41},{"text":"minutes","start":10579.41,"end":10579.81},{"text":"left.","start":10579.89,"end":10580.37}]},{"text":"And I think a number of delegations have still reserved a position with regard to box 6.","start":10581.01,"end":10585.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10581.01,"end":10581.21},{"text":"I","start":10581.21,"end":10581.25},{"text":"think","start":10581.25,"end":10581.57},{"text":"a","start":10581.73,"end":10581.77},{"text":"number","start":10581.77,"end":10582.05},{"text":"of","start":10582.05,"end":10582.13},{"text":"delegations","start":10582.13,"end":10582.69},{"text":"have","start":10582.69,"end":10582.93},{"text":"still","start":10582.93,"end":10583.21},{"text":"reserved","start":10583.21,"end":10583.65},{"text":"a","start":10583.65,"end":10583.73},{"text":"position","start":10583.73,"end":10584.21},{"text":"with","start":10584.21,"end":10584.33},{"text":"regard","start":10584.33,"end":10584.73},{"text":"to","start":10584.73,"end":10584.81},{"text":"box","start":10584.81,"end":10585.21},{"text":"6.","start":10585.21,"end":10585.53}]},{"text":"So I do not think we can close the discussion on box number 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we will continue our discussion tomorrow, uh, on box three, and I intend also to go through box four and five, as I stated, uh, on Monday, that we have done a full reading by the end of Wednesday, so you know what will be our target for tomorrow, in the course of tomorrow, I will then also share with 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are my intentions with regards to Thursday and Friday.","start":10657.85,"end":10661.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"what","start":10657.85,"end":10658.13},{"text":"are","start":10658.13,"end":10658.37},{"text":"my","start":10658.37,"end":10658.61},{"text":"intentions","start":10658.61,"end":10659.17},{"text":"with","start":10659.17,"end":10659.29},{"text":"regards","start":10659.29,"end":10659.77},{"text":"to","start":10659.77,"end":10660.05},{"text":"Thursday","start":10660.05,"end":10660.69},{"text":"and","start":10660.69,"end":10660.93},{"text":"Friday.","start":10660.93,"end":10661.41}]},{"text":"But first, we have to go through the motions of the full 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much.","start":10672.85,"end":10673.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10672.85,"end":10673.01},{"text":"you","start":10673.01,"end":10673.09},{"text":"very","start":10673.09,"end":10673.29},{"text":"much.","start":10673.29,"end":10673.41}]},{"text":"The meeting stands adjourned.","start":10673.41,"end":10674.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10673.41,"end":10673.57},{"text":"meeting","start":10673.57,"end":10673.89},{"text":"stands","start":10673.89,"end":10674.21},{"text":"adjourned.","start":10674.21,"end":10674.57}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}}],"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations debated whether autonomous weapon systems must remain under context-appropriate human judgment and control, and whether this is already required by international humanitarian law or should be developed as a new regulatory standard. 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