{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k14/k14s9lih0a","kaltura_id":"1_4s9lih0a","title":"Шестой комитет, 31-е пленарное заседание - Генеральная Ассамблея, 81-я сессия","clean_title":"Шестой комитет, 31-е пленарное заседание - Генеральная Ассамблея, 81-я сессия","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k14/k14s9lih0a","date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-10-28T19:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"01:24:50","category":"Генеральная Ассамблея","body":"Sixth Committee","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"31st plenary 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the 81st session of the General Assembly.","start":1110.67,"end":1116.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1110.67,"end":1110.83},{"text":"call","start":1110.83,"end":1111.15},{"text":"to","start":1111.15,"end":1111.23},{"text":"order","start":1111.23,"end":1111.71},{"text":"the","start":1111.95,"end":1112.11},{"text":"31st","start":1112.11,"end":1112.67},{"text":"meeting","start":1112.67,"end":1112.99},{"text":"of","start":1112.99,"end":1113.11},{"text":"the","start":1113.11,"end":1113.23},{"text":"Sixth","start":1113.23,"end":1113.51},{"text":"Committee","start":1113.51,"end":1114.03},{"text":"for","start":1114.03,"end":1114.15},{"text":"the","start":1114.15,"end":1114.23},{"text":"81st","start":1114.23,"end":1114.75},{"text":"session","start":1114.75,"end":1115.15},{"text":"of","start":1115.15,"end":1115.27},{"text":"the","start":1115.27,"end":1115.39},{"text":"General","start":1115.39,"end":1115.79},{"text":"Assembly.","start":1115.79,"end":1116.43}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, let us now continue with the debate on the first cluster of topics concerning agenda item 78, report of the International Law Commission on the work of its 76th and 77th sessions, after which we will turn to the second cluster of topics.","start":1117.43,"end":1136.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":1117.43,"end":1117.91},{"text":"delegates,","start":1117.91,"end":1118.59},{"text":"let","start":1118.83,"end":1118.99},{"text":"us","start":1118.99,"end":1119.15},{"text":"now","start":1119.15,"end":1119.31},{"text":"continue","start":1119.31,"end":1119.95},{"text":"with","start":1119.95,"end":1120.07},{"text":"the","start":1120.07,"end":1120.19},{"text":"debate","start":1120.19,"end":1120.71},{"text":"on","start":1120.71,"end":1120.83},{"text":"the","start":1120.83,"end":1120.91},{"text":"first","start":1120.91,"end":1121.23},{"text":"cluster","start":1121.23,"end":1121.59},{"text":"of","start":1121.59,"end":1121.71},{"text":"topics","start":1121.71,"end":1122.27},{"text":"concerning","start":1122.27,"end":1122.99},{"text":"agenda","start":1122.99,"end":1123.43},{"text":"item","start":1123.43,"end":1123.95},{"text":"78,","start":1123.95,"end":1124.91},{"text":"report","start":1125.47,"end":1125.83},{"text":"of","start":1125.83,"end":1125.95},{"text":"the","start":1125.95,"end":1126.03},{"text":"International","start":1126.03,"end":1126.79},{"text":"Law","start":1126.79,"end":1126.91},{"text":"Commission","start":1126.91,"end":1127.55},{"text":"on","start":1128.03,"end":1128.19},{"text":"the","start":1128.19,"end":1128.27},{"text":"work","start":1128.27,"end":1128.51},{"text":"of","start":1128.51,"end":1128.67},{"text":"its","start":1128.67,"end":1128.95},{"text":"76th","start":1128.95,"end":1129.91},{"text":"and","start":1130.19,"end":1130.51},{"text":"77th","start":1130.51,"end":1131.39},{"text":"sessions,","start":1131.55,"end":1132.35},{"text":"after","start":1132.75,"end":1133.03},{"text":"which","start":1133.03,"end":1133.31},{"text":"we","start":1133.31,"end":1133.43},{"text":"will","start":1133.43,"end":1133.63},{"text":"turn","start":1133.63,"end":1133.87},{"text":"to","start":1133.87,"end":1133.99},{"text":"the","start":1133.99,"end":1134.11},{"text":"second","start":1134.11,"end":1134.67},{"text":"cluster","start":1134.67,"end":1135.15},{"text":"of","start":1135.15,"end":1135.39},{"text":"topics.","start":1135.39,"end":1136.03}]},{"text":"The report of the Commission on the work of its 77th session is contained in document A/81/10, which is available 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in accordance with resolution 80/164, The Sixth Committee will also continue its consideration of chapter 4 of the Commission’s 2025 report on the topic of sea-level rise in relation to international law, as contained in document A/80/10, which is also available 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wish to recall that this meeting will end at approximately 4:30 PM this afternoon and will be followed by the annual interactive dialogue.","start":1177.55,"end":1186.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1177.55,"end":1177.63},{"text":"wish","start":1177.63,"end":1177.83},{"text":"to","start":1177.83,"end":1177.91},{"text":"recall","start":1177.91,"end":1178.31},{"text":"that","start":1178.31,"end":1178.47},{"text":"this","start":1178.47,"end":1178.67},{"text":"meeting","start":1178.67,"end":1179.03},{"text":"will","start":1179.03,"end":1179.23},{"text":"end","start":1179.23,"end":1179.51},{"text":"at","start":1179.51,"end":1179.63},{"text":"approximately","start":1179.63,"end":1181.27},{"text":"4:30","start":1181.27,"end":1181.31},{"text":"PM","start":1181.31,"end":1181.87},{"text":"this","start":1182.11,"end":1182.35},{"text":"afternoon","start":1182.35,"end":1182.99},{"text":"and","start":1183.47,"end":1183.63},{"text":"will","start":1183.63,"end":1183.79},{"text":"be","start":1183.79,"end":1183.95},{"text":"followed","start":1183.95,"end":1184.35},{"text":"by","start":1184.35,"end":1184.59},{"text":"the","start":1184.59,"end":1184.71},{"text":"annual","start":1184.71,"end":1185.39},{"text":"interactive","start":1185.47,"end":1186.19},{"text":"dialogue.","start":1186.19,"end":1186.67}]},{"text":"Before proceeding, I wish to recall the Bureau's recommendation that national statements should be limited to seven minutes and group statements to 12 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are strongly encouraged to keep their statements within these time limits and, where possible, deliver abridged versions of their statements, while providing the full statements for posting on eStatements and on the website of the Sixth Committee.","start":1198.19,"end":1215.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegations","start":1198.19,"end":1198.83},{"text":"are","start":1198.83,"end":1198.91},{"text":"strongly","start":1198.91,"end":1199.39},{"text":"encouraged","start":1199.39,"end":1200.19},{"text":"to","start":1200.59,"end":1200.75},{"text":"keep","start":1200.75,"end":1200.99},{"text":"their","start":1200.99,"end":1201.15},{"text":"statements","start":1201.15,"end":1201.71},{"text":"within","start":1201.71,"end":1202.11},{"text":"these","start":1202.11,"end":1202.27},{"text":"time","start":1202.27,"end":1202.59},{"text":"limits","start":1202.59,"end":1203.15},{"text":"and,","start":1203.55,"end":1203.79},{"text":"where","start":1203.79,"end":1204.03},{"text":"possible,","start":1204.03,"end":1204.75},{"text":"deliver","start":1205.07,"end":1205.55},{"text":"abridged","start":1205.55,"end":1206.11},{"text":"versions","start":1206.11,"end":1206.83},{"text":"of","start":1207.15,"end":1207.27},{"text":"their","start":1207.27,"end":1207.43},{"text":"statements,","start":1207.43,"end":1208.19},{"text":"while","start":1208.31,"end":1208.63},{"text":"providing","start":1208.63,"end":1209.19},{"text":"the","start":1209.19,"end":1209.31},{"text":"full","start":1209.31,"end":1209.55},{"text":"statements","start":1209.55,"end":1210.19},{"text":"for","start":1210.19,"end":1210.35},{"text":"posting","start":1210.35,"end":1210.99},{"text":"on","start":1211.39,"end":1211.63},{"text":"eStatements","start":1211.67,"end":1212.51},{"text":"and","start":1212.91,"end":1213.11},{"text":"on","start":1213.11,"end":1213.19},{"text":"the","start":1213.19,"end":1213.31},{"text":"website","start":1213.31,"end":1213.95},{"text":"of","start":1213.95,"end":1214.11},{"text":"the","start":1214.11,"end":1214.23},{"text":"Sixth","start":1214.23,"end":1214.55},{"text":"Committee.","start":1214.59,"end":1215.15}]},{"text":"This will enable all delegations to deliver their statements within the schedule.","start":1216.43,"end":1220.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1216.43,"end":1216.63},{"text":"will","start":1216.63,"end":1216.79},{"text":"enable","start":1216.79,"end":1217.23},{"text":"all","start":1217.23,"end":1217.39},{"text":"delegations","start":1217.39,"end":1218.03},{"text":"to","start":1218.03,"end":1218.15},{"text":"deliver","start":1218.15,"end":1218.51},{"text":"their","start":1218.51,"end":1218.71},{"text":"statements","start":1218.71,"end":1219.47},{"text":"within","start":1219.47,"end":1220.19},{"text":"the","start":1220.27,"end":1220.39},{"text":"schedule.","start":1220.43,"end":1220.91}]},{"text":"The first speaker on my list for this afternoon is the distinguished representative of Singapore.","start":1221.79,"end":1227.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1221.79,"end":1221.95},{"text":"first","start":1221.95,"end":1222.19},{"text":"speaker","start":1222.19,"end":1222.83},{"text":"on","start":1223.27,"end":1223.39},{"text":"my","start":1223.39,"end":1223.55},{"text":"list","start":1223.55,"end":1223.95},{"text":"for","start":1223.95,"end":1224.07},{"text":"this","start":1224.07,"end":1224.35},{"text":"afternoon","start":1224.35,"end":1224.83},{"text":"is","start":1224.83,"end":1225.15},{"text":"the","start":1225.15,"end":1225.23},{"text":"distinguished","start":1225.23,"end":1225.87},{"text":"representative","start":1225.87,"end":1226.67},{"text":"of","start":1226.67,"end":1226.75},{"text":"Singapore.","start":1226.75,"end":1227.63}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir, ma'am, sorry.","start":1228.51,"end":1231.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1228.51,"end":1228.67},{"text":"have","start":1228.67,"end":1228.83},{"text":"the","start":1228.83,"end":1228.95},{"text":"floor,","start":1228.95,"end":1229.23},{"text":"sir,","start":1229.23,"end":1229.47},{"text":"ma'am,","start":1230.75,"end":1230.99},{"text":"sorry.","start":1231.15,"end":1231.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":1232.83,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=20:33","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madam Chair, thank you for giving me the floor.","start":1232.83,"end":1235.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":1232.83,"end":1233.15},{"text":"Chair,","start":1233.15,"end":1233.55},{"text":"thank","start":1234.07,"end":1234.27},{"text":"you","start":1234.27,"end":1234.39},{"text":"for","start":1234.43,"end":1234.59},{"text":"giving","start":1234.59,"end":1234.91},{"text":"me","start":1234.91,"end":1235.15},{"text":"the","start":1235.15,"end":1235.27},{"text":"floor.","start":1235.27,"end":1235.63}]},{"text":"I am pleased to address the chapters in Cluster 1.","start":1236.23,"end":1238.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1236.23,"end":1236.27},{"text":"am","start":1236.27,"end":1236.43},{"text":"pleased","start":1236.43,"end":1236.75},{"text":"to","start":1236.75,"end":1236.83},{"text":"address","start":1236.83,"end":1237.23},{"text":"the","start":1237.23,"end":1237.35},{"text":"chapters","start":1237.35,"end":1237.91},{"text":"in","start":1237.91,"end":1238.07},{"text":"Cluster","start":1238.07,"end":1238.59},{"text":"1.","start":1238.59,"end":1238.87}]},{"text":"In the interest of time, I will focus on a few key points.","start":1239.27,"end":1243.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1239.27,"end":1239.43},{"text":"the","start":1239.43,"end":1239.51},{"text":"interest","start":1239.51,"end":1239.91},{"text":"of","start":1239.91,"end":1239.99},{"text":"time,","start":1239.99,"end":1240.47},{"text":"I","start":1240.79,"end":1240.95},{"text":"will","start":1240.95,"end":1241.11},{"text":"focus","start":1241.11,"end":1241.67},{"text":"on","start":1241.67,"end":1241.87},{"text":"a","start":1241.87,"end":1241.91},{"text":"few","start":1241.91,"end":1242.23},{"text":"key","start":1242.23,"end":1242.55},{"text":"points.","start":1242.55,"end":1243.03}]},{"text":"My full statement will be made available online.","start":1243.51,"end":1246.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":1243.51,"end":1243.67},{"text":"full","start":1243.67,"end":1243.91},{"text":"statement","start":1243.91,"end":1244.55},{"text":"will","start":1244.55,"end":1244.79},{"text":"be","start":1244.79,"end":1244.87},{"text":"made","start":1244.87,"end":1245.27},{"text":"available","start":1245.27,"end":1245.91},{"text":"online.","start":1245.91,"end":1246.47}]},{"text":"I begin with sea level rise in relation to international law.","start":1247.03,"end":1250.67,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1247.03,"end":1247.11},{"text":"begin","start":1247.11,"end":1247.51},{"text":"with","start":1247.55,"end":1247.67},{"text":"sea","start":1247.67,"end":1247.99},{"text":"level","start":1247.99,"end":1248.31},{"text":"rise","start":1248.31,"end":1248.71},{"text":"in","start":1248.71,"end":1248.95},{"text":"relation","start":1248.95,"end":1249.43},{"text":"to","start":1249.43,"end":1249.63},{"text":"international","start":1249.63,"end":1250.59},{"text":"law.","start":1250.59,"end":1250.67}]},{"text":"Allow me to express Singapore’s further views on the subtopic of the protection of persons affected by sea level rise.","start":1251.27,"end":1259.19,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Allow","start":1251.27,"end":1251.47},{"text":"me","start":1251.47,"end":1251.75},{"text":"to","start":1251.75,"end":1251.87},{"text":"express","start":1251.87,"end":1252.59},{"text":"Singapore’s","start":1252.59,"end":1253.27},{"text":"further","start":1253.27,"end":1253.67},{"text":"views","start":1253.67,"end":1254.15},{"text":"on","start":1254.23,"end":1254.39},{"text":"the","start":1254.39,"end":1254.55},{"text":"subtopic","start":1254.55,"end":1255.27},{"text":"of","start":1255.75,"end":1255.91},{"text":"the","start":1255.91,"end":1255.99},{"text":"protection","start":1255.99,"end":1256.55},{"text":"of","start":1256.55,"end":1256.71},{"text":"persons","start":1256.71,"end":1257.35},{"text":"affected","start":1257.35,"end":1257.95},{"text":"by","start":1258.07,"end":1258.23},{"text":"sea","start":1258.23,"end":1258.47},{"text":"level","start":1258.47,"end":1258.75},{"text":"rise.","start":1258.75,"end":1259.19}]},{"text":"Singapore joins other small island states in emphasising the severity of the dangers posed to our populations by sea level rise.","start":1260.03,"end":1268.75,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Singapore","start":1260.03,"end":1260.59},{"text":"joins","start":1260.59,"end":1261.07},{"text":"other","start":1261.07,"end":1261.35},{"text":"small","start":1261.35,"end":1261.71},{"text":"island","start":1261.71,"end":1262.03},{"text":"states","start":1262.03,"end":1262.59},{"text":"in","start":1262.91,"end":1263.15},{"text":"emphasising","start":1263.15,"end":1264.03},{"text":"the","start":1264.03,"end":1264.19},{"text":"severity","start":1264.19,"end":1265.07},{"text":"of","start":1265.35,"end":1265.55},{"text":"the","start":1265.55,"end":1265.63},{"text":"dangers","start":1265.63,"end":1266.19},{"text":"posed","start":1266.19,"end":1266.59},{"text":"to","start":1266.59,"end":1266.67},{"text":"our","start":1266.67,"end":1266.75},{"text":"populations","start":1266.75,"end":1267.63},{"text":"by","start":1267.63,"end":1267.75},{"text":"sea","start":1267.75,"end":1268.03},{"text":"level","start":1268.03,"end":1268.27},{"text":"rise.","start":1268.27,"end":1268.75}]},{"text":"We note the ILC Study Group’s conclusion that there is currently no dedicated framework applicable to the protection of persons affected by sea level rise.","start":1269.47,"end":1280.59,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1269.47,"end":1269.63},{"text":"note","start":1269.63,"end":1270.19},{"text":"the","start":1270.27,"end":1270.35},{"text":"ILC","start":1270.35,"end":1271.07},{"text":"Study","start":1271.15,"end":1271.55},{"text":"Group’s","start":1271.55,"end":1271.95},{"text":"conclusion","start":1271.95,"end":1272.75},{"text":"that","start":1273.23,"end":1273.43},{"text":"there","start":1273.43,"end":1273.71},{"text":"is","start":1273.71,"end":1273.87},{"text":"currently","start":1273.87,"end":1274.43},{"text":"no","start":1274.43,"end":1274.75},{"text":"dedicated","start":1274.75,"end":1275.51},{"text":"framework","start":1275.51,"end":1276.03},{"text":"applicable","start":1276.47,"end":1277.07},{"text":"to","start":1277.07,"end":1277.27},{"text":"the","start":1277.27,"end":1277.39},{"text":"protection","start":1277.79,"end":1278.27},{"text":"of","start":1278.27,"end":1278.35},{"text":"persons","start":1278.35,"end":1278.99},{"text":"affected","start":1278.99,"end":1279.55},{"text":"by","start":1279.55,"end":1279.67},{"text":"sea","start":1279.67,"end":1279.87},{"text":"level","start":1279.87,"end":1280.11},{"text":"rise.","start":1280.11,"end":1280.59}]},{"text":"The effective protection of such persons will require solutions that are specific to each unique context.","start":1281.55,"end":1288.71,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1281.55,"end":1281.67},{"text":"effective","start":1281.67,"end":1282.15},{"text":"protection","start":1282.15,"end":1282.71},{"text":"of","start":1282.71,"end":1282.83},{"text":"such","start":1282.83,"end":1283.23},{"text":"persons","start":1283.31,"end":1283.95},{"text":"will","start":1284.35,"end":1284.47},{"text":"require","start":1284.47,"end":1285.11},{"text":"solutions","start":1285.11,"end":1285.83},{"text":"that","start":1285.83,"end":1285.95},{"text":"are","start":1285.95,"end":1286.03},{"text":"specific","start":1286.03,"end":1286.63},{"text":"to","start":1286.63,"end":1286.91},{"text":"each","start":1286.91,"end":1287.31},{"text":"unique","start":1287.39,"end":1287.87},{"text":"context.","start":1287.95,"end":1288.71}]},{"text":"We look forward to considering with other delegations the possible ways forward presented by the ILC study group, such as developing international instruments and mechanisms specific to climate change-related sea level rise.","start":1289.99,"end":1306.47,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1289.99,"end":1290.15},{"text":"look","start":1290.15,"end":1290.35},{"text":"forward","start":1290.39,"end":1290.75},{"text":"to","start":1290.75,"end":1290.87},{"text":"considering","start":1290.87,"end":1291.51},{"text":"with","start":1291.51,"end":1291.67},{"text":"other","start":1291.75,"end":1292.07},{"text":"delegations","start":1292.07,"end":1292.95},{"text":"the","start":1293.27,"end":1293.43},{"text":"possible","start":1293.43,"end":1293.99},{"text":"ways","start":1293.99,"end":1294.47},{"text":"forward","start":1294.47,"end":1294.95},{"text":"presented","start":1295.19,"end":1295.83},{"text":"by","start":1295.83,"end":1295.99},{"text":"the","start":1295.99,"end":1296.11},{"text":"ILC","start":1296.47,"end":1297.11},{"text":"study","start":1297.11,"end":1297.43},{"text":"group,","start":1297.43,"end":1297.71},{"text":"such","start":1298.15,"end":1298.55},{"text":"as","start":1298.55,"end":1298.87},{"text":"developing","start":1298.87,"end":1299.67},{"text":"international","start":1299.75,"end":1300.47},{"text":"instruments","start":1300.47,"end":1301.27},{"text":"and","start":1301.59,"end":1301.79},{"text":"mechanisms","start":1301.79,"end":1302.55},{"text":"specific","start":1302.63,"end":1303.23},{"text":"to","start":1303.23,"end":1303.47},{"text":"climate","start":1303.47,"end":1304.31},{"text":"change-related","start":1304.63,"end":1305.47},{"text":"sea","start":1305.47,"end":1305.75},{"text":"level","start":1305.75,"end":1306.03},{"text":"rise.","start":1306.03,"end":1306.47}]},{"text":"At the same time, such discussions should not delay practical action and must proceed in parallel with concrete efforts to protect persons affected by sea level rise.","start":1307.03,"end":1318.31,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":1307.03,"end":1307.11},{"text":"the","start":1307.11,"end":1307.19},{"text":"same","start":1307.19,"end":1307.43},{"text":"time,","start":1307.43,"end":1307.91},{"text":"such","start":1308.31,"end":1308.71},{"text":"discussions","start":1308.71,"end":1309.43},{"text":"should","start":1309.43,"end":1309.67},{"text":"not","start":1309.67,"end":1310.23},{"text":"delay","start":1310.23,"end":1310.47},{"text":"practical","start":1310.47,"end":1311.19},{"text":"action","start":1311.19,"end":1311.75},{"text":"and","start":1312.11,"end":1312.23},{"text":"must","start":1312.23,"end":1312.59},{"text":"proceed","start":1312.59,"end":1313.11},{"text":"in","start":1313.19,"end":1313.35},{"text":"parallel","start":1313.35,"end":1313.99},{"text":"with","start":1314.15,"end":1314.35},{"text":"concrete","start":1314.39,"end":1315.03},{"text":"efforts","start":1315.03,"end":1315.51},{"text":"to","start":1315.51,"end":1315.67},{"text":"protect","start":1315.67,"end":1316.15},{"text":"persons","start":1316.15,"end":1316.71},{"text":"affected","start":1316.71,"end":1317.27},{"text":"by","start":1317.27,"end":1317.39},{"text":"sea","start":1317.39,"end":1317.59},{"text":"level","start":1317.59,"end":1317.87},{"text":"rise.","start":1317.87,"end":1318.31}]},{"text":"Two principles must guide international action to protect persons affected by sea level rise.","start":1319.15,"end":1324.91,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Two","start":1319.15,"end":1319.39},{"text":"principles","start":1319.39,"end":1320.11},{"text":"must","start":1320.11,"end":1320.31},{"text":"guide","start":1320.31,"end":1320.67},{"text":"international","start":1320.75,"end":1321.39},{"text":"action","start":1321.39,"end":1321.95},{"text":"to","start":1322.27,"end":1322.43},{"text":"protect","start":1322.43,"end":1322.91},{"text":"persons","start":1322.91,"end":1323.39},{"text":"affected","start":1323.39,"end":1323.91},{"text":"by","start":1323.91,"end":1323.99},{"text":"sea","start":1323.99,"end":1324.19},{"text":"level","start":1324.19,"end":1324.51},{"text":"rise.","start":1324.51,"end":1324.91}]},{"text":"First, the duty to cooperate.","start":1325.63,"end":1327.79,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":1325.63,"end":1326.11},{"text":"the","start":1326.27,"end":1326.43},{"text":"duty","start":1326.43,"end":1326.83},{"text":"to","start":1326.83,"end":1327.07},{"text":"cooperate.","start":1327.07,"end":1327.79}]},{"text":"As the ICJ noted in its advisory opinion, cooperation in addressing sea level rise is not a matter of choice for states, but a legal obligation.","start":1328.43,"end":1339.55,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1328.43,"end":1328.67},{"text":"the","start":1328.67,"end":1328.83},{"text":"ICJ","start":1329.07,"end":1329.55},{"text":"noted","start":1329.55,"end":1330.19},{"text":"in","start":1330.19,"end":1330.35},{"text":"its","start":1330.35,"end":1330.67},{"text":"advisory","start":1330.75,"end":1331.31},{"text":"opinion,","start":1331.31,"end":1331.95},{"text":"cooperation","start":1332.43,"end":1333.23},{"text":"in","start":1333.23,"end":1333.39},{"text":"addressing","start":1333.39,"end":1333.95},{"text":"sea","start":1333.95,"end":1334.19},{"text":"level","start":1334.19,"end":1334.47},{"text":"rise","start":1334.47,"end":1334.91},{"text":"is","start":1334.91,"end":1335.15},{"text":"not","start":1335.15,"end":1335.55},{"text":"a","start":1335.63,"end":1335.71},{"text":"matter","start":1335.71,"end":1335.99},{"text":"of","start":1335.99,"end":1336.11},{"text":"choice","start":1336.11,"end":1336.59},{"text":"for","start":1336.59,"end":1336.75},{"text":"states,","start":1336.75,"end":1337.23},{"text":"but","start":1337.71,"end":1338.03},{"text":"a","start":1338.03,"end":1338.11},{"text":"legal","start":1338.11,"end":1338.67},{"text":"obligation.","start":1338.67,"end":1339.55}]},{"text":"This requires states, in the context of sea level rise, to work together with a view to achieving equitable solutions.","start":1340.19,"end":1348.03,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1340.19,"end":1340.51},{"text":"requires","start":1340.51,"end":1341.07},{"text":"states,","start":1341.07,"end":1341.63},{"text":"in","start":1341.87,"end":1342.03},{"text":"the","start":1342.03,"end":1342.11},{"text":"context","start":1342.11,"end":1342.67},{"text":"of","start":1342.67,"end":1342.75},{"text":"sea","start":1342.75,"end":1342.91},{"text":"level","start":1342.91,"end":1343.23},{"text":"rise,","start":1343.23,"end":1343.71},{"text":"to","start":1344.03,"end":1344.19},{"text":"work","start":1344.19,"end":1344.43},{"text":"together","start":1344.43,"end":1344.99},{"text":"with","start":1344.99,"end":1345.11},{"text":"a","start":1345.15,"end":1345.19},{"text":"view","start":1345.19,"end":1345.55},{"text":"to","start":1345.55,"end":1345.67},{"text":"achieving","start":1345.67,"end":1346.27},{"text":"equitable","start":1346.59,"end":1347.23},{"text":"solutions.","start":1347.23,"end":1348.03}]},{"text":"Second, the duty to cooperate is subject to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.","start":1348.99,"end":1361.47,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":1348.99,"end":1349.43},{"text":"the","start":1349.95,"end":1350.11},{"text":"duty","start":1350.11,"end":1350.43},{"text":"to","start":1350.43,"end":1350.59},{"text":"cooperate","start":1350.59,"end":1351.15},{"text":"is","start":1351.15,"end":1351.27},{"text":"subject","start":1351.27,"end":1351.79},{"text":"to","start":1351.79,"end":1351.87},{"text":"the","start":1351.87,"end":1352.03},{"text":"principle","start":1352.03,"end":1352.67},{"text":"of","start":1352.67,"end":1352.83},{"text":"common","start":1352.83,"end":1353.39},{"text":"but","start":1353.63,"end":1353.83},{"text":"differentiated","start":1353.83,"end":1354.55},{"text":"responsibilities","start":1354.55,"end":1355.71},{"text":"and","start":1356.07,"end":1356.23},{"text":"respective","start":1356.23,"end":1356.91},{"text":"capabilities,","start":1357.07,"end":1358.03},{"text":"in","start":1358.51,"end":1358.63},{"text":"the","start":1358.63,"end":1358.71},{"text":"light","start":1358.71,"end":1359.15},{"text":"of","start":1359.19,"end":1359.31},{"text":"different","start":1359.31,"end":1359.91},{"text":"national","start":1359.91,"end":1360.43},{"text":"circumstances.","start":1360.43,"end":1361.47}]},{"text":"States disproportionately affected by sea level rise should not be left to shoulder the burden of protecting their populations from its adverse effects without international assistance.","start":1362.11,"end":1374.11,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":1362.11,"end":1362.67},{"text":"disproportionately","start":1362.75,"end":1363.95},{"text":"affected","start":1363.95,"end":1364.43},{"text":"by","start":1364.43,"end":1364.55},{"text":"sea","start":1364.55,"end":1364.83},{"text":"level","start":1364.83,"end":1365.15},{"text":"rise","start":1365.15,"end":1365.63},{"text":"should","start":1365.79,"end":1366.07},{"text":"not","start":1366.07,"end":1366.59},{"text":"be","start":1366.59,"end":1366.75},{"text":"left","start":1366.75,"end":1367.03},{"text":"to","start":1367.03,"end":1367.15},{"text":"shoulder","start":1367.15,"end":1367.55},{"text":"the","start":1367.55,"end":1367.71},{"text":"burden","start":1367.71,"end":1368.11},{"text":"of","start":1368.11,"end":1368.27},{"text":"protecting","start":1368.27,"end":1368.83},{"text":"their","start":1368.83,"end":1368.95},{"text":"populations","start":1368.95,"end":1369.79},{"text":"from","start":1370.27,"end":1370.59},{"text":"its","start":1370.59,"end":1370.99},{"text":"adverse","start":1370.99,"end":1371.55},{"text":"effects","start":1371.63,"end":1372.19},{"text":"without","start":1372.19,"end":1372.67},{"text":"international","start":1372.67,"end":1373.39},{"text":"assistance.","start":1373.39,"end":1374.11}]},{"text":"I now turn to immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction.","start":1374.91,"end":1380.03,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1374.91,"end":1374.99},{"text":"now","start":1374.99,"end":1375.23},{"text":"turn","start":1375.23,"end":1375.63},{"text":"to","start":1375.63,"end":1375.79},{"text":"immunity","start":1375.79,"end":1376.31},{"text":"of","start":1376.31,"end":1376.43},{"text":"state","start":1376.43,"end":1376.83},{"text":"officials","start":1376.83,"end":1377.55},{"text":"from","start":1377.79,"end":1378.03},{"text":"foreign","start":1378.03,"end":1378.59},{"text":"criminal","start":1378.67,"end":1379.23},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":1379.23,"end":1380.03}]},{"text":"Singapore expresses its appreciation to the Commission for completing its work on the topic.","start":1380.75,"end":1386.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Singapore","start":1380.75,"end":1381.27},{"text":"expresses","start":1381.27,"end":1382.03},{"text":"its","start":1382.03,"end":1382.35},{"text":"appreciation","start":1382.35,"end":1383.23},{"text":"to","start":1383.23,"end":1383.35},{"text":"the","start":1383.35,"end":1383.43},{"text":"Commission","start":1383.43,"end":1384.03},{"text":"for","start":1384.35,"end":1384.51},{"text":"completing","start":1384.51,"end":1385.15},{"text":"its","start":1385.15,"end":1385.39},{"text":"work","start":1385.39,"end":1385.71},{"text":"on","start":1385.71,"end":1385.87},{"text":"the","start":1385.87,"end":1385.95},{"text":"topic.","start":1385.95,"end":1386.35}]},{"text":"The draft articles continue to raise concerns for us.","start":1387.07,"end":1390.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1387.07,"end":1387.23},{"text":"draft","start":1387.23,"end":1387.67},{"text":"articles","start":1387.67,"end":1388.19},{"text":"continue","start":1388.19,"end":1388.83},{"text":"to","start":1388.83,"end":1389.27},{"text":"raise","start":1389.27,"end":1389.71},{"text":"concerns","start":1389.71,"end":1390.43},{"text":"for","start":1390.43,"end":1390.79},{"text":"us.","start":1390.79,"end":1390.99}]},{"text":"We previously emphasised that the implementation of these draft articles will need to take into consideration practical realities and challenges faced by competent authorities in the exercise of their criminal jurisdiction.","start":1391.71,"end":1409.31,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1391.71,"end":1391.87},{"text":"previously","start":1391.87,"end":1392.59},{"text":"emphasised","start":1392.67,"end":1393.43},{"text":"that","start":1393.47,"end":1393.95},{"text":"the","start":1396.35,"end":1396.55},{"text":"implementation","start":1396.59,"end":1397.55},{"text":"of","start":1397.55,"end":1397.71},{"text":"these","start":1397.71,"end":1398.03},{"text":"draft","start":1398.03,"end":1398.47},{"text":"articles","start":1398.47,"end":1399.07},{"text":"will","start":1399.39,"end":1399.55},{"text":"need","start":1399.55,"end":1399.83},{"text":"to","start":1399.83,"end":1399.95},{"text":"take","start":1399.99,"end":1400.15},{"text":"into","start":1400.15,"end":1400.43},{"text":"consideration","start":1400.43,"end":1401.31},{"text":"practical","start":1401.63,"end":1402.27},{"text":"realities","start":1402.27,"end":1403.07},{"text":"and","start":1403.07,"end":1403.27},{"text":"challenges","start":1403.27,"end":1404.03},{"text":"faced","start":1404.43,"end":1404.79},{"text":"by","start":1404.79,"end":1404.91},{"text":"competent","start":1404.91,"end":1405.59},{"text":"authorities","start":1405.59,"end":1406.27},{"text":"in","start":1406.67,"end":1406.83},{"text":"the","start":1406.83,"end":1406.91},{"text":"exercise","start":1406.91,"end":1407.63},{"text":"of","start":1407.63,"end":1407.75},{"text":"their","start":1407.75,"end":1407.87},{"text":"criminal","start":1407.87,"end":1408.43},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":1408.51,"end":1409.31}]},{"text":"This concern runs through a few of the draft articles.","start":1410.67,"end":1414.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1410.67,"end":1410.91},{"text":"concern","start":1410.91,"end":1411.47},{"text":"runs","start":1411.47,"end":1411.95},{"text":"through","start":1411.99,"end":1412.35},{"text":"a","start":1412.35,"end":1412.43},{"text":"few","start":1412.43,"end":1412.75},{"text":"of","start":1412.75,"end":1412.99},{"text":"the","start":1412.99,"end":1413.07},{"text":"draft","start":1413.07,"end":1413.51},{"text":"articles.","start":1413.51,"end":1414.19}]},{"text":"For instance, in draft article 9, the Commission identified only two scenarios in which a foreign state need not notify the state of the official before initiating criminal proceedings or taking coercive measures.","start":1414.75,"end":1429.95,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":1414.75,"end":1414.99},{"text":"instance,","start":1414.99,"end":1415.63},{"text":"in","start":1415.87,"end":1416.07},{"text":"draft","start":1416.07,"end":1416.43},{"text":"article","start":1416.43,"end":1416.83},{"text":"9,","start":1416.83,"end":1417.23},{"text":"the","start":1417.55,"end":1417.71},{"text":"Commission","start":1417.71,"end":1418.27},{"text":"identified","start":1418.27,"end":1419.07},{"text":"only","start":1419.07,"end":1419.31},{"text":"two","start":1419.31,"end":1419.55},{"text":"scenarios","start":1419.55,"end":1420.27},{"text":"in","start":1420.59,"end":1420.71},{"text":"which","start":1420.71,"end":1420.99},{"text":"a","start":1420.99,"end":1421.07},{"text":"foreign","start":1421.07,"end":1421.47},{"text":"state","start":1421.79,"end":1422.35},{"text":"need","start":1422.35,"end":1422.51},{"text":"not","start":1422.51,"end":1422.83},{"text":"notify","start":1422.83,"end":1423.47},{"text":"the","start":1423.47,"end":1423.59},{"text":"state","start":1423.59,"end":1423.95},{"text":"of","start":1423.95,"end":1424.11},{"text":"the","start":1424.11,"end":1424.23},{"text":"official","start":1424.23,"end":1424.75},{"text":"before","start":1425.23,"end":1425.71},{"text":"initiating","start":1425.71,"end":1426.51},{"text":"criminal","start":1426.51,"end":1427.07},{"text":"proceedings","start":1427.07,"end":1427.79},{"text":"or","start":1428.19,"end":1428.31},{"text":"taking","start":1428.31,"end":1428.71},{"text":"coercive","start":1428.71,"end":1429.31},{"text":"measures.","start":1429.31,"end":1429.95}]},{"text":"i.e. when doing so would jeopardise the confidentiality of an ongoing investigation or the proper conduct of criminal proceedings.","start":1431.43,"end":1440.15,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"i.e.","start":1431.43,"end":1431.91},{"text":"when","start":1432.07,"end":1432.31},{"text":"doing","start":1432.31,"end":1432.59},{"text":"so","start":1432.59,"end":1432.87},{"text":"would","start":1432.87,"end":1433.11},{"text":"jeopardise","start":1433.35,"end":1433.91},{"text":"the","start":1433.91,"end":1434.03},{"text":"confidentiality","start":1434.03,"end":1434.99},{"text":"of","start":1434.99,"end":1435.19},{"text":"an","start":1435.27,"end":1435.43},{"text":"ongoing","start":1435.43,"end":1436.15},{"text":"investigation","start":1436.39,"end":1437.35},{"text":"or","start":1437.75,"end":1437.87},{"text":"the","start":1437.87,"end":1437.99},{"text":"proper","start":1437.99,"end":1438.31},{"text":"conduct","start":1438.31,"end":1438.79},{"text":"of","start":1438.79,"end":1438.95},{"text":"criminal","start":1439.03,"end":1439.43},{"text":"proceedings.","start":1439.43,"end":1440.15}]},{"text":"We further note with some concern that divergences on draft Article 6, previously draft Article 7, remain within the Commission.","start":1440.79,"end":1450.47,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1440.79,"end":1440.95},{"text":"further","start":1440.95,"end":1441.27},{"text":"note","start":1441.27,"end":1441.67},{"text":"with","start":1441.67,"end":1441.79},{"text":"some","start":1441.79,"end":1442.15},{"text":"concern","start":1442.15,"end":1442.79},{"text":"that","start":1443.11,"end":1443.59},{"text":"divergences","start":1443.59,"end":1444.55},{"text":"on","start":1444.55,"end":1444.71},{"text":"draft","start":1444.71,"end":1445.11},{"text":"Article","start":1445.11,"end":1445.59},{"text":"6,","start":1445.59,"end":1446.07},{"text":"previously","start":1446.47,"end":1447.11},{"text":"draft","start":1447.11,"end":1447.47},{"text":"Article","start":1447.47,"end":1447.83},{"text":"7,","start":1447.83,"end":1448.39},{"text":"remain","start":1448.71,"end":1449.27},{"text":"within","start":1449.27,"end":1449.75},{"text":"the","start":1449.75,"end":1449.83},{"text":"Commission.","start":1449.83,"end":1450.47}]},{"text":"In particular, the provisional adoption of draft Article 6 was put to a vote, and members of the drafting committee in delivering their explanations of vote, had expressed strong reservations on this draft article in plenary, both in terms of its customary status and to its inclusion.","start":1451.03,"end":1472.43,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1451.03,"end":1451.15},{"text":"particular,","start":1451.15,"end":1451.83},{"text":"the","start":1452.23,"end":1452.35},{"text":"provisional","start":1452.35,"end":1453.03},{"text":"adoption","start":1453.27,"end":1453.91},{"text":"of","start":1453.91,"end":1454.07},{"text":"draft","start":1454.07,"end":1454.51},{"text":"Article","start":1454.51,"end":1454.87},{"text":"6","start":1454.87,"end":1455.27},{"text":"was","start":1455.27,"end":1455.51},{"text":"put","start":1455.51,"end":1456.03},{"text":"to","start":1456.03,"end":1456.15},{"text":"a","start":1456.15,"end":1456.19},{"text":"vote,","start":1456.19,"end":1456.55},{"text":"and","start":1457.27,"end":1457.43},{"text":"members","start":1457.43,"end":1457.87},{"text":"of","start":1457.87,"end":1457.99},{"text":"the","start":1457.99,"end":1458.07},{"text":"drafting","start":1458.07,"end":1458.55},{"text":"committee","start":1458.55,"end":1459.27},{"text":"in","start":1459.87,"end":1460.11},{"text":"delivering","start":1460.19,"end":1460.83},{"text":"their","start":1460.83,"end":1461.03},{"text":"explanations","start":1461.03,"end":1461.87},{"text":"of","start":1461.87,"end":1462.03},{"text":"vote,","start":1462.03,"end":1462.43},{"text":"had","start":1462.75,"end":1462.99},{"text":"expressed","start":1462.99,"end":1463.83},{"text":"strong","start":1463.83,"end":1464.27},{"text":"reservations","start":1464.27,"end":1465.15},{"text":"on","start":1465.15,"end":1465.31},{"text":"this","start":1465.31,"end":1465.63},{"text":"draft","start":1465.75,"end":1466.11},{"text":"article","start":1466.11,"end":1466.59},{"text":"in","start":1466.59,"end":1466.75},{"text":"plenary,","start":1466.75,"end":1467.31},{"text":"both","start":1467.79,"end":1468.19},{"text":"in","start":1468.19,"end":1468.35},{"text":"terms","start":1468.35,"end":1468.75},{"text":"of","start":1468.75,"end":1468.99},{"text":"its","start":1468.99,"end":1469.23},{"text":"customary","start":1469.23,"end":1469.87},{"text":"status","start":1469.87,"end":1470.59},{"text":"and","start":1470.87,"end":1471.07},{"text":"to","start":1471.07,"end":1471.23},{"text":"its","start":1471.23,"end":1471.47},{"text":"inclusion.","start":1471.79,"end":1472.43}]},{"text":"Against this backdrop, draft Article 6 should not be included.","start":1473.07,"end":1477.63,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Against","start":1473.07,"end":1473.59},{"text":"this","start":1473.59,"end":1473.79},{"text":"backdrop,","start":1473.79,"end":1474.27},{"text":"draft","start":1474.67,"end":1475.11},{"text":"Article","start":1475.11,"end":1475.55},{"text":"6","start":1475.55,"end":1476.03},{"text":"should","start":1476.11,"end":1476.43},{"text":"not","start":1476.43,"end":1476.99},{"text":"be","start":1476.99,"end":1477.11},{"text":"included.","start":1477.11,"end":1477.63}]},{"text":"I now turn to general principles of law.","start":1478.43,"end":1481.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1478.43,"end":1478.51},{"text":"now","start":1478.51,"end":1478.75},{"text":"turn","start":1478.75,"end":1479.07},{"text":"to","start":1479.07,"end":1479.23},{"text":"general","start":1479.39,"end":1479.87},{"text":"principles","start":1480.19,"end":1480.83},{"text":"of","start":1480.83,"end":1480.99},{"text":"law.","start":1480.99,"end":1481.23}]},{"text":"Singapore wishes to share its views on four of the draft conclusions as adopted on second reading.","start":1481.95,"end":1488.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Singapore","start":1481.95,"end":1482.43},{"text":"wishes","start":1482.43,"end":1482.91},{"text":"to","start":1482.91,"end":1482.99},{"text":"share","start":1482.99,"end":1483.23},{"text":"its","start":1483.23,"end":1483.47},{"text":"views","start":1483.47,"end":1483.87},{"text":"on","start":1483.95,"end":1484.11},{"text":"four","start":1484.11,"end":1484.35},{"text":"of","start":1484.35,"end":1484.47},{"text":"the","start":1484.47,"end":1484.55},{"text":"draft","start":1484.55,"end":1484.95},{"text":"conclusions","start":1484.95,"end":1485.71},{"text":"as","start":1485.95,"end":1486.27},{"text":"adopted","start":1486.27,"end":1486.91},{"text":"on","start":1486.91,"end":1487.07},{"text":"second","start":1487.07,"end":1487.55},{"text":"reading.","start":1487.55,"end":1488.03}]},{"text":"First, on draft conclusion 7, we are pleased to note that the corresponding commentary refines the methodology for identifying in general principles of law formed within the international legal system.","start":1489.19,"end":1504.23,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":1489.19,"end":1489.51},{"text":"on","start":1489.83,"end":1489.99},{"text":"draft","start":1489.99,"end":1490.55},{"text":"conclusion","start":1491.39,"end":1492.47},{"text":"7,","start":1492.47,"end":1492.95},{"text":"we","start":1493.35,"end":1493.47},{"text":"are","start":1493.47,"end":1493.55},{"text":"pleased","start":1493.55,"end":1493.95},{"text":"to","start":1493.95,"end":1494.07},{"text":"note","start":1494.07,"end":1494.55},{"text":"that","start":1494.55,"end":1494.67},{"text":"the","start":1494.67,"end":1494.75},{"text":"corresponding","start":1494.75,"end":1495.51},{"text":"commentary","start":1495.51,"end":1496.23},{"text":"refines","start":1496.55,"end":1497.11},{"text":"the","start":1497.11,"end":1497.19},{"text":"methodology","start":1497.19,"end":1498.07},{"text":"for","start":1498.07,"end":1498.31},{"text":"identifying","start":1498.55,"end":1499.35},{"text":"in","start":1499.43,"end":1499.67},{"text":"general","start":1499.67,"end":1500.07},{"text":"principles","start":1500.07,"end":1500.67},{"text":"of","start":1500.67,"end":1500.87},{"text":"law","start":1500.87,"end":1501.19},{"text":"formed","start":1501.59,"end":1502.07},{"text":"within","start":1502.07,"end":1502.55},{"text":"the","start":1502.55,"end":1502.67},{"text":"international","start":1502.67,"end":1503.47},{"text":"legal","start":1503.47,"end":1503.71},{"text":"system.","start":1503.71,"end":1504.23}]},{"text":"In particular, we support the clarification that recognition by the community of nations should be wide and representative, and include the different regions of the world.","start":1504.79,"end":1515.39,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1504.79,"end":1504.95},{"text":"particular,","start":1504.95,"end":1505.55},{"text":"we","start":1505.91,"end":1506.07},{"text":"support","start":1506.07,"end":1506.63},{"text":"the","start":1506.63,"end":1506.75},{"text":"clarification","start":1506.75,"end":1507.67},{"text":"that","start":1507.99,"end":1508.15},{"text":"recognition","start":1508.15,"end":1508.87},{"text":"by","start":1508.87,"end":1509.03},{"text":"the","start":1509.03,"end":1509.11},{"text":"community","start":1509.11,"end":1509.75},{"text":"of","start":1509.75,"end":1509.91},{"text":"nations","start":1509.91,"end":1510.47},{"text":"should","start":1510.63,"end":1510.91},{"text":"be","start":1510.91,"end":1511.03},{"text":"wide","start":1511.03,"end":1511.59},{"text":"and","start":1511.63,"end":1511.75},{"text":"representative,","start":1511.75,"end":1512.55},{"text":"and","start":1512.95,"end":1513.15},{"text":"include","start":1513.15,"end":1513.75},{"text":"the","start":1513.75,"end":1513.83},{"text":"different","start":1513.83,"end":1514.27},{"text":"regions","start":1514.27,"end":1514.79},{"text":"of","start":1514.83,"end":1514.91},{"text":"the","start":1514.91,"end":1515.03},{"text":"world.","start":1515.03,"end":1515.39}]},{"text":"However, we reiterate that there remains some difficulty with the term “intrinsic” as defined in the commentary to draft conclusion 7.","start":1515.99,"end":1526.35,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1515.99,"end":1516.63},{"text":"we","start":1517.03,"end":1517.19},{"text":"reiterate","start":1517.19,"end":1517.99},{"text":"that","start":1518.59,"end":1518.95},{"text":"there","start":1518.95,"end":1519.19},{"text":"remains","start":1519.19,"end":1519.63},{"text":"some","start":1519.63,"end":1519.95},{"text":"difficulty","start":1519.95,"end":1520.75},{"text":"with","start":1520.91,"end":1521.15},{"text":"the","start":1521.15,"end":1521.23},{"text":"term","start":1521.23,"end":1521.55},{"text":"“intrinsic”","start":1521.63,"end":1522.43},{"text":"as","start":1523.07,"end":1523.39},{"text":"defined","start":1523.39,"end":1523.87},{"text":"in","start":1523.95,"end":1524.07},{"text":"the","start":1524.07,"end":1524.15},{"text":"commentary","start":1524.15,"end":1524.83},{"text":"to","start":1524.83,"end":1524.95},{"text":"draft","start":1524.95,"end":1525.27},{"text":"conclusion","start":1525.27,"end":1525.87},{"text":"7.","start":1525.87,"end":1526.35}]},{"text":"It remains unclear how the examples other than sovereign equality reflect or regulate the basic features of the international legal system, even if they may enjoy a degree of recognition as a general principle of law.","start":1526.91,"end":1542.59,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1543.15,"end":1543.31},{"text":"caution","start":1543.31,"end":1543.87},{"text":"against","start":1543.87,"end":1544.27},{"text":"conflating","start":1544.27,"end":1544.99},{"text":"the","start":1544.99,"end":1545.07},{"text":"recognition","start":1545.07,"end":1545.79},{"text":"of","start":1545.79,"end":1545.95},{"text":"a","start":1545.95,"end":1545.99},{"text":"principle’s","start":1545.99,"end":1546.75},{"text":"existence","start":1546.75,"end":1547.47},{"text":"with","start":1548.03,"end":1548.19},{"text":"recognition","start":1548.27,"end":1548.99},{"text":"of","start":1549.31,"end":1549.55},{"text":"it","start":1549.63,"end":1549.95},{"text":"as","start":1549.95,"end":1550.11},{"text":"being","start":1550.11,"end":1550.43},{"text":"intrinsic","start":1550.51,"end":1551.23},{"text":"to","start":1551.47,"end":1551.63},{"text":"the","start":1551.63,"end":1551.71},{"text":"international","start":1551.71,"end":1552.47},{"text":"legal","start":1552.47,"end":1552.75},{"text":"system.","start":1552.75,"end":1553.23}]},{"text":"Second, on draft conclusion 10, we support its updated commentary, which provides greater clarity on the examples cited without definitively asserting whether they are indeed general principles of law.","start":1554.19,"end":1568.03,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1596.55,"end":1596.79},{"text":"reiterate","start":1596.79,"end":1597.51},{"text":"that","start":1597.51,"end":1597.67},{"text":"creating","start":1597.67,"end":1598.31},{"text":"this","start":1598.31,"end":1598.55},{"text":"new","start":1598.55,"end":1598.79},{"text":"category,","start":1598.79,"end":1599.43},{"text":"which","start":1599.71,"end":1600.07},{"text":"would","start":1600.15,"end":1600.43},{"text":"appear","start":1600.43,"end":1600.87},{"text":"to","start":1600.87,"end":1601.03},{"text":"contradict","start":1601.03,"end":1601.67},{"text":"draft","start":1601.75,"end":1602.19},{"text":"conclusion","start":1602.19,"end":1602.71},{"text":"5,","start":1602.71,"end":1603.19},{"text":"requiring","start":1603.67,"end":1604.23},{"text":"the","start":1604.23,"end":1604.39},{"text":"general","start":1604.79,"end":1605.19},{"text":"principles","start":1605.19,"end":1605.91},{"text":"be","start":1605.91,"end":1606.03},{"text":"common","start":1606.03,"end":1606.55},{"text":"to","start":1606.79,"end":1606.95},{"text":"the","start":1606.95,"end":1607.07},{"text":"various","start":1607.07,"end":1607.59},{"text":"legal","start":1607.59,"end":1607.91},{"text":"systems","start":1607.91,"end":1608.47},{"text":"of","start":1608.47,"end":1608.63},{"text":"the","start":1608.63,"end":1608.75},{"text":"world.","start":1608.75,"end":1609.07}]},{"text":"I turn finally to other decisions and conclusions of the Commission.","start":1609.75,"end":1613.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1609.75,"end":1609.91},{"text":"turn","start":1609.91,"end":1610.23},{"text":"finally","start":1610.23,"end":1610.71},{"text":"to","start":1610.71,"end":1610.91},{"text":"other","start":1610.91,"end":1611.19},{"text":"decisions","start":1611.19,"end":1611.83},{"text":"and","start":1611.87,"end":1612.23},{"text":"conclusions","start":1612.47,"end":1613.19},{"text":"of","start":1613.19,"end":1613.31},{"text":"the","start":1613.31,"end":1613.39},{"text":"Commission.","start":1613.39,"end":1613.99}]},{"text":"Singapore notes with interest that the topic, the right to regulate in international investment law, has been included in the Commission's long-term programme of work.","start":1614.39,"end":1623.23,"topics":[{"key":"investment-regulatory-rights","label":"Right to Regulate in Investment Law","description":"Several delegations welcomed work on states’ right to regulate under international investment law. 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Working Group on Methods of Work and Procedures of the Commission has made progress on proposals for improving the Commission's working 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encourage the Working Group to finalise both its handbook and report at the 78th session of the 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Chair.","start":1650.43,"end":1651.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1650.43,"end":1650.67},{"text":"you,","start":1650.67,"end":1650.79},{"text":"Madam","start":1650.83,"end":1651.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":1651.11,"end":1651.35}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SGP","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Singapore"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":1653.75,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=27:34","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Singapore for his 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Japan.","start":1657.67,"end":1660.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1657.67,"end":1657.75},{"text":"now","start":1657.75,"end":1657.99},{"text":"give","start":1657.99,"end":1658.23},{"text":"the","start":1658.23,"end":1658.31},{"text":"floor","start":1658.31,"end":1658.55},{"text":"to","start":1658.55,"end":1658.63},{"text":"the","start":1658.63,"end":1658.75},{"text":"distinguished","start":1658.75,"end":1659.23},{"text":"representative","start":1659.23,"end":1659.91},{"text":"of","start":1659.91,"end":1660.15},{"text":"Japan.","start":1660.15,"end":1660.63}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":1661.19,"end":1662.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1661.19,"end":1661.27},{"text":"have","start":1661.27,"end":1661.43},{"text":"the","start":1661.43,"end":1661.55},{"text":"floor,","start":1661.55,"end":1661.79},{"text":"sir.","start":1661.79,"end":1662.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":4,"start":1664.47,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=27:45","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":1664.47,"end":1665.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1664.47,"end":1664.63},{"text":"you,","start":1664.63,"end":1664.71},{"text":"Madam","start":1664.71,"end":1665.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":1665.11,"end":1665.51}]},{"text":"At the outset, on behalf of the delegation of Japan, I would like to extend our sincere congratulations on your assumption of the chair of the Sixth Committee.","start":1666.23,"end":1676.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":1666.23,"end":1666.43},{"text":"the","start":1666.43,"end":1666.51},{"text":"outset,","start":1666.51,"end":1667.35},{"text":"on","start":1667.51,"end":1667.67},{"text":"behalf","start":1667.67,"end":1668.19},{"text":"of","start":1668.19,"end":1668.31},{"text":"the","start":1668.31,"end":1668.43},{"text":"delegation","start":1668.43,"end":1669.15},{"text":"of","start":1669.15,"end":1669.27},{"text":"Japan,","start":1669.27,"end":1669.83},{"text":"I","start":1669.99,"end":1670.15},{"text":"would","start":1670.15,"end":1670.31},{"text":"like","start":1670.31,"end":1670.59},{"text":"to","start":1670.59,"end":1670.67},{"text":"extend","start":1670.67,"end":1671.15},{"text":"our","start":1671.15,"end":1671.27},{"text":"sincere","start":1671.27,"end":1671.83},{"text":"congratulations","start":1671.83,"end":1673.03},{"text":"on","start":1673.11,"end":1673.35},{"text":"your","start":1673.35,"end":1673.51},{"text":"assumption","start":1673.51,"end":1674.23},{"text":"of","start":1674.23,"end":1674.43},{"text":"the","start":1674.43,"end":1674.55},{"text":"chair","start":1674.55,"end":1674.95},{"text":"of","start":1674.95,"end":1675.03},{"text":"the","start":1675.03,"end":1675.19},{"text":"Sixth","start":1675.19,"end":1675.59},{"text":"Committee.","start":1675.59,"end":1676.07}]},{"text":"Japan also appreciates the leadership of the Chair of the International Law Commission, Mr. Andreas Mavrommianis, as well as the contribution of all the special rapporteurs and the members of the Commission.","start":1677.03,"end":1691.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":1677.03,"end":1677.51},{"text":"also","start":1677.51,"end":1677.95},{"text":"appreciates","start":1677.95,"end":1678.63},{"text":"the","start":1678.63,"end":1678.75},{"text":"leadership","start":1678.75,"end":1679.39},{"text":"of","start":1679.39,"end":1679.51},{"text":"the","start":1679.51,"end":1679.59},{"text":"Chair","start":1679.59,"end":1680.15},{"text":"of","start":1680.15,"end":1680.39},{"text":"the","start":1680.39,"end":1680.51},{"text":"International","start":1680.51,"end":1681.31},{"text":"Law","start":1681.31,"end":1681.51},{"text":"Commission,","start":1681.51,"end":1682.23},{"text":"Mr.","start":1682.63,"end":1683.15},{"text":"Andreas","start":1683.15,"end":1684.07},{"text":"Mavrommianis,","start":1684.15,"end":1685.51},{"text":"as","start":1685.83,"end":1686.07},{"text":"well","start":1686.07,"end":1686.31},{"text":"as","start":1686.31,"end":1686.63},{"text":"the","start":1686.63,"end":1686.75},{"text":"contribution","start":1686.75,"end":1687.75},{"text":"of","start":1687.75,"end":1687.99},{"text":"all","start":1687.99,"end":1688.23},{"text":"the","start":1688.23,"end":1688.39},{"text":"special","start":1688.39,"end":1688.83},{"text":"rapporteurs","start":1688.83,"end":1689.67},{"text":"and","start":1689.75,"end":1689.95},{"text":"the","start":1689.95,"end":1690.03},{"text":"members","start":1690.03,"end":1690.59},{"text":"of","start":1690.59,"end":1690.67},{"text":"the","start":1690.67,"end":1690.79},{"text":"Commission.","start":1690.79,"end":1691.35}]},{"text":"At a time when the international community is living through difficult challenges, the necessity of upholding the rule of law is greater than ever.","start":1692.39,"end":1702.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":1692.39,"end":1692.79},{"text":"a","start":1692.79,"end":1692.83},{"text":"time","start":1692.83,"end":1693.27},{"text":"when","start":1693.39,"end":1693.75},{"text":"the","start":1693.75,"end":1693.83},{"text":"international","start":1693.83,"end":1694.63},{"text":"community","start":1694.63,"end":1695.35},{"text":"is","start":1695.35,"end":1695.59},{"text":"living","start":1695.59,"end":1695.99},{"text":"through","start":1695.99,"end":1696.31},{"text":"difficult","start":1696.31,"end":1696.95},{"text":"challenges,","start":1696.95,"end":1697.75},{"text":"the","start":1698.31,"end":1698.43},{"text":"necessity","start":1698.43,"end":1699.27},{"text":"of","start":1699.27,"end":1699.51},{"text":"upholding","start":1699.51,"end":1700.15},{"text":"the","start":1700.15,"end":1700.23},{"text":"rule","start":1700.23,"end":1700.55},{"text":"of","start":1700.55,"end":1700.63},{"text":"law","start":1700.63,"end":1701.11},{"text":"is","start":1701.11,"end":1701.35},{"text":"greater","start":1701.35,"end":1701.99},{"text":"than","start":1701.99,"end":1702.15},{"text":"ever.","start":1702.15,"end":1702.55}]},{"text":"Japan's stance is resolute and unshakable.","start":1703.27,"end":1706.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Japan's","start":1703.27,"end":1703.79},{"text":"stance","start":1703.79,"end":1704.23},{"text":"is","start":1704.23,"end":1704.39},{"text":"resolute","start":1704.39,"end":1705.19},{"text":"and","start":1705.19,"end":1705.43},{"text":"unshakable.","start":1705.43,"end":1706.31}]},{"text":"Establishing the rule of law is of great importance in achieving and maintaining international peace and security, prosperity.","start":1706.95,"end":1715.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Establishing","start":1706.95,"end":1707.59},{"text":"the","start":1707.59,"end":1707.67},{"text":"rule","start":1707.67,"end":1707.95},{"text":"of","start":1707.95,"end":1708.07},{"text":"law","start":1708.07,"end":1708.39},{"text":"is","start":1708.39,"end":1708.67},{"text":"of","start":1708.67,"end":1708.79},{"text":"great","start":1708.79,"end":1709.15},{"text":"importance","start":1709.15,"end":1709.99},{"text":"in","start":1710.23,"end":1710.51},{"text":"achieving","start":1710.51,"end":1711.19},{"text":"and","start":1711.35,"end":1711.75},{"text":"maintaining","start":1711.75,"end":1712.39},{"text":"international","start":1712.39,"end":1713.19},{"text":"peace","start":1713.19,"end":1713.47},{"text":"and","start":1713.47,"end":1713.59},{"text":"security,","start":1713.59,"end":1714.15},{"text":"prosperity.","start":1714.23,"end":1715.03}]},{"text":"Before moving on to specific topics, Japan welcomes the Commission's decision to include the identification and its legal consequence of obligations erga omnes in international law in its programme of work, and to appoint Dr. Asada Masahiko as the Special Rapporteur, which we believe was done in a timely manner.","start":1715.83,"end":1738.63,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":1715.83,"end":1716.47},{"text":"moving","start":1716.71,"end":1717.35},{"text":"on","start":1717.35,"end":1717.59},{"text":"to","start":1717.59,"end":1717.71},{"text":"specific","start":1717.71,"end":1718.31},{"text":"topics,","start":1718.31,"end":1719.03},{"text":"Japan","start":1719.35,"end":1719.83},{"text":"welcomes","start":1719.83,"end":1720.55},{"text":"the","start":1720.55,"end":1720.63},{"text":"Commission's","start":1720.63,"end":1721.23},{"text":"decision","start":1721.23,"end":1721.91},{"text":"to","start":1721.91,"end":1722.03},{"text":"include","start":1722.03,"end":1722.63},{"text":"the","start":1722.79,"end":1722.99},{"text":"identification","start":1722.99,"end":1723.99},{"text":"and","start":1723.99,"end":1724.19},{"text":"its","start":1724.19,"end":1724.39},{"text":"legal","start":1724.39,"end":1724.79},{"text":"consequence","start":1724.79,"end":1725.51},{"text":"of","start":1725.51,"end":1725.67},{"text":"obligations","start":1725.67,"end":1726.55},{"text":"erga","start":1726.63,"end":1727.03},{"text":"omnes","start":1727.03,"end":1727.67},{"text":"in","start":1727.67,"end":1727.91},{"text":"international","start":1727.91,"end":1729.07},{"text":"law","start":1729.07,"end":1729.15},{"text":"in","start":1729.51,"end":1729.75},{"text":"its","start":1729.75,"end":1729.91},{"text":"programme","start":1729.91,"end":1730.47},{"text":"of","start":1730.47,"end":1730.55},{"text":"work,","start":1730.55,"end":1731.11},{"text":"and","start":1731.43,"end":1731.71},{"text":"to","start":1731.71,"end":1731.79},{"text":"appoint","start":1731.79,"end":1732.27},{"text":"Dr.","start":1732.27,"end":1732.67},{"text":"Asada","start":1732.67,"end":1733.03},{"text":"Masahiko","start":1733.03,"end":1733.83},{"text":"as","start":1733.83,"end":1734.07},{"text":"the","start":1734.07,"end":1734.19},{"text":"Special","start":1734.19,"end":1734.67},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":1734.67,"end":1735.35},{"text":"which","start":1735.79,"end":1736.07},{"text":"we","start":1736.07,"end":1736.31},{"text":"believe","start":1736.31,"end":1736.79},{"text":"was","start":1736.87,"end":1737.11},{"text":"done","start":1737.11,"end":1737.43},{"text":"in","start":1737.43,"end":1737.59},{"text":"a","start":1737.59,"end":1737.67},{"text":"timely","start":1737.67,"end":1738.15},{"text":"manner.","start":1738.15,"end":1738.63}]},{"text":"Japan hopes that the Commission will have in-depth discussions on this issue and give awaited clarifications.","start":1739.27,"end":1746.07,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":1739.27,"end":1739.67},{"text":"hopes","start":1739.67,"end":1740.23},{"text":"that","start":1740.39,"end":1740.71},{"text":"the","start":1740.71,"end":1740.79},{"text":"Commission","start":1740.79,"end":1741.35},{"text":"will","start":1741.35,"end":1741.51},{"text":"have","start":1741.51,"end":1741.75},{"text":"in-depth","start":1741.75,"end":1742.35},{"text":"discussions","start":1742.39,"end":1743.03},{"text":"on","start":1743.03,"end":1743.19},{"text":"this","start":1743.19,"end":1743.43},{"text":"issue","start":1743.43,"end":1743.91},{"text":"and","start":1743.91,"end":1744.19},{"text":"give","start":1744.19,"end":1744.39},{"text":"awaited","start":1744.39,"end":1744.99},{"text":"clarifications.","start":1744.99,"end":1746.07}]},{"text":"Now, I would like to turn to immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction.","start":1747.27,"end":1753.11,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":1747.27,"end":1747.91},{"text":"I","start":1747.91,"end":1748.15},{"text":"would","start":1748.15,"end":1748.31},{"text":"like","start":1748.31,"end":1748.51},{"text":"to","start":1748.51,"end":1748.75},{"text":"turn","start":1748.75,"end":1749.03},{"text":"to","start":1749.03,"end":1749.35},{"text":"immunity","start":1749.35,"end":1750.03},{"text":"of","start":1750.03,"end":1750.15},{"text":"State","start":1750.15,"end":1750.47},{"text":"officials","start":1750.47,"end":1751.27},{"text":"from","start":1751.27,"end":1751.51},{"text":"foreign","start":1751.51,"end":1751.91},{"text":"criminal","start":1751.91,"end":1752.39},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":1752.39,"end":1753.11}]},{"text":"Japan welcomes the Commission's completion of the second reading with the draft articles adopted.","start":1753.91,"end":1759.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":1753.91,"end":1754.39},{"text":"welcomes","start":1754.39,"end":1755.03},{"text":"the","start":1755.03,"end":1755.15},{"text":"Commission's","start":1755.15,"end":1755.75},{"text":"completion","start":1755.75,"end":1756.47},{"text":"of","start":1756.47,"end":1756.63},{"text":"the","start":1756.63,"end":1756.71},{"text":"second","start":1756.71,"end":1757.19},{"text":"reading","start":1757.19,"end":1757.67},{"text":"with","start":1757.67,"end":1757.87},{"text":"the","start":1757.87,"end":1757.99},{"text":"draft","start":1757.99,"end":1758.55},{"text":"articles","start":1758.55,"end":1759.11},{"text":"adopted.","start":1759.11,"end":1759.91}]},{"text":"We express our deep respect for the tireless efforts of the Commission, particularly the Special Rapporteur, in reaching this stage.","start":1760.63,"end":1769.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1760.63,"end":1760.91},{"text":"express","start":1760.91,"end":1761.59},{"text":"our","start":1761.59,"end":1761.83},{"text":"deep","start":1761.83,"end":1762.23},{"text":"respect","start":1762.23,"end":1762.67},{"text":"for","start":1762.67,"end":1762.83},{"text":"the","start":1762.83,"end":1762.95},{"text":"tireless","start":1762.95,"end":1763.51},{"text":"efforts","start":1763.51,"end":1763.99},{"text":"of","start":1763.99,"end":1764.07},{"text":"the","start":1764.07,"end":1764.19},{"text":"Commission,","start":1764.19,"end":1764.95},{"text":"particularly","start":1765.35,"end":1766.07},{"text":"the","start":1766.07,"end":1766.23},{"text":"Special","start":1766.23,"end":1766.79},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":1766.79,"end":1767.51},{"text":"in","start":1767.67,"end":1767.91},{"text":"reaching","start":1767.91,"end":1768.55},{"text":"this","start":1768.55,"end":1769.07},{"text":"stage.","start":1769.07,"end":1769.67}]},{"text":"Achieving a common understanding of immunity in international law is extremely important.","start":1770.07,"end":1775.75,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. 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Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":1780.51,"end":1781.15},{"text":"the","start":1781.15,"end":1781.23},{"text":"exceptions","start":1781.23,"end":1781.95},{"text":"to","start":1781.95,"end":1782.07},{"text":"immunity","start":1782.07,"end":1782.67},{"text":"rationis","start":1782.67,"end":1783.31},{"text":"materiae,","start":1783.31,"end":1784.11},{"text":"this","start":1784.59,"end":1784.91},{"text":"remains","start":1784.91,"end":1785.47},{"text":"one","start":1785.47,"end":1785.71},{"text":"of","start":1785.71,"end":1785.79},{"text":"the","start":1785.79,"end":1785.91},{"text":"most","start":1785.91,"end":1786.43},{"text":"highly","start":1786.43,"end":1786.91},{"text":"debated","start":1786.91,"end":1787.47},{"text":"issues,","start":1787.47,"end":1788.03},{"text":"drawing","start":1788.35,"end":1788.75},{"text":"significant","start":1788.75,"end":1789.63},{"text":"interest","start":1789.63,"end":1790.15},{"text":"and","start":1790.15,"end":1790.27},{"text":"concern","start":1790.27,"end":1790.83},{"text":"from","start":1790.83,"end":1791.07},{"text":"the","start":1791.07,"end":1791.15},{"text":"international","start":1791.15,"end":1792.03},{"text":"community.","start":1792.03,"end":1792.67}]},{"text":"Japan notes that a proposal regarding the scope of these exceptions is now present for inclusion in draft Article 6 of the adopted text.","start":1793.39,"end":1803.31,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":1793.39,"end":1793.91},{"text":"notes","start":1793.91,"end":1794.43},{"text":"that","start":1794.67,"end":1794.99},{"text":"a","start":1794.99,"end":1795.03},{"text":"proposal","start":1795.03,"end":1795.71},{"text":"regarding","start":1795.71,"end":1796.19},{"text":"the","start":1796.19,"end":1796.35},{"text":"scope","start":1796.35,"end":1796.75},{"text":"of","start":1796.75,"end":1796.91},{"text":"these","start":1796.91,"end":1797.23},{"text":"exceptions","start":1797.23,"end":1798.11},{"text":"is","start":1798.11,"end":1798.19},{"text":"now","start":1798.19,"end":1798.51},{"text":"present","start":1798.51,"end":1799.15},{"text":"for","start":1799.15,"end":1799.31},{"text":"inclusion","start":1799.31,"end":1800.11},{"text":"in","start":1800.35,"end":1800.59},{"text":"draft","start":1800.59,"end":1801.07},{"text":"Article","start":1801.07,"end":1801.55},{"text":"6","start":1801.55,"end":1801.95},{"text":"of","start":1801.95,"end":1802.15},{"text":"the","start":1802.15,"end":1802.23},{"text":"adopted","start":1802.23,"end":1802.79},{"text":"text.","start":1802.79,"end":1803.31}]},{"text":"With respect to the crimes listed in this article, Japan considers that they represent a mixture of two different legal statuses: those already accepted by many states and reflected in specific treaties, and those that should be properly positioned as the progressive development of international law.","start":1804.19,"end":1824.51,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":1804.19,"end":1804.43},{"text":"respect","start":1804.43,"end":1804.95},{"text":"to","start":1804.95,"end":1805.03},{"text":"the","start":1805.03,"end":1805.15},{"text":"crimes","start":1805.15,"end":1805.71},{"text":"listed","start":1805.71,"end":1806.11},{"text":"in","start":1806.11,"end":1806.23},{"text":"this","start":1806.23,"end":1806.43},{"text":"article,","start":1806.43,"end":1807.15},{"text":"Japan","start":1807.55,"end":1807.95},{"text":"considers","start":1807.95,"end":1808.59},{"text":"that","start":1808.59,"end":1808.91},{"text":"they","start":1808.91,"end":1809.07},{"text":"represent","start":1809.07,"end":1809.71},{"text":"a","start":1809.71,"end":1809.79},{"text":"mixture","start":1809.79,"end":1810.43},{"text":"of","start":1810.43,"end":1810.51},{"text":"two","start":1810.51,"end":1810.83},{"text":"different","start":1810.83,"end":1811.39},{"text":"legal","start":1811.39,"end":1811.71},{"text":"statuses:","start":1811.71,"end":1812.59},{"text":"those","start":1813.15,"end":1813.71},{"text":"already","start":1813.71,"end":1814.27},{"text":"accepted","start":1814.27,"end":1814.83},{"text":"by","start":1814.83,"end":1814.99},{"text":"many","start":1814.99,"end":1815.39},{"text":"states","start":1815.39,"end":1815.87},{"text":"and","start":1815.87,"end":1816.03},{"text":"reflected","start":1816.03,"end":1816.67},{"text":"in","start":1816.67,"end":1816.83},{"text":"specific","start":1816.83,"end":1817.39},{"text":"treaties,","start":1817.39,"end":1818.11},{"text":"and","start":1818.75,"end":1818.99},{"text":"those","start":1818.99,"end":1819.47},{"text":"that","start":1819.55,"end":1819.87},{"text":"should","start":1819.87,"end":1820.19},{"text":"be","start":1820.19,"end":1820.35},{"text":"properly","start":1820.35,"end":1820.91},{"text":"positioned","start":1820.91,"end":1821.59},{"text":"as","start":1821.59,"end":1821.87},{"text":"the","start":1821.87,"end":1821.95},{"text":"progressive","start":1821.95,"end":1822.67},{"text":"development","start":1822.67,"end":1823.27},{"text":"of","start":1823.27,"end":1823.39},{"text":"international","start":1823.39,"end":1824.43},{"text":"law.","start":1824.43,"end":1824.51}]},{"text":"Japan believes that this point should be duly taken into account in future relevant discussions.","start":1825.15,"end":1831.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":1825.15,"end":1825.55},{"text":"believes","start":1825.55,"end":1826.19},{"text":"that","start":1826.35,"end":1826.51},{"text":"this","start":1826.51,"end":1826.83},{"text":"point","start":1826.83,"end":1827.15},{"text":"should","start":1827.15,"end":1827.39},{"text":"be","start":1827.39,"end":1827.47},{"text":"duly","start":1827.47,"end":1827.87},{"text":"taken","start":1827.87,"end":1828.27},{"text":"into","start":1828.27,"end":1828.55},{"text":"account","start":1828.55,"end":1829.11},{"text":"in","start":1829.15,"end":1829.27},{"text":"future","start":1829.63,"end":1830.15},{"text":"relevant","start":1830.15,"end":1830.59},{"text":"discussions.","start":1830.59,"end":1831.39}]},{"text":"Furthermore, Japan underscores the importance of Part IV of the draft articles, which addresses procedural provisions and safeguards.","start":1832.19,"end":1841.87,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":1832.19,"end":1832.99},{"text":"Japan","start":1833.31,"end":1833.95},{"text":"underscores","start":1833.99,"end":1834.75},{"text":"the","start":1834.75,"end":1834.87},{"text":"importance","start":1834.87,"end":1835.51},{"text":"of","start":1835.51,"end":1835.59},{"text":"Part","start":1835.59,"end":1836.11},{"text":"IV","start":1836.11,"end":1836.19},{"text":"of","start":1836.19,"end":1836.67},{"text":"the","start":1836.67,"end":1836.83},{"text":"draft","start":1836.83,"end":1837.23},{"text":"articles,","start":1837.23,"end":1837.95},{"text":"which","start":1838.27,"end":1838.59},{"text":"addresses","start":1838.59,"end":1839.39},{"text":"procedural","start":1839.47,"end":1840.19},{"text":"provisions","start":1840.19,"end":1840.91},{"text":"and","start":1840.91,"end":1841.11},{"text":"safeguards.","start":1841.11,"end":1841.87}]},{"text":"It is a fundamental principle of international law that immunity, particularly that of the troika, inherently exists and should be respected even without being explicitly invoked by the State concerned.","start":1842.35,"end":1856.03,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1842.35,"end":1842.51},{"text":"is","start":1842.51,"end":1842.75},{"text":"a","start":1842.75,"end":1842.83},{"text":"fundamental","start":1842.83,"end":1843.63},{"text":"principle","start":1843.63,"end":1844.15},{"text":"of","start":1844.15,"end":1844.27},{"text":"international","start":1844.27,"end":1845.19},{"text":"law","start":1845.19,"end":1845.31},{"text":"that","start":1845.31,"end":1845.55},{"text":"immunity,","start":1845.55,"end":1846.43},{"text":"particularly","start":1846.87,"end":1847.63},{"text":"that","start":1847.63,"end":1847.91},{"text":"of","start":1847.91,"end":1848.03},{"text":"the","start":1848.03,"end":1848.15},{"text":"troika,","start":1848.15,"end":1848.75},{"text":"inherently","start":1849.07,"end":1849.91},{"text":"exists","start":1849.91,"end":1850.35},{"text":"and","start":1850.39,"end":1850.55},{"text":"should","start":1850.55,"end":1850.91},{"text":"be","start":1850.91,"end":1851.07},{"text":"respected","start":1851.07,"end":1851.87},{"text":"even","start":1852.19,"end":1852.59},{"text":"without","start":1852.59,"end":1852.91},{"text":"being","start":1852.91,"end":1853.23},{"text":"explicitly","start":1853.23,"end":1854.15},{"text":"invoked","start":1854.15,"end":1854.67},{"text":"by","start":1854.67,"end":1854.91},{"text":"the","start":1854.91,"end":1854.99},{"text":"State","start":1854.99,"end":1855.27},{"text":"concerned.","start":1855.27,"end":1856.03}]},{"text":"Therefore, The judicial procedures to be followed when such exceptions are applied, as well as the specific processes for waivers, must be clearly and precisely defined to ensure legal certainty and prevent political abuse.","start":1856.67,"end":1872.35,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":1856.67,"end":1857.47},{"text":"The","start":1858.03,"end":1858.19},{"text":"judicial","start":1858.19,"end":1858.71},{"text":"procedures","start":1858.71,"end":1859.31},{"text":"to","start":1859.31,"end":1859.47},{"text":"be","start":1859.47,"end":1859.63},{"text":"followed","start":1859.63,"end":1860.19},{"text":"when","start":1860.19,"end":1860.51},{"text":"such","start":1860.51,"end":1860.83},{"text":"exceptions","start":1860.83,"end":1861.47},{"text":"are","start":1861.47,"end":1861.67},{"text":"applied,","start":1861.67,"end":1862.27},{"text":"as","start":1862.59,"end":1862.83},{"text":"well","start":1862.83,"end":1862.99},{"text":"as","start":1862.99,"end":1863.15},{"text":"the","start":1863.15,"end":1863.31},{"text":"specific","start":1863.31,"end":1863.95},{"text":"processes","start":1863.95,"end":1864.59},{"text":"for","start":1864.59,"end":1864.83},{"text":"waivers,","start":1864.83,"end":1865.55},{"text":"must","start":1865.79,"end":1866.11},{"text":"be","start":1866.11,"end":1866.27},{"text":"clearly","start":1866.27,"end":1866.99},{"text":"and","start":1866.99,"end":1867.19},{"text":"precisely","start":1867.19,"end":1867.91},{"text":"defined","start":1867.91,"end":1868.47},{"text":"to","start":1868.47,"end":1868.55},{"text":"ensure","start":1868.55,"end":1868.99},{"text":"legal","start":1868.99,"end":1869.39},{"text":"certainty","start":1869.39,"end":1870.19},{"text":"and","start":1870.43,"end":1870.71},{"text":"prevent","start":1870.71,"end":1871.19},{"text":"political","start":1871.19,"end":1871.75},{"text":"abuse.","start":1871.75,"end":1872.35}]},{"text":"Lastly, we have witnessed state practice which may indicate states' current understanding of immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae.","start":1872.91,"end":1884.83,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":1872.91,"end":1873.79},{"text":"we","start":1874.03,"end":1874.27},{"text":"have","start":1874.27,"end":1874.43},{"text":"witnessed","start":1874.43,"end":1874.99},{"text":"state","start":1874.99,"end":1875.47},{"text":"practice","start":1875.47,"end":1875.99},{"text":"which","start":1875.99,"end":1876.27},{"text":"may","start":1876.27,"end":1876.47},{"text":"indicate","start":1876.47,"end":1876.99},{"text":"states'","start":1876.99,"end":1877.47},{"text":"current","start":1877.47,"end":1877.99},{"text":"understanding","start":1877.99,"end":1878.83},{"text":"of","start":1878.83,"end":1878.99},{"text":"immunity","start":1878.99,"end":1879.63},{"text":"ratione","start":1879.63,"end":1880.91},{"text":"personae","start":1881.63,"end":1882.35},{"text":"and","start":1882.75,"end":1882.95},{"text":"immunity","start":1882.95,"end":1883.55},{"text":"ratione","start":1883.55,"end":1884.11},{"text":"materiae.","start":1884.11,"end":1884.83}]},{"text":"Japan stresses the need to search for relevant state practice and jurisprudence relating to the immunity of state officials.","start":1885.47,"end":1893.07,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":1885.47,"end":1885.95},{"text":"stresses","start":1885.95,"end":1886.59},{"text":"the","start":1886.59,"end":1886.67},{"text":"need","start":1886.67,"end":1887.23},{"text":"to","start":1887.23,"end":1887.39},{"text":"search","start":1887.39,"end":1887.95},{"text":"for","start":1887.95,"end":1888.15},{"text":"relevant","start":1888.15,"end":1888.59},{"text":"state","start":1888.59,"end":1888.91},{"text":"practice","start":1888.91,"end":1889.55},{"text":"and","start":1889.55,"end":1889.79},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":1889.79,"end":1890.67},{"text":"relating","start":1890.67,"end":1891.15},{"text":"to","start":1891.15,"end":1891.31},{"text":"the","start":1891.31,"end":1891.43},{"text":"immunity","start":1891.43,"end":1891.95},{"text":"of","start":1891.95,"end":1892.03},{"text":"state","start":1892.03,"end":1892.35},{"text":"officials.","start":1892.35,"end":1893.07}]},{"text":"Japan expresses its commitment to further efforts to combat impunity for the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, and to strengthen the rule of law through building consensus as much as possible.","start":1894.03,"end":1908.35,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":1894.03,"end":1894.47},{"text":"expresses","start":1894.47,"end":1895.19},{"text":"its","start":1895.19,"end":1895.39},{"text":"commitment","start":1895.39,"end":1896.15},{"text":"to","start":1896.15,"end":1896.27},{"text":"further","start":1896.27,"end":1896.99},{"text":"efforts","start":1896.99,"end":1897.55},{"text":"to","start":1897.55,"end":1897.71},{"text":"combat","start":1897.71,"end":1898.27},{"text":"impunity","start":1898.27,"end":1899.07},{"text":"for","start":1899.31,"end":1899.55},{"text":"the","start":1899.55,"end":1899.63},{"text":"most","start":1899.63,"end":1899.99},{"text":"serious","start":1899.99,"end":1900.43},{"text":"crimes","start":1900.43,"end":1900.87},{"text":"of","start":1900.87,"end":1900.99},{"text":"concern","start":1900.99,"end":1901.59},{"text":"to","start":1901.59,"end":1901.71},{"text":"the","start":1901.71,"end":1901.79},{"text":"international","start":1901.79,"end":1902.59},{"text":"community,","start":1902.59,"end":1903.23},{"text":"and","start":1903.71,"end":1903.95},{"text":"to","start":1903.95,"end":1904.03},{"text":"strengthen","start":1904.03,"end":1904.71},{"text":"the","start":1904.71,"end":1904.83},{"text":"rule","start":1904.83,"end":1905.11},{"text":"of","start":1905.11,"end":1905.23},{"text":"law","start":1905.23,"end":1905.55},{"text":"through","start":1905.63,"end":1905.95},{"text":"building","start":1905.95,"end":1906.35},{"text":"consensus","start":1906.35,"end":1907.07},{"text":"as","start":1907.07,"end":1907.23},{"text":"much","start":1907.23,"end":1907.51},{"text":"as","start":1907.51,"end":1907.63},{"text":"possible.","start":1907.63,"end":1908.35}]},{"text":"To this end, Japan remains fully committed to actively participating in relevant discussions to ensure balanced, stable, and effective framework that can enjoy the widest possible support among States.","start":1908.95,"end":1922.47,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":1908.95,"end":1909.19},{"text":"this","start":1909.19,"end":1909.43},{"text":"end,","start":1909.43,"end":1909.83},{"text":"Japan","start":1910.15,"end":1910.63},{"text":"remains","start":1910.63,"end":1911.11},{"text":"fully","start":1911.11,"end":1911.43},{"text":"committed","start":1911.43,"end":1911.87},{"text":"to","start":1911.87,"end":1912.07},{"text":"actively","start":1912.07,"end":1912.71},{"text":"participating","start":1912.71,"end":1913.59},{"text":"in","start":1913.59,"end":1913.75},{"text":"relevant","start":1913.75,"end":1914.27},{"text":"discussions","start":1914.27,"end":1914.87},{"text":"to","start":1914.87,"end":1914.99},{"text":"ensure","start":1914.99,"end":1915.43},{"text":"balanced,","start":1915.43,"end":1916.23},{"text":"stable,","start":1916.47,"end":1917.27},{"text":"and","start":1917.59,"end":1917.75},{"text":"effective","start":1917.75,"end":1918.35},{"text":"framework","start":1918.35,"end":1918.87},{"text":"that","start":1918.87,"end":1919.11},{"text":"can","start":1919.11,"end":1919.43},{"text":"enjoy","start":1919.43,"end":1919.83},{"text":"the","start":1919.83,"end":1919.99},{"text":"widest","start":1919.99,"end":1920.51},{"text":"possible","start":1920.51,"end":1921.03},{"text":"support","start":1921.03,"end":1921.59},{"text":"among","start":1921.59,"end":1921.83},{"text":"States.","start":1921.83,"end":1922.47}]},{"text":"As for general principles of law, Japan takes note of the adoption of the entire set of draft conclusions and commentaries thereto.","start":1923.51,"end":1932.31,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1923.51,"end":1923.83},{"text":"for","start":1923.83,"end":1924.07},{"text":"general","start":1924.07,"end":1924.63},{"text":"principles","start":1924.63,"end":1925.23},{"text":"of","start":1925.23,"end":1925.35},{"text":"law,","start":1925.35,"end":1925.79},{"text":"Japan","start":1926.23,"end":1926.71},{"text":"takes","start":1926.71,"end":1927.11},{"text":"note","start":1927.11,"end":1927.43},{"text":"of","start":1927.43,"end":1927.67},{"text":"the","start":1927.67,"end":1927.79},{"text":"adoption","start":1927.79,"end":1928.35},{"text":"of","start":1928.35,"end":1928.47},{"text":"the","start":1928.47,"end":1928.59},{"text":"entire","start":1928.63,"end":1929.19},{"text":"set","start":1929.19,"end":1929.47},{"text":"of","start":1929.47,"end":1929.59},{"text":"draft","start":1929.59,"end":1929.95},{"text":"conclusions","start":1929.95,"end":1930.79},{"text":"and","start":1930.79,"end":1930.95},{"text":"commentaries","start":1930.95,"end":1931.75},{"text":"thereto.","start":1931.75,"end":1932.31}]},{"text":"Japan highlights the relevance of draft conclusion 2 and the second commentary to draft conclusion 6.","start":1933.11,"end":1939.91,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":1933.11,"end":1933.59},{"text":"highlights","start":1933.59,"end":1934.15},{"text":"the","start":1934.15,"end":1934.27},{"text":"relevance","start":1934.27,"end":1934.83},{"text":"of","start":1934.83,"end":1934.91},{"text":"draft","start":1934.91,"end":1935.43},{"text":"conclusion","start":1935.43,"end":1936.07},{"text":"2","start":1936.07,"end":1936.55},{"text":"and","start":1936.71,"end":1936.95},{"text":"the","start":1936.95,"end":1937.03},{"text":"second","start":1937.03,"end":1937.51},{"text":"commentary","start":1937.51,"end":1938.23},{"text":"to","start":1938.23,"end":1938.39},{"text":"draft","start":1938.39,"end":1938.83},{"text":"conclusion","start":1938.83,"end":1939.43},{"text":"6.","start":1939.43,"end":1939.91}]},{"text":"The former states that for a general principle of law to exist, it must be recognized by the community of nations, and the latter states that transposition does not occur in an automatic fashion.","start":1940.63,"end":1953.99,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1940.63,"end":1940.79},{"text":"former","start":1940.79,"end":1941.19},{"text":"states","start":1941.19,"end":1941.83},{"text":"that","start":1942.23,"end":1942.63},{"text":"for","start":1942.79,"end":1943.15},{"text":"a","start":1943.15,"end":1943.19},{"text":"general","start":1943.19,"end":1943.67},{"text":"principle","start":1943.67,"end":1944.23},{"text":"of","start":1944.23,"end":1944.31},{"text":"law","start":1944.31,"end":1944.55},{"text":"to","start":1944.55,"end":1944.67},{"text":"exist,","start":1944.67,"end":1945.19},{"text":"it","start":1945.27,"end":1945.51},{"text":"must","start":1945.51,"end":1945.83},{"text":"be","start":1945.83,"end":1945.99},{"text":"recognized","start":1945.99,"end":1946.75},{"text":"by","start":1946.75,"end":1946.95},{"text":"the","start":1946.95,"end":1947.07},{"text":"community","start":1947.07,"end":1947.71},{"text":"of","start":1947.71,"end":1947.83},{"text":"nations,","start":1947.83,"end":1948.63},{"text":"and","start":1948.87,"end":1949.07},{"text":"the","start":1949.07,"end":1949.19},{"text":"latter","start":1949.19,"end":1949.67},{"text":"states","start":1949.67,"end":1950.23},{"text":"that","start":1950.31,"end":1950.59},{"text":"transposition","start":1950.59,"end":1951.39},{"text":"does","start":1951.39,"end":1951.59},{"text":"not","start":1951.59,"end":1951.83},{"text":"occur","start":1951.83,"end":1952.39},{"text":"in","start":1952.39,"end":1952.71},{"text":"an","start":1952.71,"end":1952.83},{"text":"automatic","start":1952.83,"end":1953.43},{"text":"fashion.","start":1953.43,"end":1953.99}]},{"text":"With regard to the second category of general principles of law that may be formed within the international legal system, Japan notes the divergence of views in quite a few respects among the members of the Commission or States, as well as the opaque distinction between general principles of law and customary international law, while the wording of draft conclusion 3 seemingly differentiates the legal character of the two categories.","start":1954.71,"end":1983.55,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":1954.71,"end":1954.95},{"text":"regard","start":1955.03,"end":1955.47},{"text":"to","start":1955.47,"end":1955.59},{"text":"the","start":1955.59,"end":1955.71},{"text":"second","start":1955.71,"end":1956.15},{"text":"category","start":1956.15,"end":1956.75},{"text":"of","start":1956.75,"end":1956.87},{"text":"general","start":1956.87,"end":1957.35},{"text":"principles","start":1957.35,"end":1957.95},{"text":"of","start":1957.95,"end":1958.07},{"text":"law","start":1958.07,"end":1958.31},{"text":"that","start":1958.31,"end":1958.55},{"text":"may","start":1958.55,"end":1958.79},{"text":"be","start":1958.79,"end":1958.95},{"text":"formed","start":1958.95,"end":1959.51},{"text":"within","start":1959.59,"end":1959.99},{"text":"the","start":1959.99,"end":1960.07},{"text":"international","start":1960.07,"end":1960.87},{"text":"legal","start":1960.87,"end":1961.19},{"text":"system,","start":1961.19,"end":1961.75},{"text":"Japan","start":1962.27,"end":1962.71},{"text":"notes","start":1962.71,"end":1963.15},{"text":"the","start":1963.15,"end":1963.31},{"text":"divergence","start":1963.31,"end":1964.07},{"text":"of","start":1964.07,"end":1964.23},{"text":"views","start":1964.23,"end":1964.59},{"text":"in","start":1964.59,"end":1964.83},{"text":"quite","start":1964.83,"end":1965.15},{"text":"a","start":1965.15,"end":1965.23},{"text":"few","start":1965.23,"end":1965.55},{"text":"respects","start":1965.55,"end":1966.35},{"text":"among","start":1966.35,"end":1966.67},{"text":"the","start":1966.67,"end":1966.83},{"text":"members","start":1966.83,"end":1967.31},{"text":"of","start":1967.31,"end":1967.43},{"text":"the","start":1967.43,"end":1967.55},{"text":"Commission","start":1967.55,"end":1968.19},{"text":"or","start":1968.43,"end":1968.59},{"text":"States,","start":1968.59,"end":1969.23},{"text":"as","start":1969.47,"end":1969.71},{"text":"well","start":1969.71,"end":1969.87},{"text":"as","start":1969.87,"end":1970.03},{"text":"the","start":1970.03,"end":1970.15},{"text":"opaque","start":1970.27,"end":1970.75},{"text":"distinction","start":1970.75,"end":1971.47},{"text":"between","start":1971.47,"end":1971.87},{"text":"general","start":1971.87,"end":1972.27},{"text":"principles","start":1972.27,"end":1972.91},{"text":"of","start":1972.91,"end":1973.07},{"text":"law","start":1973.07,"end":1973.47},{"text":"and","start":1973.71,"end":1973.87},{"text":"customary","start":1973.87,"end":1974.59},{"text":"international","start":1974.59,"end":1975.51},{"text":"law,","start":1975.51,"end":1975.59},{"text":"while","start":1975.95,"end":1976.35},{"text":"the","start":1976.35,"end":1976.51},{"text":"wording","start":1976.51,"end":1977.15},{"text":"of","start":1977.15,"end":1977.27},{"text":"draft","start":1977.31,"end":1977.71},{"text":"conclusion","start":1977.71,"end":1978.35},{"text":"3","start":1978.35,"end":1978.59},{"text":"seemingly","start":1978.59,"end":1979.31},{"text":"differentiates","start":1979.31,"end":1980.27},{"text":"the","start":1980.27,"end":1980.43},{"text":"legal","start":1980.43,"end":1980.83},{"text":"character","start":1980.83,"end":1981.55},{"text":"of","start":1982.03,"end":1982.19},{"text":"the","start":1982.19,"end":1982.35},{"text":"two","start":1982.35,"end":1982.67},{"text":"categories.","start":1982.67,"end":1983.55}]},{"text":"Lastly, I would like to address sea level rise in relation to international law.","start":1984.27,"end":1989.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":1984.27,"end":1984.99},{"text":"I","start":1985.15,"end":1985.31},{"text":"would","start":1985.31,"end":1985.47},{"text":"like","start":1985.47,"end":1985.71},{"text":"to","start":1985.71,"end":1985.83},{"text":"address","start":1985.83,"end":1986.15},{"text":"sea","start":1986.15,"end":1986.47},{"text":"level","start":1986.47,"end":1986.83},{"text":"rise","start":1986.83,"end":1987.31},{"text":"in","start":1987.31,"end":1987.55},{"text":"relation","start":1987.55,"end":1988.07},{"text":"to","start":1988.07,"end":1988.19},{"text":"international","start":1988.19,"end":1988.95},{"text":"law.","start":1988.95,"end":1989.15}]},{"text":"The final report of the study group provides the international community with a useful reference.","start":1989.87,"end":1996.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1989.87,"end":1990.03},{"text":"final","start":1990.03,"end":1990.47},{"text":"report","start":1990.47,"end":1991.07},{"text":"of","start":1991.07,"end":1991.23},{"text":"the","start":1991.23,"end":1991.35},{"text":"study","start":1991.35,"end":1991.79},{"text":"group","start":1991.79,"end":1992.07},{"text":"provides","start":1992.07,"end":1992.67},{"text":"the","start":1992.67,"end":1992.75},{"text":"international","start":1992.75,"end":1993.51},{"text":"community","start":1993.51,"end":1994.19},{"text":"with","start":1994.43,"end":1994.67},{"text":"a","start":1994.67,"end":1994.75},{"text":"useful","start":1994.75,"end":1995.39},{"text":"reference.","start":1995.39,"end":1996.03}]},{"text":"Regarding issues related to the law of the sea, Japan has officially endorsed the Commission's view that states are under no obligation to update baselines or the outer limits of maritime zones established under the UNCLOS to account for changes as a result of climate change-related sea level rise.","start":1996.75,"end":2018.43,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":1996.75,"end":1997.31},{"text":"issues","start":1997.31,"end":1997.87},{"text":"related","start":1997.87,"end":1998.35},{"text":"to","start":1998.75,"end":1999.15},{"text":"the","start":1999.15,"end":1999.27},{"text":"law","start":1999.27,"end":1999.43},{"text":"of","start":1999.43,"end":1999.59},{"text":"the","start":1999.59,"end":1999.67},{"text":"sea,","start":1999.67,"end":2000.19},{"text":"Japan","start":2000.51,"end":2000.91},{"text":"has","start":2000.91,"end":2001.07},{"text":"officially","start":2001.07,"end":2001.75},{"text":"endorsed","start":2001.75,"end":2002.35},{"text":"the","start":2002.35,"end":2002.51},{"text":"Commission's","start":2002.51,"end":2003.19},{"text":"view","start":2003.19,"end":2003.55},{"text":"that","start":2003.71,"end":2003.95},{"text":"states","start":2003.95,"end":2004.43},{"text":"are","start":2004.43,"end":2004.67},{"text":"under","start":2004.67,"end":2005.03},{"text":"no","start":2005.03,"end":2005.31},{"text":"obligation","start":2005.31,"end":2006.11},{"text":"to","start":2006.11,"end":2006.43},{"text":"update","start":2006.43,"end":2006.91},{"text":"baselines","start":2006.91,"end":2007.71},{"text":"or","start":2007.95,"end":2008.19},{"text":"the","start":2008.19,"end":2008.31},{"text":"outer","start":2008.35,"end":2008.75},{"text":"limits","start":2008.75,"end":2009.23},{"text":"of","start":2009.23,"end":2009.39},{"text":"maritime","start":2009.39,"end":2010.03},{"text":"zones","start":2010.03,"end":2010.51},{"text":"established","start":2011.03,"end":2011.79},{"text":"under","start":2011.87,"end":2012.35},{"text":"the","start":2012.35,"end":2012.43},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":2012.47,"end":2013.47},{"text":"to","start":2013.63,"end":2013.75},{"text":"account","start":2013.75,"end":2014.19},{"text":"for","start":2014.19,"end":2014.35},{"text":"changes","start":2014.35,"end":2015.15},{"text":"as","start":2015.15,"end":2015.23},{"text":"a","start":2015.23,"end":2015.31},{"text":"result","start":2015.31,"end":2015.79},{"text":"of","start":2015.79,"end":2015.95},{"text":"climate","start":2015.95,"end":2016.39},{"text":"change-related","start":2016.39,"end":2017.31},{"text":"sea","start":2017.31,"end":2017.55},{"text":"level","start":2017.55,"end":2017.87},{"text":"rise.","start":2017.87,"end":2018.43}]},{"text":"Furthermore, Japan remains of the view that it is permissible to preserve the existing baselines and maritime zones established in accordance with UNCLOS, notwithstanding the regression of coastlines caused by climate change.","start":2019.23,"end":2034.51,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":2019.23,"end":2020.03},{"text":"Japan","start":2020.35,"end":2020.83},{"text":"remains","start":2020.83,"end":2021.39},{"text":"of","start":2021.39,"end":2021.47},{"text":"the","start":2021.47,"end":2021.63},{"text":"view","start":2021.63,"end":2022.11},{"text":"that","start":2022.19,"end":2022.43},{"text":"it","start":2022.43,"end":2022.67},{"text":"is","start":2022.67,"end":2022.91},{"text":"permissible","start":2022.91,"end":2023.71},{"text":"to","start":2023.71,"end":2023.87},{"text":"preserve","start":2023.87,"end":2024.47},{"text":"the","start":2024.47,"end":2024.55},{"text":"existing","start":2024.55,"end":2025.23},{"text":"baselines","start":2025.23,"end":2025.95},{"text":"and","start":2025.95,"end":2026.19},{"text":"maritime","start":2026.19,"end":2026.83},{"text":"zones","start":2026.83,"end":2027.23},{"text":"established","start":2027.23,"end":2028.03},{"text":"in","start":2028.27,"end":2028.43},{"text":"accordance","start":2028.43,"end":2028.95},{"text":"with","start":2028.95,"end":2029.11},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":2029.11,"end":2030.03},{"text":"notwithstanding","start":2030.11,"end":2031.07},{"text":"the","start":2031.07,"end":2031.19},{"text":"regression","start":2031.19,"end":2031.87},{"text":"of","start":2031.87,"end":2031.95},{"text":"coastlines","start":2031.95,"end":2032.83},{"text":"caused","start":2032.83,"end":2033.27},{"text":"by","start":2033.27,"end":2033.47},{"text":"climate","start":2033.47,"end":2033.95},{"text":"change.","start":2033.95,"end":2034.51}]},{"text":"Finally, it is worth mentioning that the final report refers to a degree of flexibility in the interpretation and application of international law regarding statehood.","start":2035.07,"end":2046.03,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":2035.07,"end":2035.95},{"text":"it","start":2036.11,"end":2036.27},{"text":"is","start":2036.27,"end":2036.51},{"text":"worth","start":2036.51,"end":2036.83},{"text":"mentioning","start":2036.83,"end":2037.47},{"text":"that","start":2037.47,"end":2037.63},{"text":"the","start":2037.63,"end":2037.75},{"text":"final","start":2037.75,"end":2038.11},{"text":"report","start":2038.11,"end":2038.59},{"text":"refers","start":2038.59,"end":2039.15},{"text":"to","start":2039.15,"end":2039.31},{"text":"a","start":2039.31,"end":2039.39},{"text":"degree","start":2039.39,"end":2039.87},{"text":"of","start":2039.87,"end":2040.03},{"text":"flexibility","start":2040.03,"end":2041.07},{"text":"in","start":2041.23,"end":2041.43},{"text":"the","start":2041.43,"end":2041.51},{"text":"interpretation","start":2041.51,"end":2042.43},{"text":"and","start":2042.43,"end":2042.59},{"text":"application","start":2042.59,"end":2043.35},{"text":"of","start":2043.35,"end":2043.47},{"text":"international","start":2043.47,"end":2044.47},{"text":"law","start":2044.47,"end":2044.55},{"text":"regarding","start":2044.75,"end":2045.31},{"text":"statehood.","start":2045.31,"end":2046.03}]},{"text":"and emphasize its strong support among states for the continuity of statehood.","start":2046.39,"end":2051.11,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":2046.39,"end":2046.63},{"text":"emphasize","start":2046.63,"end":2047.27},{"text":"its","start":2047.27,"end":2047.43},{"text":"strong","start":2047.43,"end":2047.83},{"text":"support","start":2047.83,"end":2048.23},{"text":"among","start":2048.23,"end":2048.47},{"text":"states","start":2048.47,"end":2049.11},{"text":"for","start":2049.11,"end":2049.35},{"text":"the","start":2049.35,"end":2049.47},{"text":"continuity","start":2049.47,"end":2050.31},{"text":"of","start":2050.31,"end":2050.39},{"text":"statehood.","start":2050.39,"end":2051.11}]},{"text":"Japan believes that development of state practice and opinio juris on this issue will depend upon member states' wisdom and diplomatic efforts.","start":2051.59,"end":2061.03,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":2051.59,"end":2051.99},{"text":"believes","start":2051.99,"end":2052.63},{"text":"that","start":2052.63,"end":2052.99},{"text":"development","start":2052.99,"end":2053.55},{"text":"of","start":2053.55,"end":2053.67},{"text":"state","start":2053.67,"end":2054.03},{"text":"practice","start":2054.03,"end":2054.63},{"text":"and","start":2054.63,"end":2054.87},{"text":"opinio","start":2054.87,"end":2055.31},{"text":"juris","start":2055.31,"end":2055.83},{"text":"on","start":2055.83,"end":2056.07},{"text":"this","start":2056.07,"end":2056.39},{"text":"issue","start":2056.39,"end":2057.03},{"text":"will","start":2057.19,"end":2057.43},{"text":"depend","start":2057.43,"end":2057.91},{"text":"upon","start":2057.91,"end":2058.15},{"text":"member","start":2058.15,"end":2058.55},{"text":"states'","start":2058.55,"end":2058.87},{"text":"wisdom","start":2058.87,"end":2059.51},{"text":"and","start":2059.51,"end":2059.75},{"text":"diplomatic","start":2059.75,"end":2060.47},{"text":"efforts.","start":2060.47,"end":2061.03}]},{"text":"In addressing these issues, Japan, for its part, is committed to sincerely engaging in further discussions on the subject and in relevant fora, while cooperating with other states and international organizations.","start":2061.59,"end":2075.75,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2061.59,"end":2061.83},{"text":"addressing","start":2061.83,"end":2062.39},{"text":"these","start":2062.39,"end":2062.71},{"text":"issues,","start":2062.71,"end":2063.27},{"text":"Japan,","start":2063.51,"end":2064.15},{"text":"for","start":2064.31,"end":2064.55},{"text":"its","start":2064.55,"end":2064.79},{"text":"part,","start":2064.79,"end":2065.27},{"text":"is","start":2065.27,"end":2065.51},{"text":"committed","start":2065.51,"end":2065.99},{"text":"to","start":2065.99,"end":2066.15},{"text":"sincerely","start":2066.15,"end":2066.83},{"text":"engaging","start":2066.83,"end":2067.43},{"text":"in","start":2067.43,"end":2067.59},{"text":"further","start":2067.59,"end":2067.99},{"text":"discussions","start":2067.99,"end":2068.79},{"text":"on","start":2068.79,"end":2068.91},{"text":"the","start":2068.91,"end":2069.03},{"text":"subject","start":2069.03,"end":2069.75},{"text":"and","start":2070.07,"end":2070.27},{"text":"in","start":2070.27,"end":2070.39},{"text":"relevant","start":2070.39,"end":2070.95},{"text":"fora,","start":2070.95,"end":2071.43},{"text":"while","start":2071.67,"end":2072.07},{"text":"cooperating","start":2072.07,"end":2072.95},{"text":"with","start":2072.95,"end":2073.11},{"text":"other","start":2073.11,"end":2073.43},{"text":"states","start":2073.43,"end":2073.83},{"text":"and","start":2073.83,"end":2073.99},{"text":"international","start":2073.99,"end":2074.71},{"text":"organizations.","start":2074.71,"end":2075.75}]},{"text":"I thank you, Madam Chair.","start":2076.15,"end":2077.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2076.15,"end":2076.31},{"text":"thank","start":2076.31,"end":2076.63},{"text":"you,","start":2076.63,"end":2076.71},{"text":"Madam","start":2076.71,"end":2077.03},{"text":"Chair.","start":2077.03,"end":2077.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"JPN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Japan"}},{"statement_number":5,"start":2079.91,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=34:40","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Japan for his statement.","start":2079.91,"end":2083.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2079.91,"end":2080.07},{"text":"thank","start":2080.07,"end":2080.31},{"text":"the","start":2080.31,"end":2080.43},{"text":"distinguished","start":2080.43,"end":2081.03},{"text":"representative","start":2081.03,"end":2081.83},{"text":"of","start":2081.83,"end":2081.99},{"text":"Japan","start":2081.99,"end":2082.47},{"text":"for","start":2082.47,"end":2082.63},{"text":"his","start":2082.63,"end":2082.83},{"text":"statement.","start":2082.83,"end":2083.67}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.","start":2083.67,"end":2087.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2083.67,"end":2083.75},{"text":"now","start":2083.75,"end":2083.99},{"text":"give","start":2083.99,"end":2084.23},{"text":"the","start":2084.23,"end":2084.39},{"text":"floor","start":2084.39,"end":2084.63},{"text":"to","start":2084.63,"end":2084.71},{"text":"the","start":2084.71,"end":2084.83},{"text":"distinguished","start":2084.83,"end":2085.35},{"text":"representative","start":2085.35,"end":2085.99},{"text":"of","start":2085.99,"end":2086.07},{"text":"the","start":2086.07,"end":2086.19},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2086.19,"end":2086.63},{"text":"of","start":2086.63,"end":2086.71},{"text":"the","start":2086.71,"end":2086.83},{"text":"Netherlands.","start":2086.83,"end":2087.43}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":2087.51,"end":2088.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2087.51,"end":2087.63},{"text":"have","start":2087.63,"end":2087.75},{"text":"the","start":2087.75,"end":2087.87},{"text":"floor,","start":2087.87,"end":2088.07},{"text":"sir.","start":2088.07,"end":2088.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":6,"start":2088.27,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=34:49","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair. The Kingdom of the Netherlands would like to sincerely thank the International Law Commission for this year's report.","start":2088.27,"end":2099.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2088.27,"end":2088.43},{"text":"you,","start":2092.15,"end":2092.23},{"text":"Madam","start":2092.39,"end":2092.63},{"text":"Chair.","start":2092.63,"end":2092.95},{"text":"The","start":2093.71,"end":2093.83},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2093.95,"end":2094.39},{"text":"of","start":2094.39,"end":2094.51},{"text":"the","start":2094.51,"end":2094.59},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2094.59,"end":2095.07},{"text":"would","start":2095.07,"end":2095.23},{"text":"like","start":2095.23,"end":2095.47},{"text":"to","start":2095.47,"end":2095.71},{"text":"sincerely","start":2095.71,"end":2096.43},{"text":"thank","start":2096.43,"end":2096.83},{"text":"the","start":2096.83,"end":2096.95},{"text":"International","start":2096.95,"end":2097.51},{"text":"Law","start":2097.51,"end":2097.63},{"text":"Commission","start":2097.63,"end":2098.19},{"text":"for","start":2098.19,"end":2098.39},{"text":"this","start":2098.39,"end":2098.59},{"text":"year's","start":2098.59,"end":2098.99},{"text":"report.","start":2098.99,"end":2099.71}]},{"text":"Despite the difficulties encountered last year by the Commission due to the liquidity crisis that led to a reduced annual session, the Commission made substantial progress on a lot of topics this year.","start":2100.03,"end":2111.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Despite","start":2100.03,"end":2100.51},{"text":"the","start":2100.51,"end":2100.59},{"text":"difficulties","start":2100.59,"end":2101.23},{"text":"encountered","start":2101.23,"end":2101.87},{"text":"last","start":2101.87,"end":2102.15},{"text":"year","start":2102.15,"end":2102.31},{"text":"by","start":2102.31,"end":2102.43},{"text":"the","start":2102.43,"end":2102.51},{"text":"Commission","start":2102.51,"end":2103.07},{"text":"due","start":2103.55,"end":2103.87},{"text":"to","start":2103.87,"end":2103.99},{"text":"the","start":2103.99,"end":2104.11},{"text":"liquidity","start":2104.11,"end":2104.63},{"text":"crisis","start":2104.63,"end":2105.15},{"text":"that","start":2105.15,"end":2105.35},{"text":"led","start":2105.35,"end":2105.51},{"text":"to","start":2105.51,"end":2105.67},{"text":"a","start":2105.67,"end":2105.71},{"text":"reduced","start":2105.71,"end":2106.51},{"text":"annual","start":2106.51,"end":2106.83},{"text":"session,","start":2106.83,"end":2107.39},{"text":"the","start":2107.63,"end":2107.79},{"text":"Commission","start":2107.79,"end":2108.27},{"text":"made","start":2108.27,"end":2108.43},{"text":"substantial","start":2108.43,"end":2109.07},{"text":"progress","start":2109.07,"end":2109.55},{"text":"on","start":2109.55,"end":2109.71},{"text":"a","start":2109.71,"end":2109.75},{"text":"lot","start":2109.75,"end":2109.99},{"text":"of","start":2109.99,"end":2110.11},{"text":"topics","start":2110.11,"end":2110.55},{"text":"this","start":2110.55,"end":2110.75},{"text":"year.","start":2110.75,"end":2111.07}]},{"text":"The progress is particularly noticeable with the completion of two topics on first and second readings.","start":2111.63,"end":2118.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2111.63,"end":2111.79},{"text":"progress","start":2111.79,"end":2112.35},{"text":"is","start":2112.35,"end":2112.51},{"text":"particularly","start":2112.51,"end":2113.15},{"text":"noticeable","start":2113.15,"end":2114.51},{"text":"with","start":2114.51,"end":2114.87},{"text":"the","start":2114.91,"end":2114.99},{"text":"completion","start":2114.99,"end":2115.59},{"text":"of","start":2115.59,"end":2115.71},{"text":"two","start":2115.71,"end":2115.95},{"text":"topics","start":2115.95,"end":2116.59},{"text":"on","start":2116.59,"end":2116.67},{"text":"first","start":2116.67,"end":2117.63},{"text":"and","start":2117.63,"end":2117.79},{"text":"second","start":2117.95,"end":2118.43},{"text":"readings.","start":2118.43,"end":2118.99}]},{"text":"progress that is necessary for the encouragement of the codification and progressive development of international law.","start":2119.43,"end":2125.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"progress","start":2119.43,"end":2119.87},{"text":"that","start":2119.87,"end":2120.07},{"text":"is","start":2120.07,"end":2120.15},{"text":"necessary","start":2120.15,"end":2120.95},{"text":"for","start":2121.11,"end":2121.35},{"text":"the","start":2121.35,"end":2121.43},{"text":"encouragement","start":2121.43,"end":2122.15},{"text":"of","start":2122.15,"end":2122.23},{"text":"the","start":2122.23,"end":2122.35},{"text":"codification","start":2122.35,"end":2123.19},{"text":"and","start":2123.19,"end":2123.39},{"text":"progressive","start":2123.39,"end":2123.91},{"text":"development","start":2123.91,"end":2124.55},{"text":"of","start":2124.79,"end":2124.95},{"text":"international","start":2124.95,"end":2125.87},{"text":"law.","start":2125.87,"end":2125.95}]},{"text":"My government wishes to encourage others to submit or continue submitting relevant information that will serve as input for the work of the Commission.","start":2127.03,"end":2137.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2127.03,"end":2127.43},{"text":"government","start":2127.43,"end":2128.07},{"text":"wishes","start":2128.07,"end":2128.39},{"text":"to","start":2128.39,"end":2128.51},{"text":"encourage","start":2128.51,"end":2129.11},{"text":"others","start":2129.19,"end":2129.75},{"text":"to","start":2129.91,"end":2131.11},{"text":"submit","start":2131.83,"end":2132.39},{"text":"or","start":2132.39,"end":2132.55},{"text":"continue","start":2132.55,"end":2133.03},{"text":"submitting","start":2133.03,"end":2133.51},{"text":"relevant","start":2133.51,"end":2133.91},{"text":"information","start":2133.91,"end":2134.63},{"text":"that","start":2135.03,"end":2135.27},{"text":"will","start":2135.27,"end":2135.43},{"text":"serve","start":2135.43,"end":2135.83},{"text":"as","start":2135.83,"end":2135.99},{"text":"input","start":2135.99,"end":2136.39},{"text":"for","start":2136.39,"end":2136.59},{"text":"the","start":2136.59,"end":2136.67},{"text":"work","start":2136.67,"end":2136.91},{"text":"of","start":2136.91,"end":2137.03},{"text":"the","start":2137.03,"end":2137.15},{"text":"Commission.","start":2137.15,"end":2137.75}]},{"text":"The studies of the Commission greatly benefit from a geographically diverse range of practices, perspectives, and positions from States from different parts of this world.","start":2138.07,"end":2148.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2138.07,"end":2138.15},{"text":"studies","start":2138.15,"end":2138.67},{"text":"of","start":2138.67,"end":2138.79},{"text":"the","start":2138.79,"end":2138.91},{"text":"Commission","start":2138.91,"end":2139.35},{"text":"greatly","start":2139.35,"end":2139.83},{"text":"benefit","start":2139.83,"end":2140.39},{"text":"from","start":2140.79,"end":2141.03},{"text":"a","start":2141.19,"end":2141.27},{"text":"geographically","start":2141.27,"end":2142.15},{"text":"diverse","start":2142.15,"end":2142.71},{"text":"range","start":2142.71,"end":2143.03},{"text":"of","start":2143.03,"end":2143.19},{"text":"practices,","start":2143.19,"end":2144.31},{"text":"perspectives,","start":2144.31,"end":2145.11},{"text":"and","start":2145.11,"end":2145.27},{"text":"positions","start":2145.27,"end":2145.83},{"text":"from","start":2145.83,"end":2146.07},{"text":"States","start":2146.07,"end":2146.55},{"text":"from","start":2146.79,"end":2147.03},{"text":"different","start":2147.03,"end":2147.43},{"text":"parts","start":2147.43,"end":2147.79},{"text":"of","start":2147.79,"end":2147.91},{"text":"this","start":2147.91,"end":2148.15},{"text":"world.","start":2148.15,"end":2148.43}]},{"text":"This is also in line with this year's message, as delivered by the UN Secretary-General to the International Law Commission when he said that, and I quote, \"The world needs rigorous legal thinking, drawing on different legal traditions, diverse points of view, and backgrounds.\"","start":2149.39,"end":2164.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2149.39,"end":2149.63},{"text":"is","start":2149.63,"end":2149.79},{"text":"also","start":2149.79,"end":2150.03},{"text":"in","start":2150.03,"end":2150.15},{"text":"line","start":2150.15,"end":2150.47},{"text":"with","start":2150.47,"end":2150.63},{"text":"this","start":2150.67,"end":2150.87},{"text":"year's","start":2150.87,"end":2151.15},{"text":"message,","start":2151.15,"end":2151.63},{"text":"as","start":2151.63,"end":2151.83},{"text":"delivered","start":2151.83,"end":2152.27},{"text":"by","start":2152.27,"end":2152.43},{"text":"the","start":2152.43,"end":2152.51},{"text":"UN","start":2152.51,"end":2152.83},{"text":"Secretary-General","start":2152.83,"end":2153.87},{"text":"to","start":2154.11,"end":2154.27},{"text":"the","start":2154.27,"end":2154.35},{"text":"International","start":2154.35,"end":2154.95},{"text":"Law","start":2154.95,"end":2155.07},{"text":"Commission","start":2155.07,"end":2155.63},{"text":"when","start":2155.63,"end":2155.79},{"text":"he","start":2155.79,"end":2155.95},{"text":"said","start":2155.95,"end":2156.23},{"text":"that,","start":2156.23,"end":2156.47},{"text":"and","start":2156.47,"end":2156.59},{"text":"I","start":2156.59,"end":2156.67},{"text":"quote,","start":2156.67,"end":2157.15},{"text":"\"The","start":2157.55,"end":2157.63},{"text":"world","start":2157.63,"end":2157.99},{"text":"needs","start":2157.99,"end":2158.35},{"text":"rigorous","start":2158.35,"end":2158.83},{"text":"legal","start":2158.83,"end":2159.15},{"text":"thinking,","start":2159.15,"end":2159.71},{"text":"drawing","start":2159.79,"end":2160.19},{"text":"on","start":2160.19,"end":2160.35},{"text":"different","start":2160.35,"end":2160.79},{"text":"legal","start":2160.79,"end":2161.07},{"text":"traditions,","start":2161.07,"end":2161.79},{"text":"diverse","start":2161.79,"end":2162.27},{"text":"points","start":2162.27,"end":2162.71},{"text":"of","start":2162.71,"end":2162.87},{"text":"view,","start":2162.87,"end":2163.23},{"text":"and","start":2163.47,"end":2163.67},{"text":"backgrounds.\"","start":2163.67,"end":2164.35}]},{"text":"Chair, please allow me now to turn to the topic immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction.","start":2165.87,"end":2171.47,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2165.87,"end":2166.19},{"text":"please","start":2166.19,"end":2166.47},{"text":"allow","start":2166.47,"end":2166.63},{"text":"me","start":2166.63,"end":2166.83},{"text":"now","start":2166.83,"end":2167.07},{"text":"to","start":2167.07,"end":2167.23},{"text":"turn","start":2167.27,"end":2167.55},{"text":"to","start":2167.55,"end":2167.63},{"text":"the","start":2167.63,"end":2167.71},{"text":"topic","start":2167.71,"end":2168.11},{"text":"immunity","start":2168.11,"end":2168.67},{"text":"of","start":2168.67,"end":2168.75},{"text":"state","start":2168.75,"end":2169.07},{"text":"officials","start":2169.07,"end":2169.55},{"text":"from","start":2169.55,"end":2169.79},{"text":"foreign","start":2169.79,"end":2170.19},{"text":"criminal","start":2170.19,"end":2170.67},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":2170.67,"end":2171.47}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands would like to take this opportunity to congratulate the Special Rapporteur with the adoption by the Commission of the entire set of draft articles on second reading.","start":2171.87,"end":2181.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2171.87,"end":2171.99},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2172.03,"end":2172.35},{"text":"of","start":2172.35,"end":2172.47},{"text":"the","start":2172.47,"end":2172.55},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2172.55,"end":2172.99},{"text":"would","start":2172.99,"end":2173.15},{"text":"like","start":2173.15,"end":2173.39},{"text":"to","start":2173.39,"end":2173.51},{"text":"take","start":2173.63,"end":2173.95},{"text":"this","start":2173.95,"end":2174.15},{"text":"opportunity","start":2174.15,"end":2174.83},{"text":"to","start":2174.83,"end":2174.99},{"text":"congratulate","start":2174.99,"end":2175.67},{"text":"the","start":2175.67,"end":2175.75},{"text":"Special","start":2175.75,"end":2176.11},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":2176.11,"end":2176.83},{"text":"with","start":2177.07,"end":2177.27},{"text":"the","start":2177.27,"end":2177.35},{"text":"adoption","start":2177.35,"end":2177.79},{"text":"by","start":2177.79,"end":2177.95},{"text":"the","start":2177.95,"end":2178.03},{"text":"Commission","start":2178.03,"end":2178.59},{"text":"of","start":2178.59,"end":2178.75},{"text":"the","start":2178.79,"end":2178.87},{"text":"entire","start":2178.87,"end":2179.31},{"text":"set","start":2179.31,"end":2179.51},{"text":"of","start":2179.51,"end":2179.63},{"text":"draft","start":2179.63,"end":2179.95},{"text":"articles","start":2179.95,"end":2180.47},{"text":"on","start":2180.47,"end":2180.59},{"text":"second","start":2180.59,"end":2180.91},{"text":"reading.","start":2180.91,"end":2181.31}]},{"text":"This also includes the commentaries to the draft articles.","start":2181.87,"end":2184.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2181.87,"end":2182.11},{"text":"also","start":2182.11,"end":2182.35},{"text":"includes","start":2182.35,"end":2182.91},{"text":"the","start":2182.91,"end":2182.99},{"text":"commentaries","start":2182.99,"end":2183.63},{"text":"to","start":2183.63,"end":2183.75},{"text":"the","start":2183.75,"end":2183.83},{"text":"draft","start":2183.83,"end":2184.19},{"text":"articles.","start":2184.19,"end":2184.83}]},{"text":"The adoption is an important step, and my government would like to express its appreciation to the Commission for its work.","start":2185.23,"end":2191.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2185.23,"end":2185.35},{"text":"adoption","start":2185.35,"end":2185.87},{"text":"is","start":2185.87,"end":2185.99},{"text":"an","start":2185.99,"end":2186.07},{"text":"important","start":2186.07,"end":2186.55},{"text":"step,","start":2186.55,"end":2186.91},{"text":"and","start":2186.91,"end":2187.07},{"text":"my","start":2187.07,"end":2187.31},{"text":"government","start":2187.31,"end":2187.87},{"text":"would","start":2187.87,"end":2188.03},{"text":"like","start":2188.03,"end":2188.23},{"text":"to","start":2188.23,"end":2188.31},{"text":"express","start":2188.31,"end":2188.83},{"text":"its","start":2188.83,"end":2188.99},{"text":"appreciation","start":2188.99,"end":2189.71},{"text":"to","start":2189.71,"end":2189.87},{"text":"the","start":2189.87,"end":2189.95},{"text":"Commission","start":2189.95,"end":2190.43},{"text":"for","start":2190.75,"end":2190.99},{"text":"its","start":2190.99,"end":2191.19},{"text":"work.","start":2191.19,"end":2191.43}]},{"text":"My government is of the view that the second reading of the topic of immunity of state officials addresses the comments and observations made by states to a large extent.","start":2192.03,"end":2200.75,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2192.03,"end":2192.19},{"text":"government","start":2192.19,"end":2192.71},{"text":"is","start":2192.71,"end":2192.83},{"text":"of","start":2192.83,"end":2192.99},{"text":"the","start":2192.99,"end":2193.07},{"text":"view","start":2193.07,"end":2193.39},{"text":"that","start":2193.39,"end":2193.55},{"text":"the","start":2193.55,"end":2193.63},{"text":"second","start":2193.63,"end":2194.03},{"text":"reading","start":2194.03,"end":2194.39},{"text":"of","start":2194.39,"end":2194.51},{"text":"the","start":2194.51,"end":2194.63},{"text":"topic","start":2194.63,"end":2195.03},{"text":"of","start":2195.03,"end":2195.15},{"text":"immunity","start":2195.15,"end":2195.63},{"text":"of","start":2195.63,"end":2195.71},{"text":"state","start":2195.71,"end":2195.99},{"text":"officials","start":2195.99,"end":2196.59},{"text":"addresses","start":2196.91,"end":2197.55},{"text":"the","start":2197.55,"end":2197.63},{"text":"comments","start":2197.63,"end":2198.07},{"text":"and","start":2198.07,"end":2198.19},{"text":"observations","start":2198.19,"end":2198.83},{"text":"made","start":2198.83,"end":2199.07},{"text":"by","start":2199.07,"end":2199.23},{"text":"states","start":2199.23,"end":2199.67},{"text":"to","start":2199.67,"end":2199.79},{"text":"a","start":2199.79,"end":2199.87},{"text":"large","start":2199.87,"end":2200.19},{"text":"extent.","start":2200.19,"end":2200.75}]},{"text":"My Government notes that some of these comments and observations have been addressed through clarifications in the commentaries instead of modifications of the text of the draft articles themselves.","start":2201.15,"end":2212.91,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2201.15,"end":2201.23},{"text":"Government","start":2201.23,"end":2201.71},{"text":"notes","start":2201.71,"end":2202.15},{"text":"that","start":2202.15,"end":2202.35},{"text":"some","start":2202.35,"end":2202.59},{"text":"of","start":2202.59,"end":2202.75},{"text":"these","start":2202.75,"end":2202.91},{"text":"comments","start":2202.91,"end":2203.31},{"text":"and","start":2203.31,"end":2203.43},{"text":"observations","start":2203.43,"end":2204.19},{"text":"have","start":2204.43,"end":2204.67},{"text":"been","start":2204.67,"end":2204.83},{"text":"addressed","start":2204.83,"end":2205.27},{"text":"through","start":2205.27,"end":2205.63},{"text":"clarifications","start":2205.63,"end":2206.51},{"text":"in","start":2206.51,"end":2206.63},{"text":"the","start":2206.63,"end":2206.71},{"text":"commentaries","start":2206.71,"end":2207.55},{"text":"instead","start":2207.79,"end":2208.23},{"text":"of","start":2208.23,"end":2208.31},{"text":"modifications","start":2208.31,"end":2209.51},{"text":"of","start":2209.51,"end":2209.79},{"text":"the","start":2210.39,"end":2210.51},{"text":"text","start":2210.51,"end":2211.03},{"text":"of","start":2211.03,"end":2211.19},{"text":"the","start":2211.19,"end":2211.27},{"text":"draft","start":2211.27,"end":2211.71},{"text":"articles","start":2211.71,"end":2212.15},{"text":"themselves.","start":2212.15,"end":2212.91}]},{"text":"This also relates to part four of the draft articles.","start":2213.31,"end":2216.19,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2213.31,"end":2213.47},{"text":"also","start":2213.47,"end":2213.79},{"text":"relates","start":2213.79,"end":2214.15},{"text":"to","start":2214.15,"end":2214.27},{"text":"part","start":2214.27,"end":2214.59},{"text":"four","start":2214.59,"end":2214.91},{"text":"of","start":2214.91,"end":2215.07},{"text":"the","start":2215.07,"end":2215.15},{"text":"draft","start":2215.15,"end":2215.51},{"text":"articles.","start":2215.51,"end":2216.19}]},{"text":"My Government's concerns with the procedural provisions and safeguards contained in part four of the draft articles remain.","start":2216.35,"end":2222.99,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2216.35,"end":2216.51},{"text":"Government's","start":2216.51,"end":2217.11},{"text":"concerns","start":2217.11,"end":2217.67},{"text":"with","start":2217.67,"end":2217.87},{"text":"the","start":2217.87,"end":2217.95},{"text":"procedural","start":2217.95,"end":2218.47},{"text":"provisions","start":2218.47,"end":2219.15},{"text":"and","start":2219.15,"end":2219.31},{"text":"safeguards","start":2219.31,"end":2219.87},{"text":"contained","start":2219.87,"end":2220.35},{"text":"in","start":2220.35,"end":2220.51},{"text":"part","start":2220.75,"end":2221.07},{"text":"four","start":2221.07,"end":2221.35},{"text":"of","start":2221.35,"end":2221.47},{"text":"the","start":2221.47,"end":2221.55},{"text":"draft","start":2221.55,"end":2221.91},{"text":"articles","start":2221.91,"end":2222.43},{"text":"remain.","start":2222.43,"end":2222.99}]},{"text":"We continue to consider that they do not reflect existing state practice.","start":2223.39,"end":2227.39,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2223.39,"end":2223.55},{"text":"continue","start":2223.55,"end":2224.03},{"text":"to","start":2224.03,"end":2224.11},{"text":"consider","start":2224.11,"end":2224.59},{"text":"that","start":2224.59,"end":2224.79},{"text":"they","start":2224.79,"end":2224.91},{"text":"do","start":2224.91,"end":2225.15},{"text":"not","start":2225.15,"end":2225.39},{"text":"reflect","start":2225.39,"end":2225.83},{"text":"existing","start":2226.03,"end":2226.51},{"text":"state","start":2226.51,"end":2226.75},{"text":"practice.","start":2226.75,"end":2227.39}]},{"text":"Chair, with regard to draft article 6, my Government notes that the draft article includes an explicit list of crimes under international law to which immunity rationis materiae shall not apply.","start":2228.15,"end":2240.23,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2228.15,"end":2228.47},{"text":"with","start":2228.47,"end":2228.67},{"text":"regard","start":2228.67,"end":2229.07},{"text":"to","start":2229.07,"end":2229.27},{"text":"draft","start":2229.27,"end":2229.59},{"text":"article","start":2229.59,"end":2229.91},{"text":"6,","start":2229.91,"end":2230.39},{"text":"my","start":2230.39,"end":2230.63},{"text":"Government","start":2230.63,"end":2231.11},{"text":"notes","start":2231.11,"end":2231.51},{"text":"that","start":2231.51,"end":2231.67},{"text":"the","start":2231.67,"end":2231.75},{"text":"draft","start":2231.75,"end":2232.15},{"text":"article","start":2232.15,"end":2232.55},{"text":"includes","start":2232.55,"end":2232.99},{"text":"an","start":2232.99,"end":2233.11},{"text":"explicit","start":2233.11,"end":2233.63},{"text":"list","start":2233.63,"end":2233.95},{"text":"of","start":2233.95,"end":2234.07},{"text":"crimes","start":2234.07,"end":2234.55},{"text":"under","start":2234.99,"end":2235.23},{"text":"international","start":2235.23,"end":2236.15},{"text":"law","start":2236.15,"end":2236.23},{"text":"to","start":2236.51,"end":2236.59},{"text":"which","start":2236.59,"end":2236.87},{"text":"immunity","start":2236.87,"end":2237.67},{"text":"rationis","start":2237.67,"end":2238.31},{"text":"materiae","start":2238.31,"end":2239.03},{"text":"shall","start":2239.27,"end":2239.55},{"text":"not","start":2239.55,"end":2239.75},{"text":"apply.","start":2239.75,"end":2240.23}]},{"text":"The draft article does not include a mere, more general reference to crimes under international law to which immunity rationis materiae does not apply.","start":2240.47,"end":2249.75,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2240.47,"end":2240.63},{"text":"draft","start":2240.63,"end":2240.95},{"text":"article","start":2240.95,"end":2241.35},{"text":"does","start":2241.35,"end":2241.59},{"text":"not","start":2241.59,"end":2241.91},{"text":"include","start":2241.91,"end":2242.39},{"text":"a","start":2242.39,"end":2242.47},{"text":"mere,","start":2242.47,"end":2242.87},{"text":"more","start":2243.51,"end":2243.83},{"text":"general","start":2243.83,"end":2244.23},{"text":"reference","start":2244.23,"end":2244.71},{"text":"to","start":2244.71,"end":2244.83},{"text":"crimes","start":2244.83,"end":2245.23},{"text":"under","start":2245.23,"end":2245.51},{"text":"international","start":2245.51,"end":2246.43},{"text":"law","start":2246.43,"end":2246.51},{"text":"to","start":2246.71,"end":2246.83},{"text":"which","start":2246.83,"end":2247.03},{"text":"immunity","start":2247.03,"end":2247.67},{"text":"rationis","start":2247.67,"end":2248.27},{"text":"materiae","start":2248.31,"end":2248.87},{"text":"does","start":2248.87,"end":2249.11},{"text":"not","start":2249.11,"end":2249.27},{"text":"apply.","start":2249.27,"end":2249.75}]},{"text":"Draft article 6 therefore appears to contain an exhaustive list of crimes.","start":2250.07,"end":2254.39,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Draft","start":2250.07,"end":2250.47},{"text":"article","start":2250.47,"end":2250.87},{"text":"6","start":2250.87,"end":2251.11},{"text":"therefore","start":2251.11,"end":2251.51},{"text":"appears","start":2251.51,"end":2251.87},{"text":"to","start":2251.87,"end":2251.95},{"text":"contain","start":2251.95,"end":2252.63},{"text":"an","start":2252.63,"end":2252.71},{"text":"exhaustive","start":2252.71,"end":2253.43},{"text":"list","start":2253.43,"end":2253.71},{"text":"of","start":2253.71,"end":2253.83},{"text":"crimes.","start":2253.83,"end":2254.39}]},{"text":"However, with the enumeration in the commentaries of the criteria used by the Commission to include specific crimes in draft article 6, the possibility is left open that the application of these criteria may lead to the identification of further crimes to which immunity ratione materiae would not apply.","start":2255.07,"end":2273.19,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2255.07,"end":2255.47},{"text":"with","start":2255.47,"end":2255.71},{"text":"the","start":2255.71,"end":2255.79},{"text":"enumeration","start":2255.83,"end":2256.55},{"text":"in","start":2256.55,"end":2256.71},{"text":"the","start":2256.71,"end":2256.79},{"text":"commentaries","start":2256.79,"end":2257.51},{"text":"of","start":2257.51,"end":2257.67},{"text":"the","start":2257.67,"end":2257.75},{"text":"criteria","start":2257.75,"end":2258.47},{"text":"used","start":2258.47,"end":2258.87},{"text":"by","start":2258.87,"end":2258.95},{"text":"the","start":2258.95,"end":2259.03},{"text":"Commission","start":2259.03,"end":2259.67},{"text":"to","start":2259.99,"end":2260.11},{"text":"include","start":2260.15,"end":2260.75},{"text":"specific","start":2260.75,"end":2261.31},{"text":"crimes","start":2261.31,"end":2261.67},{"text":"in","start":2261.67,"end":2261.79},{"text":"draft","start":2261.79,"end":2262.15},{"text":"article","start":2262.15,"end":2262.51},{"text":"6,","start":2262.51,"end":2262.95},{"text":"the","start":2263.27,"end":2263.39},{"text":"possibility","start":2263.39,"end":2264.07},{"text":"is","start":2264.07,"end":2264.23},{"text":"left","start":2264.23,"end":2264.55},{"text":"open","start":2264.55,"end":2264.95},{"text":"that","start":2264.95,"end":2265.19},{"text":"the","start":2265.23,"end":2265.31},{"text":"application","start":2265.31,"end":2265.91},{"text":"of","start":2265.91,"end":2265.99},{"text":"these","start":2265.99,"end":2266.23},{"text":"criteria","start":2266.23,"end":2266.87},{"text":"may","start":2267.11,"end":2267.35},{"text":"lead","start":2267.35,"end":2267.51},{"text":"to","start":2267.51,"end":2267.71},{"text":"the","start":2267.71,"end":2267.79},{"text":"identification","start":2267.79,"end":2268.75},{"text":"of","start":2268.75,"end":2268.83},{"text":"further","start":2268.83,"end":2269.19},{"text":"crimes","start":2269.19,"end":2269.75},{"text":"to","start":2269.99,"end":2270.11},{"text":"which","start":2270.11,"end":2270.39},{"text":"immunity","start":2270.39,"end":2271.11},{"text":"ratione","start":2271.11,"end":2271.67},{"text":"materiae","start":2271.67,"end":2272.23},{"text":"would","start":2272.39,"end":2272.55},{"text":"not","start":2272.55,"end":2272.79},{"text":"apply.","start":2272.79,"end":2273.19}]},{"text":"My government welcomes such a non-exhaustive approach.","start":2273.59,"end":2276.71,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2273.59,"end":2273.75},{"text":"government","start":2273.75,"end":2274.31},{"text":"welcomes","start":2274.39,"end":2274.91},{"text":"such","start":2274.91,"end":2275.27},{"text":"a","start":2275.35,"end":2275.39},{"text":"non-exhaustive","start":2275.39,"end":2276.23},{"text":"approach.","start":2276.23,"end":2276.71}]},{"text":"With regard to draft article 9, my government regrets that the notification to the state of the official It's included as an obligation for the forum state in the event that criminal proceedings are initiated or coercive measures are taken.","start":2278.39,"end":2292.11,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2278.39,"end":2278.63},{"text":"regard","start":2278.63,"end":2279.03},{"text":"to","start":2279.03,"end":2279.19},{"text":"draft","start":2279.19,"end":2279.59},{"text":"article","start":2279.59,"end":2279.91},{"text":"9,","start":2279.91,"end":2280.31},{"text":"my","start":2280.31,"end":2280.63},{"text":"government","start":2280.63,"end":2281.11},{"text":"regrets","start":2281.11,"end":2281.59},{"text":"that","start":2281.59,"end":2281.75},{"text":"the","start":2281.75,"end":2281.83},{"text":"notification","start":2281.83,"end":2282.63},{"text":"to","start":2282.63,"end":2282.79},{"text":"the","start":2282.79,"end":2282.87},{"text":"state","start":2282.87,"end":2283.27},{"text":"of","start":2283.27,"end":2283.35},{"text":"the","start":2283.35,"end":2283.43},{"text":"official","start":2283.43,"end":2284.07},{"text":"It's","start":2284.51,"end":2284.83},{"text":"included","start":2284.83,"end":2285.39},{"text":"as","start":2285.39,"end":2285.51},{"text":"an","start":2285.51,"end":2285.63},{"text":"obligation","start":2285.63,"end":2286.27},{"text":"for","start":2286.27,"end":2286.43},{"text":"the","start":2286.43,"end":2286.51},{"text":"forum","start":2286.51,"end":2286.99},{"text":"state","start":2286.99,"end":2287.39},{"text":"in","start":2287.39,"end":2287.51},{"text":"the","start":2287.51,"end":2287.59},{"text":"event","start":2287.63,"end":2288.07},{"text":"that","start":2288.07,"end":2288.19},{"text":"criminal","start":2288.19,"end":2288.59},{"text":"proceedings","start":2288.59,"end":2289.23},{"text":"are","start":2289.23,"end":2289.39},{"text":"initiated","start":2289.39,"end":2290.03},{"text":"or","start":2290.35,"end":2290.59},{"text":"coercive","start":2290.59,"end":2291.15},{"text":"measures","start":2291.15,"end":2291.55},{"text":"are","start":2291.55,"end":2291.63},{"text":"taken.","start":2291.63,"end":2292.11}]},{"text":"In our view, this does not reflect state practice and is conceptually undesirable.","start":2292.75,"end":2298.03,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2292.75,"end":2292.99},{"text":"our","start":2292.99,"end":2293.31},{"text":"view,","start":2293.31,"end":2293.71},{"text":"this","start":2293.71,"end":2293.95},{"text":"does","start":2293.95,"end":2294.11},{"text":"not","start":2294.11,"end":2294.35},{"text":"reflect","start":2294.35,"end":2294.71},{"text":"state","start":2294.71,"end":2294.99},{"text":"practice","start":2294.99,"end":2295.63},{"text":"and","start":2295.87,"end":2296.03},{"text":"is","start":2296.03,"end":2296.15},{"text":"conceptually","start":2296.15,"end":2297.07},{"text":"undesirable.","start":2297.07,"end":2298.03}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, it is noted that there is some flexibility for the forum state by providing for the exception of not having to notify the state of the official.","start":2298.51,"end":2307.39,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":2298.51,"end":2299.23},{"text":"it","start":2299.23,"end":2299.39},{"text":"is","start":2299.39,"end":2299.55},{"text":"noted","start":2299.55,"end":2299.95},{"text":"that","start":2299.95,"end":2300.19},{"text":"there","start":2300.19,"end":2300.35},{"text":"is","start":2300.35,"end":2300.43},{"text":"some","start":2300.43,"end":2300.63},{"text":"flexibility","start":2300.63,"end":2301.55},{"text":"for","start":2301.63,"end":2301.83},{"text":"the","start":2301.83,"end":2301.91},{"text":"forum","start":2301.91,"end":2302.35},{"text":"state","start":2302.35,"end":2302.67},{"text":"by","start":2303.07,"end":2303.31},{"text":"providing","start":2303.31,"end":2303.95},{"text":"for","start":2303.95,"end":2304.11},{"text":"the","start":2304.11,"end":2304.19},{"text":"exception","start":2304.19,"end":2304.87},{"text":"of","start":2304.87,"end":2304.99},{"text":"not","start":2304.99,"end":2305.15},{"text":"having","start":2305.15,"end":2305.47},{"text":"to","start":2305.47,"end":2305.63},{"text":"notify","start":2305.63,"end":2306.19},{"text":"the","start":2306.19,"end":2306.27},{"text":"state","start":2306.27,"end":2306.59},{"text":"of","start":2306.59,"end":2306.75},{"text":"the","start":2306.75,"end":2306.87},{"text":"official.","start":2306.87,"end":2307.39}]},{"text":"This flexibility exists when such notification would jeopardise the confidentiality of an ongoing investigation or the proper conduct of criminal proceedings.","start":2308.03,"end":2318.03,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2308.03,"end":2308.47},{"text":"flexibility","start":2308.47,"end":2309.31},{"text":"exists","start":2309.31,"end":2309.79},{"text":"when","start":2309.79,"end":2310.03},{"text":"such","start":2310.03,"end":2310.35},{"text":"notification","start":2310.35,"end":2311.15},{"text":"would","start":2311.15,"end":2311.31},{"text":"jeopardise","start":2311.31,"end":2311.95},{"text":"the","start":2311.95,"end":2312.03},{"text":"confidentiality","start":2312.03,"end":2313.07},{"text":"of","start":2313.07,"end":2313.23},{"text":"an","start":2313.27,"end":2313.39},{"text":"ongoing","start":2313.39,"end":2313.87},{"text":"investigation","start":2313.87,"end":2314.83},{"text":"or","start":2315.15,"end":2315.35},{"text":"the","start":2315.35,"end":2315.47},{"text":"proper","start":2315.47,"end":2315.79},{"text":"conduct","start":2315.79,"end":2316.35},{"text":"of","start":2316.35,"end":2316.67},{"text":"criminal","start":2316.67,"end":2317.15},{"text":"proceedings.","start":2317.23,"end":2318.03}]},{"text":"At this point, the Kingdom of the Netherlands reiterates its position that provisions on the procedural rights of the state official as contained in draft article 15 should not have been included in these draft articles, since they are separate from the issue of immunity.","start":2318.67,"end":2333.23,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":2318.67,"end":2318.83},{"text":"this","start":2318.83,"end":2319.07},{"text":"point,","start":2319.07,"end":2319.43},{"text":"the","start":2319.43,"end":2319.51},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2319.51,"end":2319.83},{"text":"of","start":2319.83,"end":2319.91},{"text":"the","start":2319.91,"end":2319.99},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2319.99,"end":2320.43},{"text":"reiterates","start":2320.43,"end":2321.15},{"text":"its","start":2321.15,"end":2321.31},{"text":"position","start":2321.31,"end":2321.87},{"text":"that","start":2321.87,"end":2322.03},{"text":"provisions","start":2322.03,"end":2322.63},{"text":"on","start":2322.63,"end":2322.71},{"text":"the","start":2322.71,"end":2322.79},{"text":"procedural","start":2322.79,"end":2323.35},{"text":"rights","start":2323.35,"end":2323.75},{"text":"of","start":2323.75,"end":2323.87},{"text":"the","start":2323.87,"end":2323.95},{"text":"state","start":2323.95,"end":2324.27},{"text":"official","start":2324.27,"end":2324.83},{"text":"as","start":2325.15,"end":2325.31},{"text":"contained","start":2325.31,"end":2325.79},{"text":"in","start":2325.79,"end":2325.91},{"text":"draft","start":2325.91,"end":2326.27},{"text":"article","start":2326.27,"end":2326.67},{"text":"15","start":2326.67,"end":2327.23},{"text":"should","start":2327.55,"end":2327.79},{"text":"not","start":2327.79,"end":2328.03},{"text":"have","start":2328.03,"end":2328.27},{"text":"been","start":2328.27,"end":2328.51},{"text":"included","start":2328.51,"end":2329.03},{"text":"in","start":2329.03,"end":2329.15},{"text":"these","start":2329.15,"end":2329.31},{"text":"draft","start":2329.31,"end":2329.71},{"text":"articles,","start":2329.71,"end":2330.35},{"text":"since","start":2330.59,"end":2330.87},{"text":"they","start":2330.87,"end":2330.99},{"text":"are","start":2330.99,"end":2331.07},{"text":"separate","start":2331.07,"end":2331.71},{"text":"from","start":2331.71,"end":2331.87},{"text":"the","start":2331.87,"end":2331.95},{"text":"issue","start":2331.95,"end":2332.43},{"text":"of","start":2332.43,"end":2332.59},{"text":"immunity.","start":2332.59,"end":2333.23}]},{"text":"Chair, once again, my government wishes to thank the Commission for completing this topic and takes note of the Commission's recommendation of the draft articles to the General Assembly.","start":2333.99,"end":2344.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2333.99,"end":2334.47},{"text":"once","start":2334.47,"end":2334.79},{"text":"again,","start":2334.79,"end":2335.19},{"text":"my","start":2335.19,"end":2335.51},{"text":"government","start":2335.51,"end":2336.03},{"text":"wishes","start":2336.03,"end":2336.39},{"text":"to","start":2336.39,"end":2336.51},{"text":"thank","start":2336.55,"end":2336.87},{"text":"the","start":2336.87,"end":2336.99},{"text":"Commission","start":2336.99,"end":2337.51},{"text":"for","start":2337.51,"end":2337.75},{"text":"completing","start":2337.75,"end":2338.39},{"text":"this","start":2338.79,"end":2339.03},{"text":"topic","start":2339.03,"end":2339.43},{"text":"and","start":2339.43,"end":2339.71},{"text":"takes","start":2339.71,"end":2339.95},{"text":"note","start":2339.95,"end":2340.27},{"text":"of","start":2340.27,"end":2340.39},{"text":"the","start":2340.39,"end":2340.47},{"text":"Commission's","start":2340.47,"end":2341.03},{"text":"recommendation","start":2341.03,"end":2341.91},{"text":"of","start":2342.23,"end":2342.43},{"text":"the","start":2342.43,"end":2342.51},{"text":"draft","start":2342.51,"end":2342.87},{"text":"articles","start":2342.87,"end":2343.43},{"text":"to","start":2343.43,"end":2343.67},{"text":"the","start":2343.67,"end":2343.79},{"text":"General","start":2343.79,"end":2344.11},{"text":"Assembly.","start":2344.11,"end":2344.55}]},{"text":"It also takes note of the Commission's recommendation of the elaboration at an appropriate time of a convention on the basis of the draft articles.","start":2345.11,"end":2353.03,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2345.11,"end":2345.23},{"text":"also","start":2345.23,"end":2345.43},{"text":"takes","start":2345.43,"end":2345.75},{"text":"note","start":2345.75,"end":2346.11},{"text":"of","start":2346.11,"end":2346.19},{"text":"the","start":2346.19,"end":2346.31},{"text":"Commission's","start":2346.31,"end":2346.87},{"text":"recommendation","start":2346.87,"end":2347.67},{"text":"of","start":2347.67,"end":2347.83},{"text":"the","start":2347.83,"end":2347.95},{"text":"elaboration","start":2347.95,"end":2348.87},{"text":"at","start":2348.87,"end":2349.03},{"text":"an","start":2349.03,"end":2349.19},{"text":"appropriate","start":2349.19,"end":2349.71},{"text":"time","start":2349.71,"end":2350.15},{"text":"of","start":2350.39,"end":2350.55},{"text":"a","start":2350.55,"end":2350.59},{"text":"convention","start":2350.63,"end":2351.23},{"text":"on","start":2351.23,"end":2351.35},{"text":"the","start":2351.35,"end":2351.43},{"text":"basis","start":2351.43,"end":2351.83},{"text":"of","start":2351.83,"end":2351.91},{"text":"the","start":2351.91,"end":2352.07},{"text":"draft","start":2352.07,"end":2352.39},{"text":"articles.","start":2352.39,"end":2353.03}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands can support a discussion of the topic in the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly during the 82nd session in 2027.","start":2353.35,"end":2363.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2353.35,"end":2353.47},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2353.51,"end":2353.83},{"text":"of","start":2353.83,"end":2353.91},{"text":"the","start":2353.91,"end":2354.03},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2354.03,"end":2354.47},{"text":"can","start":2354.47,"end":2354.63},{"text":"support","start":2354.63,"end":2355.19},{"text":"a","start":2355.35,"end":2355.39},{"text":"discussion","start":2355.39,"end":2356.03},{"text":"of","start":2356.03,"end":2356.15},{"text":"the","start":2356.15,"end":2356.23},{"text":"topic","start":2356.23,"end":2356.63},{"text":"in","start":2356.63,"end":2356.71},{"text":"the","start":2356.71,"end":2356.79},{"text":"Sixth","start":2356.79,"end":2357.11},{"text":"Committee","start":2357.11,"end":2357.59},{"text":"of","start":2357.59,"end":2357.71},{"text":"the","start":2357.71,"end":2357.79},{"text":"General","start":2357.79,"end":2358.11},{"text":"Assembly","start":2358.11,"end":2358.71},{"text":"during","start":2359.03,"end":2359.51},{"text":"the","start":2359.51,"end":2359.71},{"text":"82nd","start":2360.07,"end":2361.27},{"text":"session","start":2361.43,"end":2362.07},{"text":"in","start":2362.07,"end":2362.23},{"text":"2027.","start":2362.23,"end":2363.35}]},{"text":"while we note that there should be sufficient room for adjustments of the draft articles if it is decided to take this topic forward.","start":2363.63,"end":2372.67,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"while","start":2363.63,"end":2363.95},{"text":"we","start":2363.95,"end":2364.03},{"text":"note","start":2364.03,"end":2364.51},{"text":"that","start":2364.51,"end":2364.67},{"text":"there","start":2364.67,"end":2364.83},{"text":"should","start":2364.83,"end":2365.07},{"text":"be","start":2365.07,"end":2365.31},{"text":"sufficient","start":2365.31,"end":2365.91},{"text":"room","start":2365.91,"end":2366.19},{"text":"for","start":2366.19,"end":2366.47},{"text":"adjustments","start":2366.47,"end":2367.15},{"text":"of","start":2367.15,"end":2367.39},{"text":"the","start":2367.39,"end":2367.47},{"text":"draft","start":2367.47,"end":2367.87},{"text":"articles","start":2367.87,"end":2368.51},{"text":"if","start":2369.23,"end":2369.31},{"text":"it","start":2369.47,"end":2369.55},{"text":"is","start":2369.55,"end":2369.71},{"text":"decided","start":2369.71,"end":2370.39},{"text":"to","start":2370.39,"end":2370.67},{"text":"take","start":2370.67,"end":2371.07},{"text":"this","start":2371.39,"end":2371.63},{"text":"topic","start":2371.63,"end":2372.03},{"text":"forward.","start":2372.03,"end":2372.67}]},{"text":"Chair, for the topic General Principles of Law, the Kingdom of the Netherlands would like to congratulate the Special Rapporteur and the Commission for the conclusion of the work on this 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delegation welcomes the adoption by the Commission of the 12 draft conclusions, together with the commentaries thereto, on second reading.","start":2384.19,"end":2392.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2384.19,"end":2384.35},{"text":"delegation","start":2384.35,"end":2385.07},{"text":"welcomes","start":2385.07,"end":2385.55},{"text":"the","start":2385.59,"end":2385.67},{"text":"adoption","start":2385.67,"end":2386.11},{"text":"by","start":2386.11,"end":2386.19},{"text":"the","start":2386.19,"end":2386.27},{"text":"Commission","start":2386.27,"end":2386.87},{"text":"of","start":2386.87,"end":2386.99},{"text":"the","start":2386.99,"end":2387.07},{"text":"12","start":2387.07,"end":2387.47},{"text":"draft","start":2387.47,"end":2387.75},{"text":"conclusions,","start":2387.75,"end":2388.51},{"text":"together","start":2388.83,"end":2389.23},{"text":"with","start":2389.23,"end":2389.43},{"text":"the","start":2389.43,"end":2389.55},{"text":"commentaries","start":2389.55,"end":2390.23},{"text":"thereto,","start":2390.23,"end":2390.75},{"text":"on","start":2390.99,"end":2391.15},{"text":"second","start":2391.15,"end":2391.43},{"text":"reading.","start":2391.43,"end":2392.03}]},{"text":"We also take note of the Commission’s recommendation that the General Assembly takes note of the draft conclusions in a resolution, ensure their widest dissemination, and commend the draft conclusions.","start":2392.43,"end":2405.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2392.43,"end":2392.67},{"text":"also","start":2392.75,"end":2393.23},{"text":"take","start":2393.23,"end":2393.55},{"text":"note","start":2393.55,"end":2393.79},{"text":"of","start":2393.79,"end":2393.91},{"text":"the","start":2393.91,"end":2394.03},{"text":"Commission’s","start":2394.03,"end":2394.51},{"text":"recommendation","start":2394.51,"end":2395.39},{"text":"that","start":2395.39,"end":2395.59},{"text":"the","start":2395.59,"end":2395.67},{"text":"General","start":2395.67,"end":2396.03},{"text":"Assembly","start":2396.03,"end":2396.51},{"text":"takes","start":2396.51,"end":2396.91},{"text":"note","start":2397.07,"end":2397.47},{"text":"of","start":2397.47,"end":2397.63},{"text":"the","start":2397.63,"end":2397.71},{"text":"draft","start":2397.71,"end":2397.95},{"text":"conclusions","start":2397.95,"end":2398.67},{"text":"in","start":2398.91,"end":2399.07},{"text":"a","start":2399.07,"end":2399.11},{"text":"resolution,","start":2399.11,"end":2399.87},{"text":"ensure","start":2400.27,"end":2400.71},{"text":"their","start":2400.71,"end":2400.91},{"text":"widest","start":2400.91,"end":2401.31},{"text":"dissemination,","start":2401.31,"end":2402.19},{"text":"and","start":2402.43,"end":2402.63},{"text":"commend","start":2402.63,"end":2403.11},{"text":"the","start":2403.11,"end":2403.23},{"text":"draft","start":2403.23,"end":2404.35},{"text":"conclusions.","start":2404.35,"end":2405.15}]},{"text":"My delegation appreciates the extensive range of examples of general principles of law provided in the commentaries.","start":2406.27,"end":2412.43,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2406.27,"end":2406.51},{"text":"delegation","start":2406.51,"end":2407.15},{"text":"appreciates","start":2407.15,"end":2407.83},{"text":"the","start":2407.83,"end":2407.91},{"text":"extensive","start":2407.91,"end":2408.43},{"text":"range","start":2408.43,"end":2408.71},{"text":"of","start":2408.71,"end":2408.83},{"text":"examples","start":2408.83,"end":2409.35},{"text":"of","start":2409.35,"end":2409.43},{"text":"general","start":2409.43,"end":2409.79},{"text":"principles","start":2409.79,"end":2410.35},{"text":"of","start":2410.35,"end":2410.43},{"text":"law","start":2410.43,"end":2410.75},{"text":"provided","start":2410.75,"end":2411.31},{"text":"in","start":2411.31,"end":2411.47},{"text":"the","start":2411.47,"end":2411.55},{"text":"commentaries.","start":2411.55,"end":2412.43}]},{"text":"However, we would have welcomed further clarification on a number of issues.","start":2412.59,"end":2416.91,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2412.59,"end":2413.15},{"text":"we","start":2413.15,"end":2413.23},{"text":"would","start":2413.23,"end":2413.43},{"text":"have","start":2413.43,"end":2413.63},{"text":"welcomed","start":2413.63,"end":2414.03},{"text":"further","start":2414.03,"end":2414.35},{"text":"clarification","start":2414.35,"end":2415.31},{"text":"on","start":2415.63,"end":2415.83},{"text":"a","start":2415.83,"end":2415.87},{"text":"number","start":2415.91,"end":2416.19},{"text":"of","start":2416.19,"end":2416.35},{"text":"issues.","start":2416.35,"end":2416.91}]},{"text":"This includes the methodology, on the identification of principles as general principles of law formed within the international legal system.","start":2417.47,"end":2426.23,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2417.47,"end":2417.71},{"text":"includes","start":2417.71,"end":2418.27},{"text":"the","start":2418.27,"end":2418.39},{"text":"methodology,","start":2418.39,"end":2419.31},{"text":"on","start":2419.75,"end":2419.91},{"text":"the","start":2419.91,"end":2419.99},{"text":"identification","start":2419.99,"end":2420.91},{"text":"of","start":2420.91,"end":2420.99},{"text":"principles","start":2420.99,"end":2421.67},{"text":"as","start":2421.67,"end":2421.99},{"text":"general","start":2422.15,"end":2422.55},{"text":"principles","start":2422.55,"end":2423.19},{"text":"of","start":2423.19,"end":2423.35},{"text":"law","start":2423.35,"end":2423.67},{"text":"formed","start":2423.67,"end":2424.15},{"text":"within","start":2424.15,"end":2424.55},{"text":"the","start":2424.55,"end":2424.63},{"text":"international","start":2424.63,"end":2425.39},{"text":"legal","start":2425.39,"end":2425.67},{"text":"system.","start":2425.67,"end":2426.23}]},{"text":"In particular, we note the use of the term \"intrinsic\" in the Commentary to Conclusion 7.","start":2427.59,"end":2433.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2427.59,"end":2427.79},{"text":"particular,","start":2427.79,"end":2428.51},{"text":"we","start":2428.51,"end":2428.63},{"text":"note","start":2428.63,"end":2429.11},{"text":"the","start":2429.11,"end":2429.23},{"text":"use","start":2429.23,"end":2429.59},{"text":"of","start":2429.59,"end":2429.75},{"text":"the","start":2429.75,"end":2429.87},{"text":"term","start":2429.87,"end":2430.39},{"text":"\"intrinsic\"","start":2430.71,"end":2431.35},{"text":"in","start":2431.35,"end":2431.55},{"text":"the","start":2431.55,"end":2431.63},{"text":"Commentary","start":2431.63,"end":2432.19},{"text":"to","start":2432.19,"end":2432.35},{"text":"Conclusion","start":2432.35,"end":2432.87},{"text":"7.","start":2432.87,"end":2433.43}]},{"text":"My Government understands that the term conveys that the principle reflects and regulates the basic features of the international legal system.","start":2433.99,"end":2441.59,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2433.99,"end":2434.23},{"text":"Government","start":2434.23,"end":2434.79},{"text":"understands","start":2434.79,"end":2435.39},{"text":"that","start":2435.39,"end":2435.67},{"text":"the","start":2435.67,"end":2435.79},{"text":"term","start":2435.79,"end":2436.15},{"text":"conveys","start":2436.15,"end":2436.67},{"text":"that","start":2436.67,"end":2436.91},{"text":"the","start":2436.91,"end":2436.99},{"text":"principle","start":2436.99,"end":2437.55},{"text":"reflects","start":2437.55,"end":2438.07},{"text":"and","start":2438.07,"end":2438.23},{"text":"regulates","start":2438.23,"end":2438.79},{"text":"the","start":2438.79,"end":2438.91},{"text":"basic","start":2438.91,"end":2439.35},{"text":"features","start":2439.35,"end":2439.91},{"text":"of","start":2439.99,"end":2440.15},{"text":"the","start":2440.15,"end":2440.23},{"text":"international","start":2440.23,"end":2440.83},{"text":"legal","start":2440.83,"end":2441.11},{"text":"system.","start":2441.11,"end":2441.59}]},{"text":"Still, it remains somewhat unclear what its precise meaning is and why it would be of decisive significance in the methodology of identifying general principles of international law formed within the international legal system.","start":2442.15,"end":2457.59,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Still,","start":2442.15,"end":2442.63},{"text":"it","start":2442.63,"end":2442.79},{"text":"remains","start":2442.79,"end":2443.35},{"text":"somewhat","start":2443.35,"end":2443.87},{"text":"unclear","start":2443.87,"end":2444.63},{"text":"what","start":2444.95,"end":2445.27},{"text":"its","start":2445.27,"end":2445.51},{"text":"precise","start":2445.51,"end":2446.07},{"text":"meaning","start":2446.07,"end":2446.47},{"text":"is","start":2446.47,"end":2446.95},{"text":"and","start":2446.95,"end":2447.27},{"text":"why","start":2447.27,"end":2447.63},{"text":"it","start":2447.63,"end":2447.75},{"text":"would","start":2447.75,"end":2447.99},{"text":"be","start":2447.99,"end":2448.19},{"text":"of","start":2448.19,"end":2448.31},{"text":"decisive","start":2448.31,"end":2449.15},{"text":"significance","start":2449.15,"end":2449.99},{"text":"in","start":2450.47,"end":2450.59},{"text":"the","start":2450.59,"end":2450.67},{"text":"methodology","start":2450.67,"end":2451.51},{"text":"of","start":2451.51,"end":2451.59},{"text":"identifying","start":2451.59,"end":2452.47},{"text":"general","start":2452.71,"end":2453.11},{"text":"principles","start":2453.11,"end":2453.67},{"text":"of","start":2453.67,"end":2453.83},{"text":"international","start":2453.83,"end":2454.71},{"text":"law","start":2454.71,"end":2454.79},{"text":"formed","start":2454.79,"end":2455.27},{"text":"within","start":2455.27,"end":2455.75},{"text":"the","start":2455.75,"end":2455.87},{"text":"international","start":2455.91,"end":2456.87},{"text":"legal","start":2456.87,"end":2457.11},{"text":"system.","start":2457.11,"end":2457.59}]},{"text":"This question is particularly relevant in relation to the examples of thematic or subject-specific principles discussed in the Commentary.","start":2458.39,"end":2466.23,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2458.39,"end":2458.55},{"text":"question","start":2458.55,"end":2459.03},{"text":"is","start":2459.03,"end":2459.19},{"text":"particularly","start":2459.19,"end":2459.83},{"text":"relevant","start":2459.83,"end":2460.47},{"text":"in","start":2460.47,"end":2460.55},{"text":"relation","start":2460.55,"end":2461.11},{"text":"to","start":2461.11,"end":2461.19},{"text":"the","start":2461.19,"end":2461.27},{"text":"examples","start":2461.27,"end":2461.91},{"text":"of","start":2461.91,"end":2462.15},{"text":"thematic","start":2462.59,"end":2463.11},{"text":"or","start":2463.11,"end":2463.27},{"text":"subject-specific","start":2463.27,"end":2464.31},{"text":"principles","start":2464.31,"end":2464.91},{"text":"discussed","start":2464.91,"end":2465.39},{"text":"in","start":2465.39,"end":2465.51},{"text":"the","start":2465.51,"end":2465.59},{"text":"Commentary.","start":2465.59,"end":2466.23}]},{"text":"Principles such as sustainable development and intergenerational equity are closely associated with the field of international environmental law, for which they are important.","start":2466.79,"end":2477.11,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2477.67,"end":2477.79},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2477.79,"end":2478.15},{"text":"of","start":2478.15,"end":2478.23},{"text":"the","start":2478.23,"end":2478.31},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2478.31,"end":2478.75},{"text":"would","start":2478.75,"end":2478.91},{"text":"therefore","start":2478.91,"end":2479.27},{"text":"have","start":2479.27,"end":2479.51},{"text":"appreciated","start":2479.51,"end":2480.15},{"text":"further","start":2480.15,"end":2480.47},{"text":"clarification","start":2480.47,"end":2481.43},{"text":"as","start":2481.91,"end":2482.23},{"text":"to","start":2482.23,"end":2482.47},{"text":"why","start":2482.47,"end":2482.79},{"text":"it","start":2482.79,"end":2482.95},{"text":"is","start":2482.95,"end":2483.03},{"text":"concluded","start":2483.03,"end":2483.67},{"text":"that","start":2483.67,"end":2483.83},{"text":"such","start":2483.83,"end":2484.31},{"text":"principles","start":2484.39,"end":2485.11},{"text":"reflect","start":2485.11,"end":2485.59},{"text":"or","start":2485.59,"end":2485.71},{"text":"regulate","start":2485.71,"end":2486.39},{"text":"the","start":2486.71,"end":2486.79},{"text":"basic","start":2486.79,"end":2487.23},{"text":"features","start":2487.23,"end":2487.67},{"text":"of","start":2487.67,"end":2487.83},{"text":"the","start":2487.83,"end":2487.91},{"text":"international","start":2487.91,"end":2488.59},{"text":"legal","start":2488.59,"end":2488.87},{"text":"system","start":2488.87,"end":2489.27},{"text":"as","start":2489.27,"end":2489.43},{"text":"a","start":2489.43,"end":2489.51},{"text":"whole,","start":2489.51,"end":2490.07},{"text":"rather","start":2490.31,"end":2490.71},{"text":"than","start":2490.71,"end":2490.95},{"text":"primarily","start":2490.95,"end":2491.75},{"text":"reflecting","start":2491.75,"end":2492.31},{"text":"the","start":2492.31,"end":2492.39},{"text":"particular","start":2492.39,"end":2493.03},{"text":"characteristics","start":2493.03,"end":2493.99},{"text":"and","start":2493.99,"end":2494.11},{"text":"objectives","start":2494.11,"end":2494.71},{"text":"of","start":2494.71,"end":2494.87},{"text":"a","start":2494.87,"end":2494.95},{"text":"specific","start":2494.95,"end":2495.51},{"text":"branch","start":2495.59,"end":2495.99},{"text":"of","start":2495.99,"end":2496.15},{"text":"international","start":2496.15,"end":2496.99},{"text":"law.","start":2496.99,"end":2497.07}]},{"text":"My delegation is further of the view that such thematic or subject-specific principles may indeed constitute an important and established part of the law applicable within particular branches of international law.","start":2497.87,"end":2510.67,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2497.87,"end":2498.11},{"text":"delegation","start":2498.11,"end":2498.75},{"text":"is","start":2498.75,"end":2499.07},{"text":"further","start":2499.07,"end":2499.35},{"text":"of","start":2499.35,"end":2499.47},{"text":"the","start":2499.47,"end":2499.59},{"text":"view","start":2499.59,"end":2499.95},{"text":"that","start":2499.95,"end":2500.15},{"text":"such","start":2500.15,"end":2500.51},{"text":"thematic","start":2500.63,"end":2501.15},{"text":"or","start":2501.15,"end":2501.31},{"text":"subject-specific","start":2501.31,"end":2502.43},{"text":"principles","start":2502.43,"end":2503.15},{"text":"may","start":2503.47,"end":2503.71},{"text":"indeed","start":2503.71,"end":2504.11},{"text":"constitute","start":2504.11,"end":2504.71},{"text":"an","start":2504.71,"end":2504.83},{"text":"important","start":2504.83,"end":2505.47},{"text":"and","start":2505.47,"end":2505.67},{"text":"established","start":2505.67,"end":2506.19},{"text":"part","start":2506.19,"end":2506.47},{"text":"of","start":2506.47,"end":2506.59},{"text":"the","start":2506.59,"end":2506.67},{"text":"law","start":2506.67,"end":2507.07},{"text":"applicable","start":2507.35,"end":2507.99},{"text":"within","start":2507.99,"end":2508.43},{"text":"particular","start":2508.43,"end":2508.99},{"text":"branches","start":2508.99,"end":2509.47},{"text":"of","start":2509.47,"end":2509.71},{"text":"international","start":2509.71,"end":2510.59},{"text":"law.","start":2510.59,"end":2510.67}]},{"text":"As a seafaring nation with a long-standing maritime tradition, my government considers freedom of navigation to be an established general principle of the law of the sea, a view that we have applied in practice and highlighted in our submissions to the Commission.","start":2512.15,"end":2528.23,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2512.15,"end":2512.31},{"text":"a","start":2512.31,"end":2512.35},{"text":"seafaring","start":2512.35,"end":2513.03},{"text":"nation","start":2513.03,"end":2513.67},{"text":"with","start":2513.99,"end":2514.23},{"text":"a","start":2514.23,"end":2514.31},{"text":"long-standing","start":2514.31,"end":2515.27},{"text":"maritime","start":2515.27,"end":2515.75},{"text":"tradition,","start":2515.75,"end":2516.47},{"text":"my","start":2516.47,"end":2516.71},{"text":"government","start":2516.71,"end":2517.23},{"text":"considers","start":2517.23,"end":2517.75},{"text":"freedom","start":2517.75,"end":2518.07},{"text":"of","start":2518.07,"end":2518.23},{"text":"navigation","start":2518.23,"end":2519.03},{"text":"to","start":2519.35,"end":2519.47},{"text":"be","start":2519.47,"end":2519.63},{"text":"an","start":2519.63,"end":2519.75},{"text":"established","start":2519.75,"end":2520.31},{"text":"general","start":2520.31,"end":2520.71},{"text":"principle","start":2520.71,"end":2521.23},{"text":"of","start":2521.23,"end":2521.35},{"text":"the","start":2521.35,"end":2521.43},{"text":"law","start":2521.43,"end":2521.79},{"text":"of","start":2521.79,"end":2521.91},{"text":"the","start":2521.91,"end":2522.03},{"text":"sea,","start":2522.03,"end":2522.43},{"text":"a","start":2522.79,"end":2522.87},{"text":"view","start":2522.87,"end":2523.27},{"text":"that","start":2523.27,"end":2523.47},{"text":"we","start":2523.47,"end":2523.59},{"text":"have","start":2523.59,"end":2523.75},{"text":"applied","start":2523.75,"end":2524.31},{"text":"in","start":2524.31,"end":2524.51},{"text":"practice","start":2524.51,"end":2525.03},{"text":"and","start":2525.03,"end":2525.19},{"text":"highlighted","start":2525.19,"end":2525.83},{"text":"in","start":2525.83,"end":2525.99},{"text":"our","start":2525.99,"end":2526.23},{"text":"submissions","start":2526.23,"end":2526.95},{"text":"to","start":2527.19,"end":2527.43},{"text":"the","start":2527.51,"end":2527.67},{"text":"Commission.","start":2527.67,"end":2528.23}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands looks forward to seeing how the ILC's conclusions and commentaries thereto will influence and contribute to the application of the general principles in the practice of States and by international courts and tribunals.","start":2528.71,"end":2542.59,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2528.71,"end":2528.87},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2528.87,"end":2529.15},{"text":"of","start":2529.15,"end":2529.27},{"text":"the","start":2529.27,"end":2529.35},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2529.35,"end":2529.83},{"text":"looks","start":2529.83,"end":2530.07},{"text":"forward","start":2530.07,"end":2530.63},{"text":"to","start":2531.11,"end":2531.23},{"text":"seeing","start":2531.23,"end":2531.67},{"text":"how","start":2531.67,"end":2531.83},{"text":"the","start":2531.83,"end":2531.91},{"text":"ILC's","start":2531.91,"end":2532.63},{"text":"conclusions","start":2532.63,"end":2533.23},{"text":"and","start":2533.23,"end":2533.35},{"text":"commentaries","start":2533.35,"end":2533.99},{"text":"thereto","start":2533.99,"end":2534.55},{"text":"will","start":2534.55,"end":2534.79},{"text":"influence","start":2534.79,"end":2535.39},{"text":"and","start":2535.39,"end":2535.51},{"text":"contribute","start":2535.51,"end":2536.11},{"text":"to","start":2536.11,"end":2536.23},{"text":"the","start":2536.27,"end":2536.35},{"text":"application","start":2536.35,"end":2536.99},{"text":"of","start":2536.99,"end":2537.11},{"text":"the","start":2537.11,"end":2537.19},{"text":"general","start":2537.19,"end":2537.59},{"text":"principles","start":2537.59,"end":2538.23},{"text":"in","start":2538.83,"end":2539.03},{"text":"the","start":2539.03,"end":2539.15},{"text":"practice","start":2539.15,"end":2539.55},{"text":"of","start":2539.55,"end":2539.63},{"text":"States","start":2539.63,"end":2540.19},{"text":"and","start":2540.19,"end":2540.43},{"text":"by","start":2540.43,"end":2540.63},{"text":"international","start":2540.63,"end":2541.27},{"text":"courts","start":2541.27,"end":2541.63},{"text":"and","start":2541.63,"end":2541.87},{"text":"tribunals.","start":2541.87,"end":2542.59}]},{"text":"Chair, I will now turn to the topic Other decisions and conclusions.","start":2543.55,"end":2547.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2543.55,"end":2543.95},{"text":"I","start":2543.95,"end":2544.03},{"text":"will","start":2544.03,"end":2544.19},{"text":"now","start":2544.19,"end":2544.35},{"text":"turn","start":2544.35,"end":2544.67},{"text":"to","start":2544.67,"end":2544.83},{"text":"the","start":2544.83,"end":2544.91},{"text":"topic","start":2544.91,"end":2545.31},{"text":"Other","start":2545.31,"end":2545.59},{"text":"decisions","start":2545.59,"end":2546.23},{"text":"and","start":2546.23,"end":2546.39},{"text":"conclusions.","start":2546.39,"end":2547.39}]},{"text":"My Government welcomes the decision to take up the topic of identification and legal consequences of obligations erga omnes in international law.","start":2547.79,"end":2555.67,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2547.79,"end":2547.95},{"text":"Government","start":2547.95,"end":2548.43},{"text":"welcomes","start":2548.43,"end":2548.91},{"text":"the","start":2548.91,"end":2549.03},{"text":"decision","start":2549.03,"end":2549.55},{"text":"to","start":2549.55,"end":2549.75},{"text":"take","start":2549.75,"end":2549.95},{"text":"up","start":2549.95,"end":2550.11},{"text":"the","start":2550.11,"end":2550.19},{"text":"topic","start":2550.19,"end":2550.59},{"text":"of","start":2550.59,"end":2550.75},{"text":"identification","start":2550.75,"end":2551.63},{"text":"and","start":2551.63,"end":2551.75},{"text":"legal","start":2551.75,"end":2552.03},{"text":"consequences","start":2552.03,"end":2552.83},{"text":"of","start":2552.83,"end":2553.07},{"text":"obligations","start":2553.07,"end":2553.79},{"text":"erga","start":2553.79,"end":2554.03},{"text":"omnes","start":2554.03,"end":2554.59},{"text":"in","start":2554.59,"end":2554.75},{"text":"international","start":2554.75,"end":2555.59},{"text":"law.","start":2555.59,"end":2555.67}]},{"text":"For consideration by the Commission, we would like to make some preliminary comments on this topic.","start":2556.27,"end":2561.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2556.27,"end":2556.51},{"text":"consideration","start":2556.51,"end":2557.31},{"text":"by","start":2557.31,"end":2557.47},{"text":"the","start":2557.47,"end":2557.55},{"text":"Commission,","start":2557.55,"end":2558.19},{"text":"we","start":2558.51,"end":2558.59},{"text":"would","start":2558.59,"end":2558.75},{"text":"like","start":2558.75,"end":2558.99},{"text":"to","start":2558.99,"end":2559.07},{"text":"make","start":2559.07,"end":2559.31},{"text":"some","start":2559.31,"end":2559.55},{"text":"preliminary","start":2559.55,"end":2560.11},{"text":"comments","start":2560.11,"end":2560.59},{"text":"on","start":2560.59,"end":2560.71},{"text":"this","start":2560.71,"end":2560.91},{"text":"topic.","start":2560.91,"end":2561.39}]},{"text":"First, my Government considers it important to distinguish between the normative hierarchical status of a norm and the scope rationis personae of the norm's application.","start":2561.71,"end":2573.35,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2561.71,"end":2562.19},{"text":"my","start":2562.19,"end":2562.27},{"text":"Government","start":2562.27,"end":2562.83},{"text":"considers","start":2562.83,"end":2563.47},{"text":"it","start":2563.83,"end":2564.03},{"text":"important","start":2564.03,"end":2564.63},{"text":"to","start":2564.63,"end":2564.71},{"text":"distinguish","start":2564.71,"end":2565.35},{"text":"between","start":2565.35,"end":2566.11},{"text":"the","start":2566.11,"end":2566.23},{"text":"normative","start":2566.39,"end":2566.95},{"text":"hierarchical","start":2566.95,"end":2567.75},{"text":"status","start":2568.07,"end":2568.55},{"text":"of","start":2568.55,"end":2568.67},{"text":"a","start":2568.67,"end":2568.71},{"text":"norm","start":2568.71,"end":2569.11},{"text":"and","start":2569.11,"end":2569.23},{"text":"the","start":2569.23,"end":2569.31},{"text":"scope","start":2569.31,"end":2569.67},{"text":"rationis","start":2569.67,"end":2570.31},{"text":"personae","start":2570.31,"end":2571.03},{"text":"of","start":2571.67,"end":2571.83},{"text":"the","start":2571.83,"end":2571.95},{"text":"norm's","start":2572.15,"end":2572.51},{"text":"application.","start":2572.51,"end":2573.35}]},{"text":"While all peremptory norms apply erga omnes, not all obligations erga omnes are peremptory norms.","start":2573.75,"end":2580.87,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. 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Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2599.03,"end":2599.19},{"text":"this","start":2599.19,"end":2599.47},{"text":"sense,","start":2599.47,"end":2599.91},{"text":"Article","start":2599.91,"end":2600.39},{"text":"41","start":2600.39,"end":2601.03},{"text":"of","start":2601.03,"end":2601.19},{"text":"the","start":2601.19,"end":2601.31},{"text":"Articles","start":2601.35,"end":2601.91},{"text":"on","start":2601.91,"end":2601.99},{"text":"State","start":2601.99,"end":2602.31},{"text":"Responsibility","start":2602.31,"end":2603.35},{"text":"prescribes","start":2603.75,"end":2604.47},{"text":"the","start":2604.47,"end":2604.55},{"text":"legal","start":2604.55,"end":2604.83},{"text":"consequences","start":2604.83,"end":2605.63},{"text":"of","start":2605.63,"end":2605.75},{"text":"serious","start":2605.75,"end":2606.23},{"text":"breaches","start":2606.23,"end":2606.63},{"text":"of","start":2606.67,"end":2606.79},{"text":"a","start":2606.79,"end":2606.87},{"text":"peremptory","start":2606.87,"end":2607.51},{"text":"norm.","start":2607.51,"end":2607.99}]},{"text":"These consequences follow from the peremptory nature of the norm breached, not because it applies erga omnes.","start":2608.39,"end":2614.71,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2608.39,"end":2608.71},{"text":"consequences","start":2608.71,"end":2609.51},{"text":"follow","start":2609.51,"end":2609.83},{"text":"from","start":2609.83,"end":2610.07},{"text":"the","start":2610.07,"end":2610.15},{"text":"peremptory","start":2610.15,"end":2610.75},{"text":"nature","start":2610.75,"end":2611.23},{"text":"of","start":2611.23,"end":2611.35},{"text":"the","start":2611.35,"end":2611.47},{"text":"norm","start":2611.47,"end":2611.75},{"text":"breached,","start":2611.75,"end":2612.23},{"text":"not","start":2612.55,"end":2612.79},{"text":"because","start":2612.79,"end":2613.19},{"text":"it","start":2613.19,"end":2613.35},{"text":"applies","start":2613.35,"end":2613.83},{"text":"erga","start":2613.83,"end":2614.07},{"text":"omnes.","start":2614.07,"end":2614.71}]},{"text":"the erga omnes obligation entitles rather than obliges States to act, whereas the peremptory norm nature of the norm obliges States to act.","start":2615.07,"end":2624.55,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"the","start":2615.07,"end":2615.19},{"text":"erga","start":2615.31,"end":2615.47},{"text":"omnes","start":2615.47,"end":2615.95},{"text":"obligation","start":2615.95,"end":2616.75},{"text":"entitles","start":2617.07,"end":2617.87},{"text":"rather","start":2617.87,"end":2618.23},{"text":"than","start":2618.23,"end":2618.43},{"text":"obliges","start":2618.43,"end":2619.11},{"text":"States","start":2619.11,"end":2619.55},{"text":"to","start":2619.55,"end":2619.63},{"text":"act,","start":2619.63,"end":2620.03},{"text":"whereas","start":2620.03,"end":2620.35},{"text":"the","start":2620.35,"end":2620.43},{"text":"peremptory","start":2620.43,"end":2621.07},{"text":"norm","start":2621.07,"end":2621.39},{"text":"nature","start":2621.39,"end":2621.83},{"text":"of","start":2621.83,"end":2621.95},{"text":"the","start":2621.95,"end":2622.03},{"text":"norm","start":2622.03,"end":2622.43},{"text":"obliges","start":2622.91,"end":2623.59},{"text":"States","start":2623.59,"end":2624.11},{"text":"to","start":2624.11,"end":2624.27},{"text":"act.","start":2624.27,"end":2624.55}]},{"text":"Chair, one of the entitlements flowing from erga omnes obligation is the right to take countermeasures in the collective interest.","start":2625.39,"end":2632.47,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2625.39,"end":2625.71},{"text":"one","start":2625.71,"end":2625.91},{"text":"of","start":2625.91,"end":2626.03},{"text":"the","start":2626.03,"end":2626.15},{"text":"entitlements","start":2626.47,"end":2627.39},{"text":"flowing","start":2627.39,"end":2627.79},{"text":"from","start":2627.79,"end":2628.11},{"text":"erga","start":2628.35,"end":2628.51},{"text":"omnes","start":2628.51,"end":2628.83},{"text":"obligation","start":2628.83,"end":2629.63},{"text":"is","start":2629.63,"end":2629.79},{"text":"the","start":2629.79,"end":2629.87},{"text":"right","start":2629.87,"end":2630.15},{"text":"to","start":2630.15,"end":2630.23},{"text":"take","start":2630.23,"end":2630.47},{"text":"countermeasures","start":2630.47,"end":2631.23},{"text":"in","start":2631.23,"end":2631.39},{"text":"the","start":2631.39,"end":2631.51},{"text":"collective","start":2631.51,"end":2632.03},{"text":"interest.","start":2632.03,"end":2632.47}]},{"text":"For my government, it is important for the Commission not to adopt an approach that is too narrow.","start":2632.99,"end":2637.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2632.99,"end":2633.15},{"text":"my","start":2633.15,"end":2633.31},{"text":"government,","start":2633.31,"end":2633.87},{"text":"it","start":2633.87,"end":2633.95},{"text":"is","start":2633.95,"end":2634.11},{"text":"important","start":2634.11,"end":2634.67},{"text":"for","start":2634.67,"end":2634.83},{"text":"the","start":2634.83,"end":2634.91},{"text":"Commission","start":2634.91,"end":2635.59},{"text":"not","start":2635.59,"end":2635.79},{"text":"to","start":2635.79,"end":2635.87},{"text":"adopt","start":2635.87,"end":2636.27},{"text":"an","start":2636.27,"end":2636.35},{"text":"approach","start":2636.35,"end":2636.83},{"text":"that","start":2636.83,"end":2636.99},{"text":"is","start":2636.99,"end":2637.15},{"text":"too","start":2637.15,"end":2637.31},{"text":"narrow.","start":2637.31,"end":2637.71}]},{"text":"In particular, my government would like to see the inclusion of the topic of countermeasures in the general interest in the work of the Commission.","start":2638.23,"end":2645.67,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2638.23,"end":2638.35},{"text":"particular,","start":2638.35,"end":2638.95},{"text":"my","start":2638.95,"end":2639.11},{"text":"government","start":2639.11,"end":2639.59},{"text":"would","start":2639.59,"end":2639.75},{"text":"like","start":2639.75,"end":2639.99},{"text":"to","start":2639.99,"end":2640.11},{"text":"see","start":2640.11,"end":2640.47},{"text":"the","start":2640.47,"end":2640.55},{"text":"inclusion","start":2640.55,"end":2641.27},{"text":"of","start":2641.27,"end":2641.35},{"text":"the","start":2641.35,"end":2641.47},{"text":"topic","start":2641.47,"end":2641.87},{"text":"of","start":2641.87,"end":2641.99},{"text":"countermeasures","start":2641.99,"end":2642.71},{"text":"in","start":2642.95,"end":2643.19},{"text":"the","start":2643.19,"end":2643.31},{"text":"general","start":2643.31,"end":2643.67},{"text":"interest","start":2643.67,"end":2644.23},{"text":"in","start":2644.23,"end":2644.43},{"text":"the","start":2644.43,"end":2644.55},{"text":"work","start":2644.55,"end":2644.83},{"text":"of","start":2644.83,"end":2644.95},{"text":"the","start":2644.95,"end":2645.07},{"text":"Commission.","start":2645.07,"end":2645.67}]},{"text":"It is a topic that presently is very much debated, and the views of the Commission would therefore be welcome.","start":2646.55,"end":2652.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2646.55,"end":2646.71},{"text":"is","start":2646.71,"end":2646.87},{"text":"a","start":2646.87,"end":2646.91},{"text":"topic","start":2646.91,"end":2647.31},{"text":"that","start":2647.31,"end":2647.43},{"text":"presently","start":2647.43,"end":2648.15},{"text":"is","start":2648.15,"end":2648.39},{"text":"very","start":2648.39,"end":2648.63},{"text":"much","start":2648.63,"end":2648.95},{"text":"debated,","start":2648.95,"end":2649.51},{"text":"and","start":2649.51,"end":2649.71},{"text":"the","start":2649.71,"end":2649.79},{"text":"views","start":2649.79,"end":2650.15},{"text":"of","start":2650.15,"end":2650.23},{"text":"the","start":2650.23,"end":2650.31},{"text":"Commission","start":2650.31,"end":2650.91},{"text":"would","start":2650.91,"end":2651.07},{"text":"therefore","start":2651.07,"end":2651.43},{"text":"be","start":2651.43,"end":2651.59},{"text":"welcome.","start":2651.59,"end":2652.15}]},{"text":"In the view of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, it is the erga omnes nature of an obligation that triggers the right to take countermeasures in the general interest.","start":2652.63,"end":2660.71,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2652.63,"end":2652.79},{"text":"the","start":2652.79,"end":2652.91},{"text":"view","start":2652.91,"end":2653.19},{"text":"of","start":2653.19,"end":2653.27},{"text":"the","start":2653.27,"end":2653.39},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2653.39,"end":2653.79},{"text":"of","start":2653.79,"end":2653.91},{"text":"the","start":2653.91,"end":2653.99},{"text":"Netherlands,","start":2653.99,"end":2654.55},{"text":"it","start":2654.55,"end":2654.79},{"text":"is","start":2654.79,"end":2654.87},{"text":"the","start":2654.87,"end":2654.99},{"text":"erga","start":2655.11,"end":2655.35},{"text":"omnes","start":2655.35,"end":2655.67},{"text":"nature","start":2655.67,"end":2656.11},{"text":"of","start":2656.11,"end":2656.19},{"text":"an","start":2656.19,"end":2656.31},{"text":"obligation","start":2656.31,"end":2657.03},{"text":"that","start":2657.35,"end":2657.55},{"text":"triggers","start":2657.55,"end":2657.95},{"text":"the","start":2657.95,"end":2658.03},{"text":"right","start":2658.03,"end":2658.35},{"text":"to","start":2658.35,"end":2658.43},{"text":"take","start":2658.43,"end":2658.67},{"text":"countermeasures","start":2658.67,"end":2659.51},{"text":"in","start":2659.51,"end":2659.67},{"text":"the","start":2659.67,"end":2659.79},{"text":"general","start":2659.83,"end":2660.19},{"text":"interest.","start":2660.19,"end":2660.71}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands further notes that the topic, the right to regulate in international investment law, is included in the long-term programme of work, which my government welcomes.","start":2662.11,"end":2672.75,"topics":[{"key":"investment-regulatory-rights","label":"Right to Regulate in Investment Law","description":"Several delegations welcomed work on states’ right to regulate under international investment law. They highlighted the need to clarify the law and balance investment protection with economic sovereignty and sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2662.11,"end":2662.23},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2662.27,"end":2662.59},{"text":"of","start":2662.59,"end":2662.67},{"text":"the","start":2662.67,"end":2662.75},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2662.75,"end":2663.23},{"text":"further","start":2663.23,"end":2663.47},{"text":"notes","start":2663.47,"end":2663.87},{"text":"that","start":2663.87,"end":2663.99},{"text":"the","start":2663.99,"end":2664.11},{"text":"topic,","start":2664.11,"end":2664.67},{"text":"the","start":2664.83,"end":2664.95},{"text":"right","start":2664.95,"end":2665.35},{"text":"to","start":2665.35,"end":2665.43},{"text":"regulate","start":2665.43,"end":2666.11},{"text":"in","start":2666.19,"end":2666.43},{"text":"international","start":2666.99,"end":2667.75},{"text":"investment","start":2667.75,"end":2668.19},{"text":"law,","start":2668.19,"end":2668.51},{"text":"is","start":2668.75,"end":2668.91},{"text":"included","start":2668.91,"end":2669.47},{"text":"in","start":2669.47,"end":2669.63},{"text":"the","start":2669.63,"end":2669.71},{"text":"long-term","start":2669.71,"end":2670.31},{"text":"programme","start":2670.31,"end":2670.75},{"text":"of","start":2670.75,"end":2670.87},{"text":"work,","start":2670.87,"end":2671.19},{"text":"which","start":2671.19,"end":2671.39},{"text":"my","start":2671.39,"end":2671.55},{"text":"government","start":2671.55,"end":2672.03},{"text":"welcomes.","start":2672.03,"end":2672.75}]},{"text":"Lastly, on possible topics for the Commission to consider, the Kingdom of the Netherlands would like to reiterate its call for an international discussion on the implications under international law of possessing dual nationality and the inability under certain jurisdictions to renounce a second nationality.","start":2673.15,"end":2691.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":2673.15,"end":2673.71},{"text":"on","start":2673.71,"end":2673.87},{"text":"possible","start":2673.87,"end":2674.51},{"text":"topics","start":2674.51,"end":2674.91},{"text":"for","start":2674.91,"end":2675.11},{"text":"the","start":2675.11,"end":2675.19},{"text":"Commission","start":2675.19,"end":2675.71},{"text":"to","start":2675.71,"end":2675.83},{"text":"consider,","start":2675.83,"end":2676.35},{"text":"the","start":2676.75,"end":2676.83},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2676.83,"end":2677.23},{"text":"of","start":2677.23,"end":2677.31},{"text":"the","start":2677.31,"end":2677.43},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2677.43,"end":2677.83},{"text":"would","start":2677.83,"end":2677.99},{"text":"like","start":2677.99,"end":2678.27},{"text":"to","start":2678.27,"end":2678.35},{"text":"reiterate","start":2678.35,"end":2679.15},{"text":"its","start":2679.15,"end":2679.31},{"text":"call","start":2679.31,"end":2679.63},{"text":"for","start":2679.63,"end":2679.79},{"text":"an","start":2679.79,"end":2679.87},{"text":"international","start":2679.87,"end":2680.55},{"text":"discussion","start":2680.55,"end":2681.23},{"text":"on","start":2681.55,"end":2681.67},{"text":"the","start":2681.67,"end":2681.75},{"text":"implications","start":2681.75,"end":2682.67},{"text":"under","start":2682.67,"end":2682.95},{"text":"international","start":2682.95,"end":2683.95},{"text":"law","start":2684.23,"end":2684.31},{"text":"of","start":2684.31,"end":2684.39},{"text":"possessing","start":2684.39,"end":2684.91},{"text":"dual","start":2684.91,"end":2685.23},{"text":"nationality","start":2685.23,"end":2686.19},{"text":"and","start":2686.43,"end":2686.71},{"text":"the","start":2686.71,"end":2686.79},{"text":"inability","start":2686.83,"end":2687.71},{"text":"under","start":2687.71,"end":2687.95},{"text":"certain","start":2687.95,"end":2688.35},{"text":"jurisdictions","start":2688.35,"end":2689.15},{"text":"to","start":2689.15,"end":2689.31},{"text":"renounce","start":2689.31,"end":2689.99},{"text":"a","start":2689.99,"end":2690.03},{"text":"second","start":2690.07,"end":2690.35},{"text":"nationality.","start":2690.35,"end":2691.23}]},{"text":"This also relates to the exercise of diplomatic protection, the provision of consular assistance, and the difficulties encountered when it comes to dual nationals.","start":2691.99,"end":2701.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2691.99,"end":2692.23},{"text":"also","start":2692.23,"end":2692.55},{"text":"relates","start":2692.55,"end":2693.03},{"text":"to","start":2693.03,"end":2693.19},{"text":"the","start":2693.19,"end":2693.31},{"text":"exercise","start":2693.35,"end":2694.03},{"text":"of","start":2694.03,"end":2694.15},{"text":"diplomatic","start":2694.15,"end":2694.71},{"text":"protection,","start":2694.71,"end":2695.43},{"text":"the","start":2695.75,"end":2695.83},{"text":"provision","start":2695.83,"end":2696.35},{"text":"of","start":2696.35,"end":2696.47},{"text":"consular","start":2696.47,"end":2697.59},{"text":"assistance,","start":2697.59,"end":2698.31},{"text":"and","start":2698.63,"end":2698.75},{"text":"the","start":2698.75,"end":2698.83},{"text":"difficulties","start":2698.83,"end":2699.51},{"text":"encountered","start":2699.51,"end":2700.07},{"text":"when","start":2700.07,"end":2700.27},{"text":"it","start":2700.27,"end":2700.39},{"text":"comes","start":2700.39,"end":2700.63},{"text":"to","start":2700.63,"end":2700.79},{"text":"dual","start":2700.79,"end":2701.03},{"text":"nationals.","start":2701.03,"end":2701.75}]},{"text":"My government is of the view that the ILC is well equipped to examine issues related to dual nationals and to renunciation of a second nationality.","start":2702.31,"end":2711.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2702.31,"end":2702.55},{"text":"government","start":2702.55,"end":2703.11},{"text":"is","start":2703.11,"end":2703.27},{"text":"of","start":2703.27,"end":2703.39},{"text":"the","start":2703.39,"end":2703.47},{"text":"view","start":2703.47,"end":2703.79},{"text":"that","start":2703.79,"end":2703.95},{"text":"the","start":2703.95,"end":2704.03},{"text":"ILC","start":2704.03,"end":2704.63},{"text":"is","start":2704.63,"end":2704.79},{"text":"well","start":2704.79,"end":2705.07},{"text":"equipped","start":2705.07,"end":2705.55},{"text":"to","start":2705.55,"end":2705.63},{"text":"examine","start":2705.67,"end":2706.15},{"text":"issues","start":2706.15,"end":2706.63},{"text":"related","start":2706.63,"end":2707.03},{"text":"to","start":2707.03,"end":2707.19},{"text":"dual","start":2707.19,"end":2707.51},{"text":"nationals","start":2707.51,"end":2708.15},{"text":"and","start":2708.47,"end":2708.67},{"text":"to","start":2708.67,"end":2708.75},{"text":"renunciation","start":2708.75,"end":2709.83},{"text":"of","start":2709.83,"end":2709.99},{"text":"a","start":2709.99,"end":2710.03},{"text":"second","start":2710.03,"end":2710.31},{"text":"nationality.","start":2710.31,"end":2711.27}]},{"text":"including the scope of the right to nationality.","start":2711.63,"end":2714.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"including","start":2711.63,"end":2712.19},{"text":"the","start":2712.19,"end":2712.27},{"text":"scope","start":2712.27,"end":2712.67},{"text":"of","start":2712.67,"end":2712.79},{"text":"the","start":2712.79,"end":2712.87},{"text":"right","start":2712.87,"end":2713.19},{"text":"to","start":2713.19,"end":2713.27},{"text":"nationality.","start":2713.27,"end":2714.11}]},{"text":"In light of these considerations, we would like to recall our previous invitation to the Commission to include this topic in its programme of work.","start":2714.43,"end":2722.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2714.43,"end":2714.51},{"text":"light","start":2714.51,"end":2714.91},{"text":"of","start":2714.91,"end":2714.99},{"text":"these","start":2714.99,"end":2715.15},{"text":"considerations,","start":2715.15,"end":2716.19},{"text":"we","start":2716.19,"end":2716.35},{"text":"would","start":2716.35,"end":2716.51},{"text":"like","start":2716.51,"end":2716.67},{"text":"to","start":2716.67,"end":2716.83},{"text":"recall","start":2716.83,"end":2717.39},{"text":"our","start":2717.39,"end":2717.71},{"text":"previous","start":2717.71,"end":2718.19},{"text":"invitation","start":2718.19,"end":2718.91},{"text":"to","start":2718.91,"end":2719.07},{"text":"the","start":2719.07,"end":2719.15},{"text":"Commission","start":2719.15,"end":2719.71},{"text":"to","start":2720.11,"end":2720.27},{"text":"include","start":2720.27,"end":2720.71},{"text":"this","start":2720.71,"end":2720.91},{"text":"topic","start":2720.91,"end":2721.31},{"text":"in","start":2721.31,"end":2721.47},{"text":"its","start":2721.47,"end":2721.63},{"text":"programme","start":2721.63,"end":2722.11},{"text":"of","start":2722.11,"end":2722.19},{"text":"work.","start":2722.19,"end":2722.59}]},{"text":"Chair, let me conclude this statement with the topic sea level rise in relation to international law.","start":2723.15,"end":2728.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2723.15,"end":2723.63},{"text":"let","start":2723.71,"end":2723.95},{"text":"me","start":2723.95,"end":2724.07},{"text":"conclude","start":2724.07,"end":2724.59},{"text":"this","start":2724.59,"end":2724.71},{"text":"statement","start":2724.71,"end":2725.23},{"text":"with","start":2725.23,"end":2725.35},{"text":"the","start":2725.35,"end":2725.43},{"text":"topic","start":2725.43,"end":2725.87},{"text":"sea","start":2725.87,"end":2726.03},{"text":"level","start":2726.03,"end":2726.31},{"text":"rise","start":2726.31,"end":2726.67},{"text":"in","start":2726.67,"end":2726.75},{"text":"relation","start":2726.75,"end":2727.23},{"text":"to","start":2727.23,"end":2727.31},{"text":"international","start":2727.31,"end":2728.23},{"text":"law.","start":2728.23,"end":2728.31}]},{"text":"As emphasised by the Kingdom of the Netherlands before numerous courts and tribunals, as well as in other fora, a significant part of our population has lived below sea level for centuries.","start":2728.91,"end":2739.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2728.91,"end":2729.15},{"text":"emphasised","start":2729.15,"end":2729.79},{"text":"by","start":2729.79,"end":2729.91},{"text":"the","start":2729.91,"end":2729.99},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2729.99,"end":2730.35},{"text":"of","start":2730.35,"end":2730.43},{"text":"the","start":2730.43,"end":2730.51},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2730.51,"end":2730.99},{"text":"before","start":2730.99,"end":2731.39},{"text":"numerous","start":2731.39,"end":2731.79},{"text":"courts","start":2731.79,"end":2732.19},{"text":"and","start":2732.19,"end":2732.35},{"text":"tribunals,","start":2732.35,"end":2732.91},{"text":"as","start":2732.91,"end":2733.07},{"text":"well","start":2733.07,"end":2733.31},{"text":"as","start":2733.31,"end":2733.39},{"text":"in","start":2733.39,"end":2733.55},{"text":"other","start":2733.55,"end":2733.71},{"text":"fora,","start":2733.71,"end":2734.27},{"text":"a","start":2734.75,"end":2734.79},{"text":"significant","start":2734.79,"end":2735.47},{"text":"part","start":2735.47,"end":2735.79},{"text":"of","start":2735.79,"end":2735.95},{"text":"our","start":2735.95,"end":2736.19},{"text":"population","start":2736.19,"end":2736.91},{"text":"has","start":2736.91,"end":2737.15},{"text":"lived","start":2737.15,"end":2737.55},{"text":"below","start":2737.55,"end":2737.95},{"text":"sea","start":2738.39,"end":2738.67},{"text":"level","start":2738.67,"end":2738.99},{"text":"for","start":2738.99,"end":2739.23},{"text":"centuries.","start":2739.23,"end":2739.95}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands is not alone in this.","start":2740.31,"end":2742.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2740.31,"end":2740.43},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2740.47,"end":2740.83},{"text":"of","start":2740.83,"end":2740.91},{"text":"the","start":2740.91,"end":2740.99},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2740.99,"end":2741.47},{"text":"is","start":2741.47,"end":2741.59},{"text":"not","start":2741.59,"end":2741.75},{"text":"alone","start":2741.75,"end":2742.15},{"text":"in","start":2742.15,"end":2742.31},{"text":"this.","start":2742.31,"end":2742.71}]},{"text":"Millions of people all over the world are living below or just above sea level.","start":2742.95,"end":2747.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Millions","start":2742.95,"end":2743.51},{"text":"of","start":2743.51,"end":2743.59},{"text":"people","start":2743.59,"end":2743.99},{"text":"all","start":2743.99,"end":2744.07},{"text":"over","start":2744.07,"end":2744.67},{"text":"the","start":2744.67,"end":2744.75},{"text":"world","start":2744.75,"end":2745.11},{"text":"are","start":2745.11,"end":2745.27},{"text":"living","start":2745.27,"end":2745.67},{"text":"below","start":2745.67,"end":2746.07},{"text":"or","start":2746.07,"end":2746.31},{"text":"just","start":2746.31,"end":2746.63},{"text":"above","start":2746.63,"end":2746.91},{"text":"sea","start":2746.91,"end":2747.11},{"text":"level.","start":2747.11,"end":2747.59}]},{"text":"With a rising sea level, threats are multiplied and the implications thereof will become more and more visible.","start":2747.99,"end":2754.39,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2747.99,"end":2748.31},{"text":"a","start":2748.31,"end":2748.35},{"text":"rising","start":2748.35,"end":2748.75},{"text":"sea","start":2748.75,"end":2749.03},{"text":"level,","start":2749.03,"end":2749.43},{"text":"threats","start":2749.43,"end":2749.91},{"text":"are","start":2749.91,"end":2749.99},{"text":"multiplied","start":2749.99,"end":2750.79},{"text":"and","start":2750.79,"end":2750.91},{"text":"the","start":2750.91,"end":2750.99},{"text":"implications","start":2750.99,"end":2751.75},{"text":"thereof","start":2751.75,"end":2752.15},{"text":"will","start":2752.47,"end":2752.79},{"text":"become","start":2752.79,"end":2753.23},{"text":"more","start":2753.23,"end":2753.51},{"text":"and","start":2753.51,"end":2753.63},{"text":"more","start":2753.63,"end":2753.83},{"text":"visible.","start":2753.83,"end":2754.39}]},{"text":"In our statement last year, my Government noted the progress made on the topic of sea level rise by the Commission.","start":2754.87,"end":2760.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2754.87,"end":2755.11},{"text":"our","start":2755.11,"end":2755.35},{"text":"statement","start":2755.35,"end":2755.83},{"text":"last","start":2755.83,"end":2756.15},{"text":"year,","start":2756.15,"end":2756.47},{"text":"my","start":2756.47,"end":2756.63},{"text":"Government","start":2756.63,"end":2757.23},{"text":"noted","start":2757.23,"end":2757.55},{"text":"the","start":2757.55,"end":2757.63},{"text":"progress","start":2757.63,"end":2758.07},{"text":"made","start":2758.07,"end":2758.39},{"text":"on","start":2758.39,"end":2758.47},{"text":"the","start":2758.47,"end":2758.59},{"text":"topic","start":2758.59,"end":2758.95},{"text":"of","start":2758.95,"end":2759.03},{"text":"sea","start":2759.03,"end":2759.19},{"text":"level","start":2759.19,"end":2759.51},{"text":"rise","start":2759.51,"end":2759.83},{"text":"by","start":2759.83,"end":2759.95},{"text":"the","start":2759.95,"end":2760.03},{"text":"Commission.","start":2760.07,"end":2760.63}]},{"text":"However, we also highlighted that several fundamental questions remained unanswered.","start":2761.03,"end":2766.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2761.03,"end":2761.71},{"text":"we","start":2761.71,"end":2761.91},{"text":"also","start":2761.91,"end":2762.23},{"text":"highlighted","start":2762.23,"end":2762.87},{"text":"that","start":2762.87,"end":2763.03},{"text":"several","start":2763.03,"end":2763.59},{"text":"fundamental","start":2763.59,"end":2764.23},{"text":"questions","start":2764.23,"end":2764.79},{"text":"remained","start":2764.95,"end":2765.51},{"text":"unanswered.","start":2765.51,"end":2766.47}]},{"text":"My Government therefore encouraged all those involved to further deepen the understanding of these topics through, for example, advancing discussions in the Sixth Committee.","start":2767.11,"end":2776.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2767.11,"end":2767.27},{"text":"Government","start":2767.27,"end":2767.71},{"text":"therefore","start":2767.71,"end":2768.07},{"text":"encouraged","start":2768.07,"end":2768.75},{"text":"all","start":2768.79,"end":2769.03},{"text":"those","start":2769.03,"end":2769.31},{"text":"involved","start":2769.31,"end":2769.99},{"text":"to","start":2770.31,"end":2770.43},{"text":"further","start":2770.43,"end":2770.83},{"text":"deepen","start":2770.83,"end":2771.23},{"text":"the","start":2771.23,"end":2771.31},{"text":"understanding","start":2771.31,"end":2771.99},{"text":"of","start":2771.99,"end":2772.23},{"text":"these","start":2772.23,"end":2772.39},{"text":"topics","start":2772.39,"end":2772.91},{"text":"through,","start":2772.91,"end":2773.19},{"text":"for","start":2773.19,"end":2773.47},{"text":"example,","start":2773.47,"end":2774.03},{"text":"advancing","start":2774.03,"end":2774.59},{"text":"discussions","start":2774.59,"end":2775.23},{"text":"in","start":2775.23,"end":2775.35},{"text":"the","start":2775.35,"end":2775.43},{"text":"Sixth","start":2775.43,"end":2775.71},{"text":"Committee.","start":2775.71,"end":2776.15}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands therefore supports those who have proposed to continue discussions on sea level rise, including more focused discussions on the outstanding legal issues and questions.","start":2776.83,"end":2787.43,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2776.83,"end":2776.91},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2776.95,"end":2777.23},{"text":"of","start":2777.23,"end":2777.31},{"text":"the","start":2777.31,"end":2777.39},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2777.39,"end":2777.79},{"text":"therefore","start":2777.79,"end":2778.15},{"text":"supports","start":2778.15,"end":2778.87},{"text":"those","start":2779.11,"end":2779.51},{"text":"who","start":2779.51,"end":2779.63},{"text":"have","start":2779.63,"end":2779.83},{"text":"proposed","start":2779.83,"end":2780.35},{"text":"to","start":2780.35,"end":2780.43},{"text":"continue","start":2780.43,"end":2781.03},{"text":"discussions","start":2781.03,"end":2781.59},{"text":"on","start":2781.59,"end":2781.75},{"text":"sea","start":2781.75,"end":2781.91},{"text":"level","start":2781.91,"end":2782.23},{"text":"rise,","start":2782.23,"end":2782.63},{"text":"including","start":2782.63,"end":2783.35},{"text":"more","start":2783.59,"end":2783.83},{"text":"focused","start":2783.83,"end":2784.35},{"text":"discussions","start":2784.35,"end":2784.95},{"text":"on","start":2784.95,"end":2785.03},{"text":"the","start":2785.03,"end":2785.15},{"text":"outstanding","start":2785.19,"end":2785.83},{"text":"legal","start":2785.83,"end":2786.11},{"text":"issues","start":2786.11,"end":2786.63},{"text":"and","start":2786.63,"end":2786.79},{"text":"questions.","start":2786.79,"end":2787.43}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":2787.83,"end":2788.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2787.83,"end":2788.07},{"text":"you,","start":2788.07,"end":2788.23},{"text":"Madam","start":2788.23,"end":2788.63},{"text":"Chair.","start":2788.63,"end":2788.95}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"NLD","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Netherlands (Kingdom of the)"}},{"statement_number":7,"start":2791.03,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=46:32","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands for his statement.","start":2791.03,"end":2795.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2791.03,"end":2791.04},{"text":"thank","start":2791.03,"end":2791.31},{"text":"the","start":2791.31,"end":2791.39},{"text":"distinguished","start":2791.39,"end":2791.95},{"text":"representative","start":2791.95,"end":2792.71},{"text":"of","start":2792.71,"end":2792.95},{"text":"the","start":2792.95,"end":2793.11},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2793.11,"end":2793.55},{"text":"of","start":2793.55,"end":2793.67},{"text":"the","start":2793.67,"end":2793.79},{"text":"Netherlands","start":2793.79,"end":2794.55},{"text":"for","start":2794.79,"end":2794.95},{"text":"his","start":2794.95,"end":2795.15},{"text":"statement.","start":2795.15,"end":2795.99}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Lebanon.","start":2796.39,"end":2799.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2796.39,"end":2796.55},{"text":"now","start":2796.55,"end":2796.71},{"text":"give","start":2796.79,"end":2796.95},{"text":"the","start":2796.95,"end":2797.11},{"text":"floor","start":2797.11,"end":2797.35},{"text":"to","start":2797.35,"end":2797.47},{"text":"the","start":2797.47,"end":2797.59},{"text":"distinguished","start":2797.59,"end":2798.15},{"text":"representative","start":2798.15,"end":2798.83},{"text":"of","start":2798.87,"end":2799.03},{"text":"Lebanon.","start":2799.11,"end":2799.59}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":2813.28,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=46:54","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":2813.28,"end":2815.2,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2813.28,"end":2813.6},{"text":"you,","start":2813.6,"end":2813.76},{"text":"Madam","start":2814.24,"end":2814.72},{"text":"Chair.","start":2814.96,"end":2815.2}]},{"text":"Ladies and gentlemen, representatives, the work of the International Law Commission on the general principles of law are of particular importance for the understanding of the foundations and the functioning of the international legal order.","start":2815.2,"end":2829.19,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Ladies","start":2815.2,"end":2815.52},{"text":"and","start":2815.52,"end":2815.64},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":2815.64,"end":2816.04},{"text":"representatives,","start":2816.04,"end":2816.72},{"text":"the","start":2817.76,"end":2817.88},{"text":"work","start":2817.88,"end":2818.32},{"text":"of","start":2818.32,"end":2818.4},{"text":"the","start":2818.4,"end":2818.48},{"text":"International","start":2818.48,"end":2819.76},{"text":"Law","start":2820,"end":2820.16},{"text":"Commission","start":2820.16,"end":2820.72},{"text":"on","start":2820.72,"end":2820.8},{"text":"the","start":2820.8,"end":2820.88},{"text":"general","start":2820.88,"end":2821.24},{"text":"principles","start":2821.24,"end":2822},{"text":"of","start":2822,"end":2822.16},{"text":"law","start":2822.16,"end":2822.56},{"text":"are","start":2823.11,"end":2823.23},{"text":"of","start":2823.23,"end":2823.35},{"text":"particular","start":2823.35,"end":2823.95},{"text":"importance","start":2823.95,"end":2824.47},{"text":"for","start":2824.47,"end":2824.71},{"text":"the","start":2824.71,"end":2824.83},{"text":"understanding","start":2824.87,"end":2825.43},{"text":"of","start":2825.47,"end":2825.55},{"text":"the","start":2825.55,"end":2825.63},{"text":"foundations","start":2825.63,"end":2826.19},{"text":"and","start":2826.19,"end":2826.31},{"text":"the","start":2826.31,"end":2826.39},{"text":"functioning","start":2826.39,"end":2827.03},{"text":"of","start":2827.03,"end":2827.19},{"text":"the","start":2827.19,"end":2827.27},{"text":"international","start":2827.27,"end":2828.27},{"text":"legal","start":2828.27,"end":2828.63},{"text":"order.","start":2828.63,"end":2829.19}]},{"text":"The adoption in second reading of the 12 draft conclusions, together with their comments, is an important step in clarification of this source of international law that is explicitly recognized in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.","start":2830.79,"end":2847.99,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2830.79,"end":2830.91},{"text":"adoption","start":2830.91,"end":2831.99},{"text":"in","start":2831.99,"end":2832.31},{"text":"second","start":2832.39,"end":2832.83},{"text":"reading","start":2832.83,"end":2833.19},{"text":"of","start":2833.19,"end":2833.31},{"text":"the","start":2833.31,"end":2833.43},{"text":"12","start":2833.43,"end":2833.83},{"text":"draft","start":2833.83,"end":2834.23},{"text":"conclusions,","start":2834.23,"end":2834.95},{"text":"together","start":2834.95,"end":2835.35},{"text":"with","start":2835.35,"end":2835.63},{"text":"their","start":2835.63,"end":2835.79},{"text":"comments,","start":2835.79,"end":2836.47},{"text":"is","start":2836.71,"end":2836.87},{"text":"an","start":2836.87,"end":2836.99},{"text":"important","start":2836.99,"end":2837.43},{"text":"step","start":2837.43,"end":2837.83},{"text":"in","start":2837.83,"end":2837.99},{"text":"clarification","start":2837.99,"end":2839.07},{"text":"of","start":2839.07,"end":2839.15},{"text":"this","start":2839.15,"end":2839.43},{"text":"source","start":2839.59,"end":2840.07},{"text":"of","start":2840.07,"end":2840.19},{"text":"international","start":2840.19,"end":2841.59},{"text":"law","start":2841.59,"end":2841.67},{"text":"that","start":2841.99,"end":2842.11},{"text":"is","start":2842.11,"end":2842.23},{"text":"explicitly","start":2842.23,"end":2842.87},{"text":"recognized","start":2842.87,"end":2843.59},{"text":"in","start":2843.59,"end":2843.67},{"text":"Article","start":2843.67,"end":2844.07},{"text":"38,","start":2844.07,"end":2844.55},{"text":"paragraph","start":2844.55,"end":2845.03},{"text":"1,","start":2845.03,"end":2845.35},{"text":"of","start":2845.35,"end":2845.59},{"text":"the","start":2845.59,"end":2845.71},{"text":"Statute","start":2845.71,"end":2846.23},{"text":"of","start":2846.23,"end":2846.31},{"text":"the","start":2846.31,"end":2846.43},{"text":"International","start":2846.43,"end":2847.03},{"text":"Court","start":2847.03,"end":2847.27},{"text":"of","start":2847.27,"end":2847.35},{"text":"Justice.","start":2847.35,"end":2847.99}]},{"text":"Lebanon applauds this contribution to the clarification of the methods for the identification of general principles of law and the understanding of their relationship with international, with treaties and international customary law.","start":2848.99,"end":2861.79,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international 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work clearly illustrates the added value of the Commission to clarify essential notions, systematize rules, and offer to States and international jurisdictions useful references for the identification and the application of international 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Chair.","start":2893.79,"end":2894.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":2893.79,"end":2894.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":2894.11,"end":2894.43}]},{"text":"This same requirement of clarification can be found in the work of the Commission on the Peremptory Norms of General International Law, the Jus 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2022, the Commission adopted in the second reading its draft conclusions on the identification and legal consequence of these 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work contributed to clarifying criteria, making it possible to identify, as well as the legal consequences of their peremptory 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general principles of law and jus cogens are different legal categories.","start":2925.03,"end":2930.63,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2995.55,"end":2995.71},{"text":"small","start":2995.71,"end":2996.11},{"text":"island","start":2996.19,"end":2996.59},{"text":"states","start":2996.59,"end":2997.15},{"text":"and","start":2997.39,"end":2997.87},{"text":"coastal","start":2997.87,"end":2998.35},{"text":"states","start":2998.35,"end":2998.63},{"text":"that","start":2998.63,"end":2998.75},{"text":"are","start":2998.75,"end":2998.83},{"text":"the","start":2998.83,"end":2998.91},{"text":"most","start":2998.91,"end":2999.15},{"text":"exposed,","start":2999.15,"end":2999.79},{"text":"the","start":3000.11,"end":3000.23},{"text":"rise","start":3000.23,"end":3000.59},{"text":"of","start":3000.59,"end":3000.67},{"text":"the","start":3000.67,"end":3000.75},{"text":"sea","start":3000.75,"end":3001.07},{"text":"level","start":3001.07,"end":3001.55},{"text":"raises","start":3001.79,"end":3002.51},{"text":"existential","start":3002.51,"end":3003.71},{"text":"challenges","start":3004.03,"end":3004.75},{"text":"with","start":3004.75,"end":3004.91},{"text":"regard","start":3004.91,"end":3005.31},{"text":"to","start":3005.31,"end":3005.47},{"text":"maritime","start":3005.79,"end":3006.51},{"text":"areas,","start":3006.51,"end":3006.99},{"text":"preservation","start":3006.99,"end":3007.87},{"text":"of","start":3007.87,"end":3008.03},{"text":"the","start":3008.03,"end":3008.19},{"text":"legal","start":3008.51,"end":3008.99},{"text":"status","start":3008.99,"end":3009.39},{"text":"of","start":3009.39,"end":3009.47},{"text":"a","start":3009.47,"end":3009.55},{"text":"state,","start":3009.55,"end":3009.95},{"text":"and","start":3009.95,"end":3010.11},{"text":"protection","start":3010.11,"end":3010.63},{"text":"of","start":3010.63,"end":3010.83},{"text":"its","start":3010.83,"end":3010.99},{"text":"population.","start":3010.99,"end":3011.71}]},{"text":"The final report is a valuable contribution to the clarification of these issues, Lebanon encourages the continuation of dialogue among States on legal aspects in the framework of the work of the General Assembly.","start":3013.39,"end":3027.11,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. 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is with this approach that Lebanon welcomes the inclusion of the principle of non-intervention in the long-term programme of work of the Commission.","start":3027.67,"end":3037.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3027.67,"end":3027.91},{"text":"is","start":3028.07,"end":3028.27},{"text":"with","start":3028.39,"end":3028.75},{"text":"this","start":3028.75,"end":3029.11},{"text":"approach","start":3029.11,"end":3030.31},{"text":"that","start":3030.31,"end":3030.55},{"text":"Lebanon","start":3030.55,"end":3031.19},{"text":"welcomes","start":3031.19,"end":3032.07},{"text":"the","start":3032.07,"end":3032.27},{"text":"inclusion","start":3032.95,"end":3033.47},{"text":"of","start":3033.47,"end":3033.55},{"text":"the","start":3033.55,"end":3033.63},{"text":"principle","start":3033.63,"end":3034.03},{"text":"of","start":3034.03,"end":3034.11},{"text":"non-intervention","start":3034.11,"end":3035.07},{"text":"in","start":3035.07,"end":3035.19},{"text":"the","start":3035.19,"end":3035.43},{"text":"long-term","start":3035.43,"end":3035.99},{"text":"programme","start":3035.99,"end":3036.47},{"text":"of","start":3036.47,"end":3036.63},{"text":"work","start":3036.63,"end":3036.87},{"text":"of","start":3036.87,"end":3036.95},{"text":"the","start":3036.95,"end":3037.07},{"text":"Commission.","start":3037.07,"end":3037.59}]},{"text":"Closely linked to sovereign equality of States and their political independence, this principle is of particular importance for small states.","start":3037.91,"end":3046.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Closely","start":3037.91,"end":3038.39},{"text":"linked","start":3038.39,"end":3038.75},{"text":"to","start":3038.75,"end":3038.83},{"text":"sovereign","start":3038.83,"end":3039.27},{"text":"equality","start":3039.27,"end":3039.71},{"text":"of","start":3039.71,"end":3039.79},{"text":"States","start":3039.79,"end":3040.23},{"text":"and","start":3040.23,"end":3040.43},{"text":"their","start":3040.43,"end":3040.59},{"text":"political","start":3040.59,"end":3041.11},{"text":"independence,","start":3041.11,"end":3041.79},{"text":"this","start":3041.79,"end":3041.99},{"text":"principle","start":3041.99,"end":3042.79},{"text":"is","start":3043.43,"end":3043.67},{"text":"of","start":3043.67,"end":3043.75},{"text":"particular","start":3043.75,"end":3044.31},{"text":"importance","start":3044.31,"end":3044.83},{"text":"for","start":3044.83,"end":3044.95},{"text":"small","start":3044.95,"end":3045.43},{"text":"states.","start":3045.43,"end":3046.07}]},{"text":"Respect for rules and principles of international law is essential for the preservation of an order in which the balance of power should not be a substitute for law.","start":3048.07,"end":3059.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Respect","start":3048.07,"end":3048.55},{"text":"for","start":3048.55,"end":3049.03},{"text":"rules","start":3049.83,"end":3050.23},{"text":"and","start":3050.23,"end":3050.35},{"text":"principles","start":3050.35,"end":3050.83},{"text":"of","start":3050.83,"end":3050.91},{"text":"international","start":3050.91,"end":3051.55},{"text":"law","start":3051.55,"end":3051.75},{"text":"is","start":3051.75,"end":3051.83},{"text":"essential","start":3051.83,"end":3052.35},{"text":"for","start":3052.35,"end":3052.47},{"text":"the","start":3052.47,"end":3052.59},{"text":"preservation","start":3052.59,"end":3053.27},{"text":"of","start":3053.27,"end":3053.35},{"text":"an","start":3053.35,"end":3053.51},{"text":"order","start":3053.51,"end":3053.91},{"text":"in","start":3054.15,"end":3054.35},{"text":"which","start":3054.35,"end":3054.55},{"text":"the","start":3054.63,"end":3054.79},{"text":"balance","start":3054.79,"end":3055.27},{"text":"of","start":3055.27,"end":3055.35},{"text":"power","start":3055.51,"end":3056.15},{"text":"should","start":3057.07,"end":3057.35},{"text":"not","start":3057.35,"end":3057.79},{"text":"be","start":3057.95,"end":3058.15},{"text":"a","start":3058.15,"end":3058.19},{"text":"substitute","start":3058.19,"end":3058.87},{"text":"for","start":3058.87,"end":3059.07},{"text":"law.","start":3059.07,"end":3059.39}]},{"text":"Lebanon underscores the importance of preserving, as part of this reflection, the distinction between different legal categories, while taking into account their joint contribution to an international order based on law in which all States, no matter how powerful they are, should be able to benefit from the protection of international rules.","start":3059.71,"end":3080.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Lebanon","start":3059.71,"end":3060.15},{"text":"underscores","start":3060.15,"end":3060.79},{"text":"the","start":3060.79,"end":3060.87},{"text":"importance","start":3060.87,"end":3061.39},{"text":"of","start":3061.39,"end":3061.47},{"text":"preserving,","start":3061.47,"end":3062.43},{"text":"as","start":3062.75,"end":3062.91},{"text":"part","start":3062.91,"end":3063.11},{"text":"of","start":3063.11,"end":3063.19},{"text":"this","start":3063.19,"end":3063.39},{"text":"reflection,","start":3063.39,"end":3063.95},{"text":"the","start":3063.95,"end":3064.03},{"text":"distinction","start":3064.03,"end":3064.59},{"text":"between","start":3064.59,"end":3064.91},{"text":"different","start":3064.91,"end":3065.35},{"text":"legal","start":3065.35,"end":3065.63},{"text":"categories,","start":3065.63,"end":3066.43},{"text":"while","start":3066.59,"end":3066.83},{"text":"taking","start":3066.83,"end":3067.19},{"text":"into","start":3067.19,"end":3067.43},{"text":"account","start":3067.43,"end":3068.43},{"text":"their","start":3068.99,"end":3069.31},{"text":"joint","start":3069.79,"end":3070.11},{"text":"contribution","start":3070.11,"end":3070.91},{"text":"to","start":3070.91,"end":3071.03},{"text":"an","start":3071.03,"end":3071.15},{"text":"international","start":3071.15,"end":3071.87},{"text":"order","start":3071.87,"end":3072.27},{"text":"based","start":3072.43,"end":3072.83},{"text":"on","start":3072.83,"end":3072.99},{"text":"law","start":3072.99,"end":3073.23},{"text":"in","start":3073.23,"end":3073.35},{"text":"which","start":3073.35,"end":3073.63},{"text":"all","start":3073.63,"end":3073.87},{"text":"States,","start":3073.87,"end":3074.43},{"text":"no","start":3074.99,"end":3075.15},{"text":"matter","start":3075.15,"end":3075.63},{"text":"how","start":3075.63,"end":3075.79},{"text":"powerful","start":3075.79,"end":3076.31},{"text":"they","start":3076.31,"end":3076.51},{"text":"are,","start":3076.51,"end":3076.75},{"text":"should","start":3076.91,"end":3077.23},{"text":"be","start":3077.23,"end":3077.35},{"text":"able","start":3077.35,"end":3077.51},{"text":"to","start":3077.51,"end":3077.59},{"text":"benefit","start":3077.59,"end":3078.19},{"text":"from","start":3078.19,"end":3078.51},{"text":"the","start":3078.51,"end":3078.59},{"text":"protection","start":3078.59,"end":3079.15},{"text":"of","start":3079.15,"end":3079.23},{"text":"international","start":3079.23,"end":3079.87},{"text":"rules.","start":3079.87,"end":3080.35}]},{"text":"Ladies and gentlemen, the quality of international law also depends on taking into consideration the diversity of legal traditions and national experiences.","start":3081.55,"end":3092.55,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Ladies","start":3081.55,"end":3081.83},{"text":"and","start":3081.83,"end":3081.95},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":3081.95,"end":3082.35},{"text":"the","start":3083.23,"end":3083.39},{"text":"quality","start":3083.39,"end":3084.03},{"text":"of","start":3084.11,"end":3084.27},{"text":"international","start":3084.27,"end":3085.31},{"text":"law","start":3085.31,"end":3085.39},{"text":"also","start":3086.15,"end":3086.47},{"text":"depends","start":3086.47,"end":3087.07},{"text":"on","start":3087.07,"end":3087.19},{"text":"taking","start":3087.19,"end":3087.55},{"text":"into","start":3087.55,"end":3087.75},{"text":"consideration","start":3087.75,"end":3088.55},{"text":"the","start":3088.55,"end":3088.67},{"text":"diversity","start":3088.67,"end":3089.35},{"text":"of","start":3089.59,"end":3089.99},{"text":"legal","start":3090.15,"end":3090.71},{"text":"traditions","start":3090.71,"end":3091.31},{"text":"and","start":3091.31,"end":3091.47},{"text":"national","start":3091.47,"end":3091.79},{"text":"experiences.","start":3091.79,"end":3092.55}]},{"text":"French is not merely one of the official languages of the United Nations, it is also a vehicle of a rich legal and doctrinal tradition which has contributed to the development of international law.","start":3093.51,"end":3107.59,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"French","start":3093.51,"end":3094.23},{"text":"is","start":3094.55,"end":3094.71},{"text":"not","start":3094.71,"end":3094.87},{"text":"merely","start":3094.87,"end":3095.35},{"text":"one","start":3095.35,"end":3095.55},{"text":"of","start":3095.55,"end":3095.63},{"text":"the","start":3095.63,"end":3095.71},{"text":"official","start":3095.71,"end":3096.11},{"text":"languages","start":3096.11,"end":3096.75},{"text":"of","start":3096.75,"end":3096.87},{"text":"the","start":3096.87,"end":3096.95},{"text":"United","start":3096.95,"end":3097.27},{"text":"Nations,","start":3097.27,"end":3097.91},{"text":"it","start":3098.23,"end":3098.43},{"text":"is","start":3098.43,"end":3098.55},{"text":"also","start":3098.55,"end":3098.91},{"text":"a","start":3098.91,"end":3098.95},{"text":"vehicle","start":3098.95,"end":3099.59},{"text":"of","start":3099.67,"end":3099.99},{"text":"a","start":3100.71,"end":3100.75},{"text":"rich","start":3100.75,"end":3101.11},{"text":"legal","start":3101.75,"end":3102.11},{"text":"and","start":3102.11,"end":3102.27},{"text":"doctrinal","start":3102.27,"end":3102.75},{"text":"tradition","start":3102.75,"end":3103.23},{"text":"which","start":3103.23,"end":3103.43},{"text":"has","start":3103.43,"end":3103.59},{"text":"contributed","start":3103.59,"end":3104.07},{"text":"to","start":3104.07,"end":3104.19},{"text":"the","start":3104.19,"end":3104.31},{"text":"development","start":3104.31,"end":3105.03},{"text":"of","start":3105.55,"end":3105.83},{"text":"international","start":3106.63,"end":3107.39},{"text":"law.","start":3107.39,"end":3107.59}]},{"text":"Highlighting this tradition certainly does not mean opposing one language to another or one legal tradition to another.","start":3107.99,"end":3114.55,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Highlighting","start":3107.99,"end":3108.63},{"text":"this","start":3108.63,"end":3108.79},{"text":"tradition","start":3108.79,"end":3109.27},{"text":"certainly","start":3109.27,"end":3109.63},{"text":"does","start":3109.63,"end":3109.83},{"text":"not","start":3109.83,"end":3110.07},{"text":"mean","start":3110.07,"end":3110.39},{"text":"opposing","start":3110.39,"end":3110.79},{"text":"one","start":3110.79,"end":3111.03},{"text":"language","start":3111.03,"end":3111.43},{"text":"to","start":3111.43,"end":3111.55},{"text":"another","start":3111.55,"end":3111.91},{"text":"or","start":3111.91,"end":3112.23},{"text":"one","start":3112.39,"end":3112.63},{"text":"legal","start":3112.63,"end":3113.03},{"text":"tradition","start":3113.51,"end":3114.07},{"text":"to","start":3114.07,"end":3114.19},{"text":"another.","start":3114.19,"end":3114.55}]},{"text":"It's simply recognizing that linguistic and legal pluralism enriches the analysis and promotes the development of solutions that lead to endorsement by as broad a number of states as possible.","start":3115.07,"end":3128.59,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":3115.07,"end":3115.31},{"text":"simply","start":3115.31,"end":3115.59},{"text":"recognizing","start":3115.59,"end":3116.35},{"text":"that","start":3116.35,"end":3116.51},{"text":"linguistic","start":3116.51,"end":3117.19},{"text":"and","start":3117.19,"end":3117.35},{"text":"legal","start":3117.35,"end":3117.71},{"text":"pluralism","start":3117.79,"end":3119.39},{"text":"enriches","start":3119.39,"end":3119.95},{"text":"the","start":3119.95,"end":3120.03},{"text":"analysis","start":3120.03,"end":3120.67},{"text":"and","start":3120.83,"end":3120.99},{"text":"promotes","start":3120.99,"end":3121.55},{"text":"the","start":3121.71,"end":3121.87},{"text":"development","start":3121.87,"end":3122.39},{"text":"of","start":3122.39,"end":3122.47},{"text":"solutions","start":3122.47,"end":3123.31},{"text":"that","start":3123.39,"end":3123.71},{"text":"lead","start":3123.71,"end":3123.95},{"text":"to","start":3123.95,"end":3124.19},{"text":"endorsement","start":3124.27,"end":3125.31},{"text":"by","start":3125.47,"end":3125.63},{"text":"as","start":3125.63,"end":3125.79},{"text":"broad","start":3125.79,"end":3126.27},{"text":"a","start":3126.99,"end":3127.15},{"text":"number","start":3127.15,"end":3127.55},{"text":"of","start":3127.55,"end":3127.63},{"text":"states","start":3127.63,"end":3127.95},{"text":"as","start":3127.95,"end":3128.03},{"text":"possible.","start":3128.03,"end":3128.59}]},{"text":"Lebanon, which is at the crossroads of several cultural and legal traditions, is deeply attached to dialogue, to multilateralism, and to coexistence.","start":3128.83,"end":3137.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Lebanon,","start":3128.83,"end":3129.55},{"text":"which","start":3129.63,"end":3129.87},{"text":"is","start":3129.87,"end":3130.03},{"text":"at","start":3130.03,"end":3130.11},{"text":"the","start":3130.11,"end":3130.19},{"text":"crossroads","start":3130.19,"end":3130.91},{"text":"of","start":3130.91,"end":3130.99},{"text":"several","start":3130.99,"end":3131.35},{"text":"cultural","start":3131.35,"end":3131.87},{"text":"and","start":3131.87,"end":3132.07},{"text":"legal","start":3132.07,"end":3132.51},{"text":"traditions,","start":3132.91,"end":3133.71},{"text":"is","start":3134.03,"end":3134.51},{"text":"deeply","start":3134.51,"end":3134.91},{"text":"attached","start":3134.91,"end":3135.27},{"text":"to","start":3135.27,"end":3135.35},{"text":"dialogue,","start":3135.35,"end":3135.79},{"text":"to","start":3135.79,"end":3135.91},{"text":"multilateralism,","start":3135.91,"end":3136.87},{"text":"and","start":3136.87,"end":3136.99},{"text":"to","start":3136.99,"end":3137.07},{"text":"coexistence.","start":3137.07,"end":3137.95}]},{"text":"The diversity of national experiences, should be considered not as a constraint, but rather as a resource in the service of the quality and the legitimacy of the work of the Commission.","start":3138.51,"end":3150.55,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international 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Chair, reflection on the foundations of international law cannot be disassociated from its human dimension.","start":3151.03,"end":3159.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":3151.03,"end":3151.51},{"text":"Chair,","start":3153.27,"end":3153.51},{"text":"reflection","start":3154.07,"end":3154.71},{"text":"on","start":3154.71,"end":3154.87},{"text":"the","start":3154.87,"end":3154.95},{"text":"foundations","start":3154.95,"end":3155.55},{"text":"of","start":3155.55,"end":3155.63},{"text":"international","start":3155.63,"end":3156.35},{"text":"law","start":3156.35,"end":3156.43},{"text":"cannot","start":3156.43,"end":3156.75},{"text":"be","start":3156.75,"end":3156.91},{"text":"disassociated","start":3156.91,"end":3157.79},{"text":"from","start":3157.79,"end":3158.07},{"text":"its","start":3158.07,"end":3158.19},{"text":"human","start":3158.19,"end":3158.79},{"text":"dimension.","start":3159.03,"end":3159.75}]},{"text":"A humanist approach to international law in no way diminishes its legal rigor.","start":3160.23,"end":3166.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":3160.23,"end":3160.27},{"text":"humanist","start":3160.27,"end":3160.95},{"text":"approach","start":3160.95,"end":3161.51},{"text":"to","start":3162.07,"end":3162.19},{"text":"international","start":3162.19,"end":3162.79},{"text":"law","start":3162.79,"end":3163.03},{"text":"in","start":3163.27,"end":3163.71},{"text":"no","start":3163.71,"end":3163.91},{"text":"way","start":3163.91,"end":3164.31},{"text":"diminishes","start":3164.47,"end":3165.27},{"text":"its","start":3165.27,"end":3165.59},{"text":"legal","start":3165.59,"end":3166.23},{"text":"rigor.","start":3166.23,"end":3166.79}]},{"text":"It recalls quite to the contrary that legal rules are not some kind of abstract aim.","start":3167.23,"end":3174.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3167.23,"end":3167.47},{"text":"recalls","start":3167.95,"end":3168.51},{"text":"quite","start":3168.51,"end":3168.75},{"text":"to","start":3168.75,"end":3168.83},{"text":"the","start":3168.83,"end":3168.91},{"text":"contrary","start":3168.91,"end":3169.47},{"text":"that","start":3169.47,"end":3169.79},{"text":"legal","start":3169.79,"end":3170.43},{"text":"rules","start":3170.43,"end":3171.07},{"text":"are","start":3171.39,"end":3171.47},{"text":"not","start":3171.47,"end":3171.87},{"text":"some","start":3171.87,"end":3172.03},{"text":"kind","start":3172.03,"end":3172.27},{"text":"of","start":3172.27,"end":3172.51},{"text":"abstract","start":3172.51,"end":3173.47},{"text":"aim.","start":3173.63,"end":3174.11}]},{"text":"They are essential for the preservation of an international order in which each state must respect international law independently of its power and size.","start":3174.27,"end":3183.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":3174.27,"end":3174.55},{"text":"are","start":3174.55,"end":3174.75},{"text":"essential","start":3174.75,"end":3175.31},{"text":"for","start":3175.31,"end":3175.43},{"text":"the","start":3175.43,"end":3175.55},{"text":"preservation","start":3175.55,"end":3176.19},{"text":"of","start":3176.19,"end":3176.31},{"text":"an","start":3176.31,"end":3176.39},{"text":"international","start":3176.39,"end":3177.07},{"text":"order","start":3177.07,"end":3177.35},{"text":"in","start":3177.35,"end":3177.43},{"text":"which","start":3177.43,"end":3177.71},{"text":"each","start":3177.79,"end":3178.03},{"text":"state","start":3178.03,"end":3178.83},{"text":"must","start":3179.07,"end":3179.63},{"text":"respect","start":3180.27,"end":3180.79},{"text":"international","start":3180.79,"end":3181.43},{"text":"law","start":3181.43,"end":3181.55},{"text":"independently","start":3181.55,"end":3182.15},{"text":"of","start":3182.15,"end":3182.27},{"text":"its","start":3182.27,"end":3182.39},{"text":"power","start":3182.39,"end":3183.03},{"text":"and","start":3183.03,"end":3183.15},{"text":"size.","start":3183.15,"end":3183.55}]},{"text":"It's in this spirit that Lebanon reaffirms the importance of the mission of the International Law Commission.","start":3183.87,"end":3188.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":3183.87,"end":3184.11},{"text":"in","start":3184.11,"end":3184.23},{"text":"this","start":3184.23,"end":3184.39},{"text":"spirit","start":3184.39,"end":3184.75},{"text":"that","start":3184.75,"end":3184.91},{"text":"Lebanon","start":3184.91,"end":3185.31},{"text":"reaffirms","start":3185.31,"end":3186.07},{"text":"the","start":3186.07,"end":3186.15},{"text":"importance","start":3186.15,"end":3186.63},{"text":"of","start":3186.63,"end":3186.71},{"text":"the","start":3186.71,"end":3186.79},{"text":"mission","start":3186.83,"end":3187.31},{"text":"of","start":3187.31,"end":3187.47},{"text":"the","start":3187.47,"end":3187.55},{"text":"International","start":3187.55,"end":3188.15},{"text":"Law","start":3188.15,"end":3188.27},{"text":"Commission.","start":3188.27,"end":3188.83}]},{"text":"The codification and the progressive development must continue to be based on scientific rigor, dialogue with states, and respect for the diversity of legal traditions, while remaining attentive to the needs of the international community.","start":3189.31,"end":3205.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3189.31,"end":3189.47},{"text":"codification","start":3189.47,"end":3190.35},{"text":"and","start":3190.35,"end":3190.47},{"text":"the","start":3190.47,"end":3190.67},{"text":"progressive","start":3190.67,"end":3191.23},{"text":"development","start":3191.23,"end":3191.91},{"text":"must","start":3192.19,"end":3192.55},{"text":"continue","start":3192.55,"end":3193.39},{"text":"to","start":3193.71,"end":3194.11},{"text":"be","start":3194.83,"end":3195.39},{"text":"based","start":3195.63,"end":3196.03},{"text":"on","start":3196.03,"end":3196.27},{"text":"scientific","start":3196.27,"end":3196.83},{"text":"rigor,","start":3196.83,"end":3197.23},{"text":"dialogue","start":3197.23,"end":3197.95},{"text":"with","start":3197.95,"end":3198.11},{"text":"states,","start":3198.11,"end":3198.59},{"text":"and","start":3198.59,"end":3198.83},{"text":"respect","start":3198.83,"end":3199.31},{"text":"for","start":3199.31,"end":3199.63},{"text":"the","start":3199.63,"end":3199.79},{"text":"diversity","start":3199.79,"end":3200.31},{"text":"of","start":3200.31,"end":3200.43},{"text":"legal","start":3200.43,"end":3200.67},{"text":"traditions,","start":3200.67,"end":3201.39},{"text":"while","start":3201.63,"end":3202.11},{"text":"remaining","start":3202.11,"end":3202.71},{"text":"attentive","start":3202.71,"end":3203.23},{"text":"to","start":3203.23,"end":3203.47},{"text":"the","start":3203.47,"end":3203.55},{"text":"needs","start":3203.55,"end":3203.87},{"text":"of","start":3203.87,"end":3203.95},{"text":"the","start":3203.95,"end":3204.03},{"text":"international","start":3204.03,"end":3204.59},{"text":"community.","start":3204.59,"end":3205.15}]},{"text":"Our collective responsibility is to ensure that international law remains a legal order based on rules and principles that are applicable to all states, to which each state can contribute and for which each can claim protection.","start":3206.11,"end":3224.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":3206.11,"end":3206.35},{"text":"collective","start":3206.35,"end":3206.99},{"text":"responsibility","start":3206.99,"end":3208.03},{"text":"is","start":3208.51,"end":3208.67},{"text":"to","start":3208.67,"end":3208.95},{"text":"ensure","start":3208.99,"end":3209.63},{"text":"that","start":3209.63,"end":3209.95},{"text":"international","start":3209.95,"end":3210.83},{"text":"law","start":3210.83,"end":3211.07},{"text":"remains","start":3211.95,"end":3212.51},{"text":"a","start":3212.51,"end":3212.55},{"text":"legal","start":3212.55,"end":3212.99},{"text":"order","start":3212.99,"end":3213.39},{"text":"based","start":3213.39,"end":3213.79},{"text":"on","start":3213.79,"end":3214.27},{"text":"rules","start":3214.59,"end":3215.07},{"text":"and","start":3215.07,"end":3215.19},{"text":"principles","start":3215.19,"end":3215.71},{"text":"that","start":3215.71,"end":3215.83},{"text":"are","start":3215.83,"end":3215.91},{"text":"applicable","start":3215.91,"end":3216.35},{"text":"to","start":3216.35,"end":3216.43},{"text":"all","start":3216.43,"end":3216.67},{"text":"states,","start":3216.67,"end":3217.23},{"text":"to","start":3218.11,"end":3218.23},{"text":"which","start":3218.23,"end":3218.59},{"text":"each","start":3218.59,"end":3218.99},{"text":"state","start":3219.39,"end":3219.67},{"text":"can","start":3219.67,"end":3219.87},{"text":"contribute","start":3219.87,"end":3220.67},{"text":"and","start":3221.51,"end":3221.99},{"text":"for","start":3222.79,"end":3222.95},{"text":"which","start":3222.95,"end":3223.27},{"text":"each","start":3223.27,"end":3223.59},{"text":"can","start":3223.59,"end":3223.99},{"text":"claim","start":3223.99,"end":3224.31},{"text":"protection.","start":3224.31,"end":3224.79}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":3224.79,"end":3225.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3224.79,"end":3224.99},{"text":"you","start":3224.99,"end":3225.07},{"text":"very","start":3225.07,"end":3225.23},{"text":"much.","start":3225.23,"end":3225.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"LBN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Lebanon"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":3227.03,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=53:48","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Lebanon for his statement.","start":3227.03,"end":3231.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3227.03,"end":3227.11},{"text":"thank","start":3227.11,"end":3227.39},{"text":"the","start":3227.39,"end":3227.47},{"text":"distinguished","start":3227.47,"end":3228.03},{"text":"representative","start":3228.03,"end":3228.71},{"text":"of","start":3228.79,"end":3228.95},{"text":"Lebanon","start":3229.99,"end":3230.63},{"text":"for","start":3230.71,"end":3230.83},{"text":"his","start":3230.83,"end":3231.03},{"text":"statement.","start":3231.03,"end":3231.67}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of El Salvador.","start":3231.67,"end":3235.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3231.67,"end":3231.71},{"text":"now","start":3231.71,"end":3231.91},{"text":"give","start":3231.91,"end":3232.15},{"text":"the","start":3232.15,"end":3232.27},{"text":"floor","start":3232.27,"end":3232.55},{"text":"to","start":3232.55,"end":3232.63},{"text":"the","start":3232.63,"end":3232.75},{"text":"distinguished","start":3232.75,"end":3233.27},{"text":"representative","start":3233.27,"end":3233.99},{"text":"of","start":3233.99,"end":3234.23},{"text":"El","start":3234.31,"end":3234.47},{"text":"Salvador.","start":3234.47,"end":3235.11}]},{"text":"You have the floor, ma'am.","start":3235.59,"end":3236.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":3235.59,"end":3235.75},{"text":"have","start":3235.75,"end":3235.91},{"text":"the","start":3235.91,"end":3235.99},{"text":"floor,","start":3235.99,"end":3236.23},{"text":"ma'am.","start":3236.23,"end":3236.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":3238.19,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=53:59","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank.","start":3238.19,"end":3238.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank.","start":3238.19,"end":3238.55}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"You very much, Madam Chair.","start":3239.11,"end":3240.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":3239.11,"end":3239.19},{"text":"very","start":3239.19,"end":3239.43},{"text":"much,","start":3239.43,"end":3239.67},{"text":"Madam","start":3239.67,"end":3239.99},{"text":"Chair.","start":3239.99,"end":3240.31}]},{"text":"Madam, all protocols observed, and to save time, my delegation would like to make the following comments on cluster 1 of the report from the ILC.","start":3240.79,"end":3253.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":3240.79,"end":3241.11},{"text":"all","start":3241.75,"end":3242.07},{"text":"protocols","start":3242.23,"end":3242.87},{"text":"observed,","start":3242.87,"end":3243.51},{"text":"and","start":3243.55,"end":3243.87},{"text":"to","start":3243.99,"end":3244.11},{"text":"save","start":3244.15,"end":3244.47},{"text":"time,","start":3244.47,"end":3244.91},{"text":"my","start":3244.91,"end":3245.03},{"text":"delegation","start":3245.03,"end":3245.59},{"text":"would","start":3245.59,"end":3245.79},{"text":"like","start":3245.79,"end":3246.03},{"text":"to","start":3246.03,"end":3246.31},{"text":"make","start":3247.15,"end":3247.51},{"text":"the","start":3247.51,"end":3247.71},{"text":"following","start":3247.75,"end":3248.11},{"text":"comments","start":3248.11,"end":3248.87},{"text":"on","start":3248.87,"end":3249.19},{"text":"cluster","start":3249.27,"end":3249.83},{"text":"1","start":3249.83,"end":3250.39},{"text":"of","start":3251.07,"end":3251.19},{"text":"the","start":3251.35,"end":3251.55},{"text":"report","start":3251.91,"end":3252.63},{"text":"from","start":3252.63,"end":3252.87},{"text":"the","start":3252.87,"end":3252.99},{"text":"ILC.","start":3253.03,"end":3253.83}]},{"text":"On sea level rise, firstly, and in addition to the remarks made by my delegation in previous sessions, the Republic of El Salvador would like to reiterate once again how important it is to maintain statehood, and here our explanation of our position regarding the stability of maritime zones.","start":3255.19,"end":3279.03,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3255.19,"end":3255.67},{"text":"sea","start":3255.67,"end":3256.39},{"text":"level","start":3256.39,"end":3256.63},{"text":"rise,","start":3256.63,"end":3257.11},{"text":"firstly,","start":3257.11,"end":3257.63},{"text":"and","start":3258.31,"end":3258.79},{"text":"in","start":3258.79,"end":3258.91},{"text":"addition","start":3258.91,"end":3259.43},{"text":"to","start":3259.43,"end":3259.83},{"text":"the","start":3259.91,"end":3260.03},{"text":"remarks","start":3260.03,"end":3260.47},{"text":"made","start":3260.47,"end":3260.83},{"text":"by","start":3260.83,"end":3261.03},{"text":"my","start":3261.03,"end":3261.15},{"text":"delegation","start":3261.59,"end":3262.23},{"text":"in","start":3262.23,"end":3262.31},{"text":"previous","start":3262.31,"end":3262.67},{"text":"sessions,","start":3262.67,"end":3263.11},{"text":"the","start":3263.43,"end":3263.55},{"text":"Republic","start":3263.55,"end":3264.07},{"text":"of","start":3264.07,"end":3264.15},{"text":"El","start":3264.15,"end":3264.31},{"text":"Salvador","start":3264.31,"end":3264.87},{"text":"would","start":3264.87,"end":3265.03},{"text":"like","start":3265.03,"end":3265.23},{"text":"to","start":3265.23,"end":3265.43},{"text":"reiterate","start":3265.43,"end":3266.07},{"text":"once","start":3266.07,"end":3266.31},{"text":"again","start":3266.31,"end":3266.71},{"text":"how","start":3266.71,"end":3266.83},{"text":"important","start":3266.83,"end":3267.31},{"text":"it","start":3267.31,"end":3267.43},{"text":"is","start":3267.43,"end":3267.83},{"text":"to","start":3268.23,"end":3268.39},{"text":"maintain","start":3268.39,"end":3269.19},{"text":"statehood,","start":3269.35,"end":3270.47},{"text":"and","start":3271.03,"end":3271.35},{"text":"here","start":3271.35,"end":3271.91},{"text":"our","start":3273.99,"end":3274.11},{"text":"explanation","start":3274.15,"end":3275.11},{"text":"of","start":3275.31,"end":3275.43},{"text":"our","start":3275.43,"end":3275.67},{"text":"position","start":3275.67,"end":3276.15},{"text":"regarding","start":3276.15,"end":3276.71},{"text":"the","start":3276.71,"end":3276.83},{"text":"stability","start":3276.87,"end":3277.63},{"text":"of","start":3277.63,"end":3277.83},{"text":"maritime","start":3277.83,"end":3278.43},{"text":"zones.","start":3278.47,"end":3279.03}]},{"text":"My delegation states that neither the stability of the maritime zones of States nor statehood as such should be affected by sea level rise.","start":3280.03,"end":3292.75,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3280.03,"end":3280.35},{"text":"delegation","start":3280.35,"end":3281.23},{"text":"states","start":3281.23,"end":3281.79},{"text":"that","start":3281.79,"end":3281.95},{"text":"neither","start":3281.95,"end":3282.43},{"text":"the","start":3282.43,"end":3282.55},{"text":"stability","start":3282.55,"end":3283.47},{"text":"of","start":3283.87,"end":3284.19},{"text":"the","start":3284.19,"end":3284.31},{"text":"maritime","start":3284.35,"end":3284.87},{"text":"zones","start":3284.91,"end":3285.23},{"text":"of","start":3285.23,"end":3285.31},{"text":"States","start":3285.31,"end":3285.79},{"text":"nor","start":3285.79,"end":3286.43},{"text":"statehood","start":3286.67,"end":3287.71},{"text":"as","start":3288.43,"end":3288.63},{"text":"such","start":3288.63,"end":3289.31},{"text":"should","start":3289.55,"end":3289.99},{"text":"be","start":3290.19,"end":3290.43},{"text":"affected","start":3290.43,"end":3291.31},{"text":"by","start":3291.31,"end":3291.63},{"text":"sea","start":3291.63,"end":3291.95},{"text":"level","start":3291.95,"end":3292.15},{"text":"rise.","start":3292.15,"end":3292.75}]},{"text":"Here, we do not agree with ensuring this stability is only pursuant to UNCLOS.","start":3293.31,"end":3302.83,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Here,","start":3293.31,"end":3293.79},{"text":"we","start":3294.27,"end":3294.59},{"text":"do","start":3294.59,"end":3294.91},{"text":"not","start":3294.91,"end":3295.07},{"text":"agree","start":3295.07,"end":3295.79},{"text":"with","start":3296.27,"end":3296.59},{"text":"ensuring","start":3296.99,"end":3298.03},{"text":"this","start":3298.19,"end":3298.63},{"text":"stability","start":3298.63,"end":3299.47},{"text":"is","start":3300.35,"end":3300.67},{"text":"only","start":3300.67,"end":3301.07},{"text":"pursuant","start":3301.07,"end":3301.75},{"text":"to","start":3301.75,"end":3301.83},{"text":"UNCLOS.","start":3301.83,"end":3302.83}]},{"text":"Although this is an instrument that is the applicable framework for its States Party, for those States which are not States Party, such as El Salvador, the stability of maritime zones must be understood in the light of State practice, national normative frameworks, and customary international law.","start":3303.99,"end":3325.63,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":3303.99,"end":3304.31},{"text":"this","start":3304.31,"end":3304.55},{"text":"is","start":3304.55,"end":3304.71},{"text":"an","start":3304.71,"end":3304.79},{"text":"instrument","start":3304.79,"end":3305.51},{"text":"that","start":3305.51,"end":3306.07},{"text":"is","start":3306.07,"end":3306.47},{"text":"the","start":3306.47,"end":3306.67},{"text":"applicable","start":3306.99,"end":3307.47},{"text":"framework","start":3307.47,"end":3308.15},{"text":"for","start":3308.15,"end":3308.43},{"text":"its","start":3308.43,"end":3308.75},{"text":"States","start":3308.75,"end":3309.19},{"text":"Party,","start":3309.19,"end":3309.83},{"text":"for","start":3310.07,"end":3310.23},{"text":"those","start":3310.23,"end":3310.47},{"text":"States","start":3310.47,"end":3310.95},{"text":"which","start":3310.95,"end":3311.19},{"text":"are","start":3311.19,"end":3311.27},{"text":"not","start":3311.27,"end":3311.75},{"text":"States","start":3311.75,"end":3312.15},{"text":"Party,","start":3312.15,"end":3312.71},{"text":"such","start":3312.95,"end":3313.19},{"text":"as","start":3313.19,"end":3313.27},{"text":"El","start":3313.27,"end":3313.51},{"text":"Salvador,","start":3313.51,"end":3314.15},{"text":"the","start":3314.39,"end":3314.51},{"text":"stability","start":3314.51,"end":3315.27},{"text":"of","start":3315.31,"end":3315.43},{"text":"maritime","start":3315.75,"end":3316.39},{"text":"zones","start":3316.39,"end":3316.79},{"text":"must","start":3317.11,"end":3317.59},{"text":"be","start":3317.59,"end":3317.75},{"text":"understood","start":3317.75,"end":3318.55},{"text":"in","start":3318.55,"end":3318.75},{"text":"the","start":3318.75,"end":3318.87},{"text":"light","start":3318.87,"end":3319.27},{"text":"of","start":3319.27,"end":3319.51},{"text":"State","start":3319.51,"end":3319.83},{"text":"practice,","start":3319.83,"end":3320.47},{"text":"national","start":3320.87,"end":3321.91},{"text":"normative","start":3322.95,"end":3323.47},{"text":"frameworks,","start":3323.47,"end":3323.99},{"text":"and","start":3323.99,"end":3324.31},{"text":"customary","start":3324.39,"end":3324.79},{"text":"international","start":3324.79,"end":3325.55},{"text":"law.","start":3325.55,"end":3325.63}]},{"text":"Hence, El Salvador declares that the stability of maritime zones under its sovereignty corresponds to what is set forth in article 84 of its constitution, a provision which has constantly guided state practice in El Salvador, in consonance with customary international law.","start":3327.03,"end":3348.63,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Hence,","start":3327.03,"end":3327.51},{"text":"El","start":3327.51,"end":3327.75},{"text":"Salvador","start":3327.75,"end":3328.35},{"text":"declares","start":3328.35,"end":3328.91},{"text":"that","start":3328.91,"end":3329.03},{"text":"the","start":3329.03,"end":3329.11},{"text":"stability","start":3329.11,"end":3329.83},{"text":"of","start":3329.83,"end":3330.15},{"text":"maritime","start":3330.31,"end":3330.87},{"text":"zones","start":3330.95,"end":3331.43},{"text":"under","start":3331.43,"end":3331.67},{"text":"its","start":3331.67,"end":3331.87},{"text":"sovereignty","start":3331.87,"end":3332.55},{"text":"corresponds","start":3333.27,"end":3333.99},{"text":"to","start":3333.99,"end":3334.15},{"text":"what","start":3334.15,"end":3334.47},{"text":"is","start":3334.47,"end":3334.55},{"text":"set","start":3334.55,"end":3334.87},{"text":"forth","start":3334.87,"end":3335.19},{"text":"in","start":3335.19,"end":3335.35},{"text":"article","start":3335.35,"end":3335.67},{"text":"84","start":3335.67,"end":3336.47},{"text":"of","start":3336.47,"end":3336.63},{"text":"its","start":3336.63,"end":3336.87},{"text":"constitution,","start":3337.03,"end":3337.99},{"text":"a","start":3338.79,"end":3338.83},{"text":"provision","start":3338.83,"end":3339.51},{"text":"which","start":3339.75,"end":3340.31},{"text":"has","start":3340.39,"end":3340.71},{"text":"constantly","start":3340.71,"end":3341.51},{"text":"guided","start":3341.51,"end":3342.15},{"text":"state","start":3343.03,"end":3343.43},{"text":"practice","start":3343.43,"end":3344.15},{"text":"in","start":3344.15,"end":3344.31},{"text":"El","start":3344.31,"end":3344.43},{"text":"Salvador,","start":3344.43,"end":3345.11},{"text":"in","start":3345.27,"end":3345.43},{"text":"consonance","start":3345.43,"end":3346.23},{"text":"with","start":3346.23,"end":3346.63},{"text":"customary","start":3346.79,"end":3347.51},{"text":"international","start":3347.51,"end":3348.55},{"text":"law.","start":3348.55,"end":3348.63}]},{"text":"My delegation trusts that the subsequent examination of this issue, particularly during the high-level meeting for the 84th session, will make it possible to identify larger areas of convergence and to strengthen the mechanisms of international cooperation which are necessary to see the effective implementation of these very important legal elements.","start":3349.83,"end":3374.67,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3349.83,"end":3350.15},{"text":"delegation","start":3350.15,"end":3351.19},{"text":"trusts","start":3351.19,"end":3351.67},{"text":"that","start":3351.67,"end":3351.91},{"text":"the","start":3351.91,"end":3352.11},{"text":"subsequent","start":3352.79,"end":3353.43},{"text":"examination","start":3353.43,"end":3354.07},{"text":"of","start":3354.07,"end":3354.15},{"text":"this","start":3354.15,"end":3354.39},{"text":"issue,","start":3354.39,"end":3354.83},{"text":"particularly","start":3354.83,"end":3355.67},{"text":"during","start":3355.91,"end":3356.31},{"text":"the","start":3356.31,"end":3356.43},{"text":"high-level","start":3356.47,"end":3357.59},{"text":"meeting","start":3357.67,"end":3358.31},{"text":"for","start":3358.55,"end":3358.79},{"text":"the","start":3358.79,"end":3358.95},{"text":"84th","start":3358.95,"end":3359.83},{"text":"session,","start":3359.83,"end":3360.55},{"text":"will","start":3361.07,"end":3361.23},{"text":"make","start":3361.23,"end":3361.47},{"text":"it","start":3361.47,"end":3361.55},{"text":"possible","start":3361.55,"end":3362.03},{"text":"to","start":3362.03,"end":3362.23},{"text":"identify","start":3362.23,"end":3363.07},{"text":"larger","start":3363.07,"end":3363.71},{"text":"areas","start":3363.71,"end":3364.19},{"text":"of","start":3364.19,"end":3364.27},{"text":"convergence","start":3364.27,"end":3365.07},{"text":"and","start":3365.07,"end":3365.19},{"text":"to","start":3365.19,"end":3365.31},{"text":"strengthen","start":3365.31,"end":3366.03},{"text":"the","start":3366.35,"end":3366.47},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3366.51,"end":3367.31},{"text":"of","start":3367.31,"end":3367.63},{"text":"international","start":3367.63,"end":3368.23},{"text":"cooperation","start":3368.23,"end":3368.83},{"text":"which","start":3368.83,"end":3369.15},{"text":"are","start":3369.15,"end":3369.31},{"text":"necessary","start":3369.31,"end":3370.11},{"text":"to","start":3370.35,"end":3370.47},{"text":"see","start":3370.47,"end":3370.67},{"text":"the","start":3370.67,"end":3370.79},{"text":"effective","start":3370.79,"end":3371.23},{"text":"implementation","start":3371.23,"end":3372.27},{"text":"of","start":3372.55,"end":3372.67},{"text":"these","start":3372.67,"end":3372.91},{"text":"very","start":3372.91,"end":3373.19},{"text":"important","start":3373.19,"end":3373.71},{"text":"legal","start":3373.71,"end":3374.11},{"text":"elements.","start":3374.11,"end":3374.67}]},{"text":"Madam, I would now like to refer to Chapter 4 of the report entitled \"Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction\".","start":3375.71,"end":3388.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":3375.71,"end":3376.03},{"text":"I","start":3377.31,"end":3377.47},{"text":"would","start":3377.47,"end":3377.63},{"text":"now","start":3377.63,"end":3377.79},{"text":"like","start":3377.79,"end":3378.11},{"text":"to","start":3378.11,"end":3378.27},{"text":"refer","start":3378.27,"end":3378.67},{"text":"to","start":3379.31,"end":3379.47},{"text":"Chapter","start":3379.47,"end":3379.91},{"text":"4","start":3379.91,"end":3380.59},{"text":"of","start":3380.59,"end":3380.67},{"text":"the","start":3380.67,"end":3380.79},{"text":"report","start":3380.79,"end":3381.27},{"text":"entitled","start":3381.27,"end":3382.11},{"text":"\"Immunity","start":3382.75,"end":3383.47},{"text":"of","start":3383.47,"end":3383.55},{"text":"State","start":3383.55,"end":3383.87},{"text":"Officials","start":3383.87,"end":3384.43},{"text":"from","start":3384.43,"end":3384.75},{"text":"Foreign","start":3385.07,"end":3385.63},{"text":"Criminal","start":3386.11,"end":3386.59},{"text":"Jurisdiction\".","start":3387.79,"end":3388.51}]},{"text":"Firstly, I would like to express my thanks for the valuable work and contribution of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Claudio Grossman-Guloff, who followed on the extensive and well-reasoned work of Senora Concepción Escobar Hernández, whose memory my delegation recalls with deep respect and gratitude.","start":3389.59,"end":3412.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":3389.59,"end":3390.07},{"text":"I","start":3390.55,"end":3390.79},{"text":"would","start":3390.79,"end":3391.03},{"text":"like","start":3391.03,"end":3391.23},{"text":"to","start":3391.23,"end":3391.63},{"text":"express","start":3391.63,"end":3391.99},{"text":"my","start":3391.99,"end":3392.15},{"text":"thanks","start":3392.15,"end":3392.71},{"text":"for","start":3392.79,"end":3393.23},{"text":"the","start":3393.23,"end":3393.43},{"text":"valuable","start":3393.43,"end":3394.15},{"text":"work","start":3394.15,"end":3394.71},{"text":"and","start":3395.27,"end":3395.59},{"text":"contribution","start":3395.83,"end":3396.63},{"text":"of","start":3396.63,"end":3396.79},{"text":"the","start":3396.79,"end":3396.95},{"text":"Special","start":3396.95,"end":3397.47},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":3397.47,"end":3398.23},{"text":"Mr.","start":3399.27,"end":3399.99},{"text":"Claudio","start":3399.99,"end":3400.31},{"text":"Grossman-Guloff,","start":3400.31,"end":3401.03},{"text":"who","start":3401.43,"end":3401.75},{"text":"followed","start":3401.75,"end":3402.31},{"text":"on","start":3402.31,"end":3402.71},{"text":"the","start":3403.11,"end":3403.31},{"text":"extensive","start":3403.31,"end":3404.31},{"text":"and","start":3404.31,"end":3404.47},{"text":"well-reasoned","start":3404.47,"end":3405.31},{"text":"work","start":3405.31,"end":3405.83},{"text":"of","start":3405.83,"end":3406.15},{"text":"Senora","start":3406.87,"end":3407.39},{"text":"Concepción","start":3407.39,"end":3407.95},{"text":"Escobar","start":3407.95,"end":3408.35},{"text":"Hernández,","start":3408.35,"end":3409.11},{"text":"whose","start":3409.35,"end":3409.67},{"text":"memory","start":3409.67,"end":3410.15},{"text":"my","start":3410.15,"end":3410.39},{"text":"delegation","start":3410.39,"end":3410.95},{"text":"recalls","start":3410.95,"end":3411.35},{"text":"with","start":3411.35,"end":3411.47},{"text":"deep","start":3411.47,"end":3411.67},{"text":"respect","start":3411.67,"end":3412.07},{"text":"and","start":3412.07,"end":3412.19},{"text":"gratitude.","start":3412.19,"end":3412.79}]},{"text":"Likewise, we welcome the recommendation made by the ILC to the effect that, in accordance with Article 23 of its Statute, the General Assembly, at an appropriate time, should convene an international conference of plenipotentiaries and consider drawing up a convention based on draft articles.","start":3414.95,"end":3439.67,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Likewise,","start":3414.95,"end":3415.75},{"text":"we","start":3415.75,"end":3415.99},{"text":"welcome","start":3415.99,"end":3416.47},{"text":"the","start":3416.47,"end":3416.63},{"text":"recommendation","start":3416.63,"end":3417.75},{"text":"made","start":3417.75,"end":3418.11},{"text":"by","start":3418.11,"end":3418.35},{"text":"the","start":3418.35,"end":3418.43},{"text":"ILC","start":3418.47,"end":3419.59},{"text":"to","start":3421.67,"end":3421.79},{"text":"the","start":3421.79,"end":3421.87},{"text":"effect","start":3421.87,"end":3422.23},{"text":"that,","start":3422.23,"end":3422.55},{"text":"in","start":3422.79,"end":3423.03},{"text":"accordance","start":3423.03,"end":3423.51},{"text":"with","start":3423.51,"end":3423.75},{"text":"Article","start":3423.75,"end":3424.43},{"text":"23","start":3424.43,"end":3425.15},{"text":"of","start":3425.15,"end":3425.27},{"text":"its","start":3425.27,"end":3425.79},{"text":"Statute,","start":3425.79,"end":3426.27},{"text":"the","start":3426.27,"end":3426.39},{"text":"General","start":3426.39,"end":3426.79},{"text":"Assembly,","start":3426.79,"end":3427.59},{"text":"at","start":3428.71,"end":3429.03},{"text":"an","start":3429.07,"end":3429.19},{"text":"appropriate","start":3429.19,"end":3429.79},{"text":"time,","start":3429.79,"end":3430.15},{"text":"should","start":3430.15,"end":3430.47},{"text":"convene","start":3430.47,"end":3431.11},{"text":"an","start":3431.43,"end":3431.59},{"text":"international","start":3431.59,"end":3432.11},{"text":"conference","start":3432.11,"end":3432.71},{"text":"of","start":3432.71,"end":3432.87},{"text":"plenipotentiaries","start":3432.87,"end":3434.95},{"text":"and","start":3435.35,"end":3435.75},{"text":"consider","start":3436.23,"end":3437.03},{"text":"drawing","start":3437.03,"end":3437.35},{"text":"up","start":3437.35,"end":3437.47},{"text":"a","start":3437.47,"end":3437.51},{"text":"convention","start":3437.51,"end":3438.03},{"text":"based","start":3438.03,"end":3438.47},{"text":"on","start":3438.47,"end":3438.71},{"text":"draft","start":3438.71,"end":3439.11},{"text":"articles.","start":3439.11,"end":3439.67}]},{"text":"We believe that arriving at this recommendation is a significant step forward for the Commission, particularly as it achieved an appropriate balance between the various relevant legal elements in order to ensure the respect of the principle of sovereign equality of states, which lies at the very basis of the immunity of state officials when it comes to foreign criminal jurisdiction.","start":3440.83,"end":3467.55,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3440.83,"end":3441.07},{"text":"believe","start":3441.07,"end":3441.71},{"text":"that","start":3441.71,"end":3442.03},{"text":"arriving","start":3442.03,"end":3442.75},{"text":"at","start":3442.75,"end":3442.91},{"text":"this","start":3442.91,"end":3443.15},{"text":"recommendation","start":3443.15,"end":3444.19},{"text":"is","start":3444.59,"end":3444.87},{"text":"a","start":3444.87,"end":3444.91},{"text":"significant","start":3444.91,"end":3446.43},{"text":"step","start":3446.43,"end":3446.83},{"text":"forward","start":3446.83,"end":3447.47},{"text":"for","start":3447.47,"end":3447.71},{"text":"the","start":3447.71,"end":3447.79},{"text":"Commission,","start":3447.79,"end":3448.35},{"text":"particularly","start":3448.55,"end":3449.47},{"text":"as","start":3449.71,"end":3450.19},{"text":"it","start":3450.19,"end":3450.67},{"text":"achieved","start":3450.67,"end":3451.55},{"text":"an","start":3451.59,"end":3451.71},{"text":"appropriate","start":3451.71,"end":3452.23},{"text":"balance","start":3452.23,"end":3452.75},{"text":"between","start":3452.75,"end":3453.23},{"text":"the","start":3453.23,"end":3453.39},{"text":"various","start":3453.39,"end":3453.95},{"text":"relevant","start":3453.95,"end":3454.51},{"text":"legal","start":3454.51,"end":3454.83},{"text":"elements","start":3454.83,"end":3455.31},{"text":"in","start":3455.31,"end":3455.63},{"text":"order","start":3455.63,"end":3455.87},{"text":"to","start":3455.87,"end":3455.99},{"text":"ensure","start":3455.99,"end":3456.59},{"text":"the","start":3456.83,"end":3456.91},{"text":"respect","start":3456.91,"end":3457.43},{"text":"of","start":3457.43,"end":3457.55},{"text":"the","start":3457.55,"end":3457.63},{"text":"principle","start":3457.63,"end":3458.11},{"text":"of","start":3458.11,"end":3458.19},{"text":"sovereign","start":3458.19,"end":3458.55},{"text":"equality","start":3458.55,"end":3459.07},{"text":"of","start":3459.07,"end":3459.15},{"text":"states,","start":3459.15,"end":3459.71},{"text":"which","start":3460.03,"end":3460.27},{"text":"lies","start":3460.27,"end":3460.59},{"text":"at","start":3460.59,"end":3460.67},{"text":"the","start":3460.67,"end":3460.79},{"text":"very","start":3460.79,"end":3461.03},{"text":"basis","start":3461.03,"end":3461.71},{"text":"of","start":3461.71,"end":3462.03},{"text":"the","start":3462.03,"end":3462.43},{"text":"immunity","start":3462.43,"end":3463.15},{"text":"of","start":3463.15,"end":3463.23},{"text":"state","start":3463.23,"end":3463.55},{"text":"officials","start":3463.55,"end":3464.11},{"text":"when","start":3464.11,"end":3464.27},{"text":"it","start":3464.27,"end":3464.43},{"text":"comes","start":3464.43,"end":3464.91},{"text":"to","start":3464.91,"end":3465.15},{"text":"foreign","start":3465.39,"end":3465.87},{"text":"criminal","start":3466.35,"end":3466.75},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":3466.75,"end":3467.55}]},{"text":"The immunity recognized for state officials pursuant to international law is intended to protect the rights and interests of the state.","start":3468.63,"end":3478.47,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3468.63,"end":3468.91},{"text":"immunity","start":3468.91,"end":3470.31},{"text":"recognized","start":3470.47,"end":3471.67},{"text":"for","start":3471.83,"end":3472.39},{"text":"state","start":3472.47,"end":3472.79},{"text":"officials","start":3472.79,"end":3473.35},{"text":"pursuant","start":3473.35,"end":3473.79},{"text":"to","start":3473.79,"end":3473.87},{"text":"international","start":3473.87,"end":3474.79},{"text":"law","start":3474.79,"end":3474.87},{"text":"is","start":3475.19,"end":3475.35},{"text":"intended","start":3475.35,"end":3475.83},{"text":"to","start":3475.83,"end":3475.91},{"text":"protect","start":3475.91,"end":3476.47},{"text":"the","start":3476.47,"end":3476.67},{"text":"rights","start":3476.71,"end":3477.15},{"text":"and","start":3477.15,"end":3477.35},{"text":"interests","start":3477.35,"end":3477.83},{"text":"of","start":3477.83,"end":3477.91},{"text":"the","start":3477.91,"end":3477.99},{"text":"state.","start":3477.99,"end":3478.47}]},{"text":"As the ICJ indicated, such immunity is not granted a personum, but rather to ensure the ability to represent the state and discharge state functions.","start":3478.87,"end":3495.19,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3478.87,"end":3479.35},{"text":"the","start":3479.51,"end":3479.75},{"text":"ICJ","start":3479.99,"end":3480.79},{"text":"indicated,","start":3480.79,"end":3481.59},{"text":"such","start":3482.31,"end":3482.67},{"text":"immunity","start":3482.67,"end":3483.23},{"text":"is","start":3483.23,"end":3483.51},{"text":"not","start":3483.51,"end":3483.91},{"text":"granted","start":3484.07,"end":3484.87},{"text":"a","start":3484.87,"end":3484.95},{"text":"personum,","start":3485.99,"end":3487.19},{"text":"but","start":3487.51,"end":3487.75},{"text":"rather","start":3487.75,"end":3488.31},{"text":"to","start":3488.31,"end":3488.71},{"text":"ensure","start":3488.79,"end":3489.51},{"text":"the","start":3490.07,"end":3490.27},{"text":"ability","start":3490.71,"end":3491.27},{"text":"to","start":3491.27,"end":3491.39},{"text":"represent","start":3491.39,"end":3491.99},{"text":"the","start":3491.99,"end":3492.07},{"text":"state","start":3492.07,"end":3492.63},{"text":"and","start":3492.63,"end":3492.95},{"text":"discharge","start":3493.03,"end":3493.83},{"text":"state","start":3494.11,"end":3494.47},{"text":"functions.","start":3494.47,"end":3495.19}]},{"text":"However, we are concerned at the difference based on the list of crimes regarding which immunity ratione materiae would not be applicable.","start":3495.91,"end":3507.67,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3495.91,"end":3496.51},{"text":"we","start":3496.55,"end":3496.79},{"text":"are","start":3496.79,"end":3496.95},{"text":"concerned","start":3496.95,"end":3497.83},{"text":"at","start":3498.23,"end":3498.55},{"text":"the","start":3498.55,"end":3498.67},{"text":"difference","start":3498.87,"end":3499.91},{"text":"based","start":3500.55,"end":3500.99},{"text":"on","start":3500.99,"end":3501.11},{"text":"the","start":3501.11,"end":3501.23},{"text":"list","start":3501.27,"end":3501.67},{"text":"of","start":3502.27,"end":3502.47},{"text":"crimes","start":3502.55,"end":3503.19},{"text":"regarding","start":3503.99,"end":3504.63},{"text":"which","start":3504.63,"end":3505.03},{"text":"immunity","start":3505.03,"end":3505.75},{"text":"ratione","start":3505.75,"end":3506.15},{"text":"materiae","start":3506.15,"end":3506.63},{"text":"would","start":3506.63,"end":3506.79},{"text":"not","start":3506.79,"end":3507.03},{"text":"be","start":3507.03,"end":3507.15},{"text":"applicable.","start":3507.15,"end":3507.67}]},{"text":"Although this happened during the discussions in April 2026, my delegation appreciates the endeavours carried out subsequently by the IOC to arrive at the text presented today.","start":3508.83,"end":3524.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":3508.83,"end":3509.27},{"text":"this","start":3509.67,"end":3510.15},{"text":"happened","start":3510.31,"end":3511.15},{"text":"during","start":3511.15,"end":3511.67},{"text":"the","start":3511.67,"end":3511.83},{"text":"discussions","start":3511.99,"end":3512.79},{"text":"in","start":3512.79,"end":3512.95},{"text":"April","start":3512.95,"end":3513.67},{"text":"2026,","start":3513.67,"end":3514.47},{"text":"my","start":3514.95,"end":3515.27},{"text":"delegation","start":3515.27,"end":3516.39},{"text":"appreciates","start":3516.47,"end":3517.43},{"text":"the","start":3517.51,"end":3517.71},{"text":"endeavours","start":3518.11,"end":3518.87},{"text":"carried","start":3519.11,"end":3519.43},{"text":"out","start":3519.43,"end":3519.59},{"text":"subsequently","start":3519.59,"end":3520.39},{"text":"by","start":3520.39,"end":3520.87},{"text":"the","start":3520.91,"end":3520.99},{"text":"IOC","start":3520.99,"end":3521.59},{"text":"to","start":3522.07,"end":3522.19},{"text":"arrive","start":3522.19,"end":3522.55},{"text":"at","start":3522.55,"end":3522.63},{"text":"the","start":3522.63,"end":3522.75},{"text":"text","start":3522.75,"end":3523.23},{"text":"presented","start":3523.23,"end":3523.67},{"text":"today.","start":3523.67,"end":3524.23}]},{"text":"As Professor Grossman stated, this was wholly approved with its comments without any observations.","start":3524.63,"end":3535.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3524.63,"end":3525.03},{"text":"Professor","start":3525.15,"end":3525.79},{"text":"Grossman","start":3525.79,"end":3526.31},{"text":"stated,","start":3526.31,"end":3526.79},{"text":"this","start":3527.35,"end":3527.83},{"text":"was","start":3527.99,"end":3528.47},{"text":"wholly","start":3528.63,"end":3529.27},{"text":"approved","start":3530.79,"end":3531.59},{"text":"with","start":3531.75,"end":3532.07},{"text":"its","start":3532.07,"end":3532.23},{"text":"comments","start":3532.23,"end":3532.71},{"text":"without","start":3532.71,"end":3533.35},{"text":"any","start":3535.03,"end":3535.19},{"text":"observations.","start":3535.19,"end":3535.83}]},{"text":"This was approved by consensus.","start":3535.83,"end":3537.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3535.83,"end":3535.99},{"text":"was","start":3535.99,"end":3536.11},{"text":"approved","start":3536.11,"end":3536.47},{"text":"by","start":3536.47,"end":3536.71},{"text":"consensus.","start":3536.71,"end":3537.59}]},{"text":"In this context, although there are still differences of opinion amongst those who favour a closed list of crimes and those preferring an approach based on general criteria, my delegation prizes the security and legal certainty that would come from a clearly defined list, without this excluding the continuing development of international law.","start":3538.23,"end":3560.07,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3538.23,"end":3538.39},{"text":"this","start":3538.39,"end":3538.55},{"text":"context,","start":3538.55,"end":3539.03},{"text":"although","start":3539.03,"end":3539.35},{"text":"there","start":3539.35,"end":3539.59},{"text":"are","start":3539.59,"end":3539.67},{"text":"still","start":3539.67,"end":3540.07},{"text":"differences","start":3540.07,"end":3540.51},{"text":"of","start":3540.51,"end":3540.59},{"text":"opinion","start":3540.59,"end":3541.27},{"text":"amongst","start":3541.27,"end":3541.79},{"text":"those","start":3541.79,"end":3542.03},{"text":"who","start":3542.03,"end":3542.15},{"text":"favour","start":3542.15,"end":3542.67},{"text":"a","start":3543.11,"end":3543.15},{"text":"closed","start":3543.19,"end":3543.91},{"text":"list","start":3543.91,"end":3544.23},{"text":"of","start":3544.23,"end":3544.31},{"text":"crimes","start":3544.31,"end":3544.71},{"text":"and","start":3544.71,"end":3544.83},{"text":"those","start":3544.83,"end":3545.27},{"text":"preferring","start":3545.67,"end":3546.31},{"text":"an","start":3546.51,"end":3546.59},{"text":"approach","start":3546.59,"end":3547.03},{"text":"based","start":3547.03,"end":3547.35},{"text":"on","start":3547.35,"end":3547.51},{"text":"general","start":3547.51,"end":3547.87},{"text":"criteria,","start":3547.87,"end":3548.47},{"text":"my","start":3548.79,"end":3549.19},{"text":"delegation","start":3549.19,"end":3550.07},{"text":"prizes","start":3550.47,"end":3551.19},{"text":"the","start":3551.19,"end":3551.27},{"text":"security","start":3551.27,"end":3551.91},{"text":"and","start":3551.91,"end":3552.11},{"text":"legal","start":3552.11,"end":3552.39},{"text":"certainty","start":3552.39,"end":3552.87},{"text":"that","start":3552.87,"end":3553.03},{"text":"would","start":3553.03,"end":3553.19},{"text":"come","start":3553.19,"end":3553.51},{"text":"from","start":3553.51,"end":3553.75},{"text":"a","start":3553.75,"end":3553.79},{"text":"clearly","start":3553.79,"end":3554.23},{"text":"defined","start":3554.23,"end":3554.79},{"text":"list,","start":3554.79,"end":3555.11},{"text":"without","start":3555.51,"end":3555.95},{"text":"this","start":3555.95,"end":3556.23},{"text":"excluding","start":3556.23,"end":3557.03},{"text":"the","start":3557.03,"end":3557.23},{"text":"continuing","start":3557.51,"end":3558.27},{"text":"development","start":3558.27,"end":3558.91},{"text":"of","start":3558.91,"end":3559.03},{"text":"international","start":3559.03,"end":3559.99},{"text":"law.","start":3559.99,"end":3560.07}]},{"text":"We also believe that the inadequacies that exist in state practice at present should not be interpreted necessarily as an obstacle to a provision of this nature gradually being consolidated by means of repeated practice accompanied by opinion juris, possibly generating binding legal effects.","start":3562.39,"end":3588.87,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3562.39,"end":3562.87},{"text":"also","start":3563.03,"end":3563.67},{"text":"believe","start":3563.67,"end":3564.23},{"text":"that","start":3564.23,"end":3564.55},{"text":"the","start":3564.87,"end":3564.95},{"text":"inadequacies","start":3565.03,"end":3566.39},{"text":"that","start":3566.39,"end":3566.95},{"text":"exist","start":3567.51,"end":3568.39},{"text":"in","start":3568.39,"end":3568.79},{"text":"state","start":3569.43,"end":3569.83},{"text":"practice","start":3569.83,"end":3570.27},{"text":"at","start":3570.27,"end":3570.39},{"text":"present","start":3570.39,"end":3570.83},{"text":"should","start":3570.83,"end":3571.15},{"text":"not","start":3571.15,"end":3571.51},{"text":"be","start":3571.51,"end":3571.63},{"text":"interpreted","start":3571.63,"end":3572.39},{"text":"necessarily","start":3572.79,"end":3573.55},{"text":"as","start":3573.55,"end":3573.99},{"text":"an","start":3574.03,"end":3574.31},{"text":"obstacle","start":3574.31,"end":3574.95},{"text":"to","start":3576.63,"end":3576.87},{"text":"a","start":3577.43,"end":3577.47},{"text":"provision","start":3577.47,"end":3577.87},{"text":"of","start":3577.87,"end":3577.95},{"text":"this","start":3577.95,"end":3578.15},{"text":"nature","start":3578.15,"end":3578.63},{"text":"gradually","start":3578.95,"end":3579.43},{"text":"being","start":3579.43,"end":3579.67},{"text":"consolidated","start":3579.67,"end":3580.55},{"text":"by","start":3580.55,"end":3580.71},{"text":"means","start":3580.71,"end":3581.19},{"text":"of","start":3581.19,"end":3581.43},{"text":"repeated","start":3581.43,"end":3582.31},{"text":"practice","start":3582.55,"end":3583.11},{"text":"accompanied","start":3583.11,"end":3583.55},{"text":"by","start":3583.55,"end":3583.75},{"text":"opinion","start":3583.75,"end":3584.51},{"text":"juris,","start":3584.79,"end":3585.35},{"text":"possibly","start":3586.07,"end":3586.55},{"text":"generating","start":3586.55,"end":3587.19},{"text":"binding","start":3587.67,"end":3588.15},{"text":"legal","start":3588.15,"end":3588.43},{"text":"effects.","start":3588.43,"end":3588.87}]},{"text":"When it comes to procedural safeguards, we welcome the balanced strengthening of various elements here.","start":3589.07,"end":3598.27,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":3589.07,"end":3589.27},{"text":"it","start":3589.27,"end":3589.35},{"text":"comes","start":3589.35,"end":3589.67},{"text":"to","start":3589.67,"end":3589.75},{"text":"procedural","start":3589.75,"end":3590.39},{"text":"safeguards,","start":3590.39,"end":3591.23},{"text":"we","start":3591.67,"end":3592.23},{"text":"welcome","start":3592.47,"end":3592.87},{"text":"the","start":3593.11,"end":3593.39},{"text":"balanced","start":3595.35,"end":3596.15},{"text":"strengthening","start":3596.23,"end":3597.11},{"text":"of","start":3597.11,"end":3597.31},{"text":"various","start":3597.31,"end":3597.67},{"text":"elements","start":3597.67,"end":3598.15},{"text":"here.","start":3598.15,"end":3598.27}]},{"text":"In particular, we would highlight Article 9, paragraph 3, where there is a reference to channels of communication accepted by 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the other part, it is necessary to acknowledge that the Sixth Committee will require a structured dialogue in order appropriately to examine the recommendation made by the Commission and to consider at the appropriate time the possible use of this draft of articles as the basis for a future 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addressing this process, it might prove useful for delegations to continue to examine in greater detail the procedures pertaining to procedural safeguards, for example, bearing in mind the clarification in the commentaries to draft article 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as is the case with all drafts for international legal instruments, my delegation believes it is important that the dissemination of these articles should be accompanied by initiatives to create and strengthen the capacities to facilitate its understanding and 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on the general principles of law, my delegation is particularly happy at the on the second reading of the draft conclusions on these, and we would like to express our thanks to the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Marcelo Vázquez Bermúdez, for his significant contribution here.","start":3686.63,"end":3705.79,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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strategic relevance of this continues to increase.","start":3822.55,"end":3826.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3822.55,"end":3822.83},{"text":"strategic","start":3822.87,"end":3823.67},{"text":"relevance","start":3823.75,"end":3824.47},{"text":"of","start":3824.51,"end":3824.63},{"text":"this","start":3824.63,"end":3824.87},{"text":"continues","start":3825.03,"end":3825.67},{"text":"to","start":3825.67,"end":3825.79},{"text":"increase.","start":3825.79,"end":3826.39}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":3826.87,"end":3827.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3826.87,"end":3827.15},{"text":"you","start":3827.15,"end":3827.23},{"text":"very","start":3827.23,"end":3827.43},{"text":"much.","start":3827.43,"end":3827.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SLV","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"El Salvador"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":3833.51,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=1:03:54","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the 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They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3876.63,"end":3876.75},{"text":"sea","start":3876.75,"end":3876.99},{"text":"level","start":3876.99,"end":3877.27},{"text":"rise","start":3877.27,"end":3877.63},{"text":"in","start":3877.63,"end":3877.79},{"text":"relation","start":3877.79,"end":3878.27},{"text":"to","start":3878.27,"end":3878.43},{"text":"international","start":3878.43,"end":3879.19},{"text":"law,","start":3879.19,"end":3879.31},{"text":"we","start":3879.79,"end":3879.87},{"text":"have","start":3879.87,"end":3880.03},{"text":"taken","start":3880.03,"end":3880.47},{"text":"note","start":3880.47,"end":3880.83},{"text":"of","start":3880.83,"end":3881.07},{"text":"the","start":3881.07,"end":3881.27},{"text":"study","start":3881.39,"end":3881.95},{"text":"group.","start":3881.95,"end":3882.31}]},{"text":"We underscored the importance of preserving legal stability and established legitimate rights.","start":3882.67,"end":3888.03,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3882.67,"end":3882.83},{"text":"underscored","start":3882.83,"end":3883.43},{"text":"the","start":3883.43,"end":3883.51},{"text":"importance","start":3883.51,"end":3884.11},{"text":"of","start":3884.11,"end":3884.27},{"text":"preserving","start":3884.27,"end":3884.83},{"text":"legal","start":3884.83,"end":3885.15},{"text":"stability","start":3885.15,"end":3885.79},{"text":"and","start":3885.79,"end":3886.03},{"text":"established","start":3886.03,"end":3886.91},{"text":"legitimate","start":3886.91,"end":3887.63},{"text":"rights.","start":3887.63,"end":3888.03}]},{"text":"It's also important to make a distinction between established legal rules and proposals that require further state practices to be accepted as a rule of law.","start":3888.59,"end":3896.51,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":3888.59,"end":3888.83},{"text":"also","start":3888.83,"end":3889.15},{"text":"important","start":3889.15,"end":3889.75},{"text":"to","start":3889.75,"end":3889.83},{"text":"make","start":3889.83,"end":3890.07},{"text":"a","start":3890.07,"end":3890.11},{"text":"distinction","start":3890.11,"end":3890.67},{"text":"between","start":3890.67,"end":3890.99},{"text":"established","start":3890.99,"end":3891.63},{"text":"legal","start":3891.63,"end":3891.91},{"text":"rules","start":3891.91,"end":3892.27},{"text":"and","start":3892.27,"end":3892.43},{"text":"proposals","start":3892.43,"end":3892.99},{"text":"that","start":3892.99,"end":3893.23},{"text":"require","start":3893.23,"end":3893.67},{"text":"further","start":3893.67,"end":3894.07},{"text":"state","start":3894.07,"end":3894.35},{"text":"practices","start":3894.35,"end":3894.91},{"text":"to","start":3894.91,"end":3895.07},{"text":"be","start":3895.07,"end":3895.19},{"text":"accepted","start":3895.19,"end":3895.79},{"text":"as","start":3895.79,"end":3895.87},{"text":"a","start":3895.95,"end":3895.99},{"text":"rule","start":3895.99,"end":3896.15},{"text":"of","start":3896.15,"end":3896.23},{"text":"law.","start":3896.27,"end":3896.51}]},{"text":"We underscore that international response to climate change must be grounded in the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.","start":3897.55,"end":3906.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3897.55,"end":3897.71},{"text":"underscore","start":3897.71,"end":3898.43},{"text":"that","start":3898.43,"end":3898.75},{"text":"international","start":3898.75,"end":3899.39},{"text":"response","start":3899.39,"end":3899.87},{"text":"to","start":3899.87,"end":3899.95},{"text":"climate","start":3899.95,"end":3900.39},{"text":"change","start":3900.39,"end":3900.71},{"text":"must","start":3900.83,"end":3901.07},{"text":"be","start":3901.07,"end":3901.23},{"text":"grounded","start":3901.23,"end":3901.79},{"text":"in","start":3901.79,"end":3902.19},{"text":"the","start":3902.19,"end":3902.47},{"text":"UNFCCC","start":3902.47,"end":3903.87},{"text":"and","start":3904.27,"end":3904.55},{"text":"the","start":3904.55,"end":3904.79},{"text":"Paris","start":3904.83,"end":3905.31},{"text":"Agreement.","start":3905.35,"end":3906.03}]},{"text":"accordance with the principles of equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in light of different national circumstances.","start":3907.47,"end":3918.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"accordance","start":3907.47,"end":3908.07},{"text":"with","start":3908.07,"end":3908.23},{"text":"the","start":3908.23,"end":3908.35},{"text":"principles","start":3908.35,"end":3909.15},{"text":"of","start":3909.31,"end":3909.79},{"text":"equity","start":3909.79,"end":3910.43},{"text":"and","start":3910.67,"end":3910.95},{"text":"the","start":3910.95,"end":3911.03},{"text":"principle","start":3911.07,"end":3911.63},{"text":"of","start":3911.63,"end":3911.79},{"text":"common","start":3911.79,"end":3912.11},{"text":"but","start":3912.11,"end":3912.31},{"text":"differentiated","start":3912.31,"end":3913.03},{"text":"responsibilities","start":3913.03,"end":3913.91},{"text":"and","start":3913.91,"end":3914.11},{"text":"respective","start":3914.11,"end":3914.83},{"text":"capabilities","start":3914.99,"end":3915.79},{"text":"in","start":3915.95,"end":3916.11},{"text":"light","start":3916.11,"end":3916.39},{"text":"of","start":3916.39,"end":3916.51},{"text":"different","start":3916.51,"end":3916.91},{"text":"national","start":3916.91,"end":3917.39},{"text":"circumstances.","start":3917.39,"end":3918.27}]},{"text":"The study group had a clear mandate to look into legal issues linked to the law of the sea and the continuity of statehood and protection of persons.","start":3918.51,"end":3926.59,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3918.51,"end":3918.63},{"text":"study","start":3918.67,"end":3918.99},{"text":"group","start":3918.99,"end":3919.31},{"text":"had","start":3919.31,"end":3919.63},{"text":"a","start":3919.87,"end":3919.91},{"text":"clear","start":3919.91,"end":3920.27},{"text":"mandate","start":3920.27,"end":3920.83},{"text":"to","start":3920.99,"end":3921.19},{"text":"look","start":3921.19,"end":3921.39},{"text":"into","start":3921.39,"end":3921.71},{"text":"legal","start":3921.71,"end":3922.03},{"text":"issues","start":3922.03,"end":3922.35},{"text":"linked","start":3922.35,"end":3922.71},{"text":"to","start":3922.71,"end":3922.79},{"text":"the","start":3922.79,"end":3922.91},{"text":"law","start":3922.91,"end":3923.11},{"text":"of","start":3923.11,"end":3923.23},{"text":"the","start":3923.23,"end":3923.35},{"text":"sea","start":3923.35,"end":3923.71},{"text":"and","start":3923.71,"end":3923.87},{"text":"the","start":3923.87,"end":3923.95},{"text":"continuity","start":3923.95,"end":3924.59},{"text":"of","start":3924.59,"end":3924.67},{"text":"statehood","start":3924.67,"end":3925.23},{"text":"and","start":3925.23,"end":3925.39},{"text":"protection","start":3925.39,"end":3925.95},{"text":"of","start":3925.95,"end":3926.11},{"text":"persons.","start":3926.11,"end":3926.59}]},{"text":"The mandate did not include climate change, causality, or legal responsibility or liability or responsibility of states.","start":3926.75,"end":3934.27,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3926.75,"end":3926.95},{"text":"mandate","start":3926.95,"end":3927.35},{"text":"did","start":3927.35,"end":3927.47},{"text":"not","start":3927.47,"end":3927.71},{"text":"include","start":3927.71,"end":3928.19},{"text":"climate","start":3928.19,"end":3928.67},{"text":"change,","start":3928.67,"end":3929.07},{"text":"causality,","start":3929.23,"end":3929.95},{"text":"or","start":3930.03,"end":3930.43},{"text":"legal","start":3930.47,"end":3930.79},{"text":"responsibility","start":3930.79,"end":3931.71},{"text":"or","start":3931.71,"end":3932.11},{"text":"liability","start":3932.11,"end":3932.83},{"text":"or","start":3932.83,"end":3932.95},{"text":"responsibility","start":3932.95,"end":3933.75},{"text":"of","start":3933.75,"end":3933.87},{"text":"states.","start":3933.87,"end":3934.27}]},{"text":"The report cannot be used as a basis to impute any interpret existing obligations under international agreements on climate change, or to create new primary obligations, or to create obligations to compensation, or to change treaties.","start":3934.59,"end":3950.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3934.59,"end":3934.79},{"text":"report","start":3934.79,"end":3935.23},{"text":"cannot","start":3935.23,"end":3935.63},{"text":"be","start":3935.63,"end":3935.79},{"text":"used","start":3935.79,"end":3936.03},{"text":"as","start":3936.03,"end":3936.19},{"text":"a","start":3936.19,"end":3936.27},{"text":"basis","start":3936.27,"end":3936.71},{"text":"to","start":3936.71,"end":3936.83},{"text":"impute","start":3936.83,"end":3937.15},{"text":"any","start":3937.15,"end":3937.27},{"text":"interpret","start":3937.35,"end":3937.83},{"text":"existing","start":3937.83,"end":3938.27},{"text":"obligations","start":3939.27,"end":3939.91},{"text":"under","start":3939.91,"end":3940.27},{"text":"international","start":3940.27,"end":3940.91},{"text":"agreements","start":3940.91,"end":3941.39},{"text":"on","start":3941.39,"end":3941.55},{"text":"climate","start":3941.55,"end":3941.95},{"text":"change,","start":3941.95,"end":3942.27},{"text":"or","start":3942.59,"end":3942.71},{"text":"to","start":3942.71,"end":3942.99},{"text":"create","start":3942.99,"end":3943.47},{"text":"new","start":3943.55,"end":3943.95},{"text":"primary","start":3944.11,"end":3944.67},{"text":"obligations,","start":3944.67,"end":3945.47},{"text":"or","start":3945.71,"end":3945.91},{"text":"to","start":3945.91,"end":3946.23},{"text":"create","start":3946.23,"end":3946.59},{"text":"obligations","start":3946.59,"end":3947.39},{"text":"to","start":3947.39,"end":3947.63},{"text":"compensation,","start":3947.63,"end":3948.35},{"text":"or","start":3948.35,"end":3948.75},{"text":"to","start":3948.75,"end":3948.91},{"text":"change","start":3948.91,"end":3949.39},{"text":"treaties.","start":3949.55,"end":3950.19}]},{"text":"On immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, we have taken note of the ILC's adoption of 17 draft articles and the commentaries thereto on second reading.","start":3950.99,"end":3961.15,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3950.99,"end":3951.15},{"text":"immunity","start":3951.15,"end":3951.71},{"text":"of","start":3951.75,"end":3951.83},{"text":"state","start":3951.83,"end":3952.19},{"text":"officials","start":3952.19,"end":3952.67},{"text":"from","start":3952.67,"end":3952.91},{"text":"foreign","start":3952.91,"end":3953.23},{"text":"criminal","start":3953.23,"end":3953.71},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":3953.71,"end":3954.43},{"text":"we","start":3954.67,"end":3954.79},{"text":"have","start":3954.79,"end":3954.99},{"text":"taken","start":3954.99,"end":3955.35},{"text":"note","start":3955.35,"end":3955.67},{"text":"of","start":3955.67,"end":3955.75},{"text":"the","start":3955.75,"end":3955.83},{"text":"ILC's","start":3955.87,"end":3956.51},{"text":"adoption","start":3956.51,"end":3957.07},{"text":"of","start":3957.07,"end":3957.15},{"text":"17","start":3957.15,"end":3957.71},{"text":"draft","start":3957.71,"end":3958.11},{"text":"articles","start":3958.11,"end":3958.63},{"text":"and","start":3958.63,"end":3958.79},{"text":"the","start":3958.79,"end":3958.87},{"text":"commentaries","start":3958.87,"end":3959.55},{"text":"thereto","start":3959.63,"end":3960.11},{"text":"on","start":3960.11,"end":3960.35},{"text":"second","start":3960.35,"end":3960.67},{"text":"reading.","start":3960.67,"end":3961.15}]},{"text":"We do not support the outcome of the ILC in its current form.","start":3961.39,"end":3965.15,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3961.39,"end":3961.63},{"text":"do","start":3961.63,"end":3961.71},{"text":"not","start":3961.71,"end":3961.91},{"text":"support","start":3961.91,"end":3962.51},{"text":"the","start":3962.51,"end":3962.63},{"text":"outcome","start":3962.63,"end":3963.07},{"text":"of","start":3963.07,"end":3963.23},{"text":"the","start":3963.23,"end":3963.35},{"text":"ILC","start":3963.35,"end":3963.95},{"text":"in","start":3964.19,"end":3964.35},{"text":"its","start":3964.35,"end":3964.51},{"text":"current","start":3964.51,"end":3964.83},{"text":"form.","start":3964.83,"end":3965.15}]},{"text":"because this is legally problematic with respect to the principle of sovereign equality.","start":3965.59,"end":3971.51,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"because","start":3965.59,"end":3965.99},{"text":"this","start":3966.07,"end":3966.39},{"text":"is","start":3966.39,"end":3966.71},{"text":"legally","start":3967.19,"end":3967.67},{"text":"problematic","start":3967.75,"end":3968.63},{"text":"with","start":3968.79,"end":3969.03},{"text":"respect","start":3969.03,"end":3969.47},{"text":"to","start":3969.47,"end":3969.59},{"text":"the","start":3969.59,"end":3969.67},{"text":"principle","start":3969.67,"end":3970.23},{"text":"of","start":3970.23,"end":3970.39},{"text":"sovereign","start":3970.39,"end":3970.79},{"text":"equality.","start":3970.79,"end":3971.51}]},{"text":"We question the extent to which some provisions are grounded in established rules of customary international law.","start":3972.39,"end":3978.55,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3972.39,"end":3972.51},{"text":"question","start":3972.51,"end":3972.95},{"text":"the","start":3972.95,"end":3973.07},{"text":"extent","start":3973.07,"end":3973.47},{"text":"to","start":3973.47,"end":3973.55},{"text":"which","start":3973.55,"end":3973.79},{"text":"some","start":3973.79,"end":3974.31},{"text":"provisions","start":3974.31,"end":3974.95},{"text":"are","start":3974.95,"end":3975.19},{"text":"grounded","start":3975.19,"end":3975.67},{"text":"in","start":3975.67,"end":3975.83},{"text":"established","start":3975.83,"end":3976.47},{"text":"rules","start":3976.47,"end":3976.87},{"text":"of","start":3976.87,"end":3977.03},{"text":"customary","start":3977.03,"end":3977.63},{"text":"international","start":3977.63,"end":3978.35},{"text":"law.","start":3978.35,"end":3978.55}]},{"text":"The immunity of state officials is not a mere procedural issue.","start":3978.87,"end":3982.55,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3978.87,"end":3979.07},{"text":"immunity","start":3979.07,"end":3979.59},{"text":"of","start":3979.59,"end":3979.75},{"text":"state","start":3979.75,"end":3980.07},{"text":"officials","start":3980.07,"end":3980.63},{"text":"is","start":3980.63,"end":3980.75},{"text":"not","start":3980.75,"end":3981.03},{"text":"a","start":3981.11,"end":3981.15},{"text":"mere","start":3981.15,"end":3981.51},{"text":"procedural","start":3981.51,"end":3982.23},{"text":"issue.","start":3982.23,"end":3982.55}]},{"text":"In addition, it's not appropriate to limit immunity ratione personae to the position of the Troika.","start":3982.95,"end":3988.15,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3982.95,"end":3983.15},{"text":"addition,","start":3983.15,"end":3983.47},{"text":"it's","start":3983.47,"end":3983.75},{"text":"not","start":3983.75,"end":3983.99},{"text":"appropriate","start":3983.99,"end":3984.59},{"text":"to","start":3984.59,"end":3984.71},{"text":"limit","start":3984.71,"end":3985.03},{"text":"immunity","start":3985.03,"end":3985.67},{"text":"ratione","start":3985.67,"end":3986.07},{"text":"personae","start":3986.07,"end":3986.63},{"text":"to","start":3986.63,"end":3986.83},{"text":"the","start":3986.83,"end":3986.95},{"text":"position","start":3986.95,"end":3987.43},{"text":"of","start":3987.43,"end":3987.55},{"text":"the","start":3987.55,"end":3987.67},{"text":"Troika.","start":3987.67,"end":3988.15}]},{"text":"Immunity ratione personae must also be extended to cover senior officials.","start":3992.51,"end":3997.35,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Immunity","start":3992.51,"end":3993.19},{"text":"ratione","start":3993.19,"end":3993.59},{"text":"personae","start":3993.67,"end":3994.15},{"text":"must","start":3994.15,"end":3994.55},{"text":"also","start":3994.55,"end":3994.95},{"text":"be","start":3995.11,"end":3995.43},{"text":"extended","start":3995.43,"end":3995.91},{"text":"to","start":3995.91,"end":3996.07},{"text":"cover","start":3996.07,"end":3996.31},{"text":"senior","start":3996.31,"end":3996.79},{"text":"officials.","start":3996.79,"end":3997.35}]},{"text":"This inclusion does not take into consideration the sovereign and representative nature of functions performed by other senior officials.","start":3997.51,"end":4004.39,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3997.51,"end":3997.75},{"text":"inclusion","start":3997.75,"end":3998.47},{"text":"does","start":3998.47,"end":3998.63},{"text":"not","start":3998.63,"end":3998.83},{"text":"take","start":3998.83,"end":3999.03},{"text":"into","start":3999.03,"end":3999.27},{"text":"consideration","start":3999.27,"end":3999.99},{"text":"the","start":3999.99,"end":4000.11},{"text":"sovereign","start":4000.11,"end":4000.55},{"text":"and","start":4000.55,"end":4000.75},{"text":"representative","start":4000.75,"end":4001.51},{"text":"nature","start":4001.51,"end":4001.91},{"text":"of","start":4001.91,"end":4002.03},{"text":"functions","start":4002.03,"end":4002.47},{"text":"performed","start":4002.47,"end":4002.95},{"text":"by","start":4002.95,"end":4003.11},{"text":"other","start":4003.11,"end":4003.43},{"text":"senior","start":4003.43,"end":4003.83},{"text":"officials.","start":4003.83,"end":4004.39}]},{"text":"We express our reservation over draft Article 6 on international crimes to which immunity ratione materiae does not apply.","start":4004.63,"end":4011.43,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4004.63,"end":4004.75},{"text":"express","start":4004.75,"end":4005.19},{"text":"our","start":4005.19,"end":4005.31},{"text":"reservation","start":4005.35,"end":4006.07},{"text":"over","start":4006.07,"end":4006.31},{"text":"draft","start":4006.31,"end":4006.71},{"text":"Article","start":4006.71,"end":4007.15},{"text":"6","start":4007.19,"end":4007.47},{"text":"on","start":4007.67,"end":4007.83},{"text":"international","start":4007.83,"end":4008.47},{"text":"crimes","start":4008.47,"end":4008.87},{"text":"to","start":4008.87,"end":4008.99},{"text":"which","start":4008.99,"end":4009.27},{"text":"immunity","start":4009.27,"end":4009.75},{"text":"ratione","start":4009.75,"end":4010.15},{"text":"materiae","start":4010.15,"end":4010.63},{"text":"does","start":4010.63,"end":4010.87},{"text":"not","start":4010.87,"end":4011.07},{"text":"apply.","start":4011.07,"end":4011.43}]},{"text":"Gravity of crimes does not suffice to prove an exception from immunity under international customary law.","start":4011.83,"end":4018.59,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Gravity","start":4011.83,"end":4012.27},{"text":"of","start":4012.27,"end":4012.39},{"text":"crimes","start":4012.39,"end":4012.83},{"text":"does","start":4012.83,"end":4012.99},{"text":"not","start":4012.99,"end":4013.19},{"text":"suffice","start":4013.19,"end":4013.67},{"text":"to","start":4013.67,"end":4013.75},{"text":"prove","start":4013.75,"end":4014.23},{"text":"an","start":4015.03,"end":4015.19},{"text":"exception","start":4015.19,"end":4015.87},{"text":"from","start":4015.87,"end":4016.27},{"text":"immunity","start":4016.27,"end":4016.83},{"text":"under","start":4016.83,"end":4017.23},{"text":"international","start":4017.23,"end":4017.87},{"text":"customary","start":4017.87,"end":4018.43},{"text":"law.","start":4018.43,"end":4018.59}]},{"text":"The list of crimes proposed is problematic too, in light of limited international practice, the non-universality of some instruments reference, and the risk of politicizing the exercise of foreign criminal jurisdiction, mainly with respect to crime of aggression.","start":4019.07,"end":4034.59,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4019.07,"end":4019.23},{"text":"list","start":4019.23,"end":4019.47},{"text":"of","start":4019.47,"end":4019.63},{"text":"crimes","start":4019.63,"end":4020.11},{"text":"proposed","start":4020.11,"end":4020.67},{"text":"is","start":4020.67,"end":4020.83},{"text":"problematic","start":4020.83,"end":4021.55},{"text":"too,","start":4021.55,"end":4021.87},{"text":"in","start":4022.19,"end":4022.35},{"text":"light","start":4022.35,"end":4022.63},{"text":"of","start":4022.63,"end":4022.75},{"text":"limited","start":4022.75,"end":4023.19},{"text":"international","start":4023.19,"end":4023.87},{"text":"practice,","start":4023.87,"end":4024.43},{"text":"the","start":4024.59,"end":4024.83},{"text":"non-universality","start":4024.83,"end":4025.95},{"text":"of","start":4025.95,"end":4026.11},{"text":"some","start":4026.11,"end":4026.43},{"text":"instruments","start":4026.43,"end":4027.07},{"text":"reference,","start":4027.07,"end":4027.71},{"text":"and","start":4027.95,"end":4028.15},{"text":"the","start":4028.15,"end":4028.23},{"text":"risk","start":4028.23,"end":4028.59},{"text":"of","start":4028.59,"end":4028.75},{"text":"politicizing","start":4028.75,"end":4029.47},{"text":"the","start":4029.47,"end":4029.59},{"text":"exercise","start":4029.59,"end":4030.27},{"text":"of","start":4030.27,"end":4030.39},{"text":"foreign","start":4030.39,"end":4030.75},{"text":"criminal","start":4030.75,"end":4031.23},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":4031.23,"end":4032.11},{"text":"mainly","start":4032.35,"end":4032.67},{"text":"with","start":4032.67,"end":4032.83},{"text":"respect","start":4032.83,"end":4033.35},{"text":"to","start":4033.35,"end":4033.43},{"text":"crime","start":4033.43,"end":4033.79},{"text":"of","start":4033.79,"end":4033.95},{"text":"aggression.","start":4033.99,"end":4034.59}]},{"text":"We underscore the importance of strengthening procedural safeguards, including the prior notification to the state of official.","start":4035.83,"end":4043.83,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4035.83,"end":4035.95},{"text":"underscore","start":4035.95,"end":4036.55},{"text":"the","start":4036.55,"end":4036.63},{"text":"importance","start":4036.63,"end":4037.19},{"text":"of","start":4037.19,"end":4037.27},{"text":"strengthening","start":4037.27,"end":4037.83},{"text":"procedural","start":4037.83,"end":4038.51},{"text":"safeguards,","start":4038.55,"end":4039.07},{"text":"including","start":4039.11,"end":4039.83},{"text":"the","start":4039.99,"end":4040.27},{"text":"prior","start":4040.31,"end":4040.67},{"text":"notification","start":4040.67,"end":4041.43},{"text":"to","start":4041.43,"end":4041.59},{"text":"the","start":4041.59,"end":4041.67},{"text":"state","start":4041.67,"end":4042.07},{"text":"of","start":4042.07,"end":4042.15},{"text":"official.","start":4042.15,"end":4043.83}]},{"text":"Any delay invoking immunity must not be construed to mean a waiver.","start":4044.07,"end":4048.95,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Any","start":4044.07,"end":4044.31},{"text":"delay","start":4044.31,"end":4044.63},{"text":"invoking","start":4044.63,"end":4045.35},{"text":"immunity","start":4045.35,"end":4046.07},{"text":"must","start":4046.07,"end":4046.31},{"text":"not","start":4046.31,"end":4046.55},{"text":"be","start":4046.55,"end":4046.87},{"text":"construed","start":4047.03,"end":4047.55},{"text":"to","start":4047.55,"end":4047.67},{"text":"mean","start":4047.67,"end":4048.07},{"text":"a","start":4048.07,"end":4048.11},{"text":"waiver.","start":4048.11,"end":4048.95}]},{"text":"The state of official must be consulted with before a coercive measure is taken.","start":4049.11,"end":4054.07,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4049.11,"end":4049.31},{"text":"state","start":4049.31,"end":4049.63},{"text":"of","start":4049.63,"end":4049.75},{"text":"official","start":4049.75,"end":4050.19},{"text":"must","start":4050.19,"end":4050.39},{"text":"be","start":4050.39,"end":4050.63},{"text":"consulted","start":4050.63,"end":4051.83},{"text":"with","start":4051.83,"end":4052.07},{"text":"before","start":4052.07,"end":4052.47},{"text":"a","start":4052.63,"end":4052.67},{"text":"coercive","start":4052.67,"end":4053.11},{"text":"measure","start":4053.11,"end":4053.43},{"text":"is","start":4053.43,"end":4053.63},{"text":"taken.","start":4053.63,"end":4054.07}]},{"text":"We underscore that the jurisdiction of international courts must be grounded in state consent.","start":4054.23,"end":4059.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4054.23,"end":4054.43},{"text":"underscore","start":4054.43,"end":4055.03},{"text":"that","start":4055.03,"end":4055.19},{"text":"the","start":4055.19,"end":4055.35},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":4055.35,"end":4056.07},{"text":"of","start":4056.07,"end":4056.23},{"text":"international","start":4056.23,"end":4056.95},{"text":"courts","start":4056.95,"end":4057.19},{"text":"must","start":4057.19,"end":4057.43},{"text":"be","start":4057.43,"end":4057.51},{"text":"grounded","start":4057.51,"end":4057.99},{"text":"in","start":4057.99,"end":4058.19},{"text":"state","start":4058.19,"end":4058.71},{"text":"consent.","start":4058.71,"end":4059.19}]},{"text":"We express our concern because some contentious issues are referred to the commentaries instead of being settled.","start":4059.35,"end":4065.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4059.35,"end":4059.47},{"text":"express","start":4059.47,"end":4059.99},{"text":"our","start":4059.99,"end":4060.23},{"text":"concern","start":4060.23,"end":4060.71},{"text":"because","start":4060.71,"end":4061.11},{"text":"some","start":4061.11,"end":4061.35},{"text":"contentious","start":4061.35,"end":4061.91},{"text":"issues","start":4061.91,"end":4062.39},{"text":"are","start":4062.55,"end":4062.83},{"text":"referred","start":4062.83,"end":4063.27},{"text":"to","start":4063.43,"end":4063.55},{"text":"the","start":4063.59,"end":4063.71},{"text":"commentaries","start":4063.71,"end":4064.47},{"text":"instead","start":4064.51,"end":4064.91},{"text":"of","start":4064.91,"end":4065.11},{"text":"being","start":4065.11,"end":4065.27},{"text":"settled.","start":4065.27,"end":4065.71}]},{"text":"in these articles themselves.","start":4065.91,"end":4067.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"in","start":4065.91,"end":4066.07},{"text":"these","start":4066.07,"end":4066.31},{"text":"articles","start":4066.47,"end":4066.99},{"text":"themselves.","start":4066.99,"end":4067.51}]},{"text":"We do not believe that the current draft articles are an appropriate foundation to adopt an international convention.","start":4067.67,"end":4075.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4067.67,"end":4067.83},{"text":"do","start":4067.83,"end":4067.99},{"text":"not","start":4067.99,"end":4068.15},{"text":"believe","start":4068.15,"end":4068.55},{"text":"that","start":4068.55,"end":4068.67},{"text":"the","start":4068.67,"end":4068.75},{"text":"current","start":4068.79,"end":4069.35},{"text":"draft","start":4069.35,"end":4069.75},{"text":"articles","start":4069.75,"end":4070.31},{"text":"are","start":4070.55,"end":4070.83},{"text":"an","start":4070.83,"end":4070.95},{"text":"appropriate","start":4070.95,"end":4071.67},{"text":"foundation","start":4071.67,"end":4072.47},{"text":"to","start":4072.47,"end":4072.71},{"text":"adopt","start":4072.71,"end":4073.39},{"text":"an","start":4073.39,"end":4073.47},{"text":"international","start":4073.71,"end":4074.55},{"text":"convention.","start":4074.55,"end":4075.19}]},{"text":"We must further consider these draft articles in full caution.","start":4075.43,"end":4079.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4075.43,"end":4075.59},{"text":"must","start":4075.59,"end":4075.99},{"text":"further","start":4075.99,"end":4076.39},{"text":"consider","start":4076.39,"end":4077.11},{"text":"these","start":4077.11,"end":4077.59},{"text":"draft","start":4077.83,"end":4078.23},{"text":"articles","start":4078.23,"end":4078.79},{"text":"in","start":4078.87,"end":4079.03},{"text":"full","start":4079.03,"end":4079.19},{"text":"caution.","start":4079.19,"end":4079.75}]},{"text":"Any such decision must be grounded on consensus among countries.","start":4079.91,"end":4083.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Any","start":4079.91,"end":4080.15},{"text":"such","start":4080.15,"end":4080.39},{"text":"decision","start":4080.39,"end":4080.87},{"text":"must","start":4080.87,"end":4081.11},{"text":"be","start":4081.11,"end":4081.27},{"text":"grounded","start":4081.27,"end":4081.75},{"text":"on","start":4081.75,"end":4081.91},{"text":"consensus","start":4081.91,"end":4082.47},{"text":"among","start":4082.51,"end":4082.79},{"text":"countries.","start":4082.79,"end":4083.27}]},{"text":"On the general principles of law, we welcome the adoption of the community of nations instead of civilized nations.","start":4083.59,"end":4090.47,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4083.59,"end":4083.67},{"text":"the","start":4083.67,"end":4083.79},{"text":"general","start":4083.79,"end":4084.23},{"text":"principles","start":4084.23,"end":4084.83},{"text":"of","start":4084.83,"end":4084.95},{"text":"law,","start":4084.95,"end":4085.19},{"text":"we","start":4085.35,"end":4085.47},{"text":"welcome","start":4085.51,"end":4085.91},{"text":"the","start":4085.91,"end":4086.03},{"text":"adoption","start":4086.07,"end":4086.71},{"text":"of","start":4086.71,"end":4086.95},{"text":"the","start":4087.11,"end":4087.23},{"text":"community","start":4087.23,"end":4087.79},{"text":"of","start":4087.79,"end":4087.91},{"text":"nations","start":4087.91,"end":4088.47},{"text":"instead","start":4088.47,"end":4089.03},{"text":"of","start":4089.03,"end":4089.35},{"text":"civilized","start":4089.47,"end":4089.99},{"text":"nations.","start":4089.99,"end":4090.47}]},{"text":"There must be a broad and representative comparative analysis of all legal regimes when identifying and determining general principles of law.","start":4090.71,"end":4098.95,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":4090.71,"end":4090.99},{"text":"must","start":4090.99,"end":4091.35},{"text":"be","start":4091.35,"end":4091.67},{"text":"a","start":4091.91,"end":4091.95},{"text":"broad","start":4091.95,"end":4092.43},{"text":"and","start":4092.43,"end":4092.63},{"text":"representative","start":4092.63,"end":4093.51},{"text":"comparative","start":4093.59,"end":4094.15},{"text":"analysis","start":4094.15,"end":4094.63},{"text":"of","start":4094.83,"end":4094.95},{"text":"all","start":4095.03,"end":4095.19},{"text":"legal","start":4095.23,"end":4095.47},{"text":"regimes","start":4095.47,"end":4095.71},{"text":"when","start":4095.95,"end":4096.23},{"text":"identifying","start":4096.23,"end":4096.87},{"text":"and","start":4096.87,"end":4097.07},{"text":"determining","start":4097.07,"end":4097.67},{"text":"general","start":4097.67,"end":4097.99},{"text":"principles","start":4097.99,"end":4098.63},{"text":"of","start":4098.67,"end":4098.75},{"text":"law.","start":4098.79,"end":4098.95}]},{"text":"In addition, we must underscore the importance of the transposition to the legal international system.","start":4099.19,"end":4105.75,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4099.19,"end":4099.47},{"text":"addition,","start":4099.47,"end":4099.91},{"text":"we","start":4099.99,"end":4100.15},{"text":"must","start":4100.15,"end":4100.55},{"text":"underscore","start":4100.95,"end":4101.51},{"text":"the","start":4101.51,"end":4101.59},{"text":"importance","start":4101.59,"end":4102.15},{"text":"of","start":4102.15,"end":4102.35},{"text":"the","start":4102.35,"end":4102.43},{"text":"transposition","start":4102.47,"end":4103.59},{"text":"to","start":4103.83,"end":4103.99},{"text":"the","start":4103.99,"end":4104.11},{"text":"legal","start":4104.11,"end":4104.55},{"text":"international","start":4104.55,"end":4105.39},{"text":"system.","start":4105.39,"end":4105.75}]},{"text":"We must continue to make a distinction between the sources of international law, and the commentaries must be clear and consistent, and they must not be used in order to create new legal obligations without recognized basis.","start":4105.99,"end":4120.87,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."},{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4105.99,"end":4106.11},{"text":"must","start":4106.11,"end":4106.39},{"text":"continue","start":4106.55,"end":4107.03},{"text":"to","start":4107.03,"end":4107.11},{"text":"make","start":4107.11,"end":4107.35},{"text":"a","start":4107.35,"end":4107.39},{"text":"distinction","start":4107.39,"end":4107.91},{"text":"between","start":4107.91,"end":4108.31},{"text":"the","start":4108.31,"end":4108.43},{"text":"sources","start":4108.43,"end":4108.95},{"text":"of","start":4108.95,"end":4109.11},{"text":"international","start":4109.11,"end":4109.79},{"text":"law,","start":4109.79,"end":4109.91},{"text":"and","start":4110.15,"end":4110.47},{"text":"the","start":4110.55,"end":4110.75},{"text":"commentaries","start":4111.27,"end":4111.91},{"text":"must","start":4111.91,"end":4112.15},{"text":"be","start":4112.15,"end":4112.27},{"text":"clear","start":4112.27,"end":4112.55},{"text":"and","start":4112.63,"end":4112.79},{"text":"consistent,","start":4112.79,"end":4113.51},{"text":"and","start":4113.67,"end":4113.99},{"text":"they","start":4114.15,"end":4114.55},{"text":"must","start":4114.55,"end":4114.79},{"text":"not","start":4114.79,"end":4114.95},{"text":"be","start":4114.95,"end":4115.11},{"text":"used","start":4115.11,"end":4115.39},{"text":"in","start":4115.39,"end":4115.51},{"text":"order","start":4115.51,"end":4115.83},{"text":"to","start":4115.83,"end":4115.91},{"text":"create","start":4115.91,"end":4116.31},{"text":"new","start":4116.31,"end":4116.55},{"text":"legal","start":4116.55,"end":4116.95},{"text":"obligations","start":4116.95,"end":4117.75},{"text":"without","start":4117.75,"end":4118.31},{"text":"recognized","start":4119.67,"end":4120.39},{"text":"basis.","start":4120.39,"end":4120.87}]},{"text":"On the conclusions and decisions we have taken note of the decision to add identification of legal consequences on the new program of work.","start":4121.11,"end":4134.23,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest 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must not be new obligations without any applicable legal basis.","start":4136.63,"end":4140.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":4136.63,"end":4136.75},{"text":"must","start":4136.75,"end":4136.95},{"text":"not","start":4136.95,"end":4137.23},{"text":"be","start":4137.23,"end":4137.47},{"text":"new","start":4137.55,"end":4137.87},{"text":"obligations","start":4137.87,"end":4138.63},{"text":"without","start":4138.63,"end":4139.03},{"text":"any","start":4139.03,"end":4139.27},{"text":"applicable","start":4139.27,"end":4139.83},{"text":"legal","start":4139.83,"end":4140.11},{"text":"basis.","start":4140.11,"end":4140.43}]},{"text":"In conclusion, Madam Chair, we underscore the importance of pursuing dialogue between the ILC and Member 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Serbia.","start":4162.11,"end":4165.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4162.11,"end":4162.27},{"text":"now","start":4162.27,"end":4162.43},{"text":"give","start":4162.43,"end":4162.67},{"text":"the","start":4162.67,"end":4162.79},{"text":"floor","start":4162.79,"end":4162.99},{"text":"to","start":4162.99,"end":4163.15},{"text":"the","start":4163.15,"end":4163.23},{"text":"distinguished","start":4163.23,"end":4163.75},{"text":"representative","start":4163.75,"end":4164.51},{"text":"of","start":4164.51,"end":4164.59},{"text":"Serbia.","start":4164.59,"end":4165.11}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":4165.75,"end":4166.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4165.75,"end":4165.79},{"text":"have","start":4165.79,"end":4165.91},{"text":"the","start":4165.91,"end":4166.03},{"text":"floor,","start":4166.07,"end":4166.31},{"text":"sir.","start":4166.31,"end":4166.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th 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topics concern some of the most sensitive issues of contemporary international law.","start":4175.99,"end":4180.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":4175.99,"end":4176.31},{"text":"topics","start":4176.31,"end":4176.67},{"text":"concern","start":4176.67,"end":4177.03},{"text":"some","start":4177.03,"end":4177.35},{"text":"of","start":4177.35,"end":4177.43},{"text":"the","start":4177.43,"end":4177.55},{"text":"most","start":4177.55,"end":4177.95},{"text":"sensitive","start":4177.95,"end":4178.39},{"text":"issues","start":4178.39,"end":4178.71},{"text":"of","start":4178.71,"end":4178.79},{"text":"contemporary","start":4178.79,"end":4179.47},{"text":"international","start":4179.47,"end":4180.39},{"text":"law.","start":4180.39,"end":4180.47}]},{"text":"With regard to the immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, the International Law Commission has completed the second 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4281.67,"end":4281.87},{"text":"Commission","start":4281.87,"end":4282.31},{"text":"has","start":4282.31,"end":4282.51},{"text":"completed","start":4282.51,"end":4282.99},{"text":"the","start":4282.99,"end":4283.11},{"text":"second","start":4283.11,"end":4283.43},{"text":"reading","start":4283.43,"end":4283.91},{"text":"of","start":4284.23,"end":4284.31},{"text":"the","start":4284.31,"end":4284.63},{"text":"relevant","start":4285.83,"end":4286.35},{"text":"conclusions,","start":4286.35,"end":4287.11},{"text":"yet","start":4287.27,"end":4287.59},{"text":"certain","start":4287.59,"end":4287.99},{"text":"question","start":4287.99,"end":4288.47},{"text":"remains","start":4288.63,"end":4289.19},{"text":"unresolved","start":4289.19,"end":4289.99},{"text":"and","start":4290.31,"end":4290.51},{"text":"have","start":4290.51,"end":4290.79},{"text":"not","start":4290.79,"end":4291.03},{"text":"been","start":4291.03,"end":4291.27},{"text":"sufficiently","start":4291.27,"end":4293.19},{"text":"addressed","start":4293.19,"end":4293.59},{"text":"in","start":4293.59,"end":4293.67},{"text":"the","start":4293.67,"end":4293.75},{"text":"commentaries.","start":4293.75,"end":4294.63}]},{"text":"This is particularly significant given that the general principles of law constitute a source of international law whose precise nature and scope have long been the subject of debate.","start":4295.39,"end":4305.15,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4295.39,"end":4295.51},{"text":"is","start":4295.51,"end":4295.63},{"text":"particularly","start":4295.63,"end":4296.27},{"text":"significant","start":4296.27,"end":4296.99},{"text":"given","start":4296.99,"end":4297.31},{"text":"that","start":4297.31,"end":4297.63},{"text":"the","start":4297.71,"end":4297.83},{"text":"general","start":4297.87,"end":4298.19},{"text":"principles","start":4298.19,"end":4298.75},{"text":"of","start":4298.75,"end":4298.91},{"text":"law","start":4298.91,"end":4299.07},{"text":"constitute","start":4299.07,"end":4299.63},{"text":"a","start":4299.63,"end":4299.71},{"text":"source","start":4299.71,"end":4300.11},{"text":"of","start":4300.11,"end":4300.27},{"text":"international","start":4300.27,"end":4301.07},{"text":"law","start":4301.07,"end":4301.15},{"text":"whose","start":4301.47,"end":4301.71},{"text":"precise","start":4301.71,"end":4302.19},{"text":"nature","start":4302.19,"end":4302.59},{"text":"and","start":4302.59,"end":4302.75},{"text":"scope","start":4302.75,"end":4303.15},{"text":"have","start":4303.15,"end":4303.31},{"text":"long","start":4303.31,"end":4303.55},{"text":"been","start":4303.55,"end":4303.79},{"text":"the","start":4303.79,"end":4303.87},{"text":"subject","start":4303.87,"end":4304.35},{"text":"of","start":4304.35,"end":4304.43},{"text":"debate.","start":4304.43,"end":4305.15}]},{"text":"One of the most controversial issues concerns draft conclusion 3, which distinguishes between two categories of general principles of law.","start":4305.87,"end":4314.91,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":4305.87,"end":4306.19},{"text":"of","start":4306.19,"end":4306.35},{"text":"the","start":4306.35,"end":4306.51},{"text":"most","start":4306.51,"end":4306.79},{"text":"controversial","start":4306.79,"end":4307.87},{"text":"issues","start":4307.87,"end":4308.19},{"text":"concerns","start":4308.19,"end":4308.75},{"text":"draft","start":4308.75,"end":4309.47},{"text":"conclusion","start":4309.63,"end":4310.27},{"text":"3,","start":4310.27,"end":4310.59},{"text":"which","start":4310.87,"end":4311.15},{"text":"distinguishes","start":4311.15,"end":4311.95},{"text":"between","start":4311.95,"end":4312.51},{"text":"two","start":4312.51,"end":4312.71},{"text":"categories","start":4312.71,"end":4313.31},{"text":"of","start":4313.31,"end":4313.55},{"text":"general","start":4313.55,"end":4313.95},{"text":"principles","start":4313.95,"end":4314.51},{"text":"of","start":4314.51,"end":4314.67},{"text":"law.","start":4314.67,"end":4314.91}]},{"text":"The first category, comprising principles derived from national legal systems, has received broad support from States.","start":4315.39,"end":4321.79,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4322.31,"end":4322.39},{"text":"second","start":4322.39,"end":4322.59},{"text":"category,","start":4322.59,"end":4323.27},{"text":"comprising","start":4323.27,"end":4323.91},{"text":"principles","start":4323.91,"end":4324.47},{"text":"that","start":4324.47,"end":4324.71},{"text":"may","start":4324.71,"end":4324.87},{"text":"be","start":4324.87,"end":4325.03},{"text":"formed","start":4325.03,"end":4325.43},{"text":"within","start":4325.43,"end":4325.75},{"text":"the","start":4325.75,"end":4325.87},{"text":"international","start":4326.15,"end":4326.99},{"text":"legal","start":4326.99,"end":4327.27},{"text":"system,","start":4327.27,"end":4327.75},{"text":"remain","start":4328.07,"end":4328.47},{"text":"contested.","start":4328.47,"end":4329.19}]},{"text":"While some states accept the existence of this second category, the other continue to express serious reservations.","start":4330.07,"end":4339.59,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":4330.07,"end":4330.39},{"text":"some","start":4330.87,"end":4331.19},{"text":"states","start":4331.19,"end":4331.75},{"text":"accept","start":4331.75,"end":4332.31},{"text":"the","start":4332.63,"end":4332.75},{"text":"existence","start":4332.75,"end":4333.35},{"text":"of","start":4333.35,"end":4333.47},{"text":"this","start":4333.47,"end":4333.71},{"text":"second","start":4333.71,"end":4333.91},{"text":"category,","start":4333.91,"end":4334.79},{"text":"the","start":4335.19,"end":4335.47},{"text":"other","start":4335.47,"end":4335.67},{"text":"continue","start":4335.67,"end":4337.27},{"text":"to","start":4337.27,"end":4337.39},{"text":"express","start":4337.39,"end":4338.03},{"text":"serious","start":4338.03,"end":4338.55},{"text":"reservations.","start":4338.55,"end":4339.59}]},{"text":"As I emphasized during the previous session, it is important to distinguish between general principles of law as a formal source of international law and the principles of international law that derive from treaties, customary international law, or general principles of law recognized as a source under Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.","start":4340.59,"end":4362.51,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":4363.15,"end":4363.47},{"text":"principles","start":4363.47,"end":4364.35},{"text":"may","start":4364.79,"end":4365.03},{"text":"be","start":4365.03,"end":4365.27},{"text":"understood","start":4365.27,"end":4365.91},{"text":"as","start":4366.15,"end":4366.39},{"text":"principles","start":4366.39,"end":4367.03},{"text":"inherent","start":4367.03,"end":4367.83},{"text":"in","start":4367.83,"end":4368.07},{"text":"law","start":4368.07,"end":4368.47},{"text":"as","start":4368.47,"end":4368.63},{"text":"a","start":4368.63,"end":4368.71},{"text":"social","start":4368.71,"end":4369.23},{"text":"phenomenon,","start":4369.23,"end":4369.99},{"text":"existing","start":4370.31,"end":4370.95},{"text":"in","start":4370.95,"end":4371.19},{"text":"both","start":4371.19,"end":4371.51},{"text":"national","start":4371.51,"end":4372.15},{"text":"and","start":4372.15,"end":4372.39},{"text":"international","start":4372.39,"end":4373.07},{"text":"legal","start":4373.07,"end":4373.35},{"text":"system.","start":4373.35,"end":4373.83}]},{"text":"In this sense, they form an integral part of law and tend to reflect its more enduring and conservative features.","start":4374.23,"end":4383.27,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4374.23,"end":4374.43},{"text":"this","start":4374.43,"end":4374.71},{"text":"sense,","start":4374.71,"end":4375.19},{"text":"they","start":4375.35,"end":4375.67},{"text":"form","start":4375.67,"end":4376.07},{"text":"an","start":4376.11,"end":4376.47},{"text":"integral","start":4376.87,"end":4377.43},{"text":"part","start":4377.43,"end":4377.87},{"text":"of","start":4377.87,"end":4378.07},{"text":"law","start":4378.07,"end":4378.39},{"text":"and","start":4378.63,"end":4378.83},{"text":"tend","start":4378.83,"end":4379.11},{"text":"to","start":4379.11,"end":4379.23},{"text":"reflect","start":4379.23,"end":4379.91},{"text":"its","start":4379.91,"end":4380.15},{"text":"more","start":4380.15,"end":4380.55},{"text":"enduring","start":4380.71,"end":4381.35},{"text":"and","start":4381.35,"end":4381.67},{"text":"conservative","start":4381.67,"end":4382.39},{"text":"features.","start":4382.55,"end":4383.27}]},{"text":"What is described as the second category in the Commission's work should not, in our view, be treated as an independent source of international law.","start":4384.59,"end":4393.35,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":4384.59,"end":4384.87},{"text":"is","start":4384.87,"end":4385.03},{"text":"described","start":4385.03,"end":4385.67},{"text":"as","start":4385.67,"end":4385.83},{"text":"the","start":4385.83,"end":4385.91},{"text":"second","start":4385.91,"end":4386.11},{"text":"category","start":4386.11,"end":4386.87},{"text":"in","start":4386.87,"end":4387.03},{"text":"the","start":4387.03,"end":4387.11},{"text":"Commission's","start":4387.11,"end":4387.67},{"text":"work","start":4387.67,"end":4388.07},{"text":"should","start":4388.39,"end":4388.71},{"text":"not,","start":4388.71,"end":4388.95},{"text":"in","start":4388.95,"end":4389.11},{"text":"our","start":4389.11,"end":4389.43},{"text":"view,","start":4389.59,"end":4389.91},{"text":"be","start":4389.91,"end":4390.15},{"text":"treated","start":4390.15,"end":4390.63},{"text":"as","start":4390.63,"end":4390.87},{"text":"an","start":4390.87,"end":4390.95},{"text":"independent","start":4390.95,"end":4391.71},{"text":"source","start":4391.71,"end":4392.15},{"text":"of","start":4392.15,"end":4392.47},{"text":"international","start":4392.47,"end":4393.23},{"text":"law.","start":4393.23,"end":4393.35}]},{"text":"Such principles may constitute principles of international law, but that does not necessarily mean that they can be qualified as a separate formal source within the meaning of Article 38.","start":4394.11,"end":4409.47,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":4394.11,"end":4394.19},{"text":"principles","start":4394.19,"end":4394.91},{"text":"may","start":4394.91,"end":4395.07},{"text":"constitute","start":4395.07,"end":4395.63},{"text":"principles","start":4395.63,"end":4396.27},{"text":"of","start":4396.27,"end":4396.51},{"text":"international","start":4396.51,"end":4397.55},{"text":"law,","start":4397.55,"end":4397.63},{"text":"but","start":4398.35,"end":4398.75},{"text":"that","start":4399.15,"end":4399.55},{"text":"does","start":4399.55,"end":4399.95},{"text":"not","start":4399.95,"end":4400.19},{"text":"necessarily","start":4400.19,"end":4400.75},{"text":"mean","start":4400.75,"end":4401.15},{"text":"that","start":4401.31,"end":4401.63},{"text":"they","start":4402.03,"end":4402.43},{"text":"can","start":4403.47,"end":4403.71},{"text":"be","start":4403.71,"end":4403.87},{"text":"qualified","start":4403.87,"end":4404.59},{"text":"as","start":4404.59,"end":4404.83},{"text":"a","start":4404.83,"end":4404.91},{"text":"separate","start":4404.91,"end":4405.87},{"text":"formal","start":4405.87,"end":4406.27},{"text":"source","start":4406.27,"end":4406.67},{"text":"within","start":4406.91,"end":4407.23},{"text":"the","start":4407.23,"end":4407.35},{"text":"meaning","start":4407.35,"end":4407.71},{"text":"of","start":4407.79,"end":4407.95},{"text":"Article","start":4407.95,"end":4408.59},{"text":"38.","start":4408.67,"end":4409.47}]},{"text":"Rather, they may derive their legal force from other sources of international law.","start":4410.11,"end":4416.07,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":4410.11,"end":4410.67},{"text":"they","start":4410.91,"end":4411.23},{"text":"may","start":4411.23,"end":4411.47},{"text":"derive","start":4412.35,"end":4412.91},{"text":"their","start":4412.91,"end":4413.15},{"text":"legal","start":4413.15,"end":4413.55},{"text":"force","start":4413.55,"end":4413.95},{"text":"from","start":4413.95,"end":4414.27},{"text":"other","start":4414.27,"end":4414.59},{"text":"sources","start":4414.59,"end":4415.07},{"text":"of","start":4415.07,"end":4415.23},{"text":"international","start":4415.23,"end":4415.99},{"text":"law.","start":4415.99,"end":4416.07}]},{"text":"Time constraints do not permit me to examine comprehensively all the examples discussed in the commentaries to the relevant draft conclusions.","start":4417.03,"end":4425.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Time","start":4417.03,"end":4417.23},{"text":"constraints","start":4417.23,"end":4418.03},{"text":"do","start":4418.03,"end":4418.27},{"text":"not","start":4418.27,"end":4418.43},{"text":"permit","start":4418.43,"end":4418.87},{"text":"me","start":4418.87,"end":4419.07},{"text":"to","start":4419.07,"end":4419.23},{"text":"examine","start":4419.23,"end":4419.71},{"text":"comprehensively","start":4419.71,"end":4420.83},{"text":"all","start":4420.83,"end":4421.07},{"text":"the","start":4421.07,"end":4421.23},{"text":"examples","start":4421.39,"end":4422.19},{"text":"discussed","start":4422.19,"end":4422.71},{"text":"in","start":4422.71,"end":4422.83},{"text":"the","start":4422.83,"end":4422.91},{"text":"commentaries","start":4422.91,"end":4423.63},{"text":"to","start":4423.63,"end":4423.79},{"text":"the","start":4423.79,"end":4423.87},{"text":"relevant","start":4423.87,"end":4424.43},{"text":"draft","start":4424.43,"end":4424.75},{"text":"conclusions.","start":4424.75,"end":4425.55}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, I would like to emphasize that principles described as intrinsic to the international legal system may indeed be principles of international law without necessarily constituting independent source of law under Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.","start":4425.79,"end":4444.11,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":4425.79,"end":4426.51},{"text":"I","start":4426.59,"end":4426.67},{"text":"would","start":4426.67,"end":4426.83},{"text":"like","start":4426.83,"end":4427.07},{"text":"to","start":4427.07,"end":4427.15},{"text":"emphasize","start":4427.15,"end":4427.71},{"text":"that","start":4427.71,"end":4427.95},{"text":"principles","start":4427.95,"end":4428.43},{"text":"described","start":4428.43,"end":4428.99},{"text":"as","start":4428.99,"end":4429.23},{"text":"intrinsic","start":4429.23,"end":4429.95},{"text":"to","start":4429.95,"end":4430.07},{"text":"the","start":4430.07,"end":4430.15},{"text":"international","start":4430.15,"end":4430.87},{"text":"legal","start":4430.87,"end":4431.19},{"text":"system","start":4431.19,"end":4431.71},{"text":"may","start":4431.95,"end":4432.35},{"text":"indeed","start":4432.35,"end":4432.79},{"text":"be","start":4432.79,"end":4432.99},{"text":"principles","start":4432.99,"end":4433.59},{"text":"of","start":4433.59,"end":4433.71},{"text":"international","start":4433.71,"end":4434.51},{"text":"law","start":4434.51,"end":4434.59},{"text":"without","start":4434.75,"end":4435.31},{"text":"necessarily","start":4435.31,"end":4435.95},{"text":"constituting","start":4435.95,"end":4436.67},{"text":"independent","start":4437.87,"end":4439.19},{"text":"source","start":4439.19,"end":4439.63},{"text":"of","start":4439.63,"end":4439.87},{"text":"law","start":4439.87,"end":4440.23},{"text":"under","start":4440.23,"end":4440.51},{"text":"Article","start":4440.51,"end":4441.07},{"text":"38","start":4441.07,"end":4441.79},{"text":"of","start":4441.79,"end":4441.95},{"text":"the","start":4441.95,"end":4442.03},{"text":"Statute","start":4442.03,"end":4442.55},{"text":"of","start":4442.55,"end":4442.63},{"text":"the","start":4442.63,"end":4442.71},{"text":"International","start":4442.71,"end":4443.23},{"text":"Court","start":4443.23,"end":4443.47},{"text":"of","start":4443.47,"end":4443.55},{"text":"Justice.","start":4443.55,"end":4444.11}]},{"text":"Just for example, the principle of uti possidentis, as applied in the context of decolonization, constitutes a principle of international law with a customary character.","start":4444.63,"end":4456.55,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Just","start":4444.63,"end":4444.95},{"text":"for","start":4444.95,"end":4445.11},{"text":"example,","start":4445.11,"end":4445.75},{"text":"the","start":4446.15,"end":4446.31},{"text":"principle","start":4446.31,"end":4446.87},{"text":"of","start":4447.19,"end":4447.35},{"text":"uti","start":4447.43,"end":4447.83},{"text":"possidentis,","start":4447.83,"end":4448.79},{"text":"as","start":4448.95,"end":4449.19},{"text":"applied","start":4449.19,"end":4449.59},{"text":"in","start":4449.59,"end":4449.71},{"text":"the","start":4449.71,"end":4449.79},{"text":"context","start":4449.79,"end":4450.31},{"text":"of","start":4450.31,"end":4450.47},{"text":"decolonization,","start":4450.47,"end":4451.59},{"text":"constitutes","start":4451.59,"end":4452.19},{"text":"a","start":4452.19,"end":4452.23},{"text":"principle","start":4452.23,"end":4452.83},{"text":"of","start":4452.83,"end":4452.95},{"text":"international","start":4452.95,"end":4453.91},{"text":"law","start":4454.23,"end":4454.31},{"text":"with","start":4454.63,"end":4454.87},{"text":"a","start":4454.87,"end":4454.95},{"text":"customary","start":4454.95,"end":4455.55},{"text":"character.","start":4455.55,"end":4456.55}]},{"text":"Its application is also closely associated with political considerations of stability and the preservation of peace.","start":4457.19,"end":4465.19,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":4457.19,"end":4457.51},{"text":"application","start":4457.51,"end":4458.31},{"text":"is","start":4458.47,"end":4458.63},{"text":"also","start":4458.63,"end":4458.95},{"text":"closely","start":4458.95,"end":4460.23},{"text":"associated","start":4460.23,"end":4460.95},{"text":"with","start":4461.11,"end":4461.39},{"text":"political","start":4461.39,"end":4461.99},{"text":"considerations","start":4461.99,"end":4462.87},{"text":"of","start":4462.87,"end":4463.03},{"text":"stability","start":4463.03,"end":4463.75},{"text":"and","start":4463.75,"end":4463.91},{"text":"the","start":4463.91,"end":4463.99},{"text":"preservation","start":4463.99,"end":4464.67},{"text":"of","start":4464.67,"end":4464.79},{"text":"peace.","start":4464.79,"end":4465.19}]},{"text":"However, recognizing this principle as a principle of international law does not in itself establish that it constitutes an independent formal source of law under Article 38.","start":4465.63,"end":4477.95,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":4465.63,"end":4466.15},{"text":"recognizing","start":4466.15,"end":4466.91},{"text":"this","start":4467.11,"end":4467.39},{"text":"principle","start":4468.43,"end":4469.07},{"text":"as","start":4469.23,"end":4469.47},{"text":"a","start":4469.47,"end":4469.51},{"text":"principle","start":4469.51,"end":4470.11},{"text":"of","start":4470.11,"end":4470.27},{"text":"international","start":4470.27,"end":4471.11},{"text":"law","start":4471.11,"end":4471.19},{"text":"does","start":4471.19,"end":4471.55},{"text":"not","start":4471.55,"end":4471.79},{"text":"in","start":4471.79,"end":4471.99},{"text":"itself","start":4471.99,"end":4472.43},{"text":"establish","start":4472.43,"end":4473.07},{"text":"that","start":4473.31,"end":4473.55},{"text":"it","start":4473.55,"end":4473.71},{"text":"constitutes","start":4473.71,"end":4474.27},{"text":"an","start":4474.31,"end":4474.43},{"text":"independent","start":4474.43,"end":4475.23},{"text":"formal","start":4475.23,"end":4475.67},{"text":"source","start":4475.67,"end":4476.03},{"text":"of","start":4476.03,"end":4476.11},{"text":"law","start":4476.11,"end":4476.47},{"text":"under","start":4476.47,"end":4476.71},{"text":"Article","start":4476.71,"end":4477.15},{"text":"38.","start":4477.23,"end":4477.95}]},{"text":"Similarly, the principles listed in the commentary to draft conclusion 7 may have different legal foundations.","start":4479.31,"end":4485.63,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Domestic","start":4506.59,"end":4507.03},{"text":"legal","start":4507.03,"end":4507.27},{"text":"systems","start":4507.27,"end":4507.83},{"text":"provide","start":4507.83,"end":4508.43},{"text":"a","start":4508.43,"end":4508.47},{"text":"useful","start":4508.47,"end":4508.95},{"text":"illustration.","start":4508.95,"end":4509.75}]},{"text":"Constitutional principles, principles established by legislation, and general principles of law may coexist, and the single principle may be reflected in several legal sources.","start":4509.83,"end":4522.63,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"General","start":4523.43,"end":4523.83},{"text":"principles","start":4523.83,"end":4524.39},{"text":"of","start":4524.39,"end":4524.55},{"text":"law,","start":4524.55,"end":4524.87},{"text":"understood","start":4525.27,"end":4525.75},{"text":"as","start":4525.75,"end":4525.87},{"text":"the","start":4525.87,"end":4525.99},{"text":"principles","start":4525.99,"end":4526.55},{"text":"inherent","start":4526.55,"end":4527.19},{"text":"in","start":4527.19,"end":4527.43},{"text":"law","start":4527.43,"end":4527.75},{"text":"as","start":4527.75,"end":4527.91},{"text":"a","start":4527.91,"end":4527.99},{"text":"social","start":4527.99,"end":4528.39},{"text":"phenomenon.","start":4528.39,"end":4529.11}]},{"text":"must therefore be distinguished from principles of international law that derive their binding force primarily from treaties or customary international law in combination with general principles of law.","start":4529.83,"end":4542.55,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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And I must admit that it's really good to see you leading the work of the Committee at this point in time and chairing these 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know we are very pressed for time.","start":4581.75,"end":4583.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4581.75,"end":4581.91},{"text":"know","start":4581.91,"end":4582.15},{"text":"we","start":4582.15,"end":4582.39},{"text":"are","start":4582.39,"end":4582.47},{"text":"very","start":4582.47,"end":4582.79},{"text":"pressed","start":4582.79,"end":4583.07},{"text":"for","start":4583.07,"end":4583.19},{"text":"time.","start":4583.19,"end":4583.67}]},{"text":"And we've dispensed with the full statement.","start":4584.39,"end":4587.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4584.39,"end":4584.63},{"text":"we've","start":4584.71,"end":4584.99},{"text":"dispensed","start":4584.99,"end":4585.59},{"text":"with","start":4585.59,"end":4585.83},{"text":"the","start":4586.23,"end":4586.35},{"text":"full","start":4586.71,"end":4587.07},{"text":"statement.","start":4587.07,"end":4587.75}]},{"text":"I also have dispensed with some of the diplomatic 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indeed, our substantive comments will be included in our long statement.","start":4602.23,"end":4606.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4602.23,"end":4602.39},{"text":"indeed,","start":4602.39,"end":4602.79},{"text":"our","start":4602.83,"end":4602.95},{"text":"substantive","start":4602.95,"end":4603.67},{"text":"comments","start":4604.07,"end":4604.59},{"text":"will","start":4604.59,"end":4604.71},{"text":"be","start":4604.71,"end":4605.19},{"text":"included","start":4605.19,"end":4605.75},{"text":"in","start":4605.75,"end":4605.91},{"text":"our","start":4605.91,"end":4605.99},{"text":"long","start":4605.99,"end":4606.23},{"text":"statement.","start":4606.23,"end":4606.79}]},{"text":"So, Madam Chair, Sierra Leone aligns itself with the statement delivered by Cameroon on behalf of the African 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the members of the International Law Commission and legal advisers from capitals to New 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congratulate Ambassador Andreas Mavroyiannis, it's good to see you in New York, Ambassador, on your leadership of the 77th session of the 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thank the Bureau, the Special Rapporteurs, and the Codification Division for a demanding yet very productive 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session.","start":4640.91,"end":4644.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"SALN","start":4640.91,"end":4641.19},{"text":"reiterated","start":4641.19,"end":4641.63},{"text":"its","start":4641.63,"end":4641.75},{"text":"call","start":4641.75,"end":4642.03},{"text":"for","start":4642.03,"end":4642.15},{"text":"the","start":4642.15,"end":4642.23},{"text":"restoration","start":4642.23,"end":4642.95},{"text":"of","start":4642.95,"end":4643.07},{"text":"the","start":4643.07,"end":4643.15},{"text":"Commission's","start":4643.15,"end":4643.71},{"text":"full","start":4643.71,"end":4643.91},{"text":"session.","start":4643.91,"end":4644.39}]},{"text":"The Commission completed two second readings this year, and that achievement should not mask the cost of compressed calendars for careful 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welcome the election to the Commission of Dr. Olufemi Elias of Nigeria, an international jurist of high repute and 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Lanka also takes particular pride in the work of its national, Professor Dr. Charles Charnock Jalloh, as Special Rapporteur on Subsidiary Means for the Determination of Rules of International Law.","start":4667.59,"end":4679.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sri","start":4667.59,"end":4667.75},{"text":"Lanka","start":4667.75,"end":4667.95},{"text":"also","start":4667.95,"end":4668.11},{"text":"takes","start":4668.11,"end":4668.51},{"text":"particular","start":4668.59,"end":4669.15},{"text":"pride","start":4669.15,"end":4669.63},{"text":"in","start":4669.87,"end":4669.99},{"text":"the","start":4669.99,"end":4670.11},{"text":"work","start":4670.11,"end":4670.35},{"text":"of","start":4670.35,"end":4670.51},{"text":"its","start":4670.51,"end":4670.67},{"text":"national,","start":4670.67,"end":4671.31},{"text":"Professor","start":4671.95,"end":4672.43},{"text":"Dr.","start":4672.43,"end":4672.75},{"text":"Charles","start":4672.75,"end":4673.31},{"text":"Charnock","start":4673.39,"end":4673.71},{"text":"Jalloh,","start":4673.71,"end":4674.19},{"text":"as","start":4675.11,"end":4675.19},{"text":"Special","start":4675.19,"end":4675.59},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":4675.59,"end":4676.15},{"text":"on","start":4676.15,"end":4676.35},{"text":"Subsidiary","start":4676.35,"end":4676.75},{"text":"Means","start":4676.75,"end":4677.07},{"text":"for","start":4677.07,"end":4677.19},{"text":"the","start":4677.19,"end":4677.27},{"text":"Determination","start":4677.27,"end":4677.95},{"text":"of","start":4677.95,"end":4678.11},{"text":"Rules","start":4678.11,"end":4678.43},{"text":"of","start":4678.43,"end":4678.55},{"text":"International","start":4678.55,"end":4679.35},{"text":"Law.","start":4679.35,"end":4679.43}]},{"text":"He steered the adoption this year on first reading of 13 draft conclusions with commentaries.","start":4680.03,"end":4685.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"He","start":4680.03,"end":4680.19},{"text":"steered","start":4680.19,"end":4680.55},{"text":"the","start":4680.55,"end":4680.63},{"text":"adoption","start":4680.63,"end":4681.07},{"text":"this","start":4681.07,"end":4681.31},{"text":"year","start":4681.31,"end":4681.63},{"text":"on","start":4682.03,"end":4682.19},{"text":"first","start":4682.19,"end":4682.51},{"text":"reading","start":4682.51,"end":4682.79},{"text":"of","start":4682.79,"end":4682.91},{"text":"13","start":4683.03,"end":4683.39},{"text":"draft","start":4683.39,"end":4683.79},{"text":"conclusions","start":4683.79,"end":4684.43},{"text":"with","start":4684.43,"end":4684.55},{"text":"commentaries.","start":4684.55,"end":4685.23}]},{"text":"Professor Jalloh also chaired the Working Group on Methods of Work and Procedures.","start":4686.27,"end":4689.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Professor","start":4686.27,"end":4686.59},{"text":"Jalloh","start":4686.59,"end":4686.91},{"text":"also","start":4686.91,"end":4687.15},{"text":"chaired","start":4687.15,"end":4687.51},{"text":"the","start":4687.51,"end":4687.59},{"text":"Working","start":4687.59,"end":4687.87},{"text":"Group","start":4687.87,"end":4688.03},{"text":"on","start":4688.03,"end":4688.19},{"text":"Methods","start":4688.19,"end":4688.51},{"text":"of","start":4688.51,"end":4688.59},{"text":"Work","start":4688.59,"end":4688.91},{"text":"and","start":4688.91,"end":4689.07},{"text":"Procedures.","start":4689.07,"end":4689.87}]},{"text":"We will comment in detail on subsidiary means in the appropriate cluster.","start":4690.75,"end":4694.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4690.75,"end":4690.87},{"text":"will","start":4690.87,"end":4690.99},{"text":"comment","start":4690.99,"end":4691.39},{"text":"in","start":4691.39,"end":4691.55},{"text":"detail","start":4691.55,"end":4692.19},{"text":"on","start":4692.19,"end":4692.35},{"text":"subsidiary","start":4692.35,"end":4692.83},{"text":"means","start":4692.83,"end":4693.19},{"text":"in","start":4693.31,"end":4693.51},{"text":"the","start":4693.51,"end":4693.59},{"text":"appropriate","start":4693.59,"end":4693.99},{"text":"cluster.","start":4693.99,"end":4694.43}]},{"text":"Sri Lanka welcomes the excellent progress made by the Working Group on Methods of Work in preparing the Handbook.","start":4695.67,"end":4701.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sri","start":4695.67,"end":4695.87},{"text":"Lanka","start":4695.87,"end":4696.07},{"text":"welcomes","start":4696.23,"end":4696.71},{"text":"the","start":4696.71,"end":4696.83},{"text":"excellent","start":4696.87,"end":4697.31},{"text":"progress","start":4697.31,"end":4697.67},{"text":"made","start":4697.67,"end":4697.99},{"text":"by","start":4697.99,"end":4698.15},{"text":"the","start":4698.15,"end":4698.23},{"text":"Working","start":4698.23,"end":4698.55},{"text":"Group","start":4698.55,"end":4698.87},{"text":"on","start":4698.91,"end":4699.11},{"text":"Methods","start":4699.11,"end":4699.47},{"text":"of","start":4699.47,"end":4699.55},{"text":"Work","start":4699.55,"end":4699.91},{"text":"in","start":4700.55,"end":4700.71},{"text":"preparing","start":4700.71,"end":4701.23},{"text":"the","start":4701.23,"end":4701.31},{"text":"Handbook.","start":4701.31,"end":4701.75}]},{"text":"In view of the conclusion of the current members’ mandate next year, Sri Lanka encourages the Commission to allocate sufficient time for the Working Group to complete its work, thereby ensuring that the incoming members in 2028 and indeed the delegations in the Sixth Committee can benefit from this valuable institutional resource.","start":4702.87,"end":4724.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4702.87,"end":4703.11},{"text":"view","start":4703.11,"end":4703.43},{"text":"of","start":4703.43,"end":4703.51},{"text":"the","start":4703.51,"end":4703.63},{"text":"conclusion","start":4703.63,"end":4704.19},{"text":"of","start":4704.19,"end":4704.27},{"text":"the","start":4704.27,"end":4704.35},{"text":"current","start":4704.35,"end":4704.79},{"text":"members’","start":4705.11,"end":4705.83},{"text":"mandate","start":4705.83,"end":4706.39},{"text":"next","start":4706.55,"end":4706.87},{"text":"year,","start":4706.87,"end":4707.11},{"text":"Sri","start":4707.75,"end":4707.99},{"text":"Lanka","start":4707.99,"end":4708.19},{"text":"encourages","start":4708.19,"end":4708.63},{"text":"the","start":4708.63,"end":4708.71},{"text":"Commission","start":4708.71,"end":4709.27},{"text":"to","start":4709.27,"end":4709.51},{"text":"allocate","start":4709.59,"end":4710.07},{"text":"sufficient","start":4710.07,"end":4710.59},{"text":"time","start":4710.59,"end":4710.95},{"text":"for","start":4710.95,"end":4711.27},{"text":"the","start":4711.27,"end":4711.35},{"text":"Working","start":4711.35,"end":4711.67},{"text":"Group","start":4711.67,"end":4711.99},{"text":"to","start":4712.47,"end":4712.63},{"text":"complete","start":4712.63,"end":4713.11},{"text":"its","start":4713.11,"end":4713.31},{"text":"work,","start":4713.31,"end":4713.67},{"text":"thereby","start":4714.39,"end":4714.75},{"text":"ensuring","start":4714.75,"end":4715.39},{"text":"that","start":4715.39,"end":4715.51},{"text":"the","start":4715.51,"end":4715.59},{"text":"incoming","start":4715.59,"end":4716.11},{"text":"members","start":4716.11,"end":4716.63},{"text":"in","start":4716.63,"end":4716.79},{"text":"2028","start":4716.79,"end":4717.99},{"text":"and","start":4717.99,"end":4718.15},{"text":"indeed","start":4718.15,"end":4718.59},{"text":"the","start":4718.59,"end":4718.67},{"text":"delegations","start":4718.67,"end":4719.27},{"text":"in","start":4719.27,"end":4719.39},{"text":"the","start":4719.39,"end":4719.47},{"text":"Sixth","start":4719.47,"end":4719.75},{"text":"Committee","start":4719.75,"end":4720.31},{"text":"can","start":4720.87,"end":4721.11},{"text":"benefit","start":4721.11,"end":4721.83},{"text":"from","start":4721.91,"end":4722.11},{"text":"this","start":4722.11,"end":4722.31},{"text":"valuable","start":4722.31,"end":4722.87},{"text":"institutional","start":4722.87,"end":4723.51},{"text":"resource.","start":4723.51,"end":4724.07}]},{"text":"Today, in acknowledging his stellar contribution to the work of the Commission, we are pleased to further state that Professor Jalloh is Sierra Leone's candidate for the position of Judge of the International Court of Justice, endorsed by the Economic Community of West African States, the African Union, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.","start":4725.55,"end":4743.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Today,","start":4725.55,"end":4725.87},{"text":"in","start":4725.87,"end":4726.03},{"text":"acknowledging","start":4726.03,"end":4726.63},{"text":"his","start":4726.63,"end":4726.75},{"text":"stellar","start":4726.75,"end":4727.03},{"text":"contribution","start":4727.03,"end":4727.63},{"text":"to","start":4727.63,"end":4727.75},{"text":"the","start":4727.75,"end":4727.83},{"text":"work","start":4727.83,"end":4728.03},{"text":"of","start":4728.03,"end":4728.11},{"text":"the","start":4728.11,"end":4728.19},{"text":"Commission,","start":4728.19,"end":4728.83},{"text":"we","start":4729.39,"end":4729.63},{"text":"are","start":4729.63,"end":4729.71},{"text":"pleased","start":4729.71,"end":4730.15},{"text":"to","start":4730.15,"end":4730.27},{"text":"further","start":4730.27,"end":4730.51},{"text":"state","start":4730.51,"end":4730.75},{"text":"that","start":4730.75,"end":4730.91},{"text":"Professor","start":4730.91,"end":4731.31},{"text":"Jalloh","start":4731.31,"end":4731.79},{"text":"is","start":4731.79,"end":4731.87},{"text":"Sierra","start":4731.87,"end":4732.07},{"text":"Leone's","start":4732.07,"end":4732.43},{"text":"candidate","start":4732.43,"end":4732.99},{"text":"for","start":4733.39,"end":4733.55},{"text":"the","start":4733.55,"end":4733.63},{"text":"position","start":4733.63,"end":4734.03},{"text":"of","start":4734.03,"end":4734.19},{"text":"Judge","start":4734.19,"end":4734.59},{"text":"of","start":4734.59,"end":4734.71},{"text":"the","start":4734.71,"end":4734.79},{"text":"International","start":4734.79,"end":4735.47},{"text":"Court","start":4735.47,"end":4735.71},{"text":"of","start":4735.71,"end":4735.79},{"text":"Justice,","start":4735.79,"end":4736.43},{"text":"endorsed","start":4737.07,"end":4737.63},{"text":"by","start":4737.63,"end":4737.79},{"text":"the","start":4737.83,"end":4737.91},{"text":"Economic","start":4737.91,"end":4738.27},{"text":"Community","start":4738.27,"end":4738.63},{"text":"of","start":4738.63,"end":4738.75},{"text":"West","start":4738.75,"end":4738.95},{"text":"African","start":4738.95,"end":4739.31},{"text":"States,","start":4739.31,"end":4739.83},{"text":"the","start":4740.27,"end":4740.43},{"text":"African","start":4740.51,"end":4741.15},{"text":"Union,","start":4741.15,"end":4741.71},{"text":"and","start":4741.95,"end":4742.15},{"text":"the","start":4742.15,"end":4742.23},{"text":"Organization","start":4742.23,"end":4742.79},{"text":"of","start":4742.79,"end":4742.91},{"text":"Islamic","start":4742.91,"end":4743.31},{"text":"Cooperation.","start":4743.31,"end":4743.95}]},{"text":"We are also grateful to the 12 other national groups and their governments for co-nomination of Professor Jalloh.","start":4745.07,"end":4750.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4745.07,"end":4745.19},{"text":"are","start":4745.19,"end":4745.27},{"text":"also","start":4745.27,"end":4745.47},{"text":"grateful","start":4745.47,"end":4745.95},{"text":"to","start":4745.95,"end":4746.11},{"text":"the","start":4746.11,"end":4746.19},{"text":"12","start":4746.19,"end":4746.59},{"text":"other","start":4746.67,"end":4746.87},{"text":"national","start":4746.87,"end":4747.23},{"text":"groups","start":4747.23,"end":4747.79},{"text":"and","start":4747.79,"end":4747.91},{"text":"their","start":4747.91,"end":4748.03},{"text":"governments","start":4748.03,"end":4748.63},{"text":"for","start":4748.63,"end":4748.83},{"text":"co-nomination","start":4748.83,"end":4749.67},{"text":"of","start":4749.67,"end":4749.75},{"text":"Professor","start":4749.75,"end":4750.11},{"text":"Jalloh.","start":4750.11,"end":4750.59}]},{"text":"His record of service to the Commission is, we believe, the best testimony to the contribution he would make to the court.","start":4751.31,"end":4758.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"His","start":4751.31,"end":4751.51},{"text":"record","start":4751.51,"end":4751.75},{"text":"of","start":4751.75,"end":4751.83},{"text":"service","start":4751.83,"end":4752.35},{"text":"to","start":4752.35,"end":4752.43},{"text":"the","start":4752.43,"end":4752.51},{"text":"Commission","start":4752.51,"end":4753.07},{"text":"is,","start":4753.07,"end":4753.39},{"text":"we","start":4753.39,"end":4753.51},{"text":"believe,","start":4753.51,"end":4754.03},{"text":"the","start":4754.55,"end":4754.63},{"text":"best","start":4754.63,"end":4754.91},{"text":"testimony","start":4754.91,"end":4755.67},{"text":"to","start":4756.15,"end":4756.31},{"text":"the","start":4756.31,"end":4756.39},{"text":"contribution","start":4756.39,"end":4757.35},{"text":"he","start":4757.35,"end":4757.47},{"text":"would","start":4757.47,"end":4757.67},{"text":"make","start":4757.67,"end":4757.99},{"text":"to","start":4758.07,"end":4758.23},{"text":"the","start":4758.23,"end":4758.31},{"text":"court.","start":4758.31,"end":4758.71}]},{"text":"On the topics for consideration in cluster one, allow me first to address sea level rise in relation to international law.","start":4760.15,"end":4766.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4760.15,"end":4760.31},{"text":"the","start":4760.31,"end":4760.39},{"text":"topics","start":4760.39,"end":4760.71},{"text":"for","start":4760.71,"end":4760.83},{"text":"consideration","start":4760.83,"end":4761.43},{"text":"in","start":4761.43,"end":4761.51},{"text":"cluster","start":4761.51,"end":4761.83},{"text":"one,","start":4761.83,"end":4762.23},{"text":"allow","start":4762.87,"end":4763.07},{"text":"me","start":4763.07,"end":4763.27},{"text":"first","start":4763.27,"end":4763.55},{"text":"to","start":4763.55,"end":4763.63},{"text":"address","start":4763.63,"end":4763.87},{"text":"sea","start":4763.87,"end":4764.07},{"text":"level","start":4764.07,"end":4764.35},{"text":"rise","start":4764.35,"end":4764.67},{"text":"in","start":4764.67,"end":4764.75},{"text":"relation","start":4764.75,"end":4765.11},{"text":"to","start":4765.11,"end":4765.35},{"text":"international","start":4765.35,"end":4766.07},{"text":"law.","start":4766.07,"end":4766.15}]},{"text":"As a coastal state in West Africa, Sierra Leone has low-lying communities, islands, and a coastline undergoing pressure from rising seas.","start":4767.03,"end":4777.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4767.03,"end":4767.27},{"text":"a","start":4767.27,"end":4767.31},{"text":"coastal","start":4767.31,"end":4767.75},{"text":"state","start":4767.75,"end":4768.07},{"text":"in","start":4768.07,"end":4768.15},{"text":"West","start":4768.15,"end":4768.39},{"text":"Africa,","start":4768.39,"end":4768.95},{"text":"Sierra","start":4769.59,"end":4769.83},{"text":"Leone","start":4769.83,"end":4770.03},{"text":"has","start":4770.03,"end":4770.15},{"text":"low-lying","start":4770.15,"end":4770.87},{"text":"communities,","start":4770.87,"end":4771.67},{"text":"islands,","start":4771.83,"end":4772.55},{"text":"and","start":4773.59,"end":4773.79},{"text":"a","start":4773.79,"end":4773.83},{"text":"coastline","start":4773.83,"end":4774.47},{"text":"undergoing","start":4775.11,"end":4775.75},{"text":"pressure","start":4775.75,"end":4776.31},{"text":"from","start":4776.47,"end":4776.79},{"text":"rising","start":4776.79,"end":4777.19},{"text":"seas.","start":4777.19,"end":4777.67}]},{"text":"We therefore welcome the final report of the study group and support its central legal findings.","start":4778.55,"end":4784.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4778.55,"end":4778.75},{"text":"therefore","start":4778.75,"end":4779.03},{"text":"welcome","start":4779.03,"end":4779.59},{"text":"the","start":4779.59,"end":4779.67},{"text":"final","start":4779.67,"end":4780.03},{"text":"report","start":4780.03,"end":4780.39},{"text":"of","start":4780.39,"end":4780.51},{"text":"the","start":4780.51,"end":4780.59},{"text":"study","start":4780.59,"end":4780.83},{"text":"group","start":4780.83,"end":4781.19},{"text":"and","start":4781.87,"end":4781.99},{"text":"support","start":4781.99,"end":4782.67},{"text":"its","start":4782.67,"end":4782.91},{"text":"central","start":4782.91,"end":4783.35},{"text":"legal","start":4783.35,"end":4783.63},{"text":"findings.","start":4783.63,"end":4784.35}]},{"text":"We congratulate and commend the co-chairs and members of the study group, and indeed represented by Professor Nolifor Oral on the 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and thank you for your work.","start":4793.63,"end":4795.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Congratulations","start":4793.63,"end":4794.39},{"text":"and","start":4794.39,"end":4794.51},{"text":"thank","start":4794.51,"end":4794.67},{"text":"you","start":4794.67,"end":4794.75},{"text":"for","start":4794.75,"end":4794.87},{"text":"your","start":4794.87,"end":4794.99},{"text":"work.","start":4794.99,"end":4795.31}]},{"text":"In this regard, the UN welcomes also the adoption by consensus on 24th September 2026, during the high-level week of the 81st session of the political declaration of the high-level meeting to address the existential threat posed by sea level 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Declaration also takes note of the advisory opinion of the Court, ICJ, and the final report of the study 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legal analysis of the Commission, the jurisprudence of the Court, and the political will of Member States now point in the same 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task is to consolidate that convergence into settled law and to give practical effect to the Declaration's commitment on science, adaptation, finance, and the protection of affected persons.","start":4827.27,"end":4840.03,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4901.99,"end":4902.15},{"text":"ensure","start":4902.15,"end":4902.51},{"text":"harmonization","start":4902.51,"end":4903.51},{"text":"for","start":4903.51,"end":4903.67},{"text":"the","start":4903.67,"end":4903.75},{"text":"users","start":4903.75,"end":4904.15},{"text":"of","start":4904.15,"end":4904.23},{"text":"the","start":4904.23,"end":4904.31},{"text":"Commission's","start":4904.31,"end":4904.83},{"text":"work,","start":4904.83,"end":4905.11},{"text":"Sierra","start":4905.75,"end":4906.03},{"text":"Leone","start":4906.03,"end":4906.23},{"text":"would","start":4906.23,"end":4906.35},{"text":"have","start":4906.35,"end":4906.47},{"text":"preferred","start":4906.47,"end":4906.95},{"text":"a","start":4906.95,"end":4907.03},{"text":"closer","start":4907.03,"end":4907.39},{"text":"alignment","start":4907.39,"end":4907.99},{"text":"between","start":4907.99,"end":4908.23},{"text":"the","start":4908.23,"end":4908.31},{"text":"conclusions","start":4908.31,"end":4908.91},{"text":"and","start":4908.91,"end":4909.07},{"text":"teachings","start":4909.07,"end":4909.51},{"text":"and","start":4909.51,"end":4909.63},{"text":"decisions","start":4909.63,"end":4910.23},{"text":"under","start":4910.23,"end":4910.51},{"text":"the","start":4910.51,"end":4910.59},{"text":"topic","start":4910.59,"end":4910.87},{"text":"of","start":4910.87,"end":4910.99},{"text":"general","start":4910.99,"end":4911.27},{"text":"principles","start":4911.27,"end":4911.91},{"text":"of","start":4912.31,"end":4912.47},{"text":"law","start":4912.47,"end":4912.87},{"text":"and","start":4913.39,"end":4913.55},{"text":"those","start":4913.55,"end":4913.75},{"text":"adopted","start":4913.75,"end":4914.23},{"text":"by","start":4914.23,"end":4914.31},{"text":"the","start":4914.31,"end":4914.39},{"text":"Commission","start":4914.39,"end":4915.03},{"text":"on","start":4915.03,"end":4915.19},{"text":"subsidiary","start":4915.19,"end":4915.75},{"text":"means.","start":4915.75,"end":4916.23}]},{"text":"We, however, understand that the decisions taken by the Commission this year in the general principle of law topic carried no implications for the equivalent conclusions on subsidiary means.","start":4916.95,"end":4927.91,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"We,","start":4916.95,"end":4917.03},{"text":"however,","start":4917.03,"end":4917.47},{"text":"understand","start":4917.47,"end":4918.11},{"text":"that","start":4918.11,"end":4918.23},{"text":"the","start":4918.23,"end":4918.31},{"text":"decisions","start":4918.31,"end":4919.11},{"text":"taken","start":4919.19,"end":4919.51},{"text":"by","start":4919.51,"end":4919.63},{"text":"the","start":4919.63,"end":4919.71},{"text":"Commission","start":4919.71,"end":4920.15},{"text":"this","start":4920.15,"end":4920.35},{"text":"year","start":4920.35,"end":4920.63},{"text":"in","start":4921.11,"end":4921.19},{"text":"the","start":4921.19,"end":4921.27},{"text":"general","start":4921.27,"end":4921.63},{"text":"principle","start":4921.63,"end":4922.23},{"text":"of","start":4922.23,"end":4922.35},{"text":"law","start":4922.35,"end":4922.47},{"text":"topic","start":4922.47,"end":4923.03},{"text":"carried","start":4923.43,"end":4923.83},{"text":"no","start":4924.15,"end":4924.35},{"text":"implications","start":4924.35,"end":4925.11},{"text":"for","start":4925.11,"end":4925.23},{"text":"the","start":4925.23,"end":4925.31},{"text":"equivalent","start":4925.31,"end":4925.99},{"text":"conclusions","start":4925.99,"end":4926.79},{"text":"on","start":4926.79,"end":4926.95},{"text":"subsidiary","start":4926.95,"end":4927.43},{"text":"means.","start":4927.43,"end":4927.91}]},{"text":"Turning to immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, Sweden congratulates the Special Rapporteur, Professor Claudio Grossman, on the adoption of 17 draft articles with commentaries on second reading.","start":4929.03,"end":4941.99,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":4929.03,"end":4929.35},{"text":"to","start":4929.35,"end":4929.47},{"text":"immunity","start":4929.47,"end":4929.95},{"text":"of","start":4929.95,"end":4930.03},{"text":"State","start":4930.03,"end":4930.31},{"text":"officials","start":4930.31,"end":4930.87},{"text":"from","start":4930.87,"end":4931.19},{"text":"foreign","start":4931.27,"end":4931.67},{"text":"criminal","start":4931.67,"end":4931.99},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":4931.99,"end":4932.71},{"text":"Sweden","start":4933.35,"end":4933.67},{"text":"congratulates","start":4933.67,"end":4934.47},{"text":"the","start":4934.47,"end":4934.55},{"text":"Special","start":4934.55,"end":4934.87},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":4934.87,"end":4935.43},{"text":"Professor","start":4935.99,"end":4936.47},{"text":"Claudio","start":4936.47,"end":4936.87},{"text":"Grossman,","start":4936.87,"end":4937.51},{"text":"on","start":4938.15,"end":4938.31},{"text":"the","start":4938.31,"end":4938.43},{"text":"adoption","start":4938.43,"end":4938.87},{"text":"of","start":4938.87,"end":4938.95},{"text":"17","start":4938.95,"end":4939.43},{"text":"draft","start":4939.43,"end":4939.83},{"text":"articles","start":4939.83,"end":4940.31},{"text":"with","start":4940.31,"end":4940.43},{"text":"commentaries","start":4940.43,"end":4941.11},{"text":"on","start":4941.11,"end":4941.27},{"text":"second","start":4941.27,"end":4941.59},{"text":"reading.","start":4941.59,"end":4941.99}]},{"text":"We honour the memory of Professor Concepción Escobar Hernández, whose foundational work made the outcome possible.","start":4942.71,"end":4951.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4942.71,"end":4942.95},{"text":"honour","start":4942.95,"end":4943.51},{"text":"the","start":4943.59,"end":4943.71},{"text":"memory","start":4943.71,"end":4944.39},{"text":"of","start":4944.79,"end":4944.95},{"text":"Professor","start":4944.95,"end":4945.59},{"text":"Concepción","start":4946.03,"end":4946.75},{"text":"Escobar","start":4946.75,"end":4947.19},{"text":"Hernández,","start":4947.19,"end":4947.87},{"text":"whose","start":4948.27,"end":4948.59},{"text":"foundational","start":4948.59,"end":4949.23},{"text":"work","start":4949.23,"end":4949.55},{"text":"made","start":4949.71,"end":4949.99},{"text":"the","start":4949.99,"end":4950.07},{"text":"outcome","start":4950.07,"end":4950.51},{"text":"possible.","start":4950.51,"end":4951.03}]},{"text":"Sierra Leone's position on this topic is shaped by our history.","start":4951.03,"end":4954.51,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Sierra","start":4951.03,"end":4951.23},{"text":"Leone's","start":4952.15,"end":4952.51},{"text":"position","start":4952.51,"end":4952.87},{"text":"on","start":4952.87,"end":4952.95},{"text":"this","start":4952.95,"end":4953.11},{"text":"topic","start":4953.11,"end":4953.43},{"text":"is","start":4953.43,"end":4953.51},{"text":"shaped","start":4953.51,"end":4953.79},{"text":"by","start":4953.79,"end":4953.87},{"text":"our","start":4953.87,"end":4953.95},{"text":"history.","start":4953.95,"end":4954.51}]},{"text":"Through the Special Court for Sierra Leone, our country demonstrated that official position, even at the highest level, is no bar to accountability for the gravest crimes.","start":4955.03,"end":4964.19,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":4955.03,"end":4955.15},{"text":"the","start":4955.15,"end":4955.23},{"text":"Special","start":4955.23,"end":4955.63},{"text":"Court","start":4955.63,"end":4955.83},{"text":"for","start":4955.83,"end":4955.95},{"text":"Sierra","start":4955.95,"end":4956.19},{"text":"Leone,","start":4956.19,"end":4956.51},{"text":"our","start":4957.23,"end":4957.31},{"text":"country","start":4957.39,"end":4957.71},{"text":"demonstrated","start":4957.71,"end":4958.27},{"text":"that","start":4958.27,"end":4958.43},{"text":"official","start":4958.43,"end":4958.83},{"text":"position,","start":4958.83,"end":4959.47},{"text":"even","start":4959.47,"end":4959.87},{"text":"at","start":4959.87,"end":4959.99},{"text":"the","start":4959.99,"end":4960.07},{"text":"highest","start":4960.07,"end":4960.51},{"text":"level,","start":4960.51,"end":4960.99},{"text":"is","start":4961.31,"end":4961.47},{"text":"no","start":4961.47,"end":4961.67},{"text":"bar","start":4961.67,"end":4961.95},{"text":"to","start":4961.95,"end":4962.07},{"text":"accountability","start":4962.07,"end":4962.91},{"text":"for","start":4962.91,"end":4963.07},{"text":"the","start":4963.07,"end":4963.15},{"text":"gravest","start":4963.15,"end":4963.67},{"text":"crimes.","start":4963.67,"end":4964.19}]},{"text":"Immunity, in our view, is procedural; it is not impunity.","start":4964.99,"end":4969.31,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Immunity,","start":4964.99,"end":4965.59},{"text":"in","start":4965.59,"end":4965.71},{"text":"our","start":4965.71,"end":4965.83},{"text":"view,","start":4965.83,"end":4966.35},{"text":"is","start":4966.35,"end":4966.51},{"text":"procedural;","start":4966.51,"end":4967.31},{"text":"it","start":4967.79,"end":4967.91},{"text":"is","start":4967.91,"end":4968.11},{"text":"not","start":4968.11,"end":4968.43},{"text":"impunity.","start":4968.43,"end":4969.31}]},{"text":"We therefore welcome draft article 6 and the Commission's decision to retain it.","start":4969.79,"end":4974.99,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4969.79,"end":4969.91},{"text":"therefore","start":4969.91,"end":4970.23},{"text":"welcome","start":4970.23,"end":4970.91},{"text":"draft","start":4971.39,"end":4971.71},{"text":"article","start":4971.71,"end":4972.27},{"text":"6","start":4972.27,"end":4972.75},{"text":"and","start":4973.07,"end":4973.19},{"text":"the","start":4973.19,"end":4973.27},{"text":"Commission's","start":4973.27,"end":4973.75},{"text":"decision","start":4973.75,"end":4974.27},{"text":"to","start":4974.27,"end":4974.39},{"text":"retain","start":4974.39,"end":4974.75},{"text":"it.","start":4974.75,"end":4974.99}]},{"text":"We particularly welcome the inclusion on second reading of slavery and the slave trade.","start":4975.83,"end":4979.67,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4975.83,"end":4975.87},{"text":"particularly","start":4975.87,"end":4976.39},{"text":"welcome","start":4976.39,"end":4976.63},{"text":"the","start":4976.63,"end":4976.71},{"text":"inclusion","start":4976.71,"end":4977.27},{"text":"on","start":4977.27,"end":4977.35},{"text":"second","start":4977.35,"end":4977.67},{"text":"reading","start":4977.67,"end":4978.15},{"text":"of","start":4978.15,"end":4978.31},{"text":"slavery","start":4978.31,"end":4978.79},{"text":"and","start":4978.79,"end":4978.91},{"text":"the","start":4978.91,"end":4978.99},{"text":"slave","start":4978.99,"end":4979.27},{"text":"trade.","start":4979.27,"end":4979.67}]},{"text":"Sierra Leone proposes its inclusion in its written comment to the Commission.","start":4980.79,"end":4985.03,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Sierra","start":4980.79,"end":4981.07},{"text":"Leone","start":4981.07,"end":4981.27},{"text":"proposes","start":4981.27,"end":4981.91},{"text":"its","start":4981.99,"end":4982.23},{"text":"inclusion","start":4982.23,"end":4983.03},{"text":"in","start":4983.19,"end":4983.43},{"text":"its","start":4983.47,"end":4983.63},{"text":"written","start":4983.63,"end":4983.91},{"text":"comment","start":4983.91,"end":4984.27},{"text":"to","start":4984.27,"end":4984.35},{"text":"the","start":4984.35,"end":4984.43},{"text":"Commission.","start":4984.43,"end":4985.03}]},{"text":"Sierra Leone likewise supported the inclusion of the crime of aggression and welcome its addition to the list.","start":4985.91,"end":4991.83,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Sierra","start":4985.91,"end":4986.11},{"text":"Leone","start":4986.11,"end":4986.31},{"text":"likewise","start":4986.31,"end":4986.67},{"text":"supported","start":4986.67,"end":4987.11},{"text":"the","start":4987.11,"end":4987.19},{"text":"inclusion","start":4987.19,"end":4987.83},{"text":"of","start":4987.99,"end":4988.15},{"text":"the","start":4988.15,"end":4988.23},{"text":"crime","start":4988.23,"end":4988.55},{"text":"of","start":4988.55,"end":4988.63},{"text":"aggression","start":4988.63,"end":4989.35},{"text":"and","start":4989.79,"end":4989.95},{"text":"welcome","start":4989.95,"end":4990.47},{"text":"its","start":4990.47,"end":4990.71},{"text":"addition","start":4990.71,"end":4991.27},{"text":"to","start":4991.27,"end":4991.43},{"text":"the","start":4991.43,"end":4991.51},{"text":"list.","start":4991.51,"end":4991.83}]},{"text":"On chapter 13, Sierra Leone welcomed the inclusion of the topic, identification and legal consequences of obligations and their onus in international law, in the program of work and the appointment of Professor Masahiko Asada as Special Rapporteur.","start":4998.95,"end":5013.23,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4998.95,"end":4999.15},{"text":"chapter","start":4999.15,"end":4999.95},{"text":"13,","start":4999.95,"end":5000.43},{"text":"Sierra","start":5000.51,"end":5000.71},{"text":"Leone","start":5000.71,"end":5000.91},{"text":"welcomed","start":5000.91,"end":5001.27},{"text":"the","start":5001.27,"end":5001.35},{"text":"inclusion","start":5001.35,"end":5001.79},{"text":"of","start":5001.79,"end":5001.87},{"text":"the","start":5001.87,"end":5001.95},{"text":"topic,","start":5001.95,"end":5002.43},{"text":"identification","start":5002.83,"end":5003.75},{"text":"and","start":5003.75,"end":5003.91},{"text":"legal","start":5003.91,"end":5004.11},{"text":"consequences","start":5004.11,"end":5004.75},{"text":"of","start":5004.75,"end":5004.87},{"text":"obligations","start":5004.87,"end":5005.63},{"text":"and","start":5005.63,"end":5005.75},{"text":"their","start":5005.75,"end":5005.87},{"text":"onus","start":5005.87,"end":5006.35},{"text":"in","start":5006.35,"end":5006.47},{"text":"international","start":5006.47,"end":5007.35},{"text":"law,","start":5007.35,"end":5007.43},{"text":"in","start":5007.79,"end":5007.95},{"text":"the","start":5007.95,"end":5008.03},{"text":"program","start":5008.03,"end":5008.39},{"text":"of","start":5008.39,"end":5008.51},{"text":"work","start":5008.51,"end":5008.83},{"text":"and","start":5008.83,"end":5008.95},{"text":"the","start":5008.95,"end":5009.03},{"text":"appointment","start":5009.03,"end":5009.63},{"text":"of","start":5009.63,"end":5009.79},{"text":"Professor","start":5009.79,"end":5010.43},{"text":"Masahiko","start":5010.95,"end":5011.55},{"text":"Asada","start":5011.59,"end":5011.99},{"text":"as","start":5011.99,"end":5012.27},{"text":"Special","start":5012.27,"end":5012.67},{"text":"Rapporteur.","start":5012.67,"end":5013.23}]},{"text":"We also welcome the inclusion of the right to regulate international investment law in a long-term program of work.","start":5013.71,"end":5020.03,"topics":[{"key":"investment-regulatory-rights","label":"Right to Regulate in Investment Law","description":"Several delegations welcomed work on states’ right to regulate under international investment law. They highlighted the need to clarify the law and balance investment protection with economic sovereignty and sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5013.71,"end":5013.95},{"text":"also","start":5013.95,"end":5014.19},{"text":"welcome","start":5014.19,"end":5014.59},{"text":"the","start":5014.59,"end":5014.67},{"text":"inclusion","start":5014.67,"end":5015.47},{"text":"of","start":5015.47,"end":5015.71},{"text":"the","start":5015.75,"end":5015.83},{"text":"right","start":5015.83,"end":5016.07},{"text":"to","start":5016.07,"end":5016.15},{"text":"regulate","start":5016.15,"end":5016.67},{"text":"international","start":5016.67,"end":5017.31},{"text":"investment","start":5017.31,"end":5017.79},{"text":"law","start":5017.79,"end":5018.19},{"text":"in","start":5018.59,"end":5018.79},{"text":"a","start":5018.79,"end":5018.83},{"text":"long-term","start":5018.83,"end":5019.23},{"text":"program","start":5019.23,"end":5019.59},{"text":"of","start":5019.59,"end":5019.71},{"text":"work.","start":5019.71,"end":5020.03}]},{"text":"This topic should be immediately added to the current program of work of the commission.","start":5020.75,"end":5025.23,"topics":[{"key":"investment-regulatory-rights","label":"Right to Regulate in Investment Law","description":"Several delegations welcomed work on states’ right to regulate under international investment law. They highlighted the need to clarify the law and balance investment protection with economic sovereignty and sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5020.75,"end":5020.99},{"text":"topic","start":5020.99,"end":5021.55},{"text":"should","start":5021.55,"end":5021.67},{"text":"be","start":5021.67,"end":5021.91},{"text":"immediately","start":5021.91,"end":5022.35},{"text":"added","start":5022.35,"end":5022.83},{"text":"to","start":5022.91,"end":5023.07},{"text":"the","start":5023.07,"end":5023.15},{"text":"current","start":5023.15,"end":5023.55},{"text":"program","start":5023.55,"end":5023.95},{"text":"of","start":5023.95,"end":5024.03},{"text":"work","start":5024.03,"end":5024.35},{"text":"of","start":5024.47,"end":5024.59},{"text":"the","start":5024.59,"end":5024.67},{"text":"commission.","start":5024.67,"end":5025.23}]},{"text":"giving its relevance to States and to achieving sustainable development.","start":5025.79,"end":5029.63,"topics":[{"key":"investment-regulatory-rights","label":"Right to Regulate in Investment Law","description":"Several delegations welcomed work on states’ right to regulate under international investment law. They highlighted the need to clarify the law and balance investment protection with economic sovereignty and sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"giving","start":5025.79,"end":5025.99},{"text":"its","start":5025.99,"end":5026.15},{"text":"relevance","start":5026.15,"end":5026.63},{"text":"to","start":5026.63,"end":5026.75},{"text":"States","start":5026.75,"end":5027.39},{"text":"and","start":5027.63,"end":5027.75},{"text":"to","start":5027.75,"end":5027.87},{"text":"achieving","start":5027.87,"end":5028.43},{"text":"sustainable","start":5028.43,"end":5028.95},{"text":"development.","start":5028.95,"end":5029.63}]},{"text":"Finally, we affirm our support for the International Law Seminar and for the Trust Fund assisting Special Rapporteurs, and we encourage contributions to 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are essential to broadening the participation of developing countries, and of Africa in particular, in the progressive development and codification of international 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thank you.","start":5050.43,"end":5050.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5050.43,"end":5050.51},{"text":"thank","start":5050.51,"end":5050.79},{"text":"you.","start":5050.79,"end":5050.87}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SLE","group":null,"function":"Permanent Representative","affiliation_full":"Sierra Leone"}},{"statement_number":17,"start":5053.39,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=1:24:14","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished Permanent Representative of Sierra Leone for his statement.","start":5053.39,"end":5058.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5053.39,"end":5053.4},{"text":"thank","start":5053.39,"end":5053.87},{"text":"the","start":5054.19,"end":5054.31},{"text":"distinguished","start":5054.59,"end":5055.23},{"text":"Permanent","start":5055.23,"end":5055.59},{"text":"Representative","start":5055.63,"end":5056.27},{"text":"of","start":5056.27,"end":5056.35},{"text":"Sierra","start":5056.35,"end":5056.75},{"text":"Leone","start":5056.75,"end":5057.15},{"text":"for","start":5057.15,"end":5057.31},{"text":"his","start":5057.31,"end":5057.51},{"text":"statement.","start":5057.51,"end":5058.27}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Czechia.","start":5058.75,"end":5062.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5058.75,"end":5058.83},{"text":"now","start":5058.83,"end":5058.99},{"text":"give","start":5058.99,"end":5059.31},{"text":"the","start":5059.31,"end":5059.39},{"text":"floor","start":5059.39,"end":5059.75},{"text":"to","start":5059.75,"end":5059.95},{"text":"the","start":5060.11,"end":5060.27},{"text":"distinguished","start":5060.27,"end":5060.87},{"text":"representative","start":5060.87,"end":5061.55},{"text":"of","start":5061.55,"end":5061.71},{"text":"Czechia.","start":5061.71,"end":5062.23}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":5062.59,"end":5063.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5062.59,"end":5062.75},{"text":"have","start":5062.75,"end":5062.91},{"text":"the","start":5062.91,"end":5063.03},{"text":"floor.","start":5063.03,"end":5063.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":18,"start":5065.55,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=1:24:26","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madam Chair, allow me to begin by extending our congratulations to the newly elected Chair of the International Law Commission, Mr. Andreas Mavroyiannis.","start":5065.55,"end":5074.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5065.55,"end":5065.87},{"text":"Chair,","start":5065.87,"end":5066.19},{"text":"allow","start":5066.83,"end":5067.03},{"text":"me","start":5067.03,"end":5067.15},{"text":"to","start":5067.15,"end":5067.27},{"text":"begin","start":5067.27,"end":5067.71},{"text":"by","start":5067.79,"end":5067.95},{"text":"extending","start":5067.95,"end":5068.51},{"text":"our","start":5068.51,"end":5068.67},{"text":"congratulations","start":5068.67,"end":5069.63},{"text":"to","start":5069.83,"end":5069.91},{"text":"the","start":5069.91,"end":5070.07},{"text":"newly","start":5070.07,"end":5070.31},{"text":"elected","start":5070.31,"end":5070.67},{"text":"Chair","start":5070.67,"end":5070.87},{"text":"of","start":5070.87,"end":5070.99},{"text":"the","start":5070.99,"end":5071.11},{"text":"International","start":5071.15,"end":5071.67},{"text":"Law","start":5071.67,"end":5071.79},{"text":"Commission,","start":5071.79,"end":5072.35},{"text":"Mr.","start":5072.55,"end":5072.87},{"text":"Andreas","start":5072.87,"end":5073.31},{"text":"Mavroyiannis.","start":5073.31,"end":5074.03}]},{"text":"We'd like to thank him for introducing the Commission's report and for his able and dedicated leadership of the Commission's Commission throughout its session.","start":5074.51,"end":5083.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We'd","start":5074.51,"end":5074.75},{"text":"like","start":5074.75,"end":5074.91},{"text":"to","start":5074.91,"end":5074.99},{"text":"thank","start":5074.99,"end":5075.23},{"text":"him","start":5075.23,"end":5075.47},{"text":"for","start":5075.47,"end":5075.79},{"text":"introducing","start":5075.79,"end":5076.43},{"text":"the","start":5076.43,"end":5076.59},{"text":"Commission's","start":5076.59,"end":5077.15},{"text":"report","start":5077.35,"end":5078.35},{"text":"and","start":5078.51,"end":5078.67},{"text":"for","start":5078.67,"end":5078.83},{"text":"his","start":5078.83,"end":5078.99},{"text":"able","start":5078.99,"end":5079.39},{"text":"and","start":5079.47,"end":5079.59},{"text":"dedicated","start":5079.59,"end":5080.03},{"text":"leadership","start":5080.03,"end":5080.55},{"text":"of","start":5080.55,"end":5080.67},{"text":"the","start":5080.67,"end":5080.75},{"text":"Commission's","start":5080.75,"end":5081.31},{"text":"Commission","start":5081.79,"end":5082.27},{"text":"throughout","start":5082.27,"end":5082.75},{"text":"its","start":5082.75,"end":5083.03},{"text":"session.","start":5083.03,"end":5083.39}]},{"text":"At the outset, the Czech Republic would like to briefly comment on the topic sea level rise in relation to international 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welcome the development following the completion of the Commission's work on the topic, including the adoption of the high-level declaration during the opening of the current session of the General Assembly.","start":5090.59,"end":5099.63,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5090.59,"end":5090.75},{"text":"welcome","start":5090.75,"end":5091.03},{"text":"the","start":5091.03,"end":5091.11},{"text":"development","start":5091.11,"end":5091.59},{"text":"following","start":5091.59,"end":5091.95},{"text":"the","start":5091.95,"end":5092.03},{"text":"completion","start":5092.03,"end":5092.67},{"text":"of","start":5092.75,"end":5092.91},{"text":"the","start":5092.91,"end":5092.99},{"text":"Commission's","start":5092.99,"end":5093.47},{"text":"work","start":5093.47,"end":5093.71},{"text":"on","start":5093.71,"end":5093.87},{"text":"the","start":5093.87,"end":5093.95},{"text":"topic,","start":5093.95,"end":5094.35},{"text":"including","start":5094.59,"end":5095.15},{"text":"the","start":5095.15,"end":5095.27},{"text":"adoption","start":5095.27,"end":5095.63},{"text":"of","start":5095.63,"end":5095.71},{"text":"the","start":5095.71,"end":5095.83},{"text":"high-level","start":5095.83,"end":5096.23},{"text":"declaration","start":5096.23,"end":5096.99},{"text":"during","start":5097.07,"end":5097.35},{"text":"the","start":5097.35,"end":5097.51},{"text":"opening","start":5097.51,"end":5097.91},{"text":"of","start":5097.91,"end":5098.03},{"text":"the","start":5098.03,"end":5098.11},{"text":"current","start":5098.11,"end":5098.43},{"text":"session","start":5098.43,"end":5098.71},{"text":"of","start":5098.71,"end":5098.83},{"text":"the","start":5098.83,"end":5098.91},{"text":"General","start":5098.91,"end":5099.23},{"text":"Assembly.","start":5099.23,"end":5099.63}]},{"text":"We appreciate that the last year’s advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the obligations of States in respect of climate change provided authoritative guidance on the applicable rules of international law and clarified a number of outstanding legal questions.","start":5100.63,"end":5115.99,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5100.63,"end":5100.75},{"text":"appreciate","start":5100.75,"end":5101.43},{"text":"that","start":5101.51,"end":5101.71},{"text":"the","start":5101.71,"end":5101.79},{"text":"last","start":5101.79,"end":5102.15},{"text":"year’s","start":5102.15,"end":5102.39},{"text":"advisory","start":5102.39,"end":5102.95},{"text":"opinion","start":5102.95,"end":5103.51},{"text":"of","start":5103.51,"end":5103.63},{"text":"the","start":5103.63,"end":5103.71},{"text":"International","start":5103.71,"end":5104.27},{"text":"Court","start":5104.27,"end":5104.51},{"text":"of","start":5104.51,"end":5104.63},{"text":"Justice","start":5104.63,"end":5105.11},{"text":"on","start":5105.47,"end":5105.59},{"text":"the","start":5105.59,"end":5105.91},{"text":"obligations","start":5106.07,"end":5106.67},{"text":"of","start":5106.67,"end":5106.75},{"text":"States","start":5106.75,"end":5107.19},{"text":"in","start":5107.19,"end":5107.35},{"text":"respect","start":5107.35,"end":5107.67},{"text":"of","start":5107.67,"end":5107.75},{"text":"climate","start":5107.75,"end":5108.11},{"text":"change","start":5108.11,"end":5108.63},{"text":"provided","start":5108.87,"end":5109.35},{"text":"authoritative","start":5109.43,"end":5110.11},{"text":"guidance","start":5110.11,"end":5110.71},{"text":"on","start":5110.71,"end":5110.87},{"text":"the","start":5110.87,"end":5110.99},{"text":"applicable","start":5111.03,"end":5111.47},{"text":"rules","start":5111.47,"end":5111.75},{"text":"of","start":5111.75,"end":5111.83},{"text":"international","start":5111.83,"end":5112.59},{"text":"law","start":5112.59,"end":5112.67},{"text":"and","start":5113.03,"end":5113.23},{"text":"clarified","start":5113.23,"end":5113.91},{"text":"a","start":5114.15,"end":5114.19},{"text":"number","start":5114.19,"end":5114.59},{"text":"of","start":5114.59,"end":5114.67},{"text":"outstanding","start":5114.67,"end":5115.03},{"text":"legal","start":5115.03,"end":5115.35},{"text":"questions.","start":5115.35,"end":5115.99}]},{"text":"In our view, these developments now provide a comprehensive basis for addressing the legal dimensions of sea level rise.","start":5116.67,"end":5123.43,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5116.67,"end":5116.79},{"text":"our","start":5116.79,"end":5116.95},{"text":"view,","start":5116.95,"end":5117.35},{"text":"these","start":5117.43,"end":5117.71},{"text":"developments","start":5117.71,"end":5118.23},{"text":"now","start":5118.23,"end":5118.47},{"text":"provide","start":5118.47,"end":5118.87},{"text":"a","start":5118.87,"end":5118.91},{"text":"comprehensive","start":5118.91,"end":5119.51},{"text":"basis","start":5119.51,"end":5120.07},{"text":"for","start":5120.55,"end":5120.79},{"text":"addressing","start":5120.79,"end":5121.27},{"text":"the","start":5121.27,"end":5121.35},{"text":"legal","start":5121.35,"end":5121.63},{"text":"dimensions","start":5121.63,"end":5122.39},{"text":"of","start":5122.39,"end":5122.51},{"text":"sea","start":5122.51,"end":5122.79},{"text":"level","start":5122.79,"end":5123.03},{"text":"rise.","start":5123.03,"end":5123.43}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, allow me now to turn to the topic immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction.","start":5124.63,"end":5130.27,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5124.63,"end":5124.83},{"text":"Chair,","start":5124.83,"end":5125.15},{"text":"allow","start":5125.47,"end":5125.59},{"text":"me","start":5125.59,"end":5125.75},{"text":"now","start":5125.75,"end":5125.95},{"text":"to","start":5125.95,"end":5126.11},{"text":"turn","start":5126.15,"end":5126.35},{"text":"to","start":5126.35,"end":5126.47},{"text":"the","start":5126.47,"end":5126.59},{"text":"topic","start":5126.59,"end":5126.91},{"text":"immunity","start":5127.15,"end":5127.55},{"text":"of","start":5127.55,"end":5127.63},{"text":"state","start":5127.63,"end":5128.03},{"text":"officials","start":5128.03,"end":5128.59},{"text":"from","start":5128.59,"end":5128.83},{"text":"foreign","start":5128.83,"end":5129.15},{"text":"criminal","start":5129.15,"end":5129.55},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":5129.55,"end":5130.27}]},{"text":"The Czech Republic welcomes that the Commission adopted the entire set of draft articles on the topic.","start":5131.03,"end":5136.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5131.03,"end":5131.11},{"text":"Czech","start":5131.15,"end":5131.31},{"text":"Republic","start":5131.31,"end":5131.63},{"text":"welcomes","start":5131.63,"end":5132.15},{"text":"that","start":5132.15,"end":5132.27},{"text":"the","start":5132.27,"end":5132.51},{"text":"Commission","start":5132.51,"end":5132.91},{"text":"adopted","start":5132.91,"end":5133.47},{"text":"the","start":5133.55,"end":5133.75},{"text":"entire","start":5133.83,"end":5134.19},{"text":"set","start":5134.19,"end":5134.43},{"text":"of","start":5134.43,"end":5134.59},{"text":"draft","start":5134.59,"end":5134.91},{"text":"articles","start":5134.91,"end":5135.47},{"text":"on","start":5135.47,"end":5135.63},{"text":"the","start":5135.63,"end":5135.75},{"text":"topic.","start":5135.75,"end":5136.11}]},{"text":"We would like to express our appreciation to the Commission and the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Claudio Grossman-Guilof, for their work and the completion on the second reading.","start":5136.99,"end":5145.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5136.99,"end":5137.07},{"text":"would","start":5137.07,"end":5137.19},{"text":"like","start":5137.19,"end":5137.31},{"text":"to","start":5137.31,"end":5137.43},{"text":"express","start":5137.43,"end":5137.75},{"text":"our","start":5137.75,"end":5137.91},{"text":"appreciation","start":5137.91,"end":5138.75},{"text":"to","start":5138.83,"end":5138.95},{"text":"the","start":5138.95,"end":5139.03},{"text":"Commission","start":5139.03,"end":5139.55},{"text":"and","start":5139.55,"end":5139.71},{"text":"the","start":5139.71,"end":5139.79},{"text":"Special","start":5139.79,"end":5140.11},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":5140.11,"end":5140.83},{"text":"Mr.","start":5141.07,"end":5141.31},{"text":"Claudio","start":5141.31,"end":5141.67},{"text":"Grossman-Guilof,","start":5141.67,"end":5142.43},{"text":"for","start":5142.91,"end":5143.15},{"text":"their","start":5143.15,"end":5143.31},{"text":"work","start":5143.31,"end":5143.63},{"text":"and","start":5143.79,"end":5143.91},{"text":"the","start":5143.91,"end":5143.99},{"text":"completion","start":5143.99,"end":5144.67},{"text":"on","start":5144.75,"end":5144.91},{"text":"the","start":5144.91,"end":5144.99},{"text":"second","start":5144.99,"end":5145.19},{"text":"reading.","start":5145.19,"end":5145.63}]},{"text":"We also appreciate substantial contributions of previous Special Rapporteurs, Mr. Roman Kolotkin and Mrs. Concepción Escobar Hernández.","start":5146.43,"end":5153.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5146.43,"end":5146.55},{"text":"also","start":5146.55,"end":5146.79},{"text":"appreciate","start":5146.79,"end":5147.27},{"text":"substantial","start":5147.27,"end":5147.71},{"text":"contributions","start":5147.71,"end":5148.35},{"text":"of","start":5148.35,"end":5148.43},{"text":"previous","start":5148.43,"end":5149.03},{"text":"Special","start":5149.03,"end":5149.31},{"text":"Rapporteurs,","start":5149.31,"end":5150.03},{"text":"Mr.","start":5150.27,"end":5150.55},{"text":"Roman","start":5150.55,"end":5150.83},{"text":"Kolotkin","start":5150.83,"end":5151.39},{"text":"and","start":5151.55,"end":5151.79},{"text":"Mrs.","start":5151.79,"end":5152.11},{"text":"Concepción","start":5152.11,"end":5152.67},{"text":"Escobar","start":5152.67,"end":5153.07},{"text":"Hernández.","start":5153.07,"end":5153.63}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, there is no doubt that the draft articles substantially clarify the legal concepts concerning the immunity of State officials, both ratione personae and ratione materiae, from foreign criminal jurisdiction, and their status in respect of other related concepts of international law.","start":5154.99,"end":5171.67,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5154.99,"end":5155.23},{"text":"Chair,","start":5155.23,"end":5155.63},{"text":"there","start":5155.95,"end":5156.15},{"text":"is","start":5156.15,"end":5156.27},{"text":"no","start":5156.27,"end":5156.43},{"text":"doubt","start":5156.43,"end":5156.83},{"text":"that","start":5156.91,"end":5157.11},{"text":"the","start":5157.11,"end":5157.19},{"text":"draft","start":5157.19,"end":5157.79},{"text":"articles","start":5157.87,"end":5158.35},{"text":"substantially","start":5158.35,"end":5159.15},{"text":"clarify","start":5159.39,"end":5159.87},{"text":"the","start":5159.87,"end":5159.99},{"text":"legal","start":5159.99,"end":5160.59},{"text":"concepts","start":5160.59,"end":5161.15},{"text":"concerning","start":5161.15,"end":5161.67},{"text":"the","start":5161.67,"end":5161.75},{"text":"immunity","start":5161.75,"end":5162.15},{"text":"of","start":5162.15,"end":5162.27},{"text":"State","start":5162.27,"end":5162.51},{"text":"officials,","start":5162.51,"end":5163.07},{"text":"both","start":5163.31,"end":5163.63},{"text":"ratione","start":5163.63,"end":5164.03},{"text":"personae","start":5164.03,"end":5164.59},{"text":"and","start":5164.67,"end":5164.87},{"text":"ratione","start":5164.87,"end":5165.19},{"text":"materiae,","start":5165.19,"end":5165.71},{"text":"from","start":5166.11,"end":5166.35},{"text":"foreign","start":5166.35,"end":5166.59},{"text":"criminal","start":5166.59,"end":5166.91},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":5166.91,"end":5167.63},{"text":"and","start":5167.71,"end":5167.91},{"text":"their","start":5167.91,"end":5168.03},{"text":"status","start":5168.03,"end":5168.51},{"text":"in","start":5168.59,"end":5168.75},{"text":"respect","start":5168.75,"end":5169.11},{"text":"of","start":5169.11,"end":5169.23},{"text":"other","start":5169.31,"end":5169.75},{"text":"related","start":5169.75,"end":5170.11},{"text":"concepts","start":5170.11,"end":5170.75},{"text":"of","start":5170.79,"end":5170.87},{"text":"international","start":5170.87,"end":5171.59},{"text":"law.","start":5171.59,"end":5171.67}]},{"text":"At the same time, the adopted set of draft articles will surely be the subject of further study and discussions on intergovernmental as well as academic level.","start":5172.55,"end":5181.71,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5172.55,"end":5172.63},{"text":"the","start":5172.63,"end":5172.71},{"text":"same","start":5172.75,"end":5172.99},{"text":"time,","start":5172.99,"end":5173.47},{"text":"the","start":5173.63,"end":5173.83},{"text":"adopted","start":5173.87,"end":5174.23},{"text":"set","start":5174.23,"end":5174.43},{"text":"of","start":5174.43,"end":5174.51},{"text":"draft","start":5174.51,"end":5174.83},{"text":"articles","start":5174.83,"end":5175.39},{"text":"will","start":5175.47,"end":5175.71},{"text":"surely","start":5175.71,"end":5176.19},{"text":"be","start":5176.27,"end":5176.43},{"text":"the","start":5176.43,"end":5176.51},{"text":"subject","start":5176.51,"end":5176.95},{"text":"of","start":5176.95,"end":5177.03},{"text":"further","start":5177.03,"end":5177.39},{"text":"study","start":5177.39,"end":5177.79},{"text":"and","start":5178.27,"end":5178.43},{"text":"discussions","start":5178.43,"end":5179.15},{"text":"on","start":5179.31,"end":5179.47},{"text":"intergovernmental","start":5179.47,"end":5180.35},{"text":"as","start":5180.43,"end":5180.63},{"text":"well","start":5180.63,"end":5180.83},{"text":"as","start":5180.83,"end":5180.99},{"text":"academic","start":5181.03,"end":5181.47},{"text":"level.","start":5181.47,"end":5181.71}]},{"text":"The draft articles provide a substantial, thought-out and elaborate basis for such discussions.","start":5182.55,"end":5187.43,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5182.55,"end":5182.59},{"text":"draft","start":5182.59,"end":5182.87},{"text":"articles","start":5182.87,"end":5183.27},{"text":"provide","start":5183.27,"end":5183.59},{"text":"a","start":5183.59,"end":5183.63},{"text":"substantial,","start":5183.63,"end":5184.31},{"text":"thought-out","start":5184.63,"end":5185.19},{"text":"and","start":5185.27,"end":5185.47},{"text":"elaborate","start":5185.47,"end":5185.83},{"text":"basis","start":5185.83,"end":5186.31},{"text":"for","start":5186.39,"end":5186.63},{"text":"such","start":5186.63,"end":5186.79},{"text":"discussions.","start":5186.79,"end":5187.43}]},{"text":"The Czech Republic expressed its positions on certain aspects of the draft articles in its previous statements.","start":5188.31,"end":5193.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5188.31,"end":5188.43},{"text":"Czech","start":5188.43,"end":5188.59},{"text":"Republic","start":5188.59,"end":5188.95},{"text":"expressed","start":5188.95,"end":5189.35},{"text":"its","start":5189.35,"end":5189.51},{"text":"positions","start":5189.51,"end":5190.07},{"text":"on","start":5190.07,"end":5190.19},{"text":"certain","start":5190.19,"end":5190.55},{"text":"aspects","start":5190.55,"end":5190.95},{"text":"of","start":5190.95,"end":5191.03},{"text":"the","start":5191.03,"end":5191.11},{"text":"draft","start":5191.11,"end":5191.43},{"text":"articles","start":5191.43,"end":5191.91},{"text":"in","start":5191.91,"end":5191.99},{"text":"its","start":5191.99,"end":5192.15},{"text":"previous","start":5192.15,"end":5192.59},{"text":"statements.","start":5192.59,"end":5193.19}]},{"text":"We appreciate that the Commission confirmed the inclusion of draft article 6 with an expanded list of crimes in respect of which immunity ratione materiae shall not apply.","start":5193.59,"end":5203.03,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5193.59,"end":5193.75},{"text":"appreciate","start":5193.75,"end":5194.23},{"text":"that","start":5194.23,"end":5194.35},{"text":"the","start":5194.35,"end":5194.43},{"text":"Commission","start":5194.43,"end":5194.87},{"text":"confirmed","start":5194.87,"end":5195.51},{"text":"the","start":5195.75,"end":5195.87},{"text":"inclusion","start":5195.87,"end":5196.31},{"text":"of","start":5196.31,"end":5196.47},{"text":"draft","start":5196.47,"end":5196.79},{"text":"article","start":5196.79,"end":5197.11},{"text":"6","start":5197.11,"end":5197.51},{"text":"with","start":5197.83,"end":5198.07},{"text":"an","start":5198.07,"end":5198.15},{"text":"expanded","start":5198.15,"end":5198.67},{"text":"list","start":5198.67,"end":5198.87},{"text":"of","start":5198.87,"end":5198.95},{"text":"crimes","start":5198.95,"end":5199.51},{"text":"in","start":5199.51,"end":5199.67},{"text":"respect","start":5199.67,"end":5200.03},{"text":"of","start":5200.03,"end":5200.11},{"text":"which","start":5200.11,"end":5200.39},{"text":"immunity","start":5200.39,"end":5201.03},{"text":"ratione","start":5201.03,"end":5201.43},{"text":"materiae","start":5201.43,"end":5201.91},{"text":"shall","start":5201.91,"end":5202.15},{"text":"not","start":5202.15,"end":5202.47},{"text":"apply.","start":5202.55,"end":5203.03}]},{"text":"As we already stated, the draft article in principle reflects already existing norms of international law based on the absence of immunity ratione materiae when state officials commit serious crimes defined in relevant criminal law treaties containing the obligation to criminalize those crimes and to prosecute or extradite their perpetrators.","start":5204.15,"end":5223.19,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5204.15,"end":5204.19},{"text":"we","start":5204.19,"end":5204.31},{"text":"already","start":5204.31,"end":5204.59},{"text":"stated,","start":5204.59,"end":5205.03},{"text":"the","start":5205.27,"end":5205.43},{"text":"draft","start":5205.43,"end":5205.75},{"text":"article","start":5205.75,"end":5206.31},{"text":"in","start":5206.39,"end":5206.55},{"text":"principle","start":5206.55,"end":5207.11},{"text":"reflects","start":5207.27,"end":5207.75},{"text":"already","start":5207.75,"end":5208.03},{"text":"existing","start":5208.03,"end":5208.39},{"text":"norms","start":5208.39,"end":5208.79},{"text":"of","start":5208.83,"end":5208.95},{"text":"international","start":5208.95,"end":5209.79},{"text":"law","start":5209.79,"end":5209.87},{"text":"based","start":5210.23,"end":5210.55},{"text":"on","start":5210.55,"end":5210.71},{"text":"the","start":5210.71,"end":5210.83},{"text":"absence","start":5210.83,"end":5211.19},{"text":"of","start":5211.19,"end":5211.27},{"text":"immunity","start":5211.27,"end":5211.83},{"text":"ratione","start":5211.83,"end":5212.23},{"text":"materiae","start":5212.23,"end":5212.83},{"text":"when","start":5212.83,"end":5213.11},{"text":"state","start":5213.11,"end":5213.39},{"text":"officials","start":5213.39,"end":5213.83},{"text":"commit","start":5213.83,"end":5214.15},{"text":"serious","start":5214.15,"end":5214.47},{"text":"crimes","start":5214.47,"end":5215.03},{"text":"defined","start":5215.27,"end":5215.75},{"text":"in","start":5215.75,"end":5215.99},{"text":"relevant","start":5215.99,"end":5216.47},{"text":"criminal","start":5216.47,"end":5216.87},{"text":"law","start":5216.87,"end":5216.95},{"text":"treaties","start":5216.95,"end":5217.51},{"text":"containing","start":5217.51,"end":5217.99},{"text":"the","start":5217.99,"end":5218.11},{"text":"obligation","start":5218.11,"end":5218.63},{"text":"to","start":5218.63,"end":5218.71},{"text":"criminalize","start":5218.71,"end":5219.27},{"text":"those","start":5219.27,"end":5219.43},{"text":"crimes","start":5219.43,"end":5219.91},{"text":"and","start":5220.15,"end":5220.35},{"text":"to","start":5220.35,"end":5220.43},{"text":"prosecute","start":5220.43,"end":5221.11},{"text":"or","start":5221.19,"end":5221.43},{"text":"extradite","start":5221.43,"end":5222.07},{"text":"their","start":5222.15,"end":5222.39},{"text":"perpetrators.","start":5222.39,"end":5223.19}]},{"text":"As for the inclusion of the crime of aggression in the list under draft article 6, We would like to mention again that an individual crime of aggression is dependent on an act of aggression committed by a state.","start":5224.07,"end":5236.03,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5224.07,"end":5224.23},{"text":"for","start":5224.23,"end":5224.39},{"text":"the","start":5224.39,"end":5224.47},{"text":"inclusion","start":5224.47,"end":5224.87},{"text":"of","start":5224.87,"end":5224.95},{"text":"the","start":5224.95,"end":5225.07},{"text":"crime","start":5225.07,"end":5225.27},{"text":"of","start":5225.27,"end":5225.39},{"text":"aggression","start":5225.39,"end":5225.99},{"text":"in","start":5226.15,"end":5226.31},{"text":"the","start":5226.31,"end":5226.43},{"text":"list","start":5226.43,"end":5226.71},{"text":"under","start":5226.71,"end":5226.99},{"text":"draft","start":5226.99,"end":5227.27},{"text":"article","start":5227.27,"end":5228.15},{"text":"6,","start":5228.15,"end":5228.55},{"text":"We","start":5229.03,"end":5229.07},{"text":"would","start":5229.07,"end":5229.19},{"text":"like","start":5229.19,"end":5229.35},{"text":"to","start":5229.35,"end":5229.43},{"text":"mention","start":5229.43,"end":5230.11},{"text":"again","start":5230.19,"end":5230.67},{"text":"that","start":5230.75,"end":5230.95},{"text":"an","start":5230.95,"end":5231.07},{"text":"individual","start":5231.07,"end":5231.67},{"text":"crime","start":5231.67,"end":5231.95},{"text":"of","start":5231.95,"end":5232.03},{"text":"aggression","start":5232.03,"end":5232.67},{"text":"is","start":5232.91,"end":5233.07},{"text":"dependent","start":5233.07,"end":5233.71},{"text":"on","start":5233.83,"end":5233.91},{"text":"an","start":5233.91,"end":5234.11},{"text":"act","start":5234.11,"end":5234.39},{"text":"of","start":5234.39,"end":5234.51},{"text":"aggression","start":5234.51,"end":5234.99},{"text":"committed","start":5234.99,"end":5235.39},{"text":"by","start":5235.39,"end":5235.59},{"text":"a","start":5235.59,"end":5235.63},{"text":"state.","start":5235.63,"end":5236.03}]},{"text":"This connection between a crime of an individual and an act of a state can be reflected by making the prosecution of the crime of aggression in third states dependent on prior determination of an act of aggression by the United Nations Security Council or the United Nations General Assembly, as the case may be.","start":5236.83,"end":5253.79,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5236.83,"end":5236.99},{"text":"connection","start":5236.99,"end":5237.55},{"text":"between","start":5237.55,"end":5237.91},{"text":"a","start":5237.91,"end":5237.95},{"text":"crime","start":5237.95,"end":5238.27},{"text":"of","start":5238.27,"end":5238.39},{"text":"an","start":5238.39,"end":5238.51},{"text":"individual","start":5238.51,"end":5239.15},{"text":"and","start":5239.31,"end":5239.51},{"text":"an","start":5239.51,"end":5239.63},{"text":"act","start":5239.63,"end":5239.87},{"text":"of","start":5239.99,"end":5240.11},{"text":"a","start":5240.11,"end":5240.15},{"text":"state","start":5240.15,"end":5240.59},{"text":"can","start":5240.99,"end":5241.15},{"text":"be","start":5241.15,"end":5241.23},{"text":"reflected","start":5241.23,"end":5241.79},{"text":"by","start":5241.79,"end":5242.03},{"text":"making","start":5242.03,"end":5242.35},{"text":"the","start":5242.35,"end":5242.43},{"text":"prosecution","start":5242.43,"end":5243.07},{"text":"of","start":5243.07,"end":5243.15},{"text":"the","start":5243.15,"end":5243.31},{"text":"crime","start":5243.31,"end":5243.55},{"text":"of","start":5243.55,"end":5243.67},{"text":"aggression","start":5243.67,"end":5244.19},{"text":"in","start":5244.19,"end":5244.43},{"text":"third","start":5244.43,"end":5244.63},{"text":"states","start":5244.63,"end":5244.99},{"text":"dependent","start":5245.07,"end":5245.71},{"text":"on","start":5245.99,"end":5246.11},{"text":"prior","start":5246.19,"end":5246.59},{"text":"determination","start":5246.59,"end":5247.43},{"text":"of","start":5247.43,"end":5247.55},{"text":"an","start":5247.55,"end":5247.67},{"text":"act","start":5247.67,"end":5247.83},{"text":"of","start":5247.83,"end":5247.95},{"text":"aggression","start":5247.95,"end":5248.51},{"text":"by","start":5248.59,"end":5248.83},{"text":"the","start":5248.87,"end":5248.95},{"text":"United","start":5248.95,"end":5249.39},{"text":"Nations","start":5249.39,"end":5249.75},{"text":"Security","start":5249.75,"end":5250.23},{"text":"Council","start":5250.23,"end":5250.75},{"text":"or","start":5251.07,"end":5251.31},{"text":"the","start":5251.31,"end":5251.39},{"text":"United","start":5251.39,"end":5251.75},{"text":"Nations","start":5251.75,"end":5252.11},{"text":"General","start":5252.11,"end":5252.39},{"text":"Assembly,","start":5252.39,"end":5252.83},{"text":"as","start":5252.99,"end":5253.11},{"text":"the","start":5253.11,"end":5253.19},{"text":"case","start":5253.19,"end":5253.39},{"text":"may","start":5253.39,"end":5253.55},{"text":"be.","start":5253.55,"end":5253.79}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, finally, we would like to turn to the draft procedural provisions and safeguards in Part IV, which we commented on in our previous statements.","start":5255.23,"end":5263.71,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5255.23,"end":5255.39},{"text":"Chair,","start":5255.39,"end":5255.79},{"text":"finally,","start":5255.87,"end":5256.43},{"text":"we","start":5256.43,"end":5256.51},{"text":"would","start":5256.51,"end":5256.63},{"text":"like","start":5256.63,"end":5256.79},{"text":"to","start":5256.79,"end":5256.91},{"text":"turn","start":5256.91,"end":5257.23},{"text":"to","start":5257.23,"end":5257.39},{"text":"the","start":5257.39,"end":5257.47},{"text":"draft","start":5257.47,"end":5257.83},{"text":"procedural","start":5257.83,"end":5258.31},{"text":"provisions","start":5258.31,"end":5258.91},{"text":"and","start":5258.91,"end":5259.07},{"text":"safeguards","start":5259.07,"end":5259.63},{"text":"in","start":5259.63,"end":5259.79},{"text":"Part","start":5259.79,"end":5260.43},{"text":"IV,","start":5260.43,"end":5260.51},{"text":"which","start":5260.91,"end":5261.15},{"text":"we","start":5261.15,"end":5261.31},{"text":"commented","start":5261.31,"end":5261.87},{"text":"on","start":5261.95,"end":5262.27},{"text":"in","start":5262.35,"end":5262.51},{"text":"our","start":5262.51,"end":5262.75},{"text":"previous","start":5262.75,"end":5263.03},{"text":"statements.","start":5263.03,"end":5263.71}]},{"text":"We appreciate the focus on and elaboration of certain aspects of procedure in these cases, including the emphasis on examination of immunity by the forum state, communication and consultation between the states concerned, and the importance of fair treatment in the proceedings against foreign state officials.","start":5264.27,"end":5281.63,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5264.27,"end":5264.43},{"text":"appreciate","start":5264.43,"end":5264.99},{"text":"the","start":5264.99,"end":5265.07},{"text":"focus","start":5265.07,"end":5265.47},{"text":"on","start":5265.55,"end":5265.87},{"text":"and","start":5265.95,"end":5266.23},{"text":"elaboration","start":5266.23,"end":5266.75},{"text":"of","start":5266.75,"end":5266.99},{"text":"certain","start":5267.15,"end":5267.63},{"text":"aspects","start":5267.63,"end":5268.03},{"text":"of","start":5268.03,"end":5268.15},{"text":"procedure","start":5268.15,"end":5268.67},{"text":"in","start":5268.67,"end":5268.87},{"text":"these","start":5268.87,"end":5269.07},{"text":"cases,","start":5269.07,"end":5269.55},{"text":"including","start":5270.03,"end":5270.59},{"text":"the","start":5270.59,"end":5270.71},{"text":"emphasis","start":5270.75,"end":5271.31},{"text":"on","start":5271.39,"end":5271.63},{"text":"examination","start":5271.63,"end":5272.27},{"text":"of","start":5272.27,"end":5272.39},{"text":"immunity","start":5272.39,"end":5272.83},{"text":"by","start":5272.83,"end":5272.99},{"text":"the","start":5272.99,"end":5273.07},{"text":"forum","start":5273.07,"end":5273.35},{"text":"state,","start":5273.35,"end":5273.71},{"text":"communication","start":5274.11,"end":5274.83},{"text":"and","start":5274.83,"end":5274.95},{"text":"consultation","start":5274.95,"end":5275.59},{"text":"between","start":5275.59,"end":5275.87},{"text":"the","start":5275.87,"end":5275.95},{"text":"states","start":5275.95,"end":5276.27},{"text":"concerned,","start":5276.27,"end":5276.83},{"text":"and","start":5277.39,"end":5277.59},{"text":"the","start":5277.59,"end":5277.67},{"text":"importance","start":5277.71,"end":5278.43},{"text":"of","start":5278.47,"end":5278.55},{"text":"fair","start":5278.55,"end":5278.79},{"text":"treatment","start":5278.79,"end":5279.47},{"text":"in","start":5279.51,"end":5279.63},{"text":"the","start":5279.63,"end":5279.71},{"text":"proceedings","start":5279.71,"end":5280.27},{"text":"against","start":5280.31,"end":5280.59},{"text":"foreign","start":5280.59,"end":5280.83},{"text":"state","start":5280.83,"end":5281.07},{"text":"officials.","start":5281.07,"end":5281.63}]},{"text":"On the other hand, we took note of diverging views on certain draft procedural articles expressed in previous discussions by the Commission and the Sixth Committee.","start":5282.55,"end":5291.71,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5282.55,"end":5282.67},{"text":"the","start":5282.67,"end":5282.79},{"text":"other","start":5282.79,"end":5282.95},{"text":"hand,","start":5282.95,"end":5283.23},{"text":"we","start":5283.31,"end":5283.47},{"text":"took","start":5283.47,"end":5283.63},{"text":"note","start":5283.63,"end":5283.95},{"text":"of","start":5283.95,"end":5284.11},{"text":"diverging","start":5284.11,"end":5285.23},{"text":"views","start":5285.23,"end":5285.71},{"text":"on","start":5285.87,"end":5286.03},{"text":"certain","start":5286.03,"end":5286.43},{"text":"draft","start":5286.43,"end":5286.67},{"text":"procedural","start":5286.67,"end":5287.15},{"text":"articles","start":5287.15,"end":5287.79},{"text":"expressed","start":5288.03,"end":5288.51},{"text":"in","start":5288.51,"end":5288.75},{"text":"previous","start":5288.75,"end":5289.07},{"text":"discussions","start":5289.07,"end":5289.79},{"text":"by","start":5289.79,"end":5289.95},{"text":"the","start":5289.95,"end":5290.07},{"text":"Commission","start":5290.07,"end":5290.59},{"text":"and","start":5290.67,"end":5290.83},{"text":"the","start":5290.83,"end":5290.91},{"text":"Sixth","start":5290.91,"end":5291.15},{"text":"Committee.","start":5291.15,"end":5291.71}]},{"text":"We would also like to refer to our concerns with respect to this part of draft articles, what we formulated in previous years.","start":5292.59,"end":5300.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5292.59,"end":5292.71},{"text":"would","start":5292.71,"end":5292.91},{"text":"also","start":5292.91,"end":5293.31},{"text":"like","start":5293.31,"end":5293.63},{"text":"to","start":5293.63,"end":5293.75},{"text":"refer","start":5293.75,"end":5294.11},{"text":"to","start":5294.11,"end":5294.31},{"text":"our","start":5294.31,"end":5294.51},{"text":"concerns","start":5294.51,"end":5295.03},{"text":"with","start":5295.03,"end":5295.15},{"text":"respect","start":5295.15,"end":5295.59},{"text":"to","start":5295.59,"end":5295.67},{"text":"this","start":5295.67,"end":5295.87},{"text":"part","start":5295.87,"end":5296.15},{"text":"of","start":5296.15,"end":5296.23},{"text":"draft","start":5296.23,"end":5296.55},{"text":"articles,","start":5296.55,"end":5297.15},{"text":"what","start":5298.79,"end":5298.99},{"text":"we","start":5298.99,"end":5299.11},{"text":"formulated","start":5299.11,"end":5299.59},{"text":"in","start":5299.59,"end":5299.67},{"text":"previous","start":5299.67,"end":5300.03},{"text":"years.","start":5300.03,"end":5300.43}]},{"text":"The existing practice in this area is based on national laws on criminal procedure and treaties on international judicial cooperation in criminal matters.","start":5301.15,"end":5308.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5301.15,"end":5301.27},{"text":"existing","start":5301.27,"end":5301.71},{"text":"practice","start":5301.71,"end":5302.19},{"text":"in","start":5302.19,"end":5302.31},{"text":"this","start":5302.31,"end":5302.51},{"text":"area","start":5302.51,"end":5302.91},{"text":"is","start":5302.99,"end":5303.23},{"text":"based","start":5303.23,"end":5303.63},{"text":"on","start":5303.71,"end":5303.83},{"text":"national","start":5303.83,"end":5304.35},{"text":"laws","start":5304.35,"end":5304.51},{"text":"on","start":5304.55,"end":5304.67},{"text":"criminal","start":5304.67,"end":5304.99},{"text":"procedure","start":5304.99,"end":5305.55},{"text":"and","start":5305.63,"end":5305.79},{"text":"treaties","start":5305.79,"end":5306.27},{"text":"on","start":5306.27,"end":5306.43},{"text":"international","start":5306.43,"end":5306.99},{"text":"judicial","start":5306.99,"end":5307.35},{"text":"cooperation","start":5307.35,"end":5307.95},{"text":"in","start":5307.95,"end":5308.07},{"text":"criminal","start":5308.07,"end":5308.39},{"text":"matters.","start":5308.39,"end":5308.75}]},{"text":"which provide for the prosecution of crimes committed by state officials.","start":5309.31,"end":5312.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"which","start":5309.31,"end":5309.43},{"text":"provide","start":5309.43,"end":5309.91},{"text":"for","start":5309.91,"end":5310.19},{"text":"the","start":5310.19,"end":5310.27},{"text":"prosecution","start":5310.27,"end":5310.87},{"text":"of","start":5310.87,"end":5310.95},{"text":"crimes","start":5310.95,"end":5311.43},{"text":"committed","start":5311.43,"end":5311.83},{"text":"by","start":5311.83,"end":5311.99},{"text":"state","start":5311.99,"end":5312.23},{"text":"officials.","start":5312.23,"end":5312.79}]},{"text":"In our opinion, the relationship of draft procedural provisions to those treaties is not clarified enough and requires further consideration.","start":5313.43,"end":5321.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5313.43,"end":5313.55},{"text":"our","start":5313.55,"end":5313.67},{"text":"opinion,","start":5313.67,"end":5314.31},{"text":"the","start":5314.39,"end":5314.55},{"text":"relationship","start":5314.55,"end":5315.11},{"text":"of","start":5315.11,"end":5315.27},{"text":"draft","start":5315.27,"end":5315.59},{"text":"procedural","start":5315.59,"end":5316.03},{"text":"provisions","start":5316.03,"end":5316.63},{"text":"to","start":5316.63,"end":5316.75},{"text":"those","start":5316.75,"end":5316.95},{"text":"treaties","start":5316.95,"end":5317.59},{"text":"is","start":5317.83,"end":5317.99},{"text":"not","start":5317.99,"end":5318.15},{"text":"clarified","start":5318.15,"end":5318.71},{"text":"enough","start":5318.71,"end":5319.11},{"text":"and","start":5319.51,"end":5319.67},{"text":"requires","start":5319.67,"end":5320.15},{"text":"further","start":5320.15,"end":5320.43},{"text":"consideration.","start":5320.43,"end":5321.27}]},{"text":"Therefore, at least at this stage, we maintain our view that the draft articles, namely procedural provisions in Part IV, should rather remain in their non-binding form.","start":5321.91,"end":5331.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":5321.91,"end":5322.55},{"text":"at","start":5322.63,"end":5322.83},{"text":"least","start":5322.83,"end":5323.03},{"text":"at","start":5323.03,"end":5323.11},{"text":"this","start":5323.11,"end":5323.31},{"text":"stage,","start":5323.31,"end":5323.75},{"text":"we","start":5324.07,"end":5324.23},{"text":"maintain","start":5324.23,"end":5324.63},{"text":"our","start":5324.63,"end":5324.87},{"text":"view","start":5324.87,"end":5325.27},{"text":"that","start":5325.35,"end":5325.51},{"text":"the","start":5325.51,"end":5325.59},{"text":"draft","start":5325.59,"end":5325.91},{"text":"articles,","start":5325.91,"end":5326.55},{"text":"namely","start":5326.63,"end":5326.95},{"text":"procedural","start":5326.95,"end":5327.43},{"text":"provisions","start":5327.43,"end":5327.87},{"text":"in","start":5327.87,"end":5327.99},{"text":"Part","start":5327.99,"end":5328.63},{"text":"IV,","start":5328.79,"end":5328.87},{"text":"should","start":5328.87,"end":5329.07},{"text":"rather","start":5329.11,"end":5329.43},{"text":"remain","start":5329.43,"end":5329.83},{"text":"in","start":5329.91,"end":5330.07},{"text":"their","start":5330.07,"end":5330.31},{"text":"non-binding","start":5330.31,"end":5331.03},{"text":"form.","start":5331.03,"end":5331.43}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, now I would like to present our observations on the topic General principles of law.","start":5332.63,"end":5337.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5332.63,"end":5332.87},{"text":"Chair,","start":5332.87,"end":5333.27},{"text":"now","start":5333.51,"end":5333.83},{"text":"I","start":5333.83,"end":5333.91},{"text":"would","start":5333.91,"end":5334.03},{"text":"like","start":5334.03,"end":5334.19},{"text":"to","start":5334.19,"end":5334.31},{"text":"present","start":5334.31,"end":5334.71},{"text":"our","start":5334.71,"end":5334.87},{"text":"observations","start":5334.87,"end":5335.59},{"text":"on","start":5335.59,"end":5335.75},{"text":"the","start":5335.75,"end":5335.87},{"text":"topic","start":5335.87,"end":5336.23},{"text":"General","start":5336.23,"end":5336.63},{"text":"principles","start":5336.63,"end":5337.07},{"text":"of","start":5337.07,"end":5337.19},{"text":"law.","start":5337.19,"end":5337.51}]},{"text":"The Czech Republic welcomes the adoption of draft conclusions by the Commission on second reading and expresses its appreciation and gratitude to the Commission and the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Marcelo Vázquez Bermúdez, for their work over several years.","start":5338.39,"end":5351.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5338.39,"end":5338.43},{"text":"Czech","start":5338.43,"end":5338.59},{"text":"Republic","start":5338.59,"end":5338.91},{"text":"welcomes","start":5338.91,"end":5339.35},{"text":"the","start":5339.35,"end":5339.47},{"text":"adoption","start":5339.47,"end":5339.87},{"text":"of","start":5339.87,"end":5339.99},{"text":"draft","start":5339.99,"end":5340.23},{"text":"conclusions","start":5340.23,"end":5340.87},{"text":"by","start":5340.95,"end":5341.11},{"text":"the","start":5341.11,"end":5341.19},{"text":"Commission","start":5341.19,"end":5341.83},{"text":"on","start":5342.11,"end":5342.23},{"text":"second","start":5342.23,"end":5342.55},{"text":"reading","start":5342.55,"end":5342.95},{"text":"and","start":5343.03,"end":5343.15},{"text":"expresses","start":5343.15,"end":5343.67},{"text":"its","start":5343.67,"end":5343.79},{"text":"appreciation","start":5343.79,"end":5344.47},{"text":"and","start":5344.47,"end":5344.67},{"text":"gratitude","start":5344.67,"end":5345.15},{"text":"to","start":5345.15,"end":5345.23},{"text":"the","start":5345.51,"end":5345.63},{"text":"Commission","start":5345.63,"end":5346.07},{"text":"and","start":5346.07,"end":5346.23},{"text":"the","start":5346.23,"end":5346.31},{"text":"Special","start":5346.31,"end":5346.63},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":5346.63,"end":5347.27},{"text":"Mr.","start":5347.43,"end":5347.79},{"text":"Marcelo","start":5347.79,"end":5348.15},{"text":"Vázquez","start":5348.15,"end":5348.47},{"text":"Bermúdez,","start":5348.47,"end":5349.11},{"text":"for","start":5349.43,"end":5349.67},{"text":"their","start":5349.67,"end":5349.79},{"text":"work","start":5349.79,"end":5350.15},{"text":"over","start":5350.15,"end":5350.39},{"text":"several","start":5350.39,"end":5350.71},{"text":"years.","start":5350.71,"end":5351.11}]},{"text":"The Czech Republic considers general principles of law to be an established source of international law within the meaning of Article 38, paragraph 1(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.","start":5351.95,"end":5362.23,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5351.95,"end":5352.03},{"text":"Czech","start":5352.07,"end":5352.27},{"text":"Republic","start":5352.27,"end":5352.59},{"text":"considers","start":5352.59,"end":5353.03},{"text":"general","start":5353.03,"end":5353.31},{"text":"principles","start":5353.31,"end":5353.75},{"text":"of","start":5353.75,"end":5353.83},{"text":"law","start":5353.83,"end":5354.07},{"text":"to","start":5354.07,"end":5354.19},{"text":"be","start":5354.23,"end":5354.35},{"text":"an","start":5354.35,"end":5354.47},{"text":"established","start":5354.55,"end":5355.07},{"text":"source","start":5355.07,"end":5355.59},{"text":"of","start":5355.79,"end":5355.91},{"text":"international","start":5355.91,"end":5356.67},{"text":"law","start":5356.67,"end":5356.75},{"text":"within","start":5356.79,"end":5357.11},{"text":"the","start":5357.11,"end":5357.19},{"text":"meaning","start":5357.19,"end":5357.51},{"text":"of","start":5357.51,"end":5357.67},{"text":"Article","start":5357.67,"end":5357.99},{"text":"38,","start":5357.99,"end":5358.71},{"text":"paragraph","start":5358.87,"end":5359.27},{"text":"1(c)","start":5359.27,"end":5359.83},{"text":"of","start":5359.91,"end":5360.07},{"text":"the","start":5360.07,"end":5360.15},{"text":"Statute","start":5360.15,"end":5360.55},{"text":"of","start":5360.55,"end":5360.71},{"text":"the","start":5360.71,"end":5360.83},{"text":"International","start":5360.83,"end":5361.39},{"text":"Court","start":5361.39,"end":5361.59},{"text":"of","start":5361.59,"end":5361.67},{"text":"Justice.","start":5361.67,"end":5362.23}]},{"text":"We therefore welcome the Commission's effort to clarify the methodology for their identification and application.","start":5363.15,"end":5369.55,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5363.15,"end":5363.19},{"text":"therefore","start":5363.19,"end":5363.51},{"text":"welcome","start":5363.51,"end":5364.11},{"text":"the","start":5364.11,"end":5364.23},{"text":"Commission's","start":5364.23,"end":5364.75},{"text":"effort","start":5364.75,"end":5365.11},{"text":"to","start":5365.11,"end":5365.19},{"text":"clarify","start":5365.19,"end":5365.87},{"text":"the","start":5366.11,"end":5366.23},{"text":"methodology","start":5366.23,"end":5366.91},{"text":"for","start":5366.91,"end":5367.15},{"text":"their","start":5367.15,"end":5367.47},{"text":"identification","start":5367.63,"end":5368.67},{"text":"and","start":5368.67,"end":5368.91},{"text":"application.","start":5368.91,"end":5369.55}]},{"text":"In particular, we support the Commission's confirmation that the identification of general principles of law derived from national legal systems requires, first, the ascertainment of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world, and, second, an assessment of its applicability within the international legal system.","start":5370.35,"end":5390.27,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5370.35,"end":5370.51},{"text":"particular,","start":5370.51,"end":5371.23},{"text":"we","start":5371.47,"end":5371.63},{"text":"support","start":5371.63,"end":5372.11},{"text":"the","start":5372.11,"end":5372.19},{"text":"Commission's","start":5372.19,"end":5372.63},{"text":"confirmation","start":5372.63,"end":5373.47},{"text":"that","start":5373.55,"end":5373.71},{"text":"the","start":5373.71,"end":5373.83},{"text":"identification","start":5373.87,"end":5374.75},{"text":"of","start":5374.75,"end":5374.87},{"text":"general","start":5374.87,"end":5375.15},{"text":"principles","start":5375.15,"end":5375.71},{"text":"of","start":5375.71,"end":5375.79},{"text":"law","start":5375.79,"end":5376.11},{"text":"derived","start":5376.59,"end":5376.99},{"text":"from","start":5376.99,"end":5377.31},{"text":"national","start":5377.31,"end":5377.67},{"text":"legal","start":5377.67,"end":5377.87},{"text":"systems","start":5377.87,"end":5378.51},{"text":"requires,","start":5378.75,"end":5379.47},{"text":"first,","start":5379.63,"end":5380.11},{"text":"the","start":5380.11,"end":5380.31},{"text":"ascertainment","start":5380.35,"end":5381.15},{"text":"of","start":5381.19,"end":5381.27},{"text":"a","start":5381.27,"end":5381.31},{"text":"principle","start":5381.31,"end":5381.79},{"text":"common","start":5381.79,"end":5382.11},{"text":"to","start":5382.11,"end":5382.23},{"text":"the","start":5382.23,"end":5382.35},{"text":"various","start":5382.35,"end":5382.67},{"text":"legal","start":5382.67,"end":5382.91},{"text":"systems","start":5382.91,"end":5383.31},{"text":"of","start":5383.31,"end":5383.47},{"text":"the","start":5383.47,"end":5383.55},{"text":"world,","start":5383.55,"end":5383.87},{"text":"and,","start":5384.43,"end":5384.83},{"text":"second,","start":5384.91,"end":5385.47},{"text":"an","start":5385.91,"end":5386.03},{"text":"assessment","start":5386.03,"end":5386.75},{"text":"of","start":5386.99,"end":5387.15},{"text":"its","start":5387.15,"end":5387.31},{"text":"applicability","start":5387.31,"end":5388.11},{"text":"within","start":5388.35,"end":5388.59},{"text":"the","start":5388.59,"end":5388.71},{"text":"international","start":5388.75,"end":5389.59},{"text":"legal","start":5389.59,"end":5389.79},{"text":"system.","start":5389.79,"end":5390.27}]},{"text":"This two-step approach reflects the traditional understanding of general principles of law and provides useful guidance for practice.","start":5390.95,"end":5398.15,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5390.95,"end":5391.11},{"text":"two-step","start":5391.11,"end":5391.51},{"text":"approach","start":5391.51,"end":5392.07},{"text":"reflects","start":5392.31,"end":5392.71},{"text":"the","start":5392.71,"end":5392.79},{"text":"traditional","start":5392.79,"end":5393.35},{"text":"understanding","start":5393.35,"end":5394.07},{"text":"of","start":5394.07,"end":5394.23},{"text":"general","start":5394.23,"end":5394.55},{"text":"principles","start":5394.55,"end":5395.03},{"text":"of","start":5395.03,"end":5395.19},{"text":"law","start":5395.19,"end":5395.51},{"text":"and","start":5395.83,"end":5395.95},{"text":"provides","start":5395.95,"end":5396.55},{"text":"useful","start":5396.55,"end":5396.95},{"text":"guidance","start":5396.95,"end":5397.43},{"text":"for","start":5397.43,"end":5397.59},{"text":"practice.","start":5397.59,"end":5398.15}]},{"text":"At the same time, the Czech Republic would like to reiterate certain observations that it has made throughout the Commission's consideration of this topic.","start":5398.95,"end":5406.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5398.95,"end":5399.07},{"text":"the","start":5399.07,"end":5399.19},{"text":"same","start":5399.19,"end":5399.39},{"text":"time,","start":5399.39,"end":5399.83},{"text":"the","start":5399.83,"end":5399.95},{"text":"Czech","start":5399.95,"end":5400.11},{"text":"Republic","start":5400.11,"end":5400.47},{"text":"would","start":5400.47,"end":5400.59},{"text":"like","start":5400.59,"end":5400.75},{"text":"to","start":5400.75,"end":5400.87},{"text":"reiterate","start":5400.87,"end":5401.59},{"text":"certain","start":5401.67,"end":5402.07},{"text":"observations","start":5402.07,"end":5402.95},{"text":"that","start":5403.19,"end":5403.35},{"text":"it","start":5403.35,"end":5403.43},{"text":"has","start":5403.43,"end":5403.67},{"text":"made","start":5403.67,"end":5403.91},{"text":"throughout","start":5403.91,"end":5404.27},{"text":"the","start":5404.31,"end":5404.43},{"text":"Commission's","start":5404.43,"end":5404.91},{"text":"consideration","start":5404.91,"end":5405.59},{"text":"of","start":5405.59,"end":5405.75},{"text":"this","start":5405.75,"end":5405.91},{"text":"topic.","start":5405.91,"end":5406.31}]},{"text":"First, with regard to draft conclusion 5, we remain unconvinced that a wide and representative comparative analysis should be regarded as a necessary requirement in every case.","start":5407.19,"end":5418.31,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":5407.19,"end":5407.67},{"text":"with","start":5407.99,"end":5408.15},{"text":"regard","start":5408.15,"end":5408.55},{"text":"to","start":5408.55,"end":5408.67},{"text":"draft","start":5408.67,"end":5409.03},{"text":"conclusion","start":5409.03,"end":5409.47},{"text":"5,","start":5409.47,"end":5409.91},{"text":"we","start":5410.47,"end":5410.63},{"text":"remain","start":5410.63,"end":5411.03},{"text":"unconvinced","start":5411.19,"end":5411.99},{"text":"that","start":5412.23,"end":5412.55},{"text":"a","start":5412.55,"end":5412.59},{"text":"wide","start":5412.59,"end":5412.95},{"text":"and","start":5412.95,"end":5413.15},{"text":"representative","start":5413.15,"end":5413.75},{"text":"comparative","start":5413.75,"end":5414.23},{"text":"analysis","start":5414.23,"end":5414.95},{"text":"should","start":5415.19,"end":5415.39},{"text":"be","start":5415.39,"end":5415.51},{"text":"regarded","start":5415.51,"end":5416.07},{"text":"as","start":5416.07,"end":5416.23},{"text":"a","start":5416.23,"end":5416.31},{"text":"necessary","start":5416.31,"end":5416.75},{"text":"requirement","start":5416.75,"end":5417.35},{"text":"in","start":5417.43,"end":5417.59},{"text":"every","start":5417.59,"end":5417.83},{"text":"case.","start":5417.83,"end":5418.31}]},{"text":"A number of well-established general principles of law have long been recognized in international legal practice and jurisprudence.","start":5419.27,"end":5426.07,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":5419.27,"end":5419.31},{"text":"number","start":5419.31,"end":5419.67},{"text":"of","start":5419.67,"end":5419.83},{"text":"well-established","start":5419.91,"end":5420.59},{"text":"general","start":5420.59,"end":5420.87},{"text":"principles","start":5420.87,"end":5421.39},{"text":"of","start":5421.39,"end":5421.51},{"text":"law","start":5421.51,"end":5421.83},{"text":"have","start":5422.23,"end":5422.47},{"text":"long","start":5422.47,"end":5422.71},{"text":"been","start":5422.71,"end":5423.03},{"text":"recognized","start":5423.03,"end":5423.71},{"text":"in","start":5423.75,"end":5423.91},{"text":"international","start":5423.91,"end":5424.51},{"text":"legal","start":5424.51,"end":5424.71},{"text":"practice","start":5424.71,"end":5425.19},{"text":"and","start":5425.19,"end":5425.31},{"text":"jurisprudence.","start":5425.31,"end":5426.07}]},{"text":"Their identification is not necessarily the result of an ad hoc comparative exercise, but rather of a long and well-established legal development.","start":5426.71,"end":5434.63,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":5426.71,"end":5426.95},{"text":"identification","start":5426.95,"end":5427.91},{"text":"is","start":5428.07,"end":5428.23},{"text":"not","start":5428.23,"end":5428.47},{"text":"necessarily","start":5428.47,"end":5429.03},{"text":"the","start":5429.03,"end":5429.15},{"text":"result","start":5429.15,"end":5429.59},{"text":"of","start":5429.63,"end":5429.71},{"text":"an","start":5429.71,"end":5429.91},{"text":"ad","start":5429.95,"end":5430.07},{"text":"hoc","start":5430.07,"end":5430.19},{"text":"comparative","start":5430.19,"end":5430.67},{"text":"exercise,","start":5430.67,"end":5431.35},{"text":"but","start":5431.67,"end":5431.91},{"text":"rather","start":5431.91,"end":5432.23},{"text":"of","start":5432.23,"end":5432.39},{"text":"a","start":5432.39,"end":5432.43},{"text":"long","start":5432.43,"end":5432.71},{"text":"and","start":5432.79,"end":5432.95},{"text":"well-established","start":5432.95,"end":5433.67},{"text":"legal","start":5433.75,"end":5434.07},{"text":"development.","start":5434.07,"end":5434.63}]},{"text":"Second, we note that the Commission has retained the category of general principles of law that may be formed within the international legal system.","start":5435.91,"end":5444.07,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":5435.91,"end":5436.47},{"text":"we","start":5436.79,"end":5436.95},{"text":"note","start":5436.95,"end":5437.27},{"text":"that","start":5437.27,"end":5437.43},{"text":"the","start":5437.43,"end":5437.59},{"text":"Commission","start":5437.59,"end":5437.95},{"text":"has","start":5437.95,"end":5438.15},{"text":"retained","start":5438.15,"end":5438.71},{"text":"the","start":5438.95,"end":5439.11},{"text":"category","start":5439.11,"end":5439.59},{"text":"of","start":5439.59,"end":5439.75},{"text":"general","start":5439.75,"end":5440.07},{"text":"principles","start":5440.07,"end":5440.55},{"text":"of","start":5440.55,"end":5440.63},{"text":"law","start":5440.63,"end":5441.03},{"text":"that","start":5441.27,"end":5441.43},{"text":"may","start":5441.43,"end":5441.59},{"text":"be","start":5441.59,"end":5441.75},{"text":"formed","start":5441.75,"end":5442.07},{"text":"within","start":5442.07,"end":5442.39},{"text":"the","start":5442.39,"end":5442.51},{"text":"international","start":5442.55,"end":5443.39},{"text":"legal","start":5443.39,"end":5443.59},{"text":"system.","start":5443.59,"end":5444.07}]},{"text":"While we acknowledge the Commission's effort to clarify this concept, The Czech Republic continues to hold the view that general principles of law within the meaning of Article 38, paragraph 1(c) derive from national legal systems and are subsequently transposed to the international legal order.","start":5444.67,"end":5460.95,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":5444.67,"end":5444.91},{"text":"we","start":5445.35,"end":5445.75},{"text":"acknowledge","start":5445.75,"end":5446.31},{"text":"the","start":5446.39,"end":5446.51},{"text":"Commission's","start":5446.51,"end":5447.03},{"text":"effort","start":5447.03,"end":5447.39},{"text":"to","start":5447.39,"end":5447.47},{"text":"clarify","start":5447.47,"end":5447.99},{"text":"this","start":5447.99,"end":5448.15},{"text":"concept,","start":5448.15,"end":5448.71},{"text":"The","start":5449.15,"end":5449.19},{"text":"Czech","start":5449.19,"end":5449.35},{"text":"Republic","start":5449.35,"end":5449.71},{"text":"continues","start":5449.71,"end":5450.15},{"text":"to","start":5450.15,"end":5450.31},{"text":"hold","start":5450.31,"end":5450.55},{"text":"the","start":5450.55,"end":5450.63},{"text":"view","start":5450.63,"end":5451.03},{"text":"that","start":5451.27,"end":5451.43},{"text":"general","start":5451.43,"end":5451.75},{"text":"principles","start":5451.75,"end":5452.19},{"text":"of","start":5452.19,"end":5452.31},{"text":"law","start":5452.31,"end":5452.47},{"text":"within","start":5452.47,"end":5452.79},{"text":"the","start":5452.79,"end":5452.91},{"text":"meaning","start":5452.91,"end":5453.19},{"text":"of","start":5453.19,"end":5453.35},{"text":"Article","start":5453.35,"end":5453.75},{"text":"38,","start":5453.75,"end":5454.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":5454.31,"end":5454.71},{"text":"1(c)","start":5454.71,"end":5455.27},{"text":"derive","start":5455.67,"end":5455.99},{"text":"from","start":5455.99,"end":5456.23},{"text":"national","start":5456.23,"end":5456.55},{"text":"legal","start":5456.55,"end":5456.79},{"text":"systems","start":5456.79,"end":5457.35},{"text":"and","start":5457.55,"end":5457.75},{"text":"are","start":5457.75,"end":5457.83},{"text":"subsequently","start":5457.83,"end":5458.47},{"text":"transposed","start":5458.47,"end":5459.15},{"text":"to","start":5459.35,"end":5459.51},{"text":"the","start":5459.51,"end":5459.63},{"text":"international","start":5459.63,"end":5460.35},{"text":"legal","start":5460.35,"end":5460.59},{"text":"order.","start":5460.59,"end":5460.95}]},{"text":"In our view, sufficient state practice, jurisprudence, and doctrinal support haven't been demonstrated to establish the existence of general principles of law formed within the international legal system.","start":5461.83,"end":5472.71,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5461.83,"end":5461.99},{"text":"our","start":5461.99,"end":5462.15},{"text":"view,","start":5462.15,"end":5462.63},{"text":"sufficient","start":5462.87,"end":5463.43},{"text":"state","start":5463.43,"end":5463.63},{"text":"practice,","start":5463.63,"end":5464.23},{"text":"jurisprudence,","start":5464.31,"end":5465.19},{"text":"and","start":5465.27,"end":5465.47},{"text":"doctrinal","start":5465.47,"end":5465.87},{"text":"support","start":5465.87,"end":5466.47},{"text":"haven't","start":5466.71,"end":5467.07},{"text":"been","start":5467.07,"end":5467.19},{"text":"demonstrated","start":5467.19,"end":5468.07},{"text":"to","start":5468.31,"end":5468.43},{"text":"establish","start":5468.47,"end":5468.87},{"text":"the","start":5468.87,"end":5468.99},{"text":"existence","start":5468.99,"end":5469.51},{"text":"of","start":5469.51,"end":5469.63},{"text":"general","start":5469.63,"end":5469.91},{"text":"principles","start":5469.91,"end":5470.39},{"text":"of","start":5470.39,"end":5470.55},{"text":"law","start":5470.55,"end":5470.63},{"text":"formed","start":5470.63,"end":5471.11},{"text":"within","start":5471.11,"end":5471.43},{"text":"the","start":5471.43,"end":5471.55},{"text":"international","start":5471.55,"end":5472.11},{"text":"legal","start":5472.11,"end":5472.31},{"text":"system.","start":5472.31,"end":5472.71}]},{"text":"We also remain concerned that such an approach may blur the distinction between general principles of law and other sources of international law, in particular, customary international law.","start":5473.71,"end":5483.31,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5473.71,"end":5473.75},{"text":"also","start":5473.75,"end":5474.07},{"text":"remain","start":5474.07,"end":5474.31},{"text":"concerned","start":5474.31,"end":5474.95},{"text":"that","start":5475.11,"end":5475.31},{"text":"such","start":5475.31,"end":5475.51},{"text":"an","start":5475.51,"end":5475.59},{"text":"approach","start":5475.59,"end":5475.91},{"text":"may","start":5475.91,"end":5476.07},{"text":"blur","start":5476.07,"end":5476.55},{"text":"the","start":5476.55,"end":5476.71},{"text":"distinction","start":5476.71,"end":5477.19},{"text":"between","start":5477.19,"end":5477.51},{"text":"general","start":5477.51,"end":5477.79},{"text":"principles","start":5477.79,"end":5478.23},{"text":"of","start":5478.23,"end":5478.35},{"text":"law","start":5478.35,"end":5478.67},{"text":"and","start":5478.87,"end":5479.07},{"text":"other","start":5479.07,"end":5479.27},{"text":"sources","start":5479.27,"end":5479.75},{"text":"of","start":5479.75,"end":5479.91},{"text":"international","start":5479.91,"end":5480.75},{"text":"law,","start":5480.75,"end":5480.83},{"text":"in","start":5481.03,"end":5481.19},{"text":"particular,","start":5481.19,"end":5481.91},{"text":"customary","start":5482.07,"end":5482.59},{"text":"international","start":5482.59,"end":5483.23},{"text":"law.","start":5483.23,"end":5483.31}]},{"text":"With respect to Draft Conclusion 11 concerning the relationship of general principles of law to treaties and customary international law, we would like to point out that general principles, although formally equal to other two sources of international law, have in practice supplementary role and are resorted to only occasionally or exceptionally.","start":5484.15,"end":5502.63,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5503.39,"end":5503.47},{"text":"follows","start":5503.47,"end":5503.79},{"text":"from","start":5503.79,"end":5503.95},{"text":"highly","start":5503.95,"end":5504.27},{"text":"general","start":5504.27,"end":5504.67},{"text":"and","start":5504.67,"end":5504.91},{"text":"abstract","start":5504.91,"end":5505.27},{"text":"level","start":5505.27,"end":5505.59},{"text":"of","start":5505.59,"end":5505.71},{"text":"their","start":5505.71,"end":5505.87},{"text":"content,","start":5505.87,"end":5506.35},{"text":"which","start":5506.59,"end":5506.83},{"text":"also","start":5506.83,"end":5507.15},{"text":"means","start":5507.15,"end":5507.55},{"text":"that","start":5507.63,"end":5507.83},{"text":"their","start":5507.83,"end":5508.03},{"text":"primary","start":5508.03,"end":5508.39},{"text":"function","start":5508.39,"end":5508.83},{"text":"is","start":5508.83,"end":5508.99},{"text":"filling","start":5508.99,"end":5509.31},{"text":"possible","start":5509.31,"end":5509.67},{"text":"gaps","start":5509.67,"end":5510.11},{"text":"in","start":5510.27,"end":5510.43},{"text":"international","start":5510.43,"end":5511.19},{"text":"law.","start":5511.19,"end":5511.27}]},{"text":"The Czech Republic supports the recommendation of the International Law Commission that the General Assembly take note of the draft conclusions and ensure their widest possible dissemination.","start":5512.19,"end":5521.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5512.19,"end":5512.27},{"text":"Czech","start":5512.27,"end":5512.43},{"text":"Republic","start":5512.43,"end":5512.75},{"text":"supports","start":5512.75,"end":5513.19},{"text":"the","start":5513.19,"end":5513.27},{"text":"recommendation","start":5513.27,"end":5514.03},{"text":"of","start":5514.03,"end":5514.19},{"text":"the","start":5514.19,"end":5514.31},{"text":"International","start":5514.31,"end":5514.91},{"text":"Law","start":5514.91,"end":5514.99},{"text":"Commission","start":5514.99,"end":5515.63},{"text":"that","start":5515.79,"end":5515.99},{"text":"the","start":5515.99,"end":5516.07},{"text":"General","start":5516.07,"end":5516.39},{"text":"Assembly","start":5516.39,"end":5516.67},{"text":"take","start":5516.67,"end":5516.91},{"text":"note","start":5516.91,"end":5517.31},{"text":"of","start":5517.47,"end":5517.63},{"text":"the","start":5517.63,"end":5517.71},{"text":"draft","start":5517.71,"end":5517.95},{"text":"conclusions","start":5517.95,"end":5518.67},{"text":"and","start":5518.67,"end":5518.91},{"text":"ensure","start":5518.91,"end":5519.31},{"text":"their","start":5519.31,"end":5519.55},{"text":"widest","start":5519.55,"end":5520.03},{"text":"possible","start":5520.03,"end":5520.39},{"text":"dissemination.","start":5520.39,"end":5521.07}]},{"text":"At the same time, we consider it appropriate to continue the scholarly and intergovernmental discussion on certain aspects of the draft conclusions, in particular with regard to the identification of general principles of law that may be formed within the international legal system and their distinction from other sources of international law.","start":5521.79,"end":5539.51,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international 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Chair, finally, we would like also to comment briefly on other decisions and conclusions of the Commission.","start":5540.59,"end":5546.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5540.59,"end":5540.79},{"text":"Chair,","start":5540.79,"end":5541.15},{"text":"finally,","start":5541.39,"end":5541.95},{"text":"we","start":5542.11,"end":5542.27},{"text":"would","start":5542.27,"end":5542.43},{"text":"like","start":5542.43,"end":5542.59},{"text":"also","start":5542.59,"end":5543.15},{"text":"to","start":5543.15,"end":5543.31},{"text":"comment","start":5543.31,"end":5543.59},{"text":"briefly","start":5543.59,"end":5543.95},{"text":"on","start":5543.95,"end":5544.19},{"text":"other","start":5544.19,"end":5544.43},{"text":"decisions","start":5544.43,"end":5544.91},{"text":"and","start":5544.91,"end":5545.07},{"text":"conclusions","start":5545.07,"end":5545.55},{"text":"of","start":5545.55,"end":5545.67},{"text":"the","start":5545.67,"end":5545.75},{"text":"Commission.","start":5545.75,"end":5546.27}]},{"text":"We note with satisfaction that the Commission decided to include the topic \"Identification and legal consequences of obligations erga omnes in international law\" in its programme of work, and congratulate Mr. Masahiko Asada for his appointment as Special 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topic is becoming a subject of increased relevance in the practice of States and in case law of international courts.","start":5562.63,"end":5568.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5562.63,"end":5562.87},{"text":"topic","start":5562.87,"end":5563.15},{"text":"is","start":5563.15,"end":5563.27},{"text":"becoming","start":5563.27,"end":5563.67},{"text":"a","start":5563.75,"end":5563.79},{"text":"subject","start":5563.79,"end":5564.15},{"text":"of","start":5564.19,"end":5564.31},{"text":"increased","start":5564.31,"end":5564.79},{"text":"relevance","start":5564.79,"end":5565.43},{"text":"in","start":5565.51,"end":5565.67},{"text":"the","start":5565.67,"end":5565.79},{"text":"practice","start":5565.79,"end":5566.15},{"text":"of","start":5566.15,"end":5566.23},{"text":"States","start":5566.23,"end":5566.71},{"text":"and","start":5566.79,"end":5566.99},{"text":"in","start":5566.99,"end":5567.11},{"text":"case","start":5567.11,"end":5567.43},{"text":"law","start":5567.43,"end":5567.63},{"text":"of","start":5567.63,"end":5567.75},{"text":"international","start":5567.75,"end":5568.31},{"text":"courts.","start":5568.31,"end":5568.79}]},{"text":"We believe that consideration of this topic will clarify the nature and legal consequences of such obligations.","start":5569.27,"end":5575.27,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5569.27,"end":5569.43},{"text":"believe","start":5569.43,"end":5569.83},{"text":"that","start":5569.83,"end":5569.99},{"text":"consideration","start":5569.99,"end":5570.71},{"text":"of","start":5570.71,"end":5570.83},{"text":"this","start":5570.83,"end":5571.03},{"text":"topic","start":5571.03,"end":5571.27},{"text":"will","start":5571.27,"end":5571.43},{"text":"clarify","start":5571.43,"end":5572.07},{"text":"the","start":5572.15,"end":5572.35},{"text":"nature","start":5572.35,"end":5572.75},{"text":"and","start":5572.75,"end":5572.91},{"text":"legal","start":5572.91,"end":5573.15},{"text":"consequences","start":5573.15,"end":5573.83},{"text":"of","start":5574.15,"end":5574.31},{"text":"such","start":5574.31,"end":5574.47},{"text":"obligations.","start":5574.47,"end":5575.27}]},{"text":"including their relationship with jus cogens and with obligations erga omnes partes.","start":5575.83,"end":5580.47,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"including","start":5575.83,"end":5576.23},{"text":"their","start":5576.23,"end":5576.43},{"text":"relationship","start":5576.43,"end":5577.11},{"text":"with","start":5577.11,"end":5577.35},{"text":"jus","start":5577.35,"end":5577.51},{"text":"cogens","start":5577.51,"end":5578.07},{"text":"and","start":5578.39,"end":5578.55},{"text":"with","start":5578.55,"end":5578.71},{"text":"obligations","start":5578.71,"end":5579.35},{"text":"erga","start":5579.43,"end":5579.67},{"text":"omnes","start":5579.67,"end":5579.91},{"text":"partes.","start":5579.91,"end":5580.47}]},{"text":"Special attention should be paid to the status of obligations erga omnes in the law of responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts.","start":5580.95,"end":5588.23,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Special","start":5580.95,"end":5581.35},{"text":"attention","start":5581.35,"end":5581.67},{"text":"should","start":5581.67,"end":5581.83},{"text":"be","start":5581.83,"end":5581.99},{"text":"paid","start":5581.99,"end":5582.23},{"text":"to","start":5582.23,"end":5582.55},{"text":"the","start":5582.55,"end":5582.63},{"text":"status","start":5582.63,"end":5583.11},{"text":"of","start":5583.11,"end":5583.27},{"text":"obligations","start":5583.27,"end":5583.83},{"text":"erga","start":5583.83,"end":5584.03},{"text":"omnes","start":5584.03,"end":5584.47},{"text":"in","start":5584.47,"end":5584.63},{"text":"the","start":5584.63,"end":5584.71},{"text":"law","start":5584.71,"end":5584.91},{"text":"of","start":5584.91,"end":5585.03},{"text":"responsibility","start":5585.03,"end":5585.67},{"text":"of","start":5585.67,"end":5585.75},{"text":"states","start":5585.75,"end":5586.23},{"text":"for","start":5586.39,"end":5586.63},{"text":"internationally","start":5586.63,"end":5587.27},{"text":"wrongful","start":5587.27,"end":5587.75},{"text":"acts.","start":5587.83,"end":5588.23}]},{"text":"We also note with interest the inclusion of the topic, the right to regulate in international investment law in the Commission's long-term program of work.","start":5589.07,"end":5595.67,"topics":[{"key":"investment-regulatory-rights","label":"Right to Regulate in Investment Law","description":"Several delegations welcomed work on states’ right to regulate under international investment law. They highlighted the need to clarify the law and balance investment protection with economic sovereignty and sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5589.07,"end":5589.19},{"text":"also","start":5589.19,"end":5589.47},{"text":"note","start":5589.47,"end":5589.63},{"text":"with","start":5589.63,"end":5589.79},{"text":"interest","start":5589.79,"end":5590.23},{"text":"the","start":5590.23,"end":5590.35},{"text":"inclusion","start":5590.35,"end":5590.67},{"text":"of","start":5590.67,"end":5590.79},{"text":"the","start":5590.79,"end":5590.87},{"text":"topic,","start":5590.87,"end":5591.19},{"text":"the","start":5591.19,"end":5591.35},{"text":"right","start":5591.35,"end":5591.63},{"text":"to","start":5591.63,"end":5591.71},{"text":"regulate","start":5591.71,"end":5592.15},{"text":"in","start":5592.15,"end":5592.31},{"text":"international","start":5592.31,"end":5592.91},{"text":"investment","start":5592.91,"end":5593.47},{"text":"law","start":5593.47,"end":5593.75},{"text":"in","start":5593.83,"end":5593.99},{"text":"the","start":5593.99,"end":5594.07},{"text":"Commission's","start":5594.07,"end":5594.51},{"text":"long-term","start":5594.51,"end":5594.87},{"text":"program","start":5594.87,"end":5595.19},{"text":"of","start":5595.19,"end":5595.31},{"text":"work.","start":5595.31,"end":5595.67}]},{"text":"The inclusion of this topic reflects the dynamic evolution of the law and practice in international investment law and possible imbalances caused by these developments.","start":5596.39,"end":5604.79,"topics":[{"key":"investment-regulatory-rights","label":"Right to Regulate in Investment Law","description":"Several delegations welcomed work on states’ right to regulate under international investment law. They highlighted the need to clarify the law and balance investment protection with economic sovereignty and sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5596.39,"end":5596.59},{"text":"inclusion","start":5596.59,"end":5597.03},{"text":"of","start":5597.03,"end":5597.11},{"text":"this","start":5597.11,"end":5597.27},{"text":"topic","start":5597.27,"end":5597.59},{"text":"reflects","start":5597.59,"end":5598.07},{"text":"the","start":5598.07,"end":5598.15},{"text":"dynamic","start":5598.15,"end":5598.55},{"text":"evolution","start":5598.55,"end":5599.11},{"text":"of","start":5599.11,"end":5599.23},{"text":"the","start":5599.23,"end":5599.35},{"text":"law","start":5599.35,"end":5599.55},{"text":"and","start":5599.55,"end":5599.67},{"text":"practice","start":5599.67,"end":5600.15},{"text":"in","start":5600.23,"end":5600.39},{"text":"international","start":5600.39,"end":5600.99},{"text":"investment","start":5600.99,"end":5601.43},{"text":"law","start":5601.43,"end":5601.79},{"text":"and","start":5601.99,"end":5602.15},{"text":"possible","start":5602.15,"end":5602.55},{"text":"imbalances","start":5602.55,"end":5603.35},{"text":"caused","start":5603.43,"end":5603.75},{"text":"by","start":5603.75,"end":5603.91},{"text":"these","start":5603.91,"end":5604.11},{"text":"developments.","start":5604.11,"end":5604.79}]},{"text":"Consideration of this topic in the future should clarify uncertainties in the international investment law and provide guidance on how to balance investment protection on one hand and state economic sovereignty on the other.","start":5605.59,"end":5616.91,"topics":[{"key":"investment-regulatory-rights","label":"Right to Regulate in Investment Law","description":"Several delegations welcomed work on states’ right to regulate under international investment law. They highlighted the need to clarify the law and balance investment protection with economic sovereignty and sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"Consideration","start":5605.59,"end":5606.11},{"text":"of","start":5606.11,"end":5606.19},{"text":"this","start":5606.19,"end":5606.35},{"text":"topic","start":5606.35,"end":5606.75},{"text":"in","start":5606.75,"end":5606.91},{"text":"the","start":5606.91,"end":5606.99},{"text":"future","start":5606.99,"end":5607.55},{"text":"should","start":5607.55,"end":5607.79},{"text":"clarify","start":5607.79,"end":5608.27},{"text":"uncertainties","start":5608.43,"end":5609.39},{"text":"in","start":5609.39,"end":5609.55},{"text":"the","start":5609.55,"end":5609.67},{"text":"international","start":5609.67,"end":5610.19},{"text":"investment","start":5610.19,"end":5610.59},{"text":"law","start":5610.59,"end":5610.91},{"text":"and","start":5611.23,"end":5611.39},{"text":"provide","start":5611.39,"end":5611.71},{"text":"guidance","start":5611.71,"end":5612.27},{"text":"on","start":5612.31,"end":5612.43},{"text":"how","start":5612.43,"end":5612.59},{"text":"to","start":5612.59,"end":5612.75},{"text":"balance","start":5612.75,"end":5613.15},{"text":"investment","start":5613.15,"end":5613.59},{"text":"protection","start":5613.59,"end":5614.19},{"text":"on","start":5614.19,"end":5614.35},{"text":"one","start":5614.35,"end":5614.59},{"text":"hand","start":5614.59,"end":5614.83},{"text":"and","start":5614.99,"end":5615.15},{"text":"state","start":5615.15,"end":5615.47},{"text":"economic","start":5615.47,"end":5615.83},{"text":"sovereignty","start":5615.83,"end":5616.35},{"text":"on","start":5616.35,"end":5616.43},{"text":"the","start":5616.43,"end":5616.55},{"text":"other.","start":5616.59,"end":5616.91}]},{"text":"We note that suggested scope of questions and issues the Commission might address is rather extensive and could be further specified if the Commission decides to include these topics in its programme of work.","start":5617.55,"end":5628.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5617.55,"end":5617.67},{"text":"note","start":5617.67,"end":5617.87},{"text":"that","start":5617.87,"end":5618.07},{"text":"suggested","start":5618.07,"end":5618.47},{"text":"scope","start":5618.47,"end":5618.79},{"text":"of","start":5618.79,"end":5618.87},{"text":"questions","start":5618.87,"end":5619.47},{"text":"and","start":5619.47,"end":5619.67},{"text":"issues","start":5619.67,"end":5620.07},{"text":"the","start":5620.19,"end":5620.35},{"text":"Commission","start":5620.35,"end":5621.71},{"text":"might","start":5621.71,"end":5621.95},{"text":"address","start":5621.95,"end":5622.35},{"text":"is","start":5622.67,"end":5622.87},{"text":"rather","start":5622.87,"end":5623.11},{"text":"extensive","start":5623.11,"end":5623.79},{"text":"and","start":5623.79,"end":5623.95},{"text":"could","start":5623.95,"end":5624.11},{"text":"be","start":5624.11,"end":5624.27},{"text":"further","start":5624.27,"end":5624.59},{"text":"specified","start":5624.59,"end":5625.31},{"text":"if","start":5625.39,"end":5625.51},{"text":"the","start":5625.51,"end":5625.63},{"text":"Commission","start":5625.63,"end":5625.99},{"text":"decides","start":5625.99,"end":5626.47},{"text":"to","start":5626.59,"end":5626.75},{"text":"include","start":5626.75,"end":5627.07},{"text":"these","start":5627.07,"end":5627.19},{"text":"topics","start":5627.19,"end":5627.55},{"text":"in","start":5627.55,"end":5627.67},{"text":"its","start":5627.67,"end":5627.79},{"text":"programme","start":5627.79,"end":5628.11},{"text":"of","start":5628.11,"end":5628.23},{"text":"work.","start":5628.23,"end":5628.51}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":5628.91,"end":5629.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5628.91,"end":5629.11},{"text":"you,","start":5629.11,"end":5629.19},{"text":"Madam","start":5629.19,"end":5629.39},{"text":"Chair.","start":5629.39,"end":5629.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CZE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Czechia"}},{"statement_number":19,"start":5632.07,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=1:33:53","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Czechia for his statement.","start":5632.07,"end":5635.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5632.07,"end":5632.08},{"text":"thank","start":5632.07,"end":5632.39},{"text":"the","start":5632.39,"end":5632.47},{"text":"distinguished","start":5632.47,"end":5632.99},{"text":"representative","start":5632.99,"end":5633.75},{"text":"of","start":5633.79,"end":5633.91},{"text":"Czechia","start":5633.91,"end":5634.39},{"text":"for","start":5634.39,"end":5634.59},{"text":"his","start":5634.59,"end":5634.79},{"text":"statement.","start":5634.79,"end":5635.67}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Bangladesh.","start":5635.91,"end":5639.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5635.91,"end":5635.99},{"text":"now","start":5635.99,"end":5636.23},{"text":"give","start":5636.23,"end":5636.47},{"text":"the","start":5636.47,"end":5636.55},{"text":"floor","start":5636.55,"end":5636.83},{"text":"to","start":5636.83,"end":5636.95},{"text":"the","start":5636.95,"end":5637.03},{"text":"distinguished","start":5637.03,"end":5637.59},{"text":"representative","start":5637.59,"end":5638.31},{"text":"of","start":5638.31,"end":5638.47},{"text":"Bangladesh.","start":5638.47,"end":5639.27}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":5639.91,"end":5640.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5639.91,"end":5639.99},{"text":"have","start":5639.99,"end":5640.19},{"text":"the","start":5640.19,"end":5640.27},{"text":"floor,","start":5640.31,"end":5640.55},{"text":"sir.","start":5640.55,"end":5640.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":20,"start":5643.07,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=1:34:04","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Thank you, madam Chair.","start":5643.07,"end":5645.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.","start":5643.07,"end":5644.23},{"text":"Thank","start":5645.11,"end":5645.31},{"text":"you,","start":5645.31,"end":5645.39},{"text":"madam","start":5645.39,"end":5645.67},{"text":"Chair.","start":5645.67,"end":5645.91}]},{"text":"We thank the chair of the International Law Commission, Mr. Andreas Mavroyiannis, for introducing the report, and every member of the Commission for a year of rare achievement.","start":5646.63,"end":5657.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5646.63,"end":5646.79},{"text":"thank","start":5646.79,"end":5646.95},{"text":"the","start":5646.95,"end":5647.07},{"text":"chair","start":5647.07,"end":5647.35},{"text":"of","start":5647.35,"end":5647.43},{"text":"the","start":5647.43,"end":5647.51},{"text":"International","start":5647.51,"end":5648.07},{"text":"Law","start":5648.07,"end":5648.15},{"text":"Commission,","start":5648.15,"end":5648.71},{"text":"Mr.","start":5649.11,"end":5649.47},{"text":"Andreas","start":5649.47,"end":5650.15},{"text":"Mavroyiannis,","start":5650.87,"end":5651.75},{"text":"for","start":5651.75,"end":5652.23},{"text":"introducing","start":5652.31,"end":5652.95},{"text":"the","start":5652.95,"end":5653.03},{"text":"report,","start":5653.03,"end":5653.51},{"text":"and","start":5653.95,"end":5654.15},{"text":"every","start":5654.15,"end":5654.43},{"text":"member","start":5654.43,"end":5654.79},{"text":"of","start":5654.79,"end":5654.87},{"text":"the","start":5654.87,"end":5654.99},{"text":"Commission","start":5654.99,"end":5655.51},{"text":"for","start":5655.83,"end":5656.07},{"text":"a","start":5656.07,"end":5656.11},{"text":"year","start":5656.11,"end":5656.47},{"text":"of","start":5656.55,"end":5656.71},{"text":"rare","start":5656.71,"end":5657.07},{"text":"achievement.","start":5657.07,"end":5657.59}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, I begin with sea level rise.","start":5658.31,"end":5660.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5658.31,"end":5658.67},{"text":"Chair,","start":5658.67,"end":5659.03},{"text":"I","start":5659.03,"end":5659.11},{"text":"begin","start":5659.11,"end":5659.39},{"text":"with","start":5659.39,"end":5659.55},{"text":"sea","start":5659.55,"end":5659.75},{"text":"level","start":5659.75,"end":5660.07},{"text":"rise.","start":5660.07,"end":5660.47}]},{"text":"Because for Bangladesh, it is not an abstract topic.","start":5660.95,"end":5663.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Because","start":5660.95,"end":5661.19},{"text":"for","start":5661.19,"end":5661.31},{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":5661.31,"end":5661.95},{"text":"it","start":5662.35,"end":5662.51},{"text":"is","start":5662.51,"end":5662.63},{"text":"not","start":5662.63,"end":5662.83},{"text":"an","start":5662.83,"end":5662.91},{"text":"abstract","start":5662.91,"end":5663.31},{"text":"topic.","start":5663.31,"end":5663.63}]},{"text":"The debate on sea level rise has rightly been led by small island states, but the final report of the study group also speaks of low-lying coastal states, and Bangladesh is one of them.","start":5664.35,"end":5676.35,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5664.35,"end":5664.51},{"text":"debate","start":5664.51,"end":5664.83},{"text":"on","start":5664.83,"end":5664.99},{"text":"sea","start":5664.99,"end":5665.15},{"text":"level","start":5665.15,"end":5665.39},{"text":"rise","start":5665.39,"end":5665.87},{"text":"has","start":5666.59,"end":5666.83},{"text":"rightly","start":5667.23,"end":5667.79},{"text":"been","start":5667.79,"end":5668.03},{"text":"led","start":5668.03,"end":5668.27},{"text":"by","start":5668.27,"end":5668.51},{"text":"small","start":5668.59,"end":5668.91},{"text":"island","start":5668.91,"end":5669.19},{"text":"states,","start":5669.19,"end":5669.79},{"text":"but","start":5670.43,"end":5670.59},{"text":"the","start":5670.59,"end":5670.71},{"text":"final","start":5670.71,"end":5671.07},{"text":"report","start":5671.07,"end":5671.39},{"text":"of","start":5671.39,"end":5671.47},{"text":"the","start":5671.47,"end":5671.63},{"text":"study","start":5671.63,"end":5671.95},{"text":"group","start":5671.95,"end":5672.23},{"text":"also","start":5672.67,"end":5672.99},{"text":"speaks","start":5672.99,"end":5673.39},{"text":"of","start":5673.39,"end":5673.55},{"text":"low-lying","start":5673.55,"end":5673.99},{"text":"coastal","start":5673.99,"end":5674.43},{"text":"states,","start":5674.43,"end":5674.91},{"text":"and","start":5675.07,"end":5675.27},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":5675.27,"end":5675.71},{"text":"is","start":5675.71,"end":5675.79},{"text":"one","start":5675.79,"end":5675.99},{"text":"of","start":5675.99,"end":5676.11},{"text":"them.","start":5676.11,"end":5676.35}]},{"text":"Our concern is what will happen to people who live on land that may become uninhabitable long before it disappears.","start":5676.99,"end":5683.47,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":5676.99,"end":5677.11},{"text":"concern","start":5677.15,"end":5677.63},{"text":"is","start":5677.63,"end":5677.75},{"text":"what","start":5677.75,"end":5677.95},{"text":"will","start":5677.95,"end":5678.11},{"text":"happen","start":5678.11,"end":5678.43},{"text":"to","start":5678.43,"end":5678.59},{"text":"people","start":5678.59,"end":5679.07},{"text":"who","start":5679.07,"end":5679.23},{"text":"live","start":5679.23,"end":5679.43},{"text":"on","start":5679.43,"end":5679.55},{"text":"land","start":5679.55,"end":5679.95},{"text":"that","start":5680.27,"end":5680.51},{"text":"may","start":5680.51,"end":5680.59},{"text":"become","start":5680.59,"end":5680.91},{"text":"uninhabitable","start":5680.91,"end":5681.79},{"text":"long","start":5682.03,"end":5682.27},{"text":"before","start":5682.27,"end":5682.59},{"text":"it","start":5682.59,"end":5682.71},{"text":"disappears.","start":5682.71,"end":5683.47}]},{"text":"Last month, on 24 September, all member states agreed the first United Nations declaration on sea level rise.","start":5684.03,"end":5691.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Last","start":5684.03,"end":5684.43},{"text":"month,","start":5684.43,"end":5684.67},{"text":"on","start":5684.67,"end":5684.83},{"text":"24","start":5684.83,"end":5685.23},{"text":"September,","start":5685.23,"end":5685.87},{"text":"all","start":5686.19,"end":5686.35},{"text":"member","start":5686.35,"end":5686.67},{"text":"states","start":5686.67,"end":5686.99},{"text":"agreed","start":5686.99,"end":5687.39},{"text":"the","start":5687.99,"end":5688.03},{"text":"first","start":5688.03,"end":5688.51},{"text":"United","start":5688.59,"end":5689.03},{"text":"Nations","start":5689.03,"end":5689.79},{"text":"declaration","start":5689.87,"end":5690.47},{"text":"on","start":5690.47,"end":5690.59},{"text":"sea","start":5690.59,"end":5690.79},{"text":"level","start":5690.79,"end":5691.07},{"text":"rise.","start":5691.07,"end":5691.47}]},{"text":"It recognizes that sea level rise impedes people living in low-lying deltas, as so many Bangladeshis do, and it affirms the presumption in favor of continued statehood and the stability of maritime zones.","start":5692.35,"end":5705.47,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5692.35,"end":5692.51},{"text":"recognizes","start":5692.51,"end":5693.19},{"text":"that","start":5693.19,"end":5693.39},{"text":"sea","start":5693.55,"end":5693.87},{"text":"level","start":5693.87,"end":5694.11},{"text":"rise","start":5694.11,"end":5694.51},{"text":"impedes","start":5694.51,"end":5695.07},{"text":"people","start":5695.07,"end":5695.47},{"text":"living","start":5695.47,"end":5695.71},{"text":"in","start":5695.71,"end":5695.87},{"text":"low-lying","start":5695.87,"end":5696.31},{"text":"deltas,","start":5696.31,"end":5696.91},{"text":"as","start":5697.23,"end":5697.35},{"text":"so","start":5697.35,"end":5697.55},{"text":"many","start":5697.55,"end":5697.71},{"text":"Bangladeshis","start":5697.71,"end":5698.35},{"text":"do,","start":5698.35,"end":5698.67},{"text":"and","start":5699.23,"end":5699.35},{"text":"it","start":5699.35,"end":5699.47},{"text":"affirms","start":5699.47,"end":5699.87},{"text":"the","start":5699.87,"end":5700.07},{"text":"presumption","start":5700.11,"end":5700.83},{"text":"in","start":5701.15,"end":5701.31},{"text":"favor","start":5701.31,"end":5701.71},{"text":"of","start":5701.71,"end":5701.91},{"text":"continued","start":5701.91,"end":5702.51},{"text":"statehood","start":5702.51,"end":5703.07},{"text":"and","start":5703.47,"end":5703.59},{"text":"the","start":5703.59,"end":5703.71},{"text":"stability","start":5703.71,"end":5704.31},{"text":"of","start":5704.31,"end":5704.43},{"text":"maritime","start":5704.43,"end":5704.99},{"text":"zones.","start":5704.99,"end":5705.47}]},{"text":"Bangladesh welcomes it.","start":5705.79,"end":5706.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh","start":5705.79,"end":5706.27},{"text":"welcomes","start":5706.27,"end":5706.75},{"text":"it.","start":5706.75,"end":5706.91}]},{"text":"As the Secretary-General told that meeting, around 770 million people live less than five meters above the high tide line.","start":5708.11,"end":5717.23,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5708.11,"end":5708.27},{"text":"the","start":5708.27,"end":5708.39},{"text":"Secretary-General","start":5708.39,"end":5709.31},{"text":"told","start":5709.31,"end":5709.59},{"text":"that","start":5709.59,"end":5709.79},{"text":"meeting,","start":5709.79,"end":5710.35},{"text":"around","start":5710.59,"end":5710.91},{"text":"770","start":5710.91,"end":5711.83},{"text":"million","start":5711.87,"end":5712.27},{"text":"people","start":5712.27,"end":5712.71},{"text":"live","start":5712.71,"end":5712.91},{"text":"less","start":5713.39,"end":5713.71},{"text":"than","start":5713.71,"end":5713.87},{"text":"five","start":5713.87,"end":5714.15},{"text":"meters","start":5714.15,"end":5714.51},{"text":"above","start":5714.51,"end":5714.79},{"text":"the","start":5714.79,"end":5714.99},{"text":"high","start":5716.19,"end":5716.43},{"text":"tide","start":5716.43,"end":5716.75},{"text":"line.","start":5716.75,"end":5717.23}]},{"text":"We support the Study Group's conclusion that, once states have duly deposited their baselines and the outer limits of their maritime zones, they are under no obligation to update the same as the sea rises.","start":5717.67,"end":5732.23,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5717.67,"end":5717.75},{"text":"support","start":5717.75,"end":5718.15},{"text":"the","start":5718.15,"end":5718.23},{"text":"Study","start":5718.23,"end":5718.55},{"text":"Group's","start":5718.55,"end":5718.87},{"text":"conclusion","start":5718.87,"end":5719.35},{"text":"that,","start":5719.35,"end":5719.67},{"text":"once","start":5720.07,"end":5720.59},{"text":"states","start":5720.59,"end":5720.95},{"text":"have","start":5720.95,"end":5721.11},{"text":"duly","start":5721.11,"end":5721.43},{"text":"deposited","start":5721.43,"end":5721.99},{"text":"their","start":5721.99,"end":5722.19},{"text":"baselines","start":5722.19,"end":5722.87},{"text":"and","start":5723.91,"end":5724.23},{"text":"the","start":5724.23,"end":5724.35},{"text":"outer","start":5724.39,"end":5724.63},{"text":"limits","start":5724.63,"end":5725.03},{"text":"of","start":5725.03,"end":5725.19},{"text":"their","start":5725.19,"end":5725.43},{"text":"maritime","start":5725.43,"end":5725.83},{"text":"zones,","start":5725.83,"end":5726.39},{"text":"they","start":5726.79,"end":5726.91},{"text":"are","start":5726.91,"end":5726.99},{"text":"under","start":5726.99,"end":5727.19},{"text":"no","start":5727.19,"end":5727.39},{"text":"obligation","start":5727.39,"end":5727.99},{"text":"to","start":5727.99,"end":5728.11},{"text":"update","start":5728.11,"end":5728.43},{"text":"the","start":5728.43,"end":5728.55},{"text":"same","start":5728.55,"end":5729.03},{"text":"as","start":5731.03,"end":5731.27},{"text":"the","start":5731.27,"end":5731.39},{"text":"sea","start":5731.39,"end":5731.75},{"text":"rises.","start":5731.75,"end":5732.23}]},{"text":"The International Court of Justice reached the same view last year in its advisory opinion on climate change.","start":5732.99,"end":5739.19,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5732.99,"end":5733.07},{"text":"International","start":5733.07,"end":5733.67},{"text":"Court","start":5733.67,"end":5733.87},{"text":"of","start":5733.87,"end":5733.95},{"text":"Justice","start":5733.95,"end":5734.55},{"text":"reached","start":5734.79,"end":5735.15},{"text":"the","start":5735.15,"end":5735.27},{"text":"same","start":5735.27,"end":5735.83},{"text":"view","start":5735.83,"end":5736.07},{"text":"last","start":5736.07,"end":5736.39},{"text":"year","start":5736.39,"end":5736.63},{"text":"in","start":5736.95,"end":5737.11},{"text":"its","start":5737.11,"end":5737.27},{"text":"advisory","start":5737.27,"end":5737.79},{"text":"opinion","start":5737.79,"end":5738.23},{"text":"on","start":5738.23,"end":5738.39},{"text":"climate","start":5738.43,"end":5738.75},{"text":"change.","start":5738.75,"end":5739.19}]},{"text":"The part of the Study Group's work that most concerns Bangladesh is the protection of persons the protection of persons.","start":5740.23,"end":5747.19,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5740.23,"end":5740.39},{"text":"part","start":5740.39,"end":5740.63},{"text":"of","start":5740.63,"end":5740.71},{"text":"the","start":5740.71,"end":5740.87},{"text":"Study","start":5740.87,"end":5741.15},{"text":"Group's","start":5741.15,"end":5741.47},{"text":"work","start":5741.47,"end":5741.83},{"text":"that","start":5741.83,"end":5742.15},{"text":"most","start":5742.15,"end":5742.43},{"text":"concerns","start":5742.43,"end":5742.87},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":5742.87,"end":5743.51},{"text":"is","start":5743.83,"end":5743.99},{"text":"the","start":5743.99,"end":5744.07},{"text":"protection","start":5744.07,"end":5744.55},{"text":"of","start":5744.55,"end":5744.71},{"text":"persons","start":5744.71,"end":5745.35},{"text":"the","start":5745.83,"end":5745.91},{"text":"protection","start":5746.23,"end":5746.67},{"text":"of","start":5746.67,"end":5746.75},{"text":"persons.","start":5746.75,"end":5747.19}]},{"text":"The study group found that there is no dedicated legal framework and that solutions are needed for those who remain in situ and those who are internally or externally displaced.","start":5747.19,"end":5758.55,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5747.19,"end":5747.27},{"text":"study","start":5747.27,"end":5747.59},{"text":"group","start":5747.59,"end":5747.79},{"text":"found","start":5747.79,"end":5748.31},{"text":"that","start":5748.71,"end":5748.91},{"text":"there","start":5748.91,"end":5749.07},{"text":"is","start":5749.07,"end":5749.27},{"text":"no","start":5749.27,"end":5749.59},{"text":"dedicated","start":5749.59,"end":5750.31},{"text":"legal","start":5750.39,"end":5750.79},{"text":"framework","start":5750.79,"end":5751.35},{"text":"and","start":5751.75,"end":5751.95},{"text":"that","start":5751.95,"end":5752.07},{"text":"solutions","start":5752.07,"end":5752.67},{"text":"are","start":5752.67,"end":5752.75},{"text":"needed","start":5752.75,"end":5753.11},{"text":"for","start":5753.11,"end":5753.35},{"text":"those","start":5753.35,"end":5753.75},{"text":"who","start":5753.99,"end":5754.15},{"text":"remain","start":5754.15,"end":5754.63},{"text":"in","start":5754.63,"end":5754.79},{"text":"situ","start":5754.79,"end":5755.43},{"text":"and","start":5755.75,"end":5755.95},{"text":"those","start":5755.95,"end":5756.23},{"text":"who","start":5756.23,"end":5756.39},{"text":"are","start":5756.39,"end":5756.55},{"text":"internally","start":5756.55,"end":5757.23},{"text":"or","start":5757.23,"end":5757.35},{"text":"externally","start":5757.35,"end":5757.91},{"text":"displaced.","start":5757.91,"end":5758.55}]},{"text":"For a country like ours, those affected will not cross a border.","start":5759.67,"end":5762.95,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":5759.67,"end":5759.87},{"text":"a","start":5759.87,"end":5759.91},{"text":"country","start":5759.91,"end":5760.23},{"text":"like","start":5760.23,"end":5760.39},{"text":"ours,","start":5760.39,"end":5760.87},{"text":"those","start":5761.03,"end":5761.31},{"text":"affected","start":5761.31,"end":5761.75},{"text":"will","start":5761.75,"end":5761.91},{"text":"not","start":5761.91,"end":5762.15},{"text":"cross","start":5762.15,"end":5762.43},{"text":"a","start":5762.43,"end":5762.47},{"text":"border.","start":5762.47,"end":5762.95}]},{"text":"They will move within it.","start":5763.59,"end":5764.95,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":5763.59,"end":5763.83},{"text":"will","start":5763.83,"end":5763.99},{"text":"move","start":5763.99,"end":5764.31},{"text":"within","start":5764.31,"end":5764.63},{"text":"it.","start":5764.63,"end":5764.95}]},{"text":"The declaration speaks of mobility with dignity.","start":5765.43,"end":5768.07,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5765.43,"end":5765.63},{"text":"declaration","start":5765.63,"end":5766.23},{"text":"speaks","start":5766.23,"end":5766.63},{"text":"of","start":5766.63,"end":5766.79},{"text":"mobility","start":5766.79,"end":5767.27},{"text":"with","start":5767.27,"end":5767.47},{"text":"dignity.","start":5767.47,"end":5768.07}]},{"text":"We ask that the protection of persons including the internally displaced, now receive the same legal attention that the Commission and this Assembly have given to maritime zones and statehood.","start":5768.79,"end":5781.23,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5768.79,"end":5769.03},{"text":"ask","start":5769.11,"end":5769.43},{"text":"that","start":5769.43,"end":5769.83},{"text":"the","start":5770.07,"end":5770.19},{"text":"protection","start":5770.19,"end":5770.71},{"text":"of","start":5770.71,"end":5770.87},{"text":"persons","start":5770.87,"end":5771.43},{"text":"including","start":5771.79,"end":5772.43},{"text":"the","start":5772.43,"end":5772.55},{"text":"internally","start":5772.55,"end":5773.15},{"text":"displaced,","start":5773.15,"end":5773.87},{"text":"now","start":5774.19,"end":5774.43},{"text":"receive","start":5774.43,"end":5774.87},{"text":"the","start":5774.87,"end":5774.99},{"text":"same","start":5774.99,"end":5775.35},{"text":"legal","start":5775.35,"end":5775.63},{"text":"attention","start":5775.63,"end":5776.27},{"text":"that","start":5776.51,"end":5776.67},{"text":"the","start":5776.67,"end":5776.79},{"text":"Commission","start":5776.79,"end":5777.31},{"text":"and","start":5777.31,"end":5777.51},{"text":"this","start":5777.51,"end":5777.63},{"text":"Assembly","start":5777.63,"end":5778.19},{"text":"have","start":5778.51,"end":5778.75},{"text":"given","start":5778.75,"end":5779.07},{"text":"to","start":5779.07,"end":5779.23},{"text":"maritime","start":5779.23,"end":5779.71},{"text":"zones","start":5779.71,"end":5780.19},{"text":"and","start":5780.43,"end":5780.67},{"text":"statehood.","start":5780.67,"end":5781.23}]},{"text":"The law is not starting from nothing.","start":5782.51,"end":5784.51,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5782.51,"end":5782.71},{"text":"law","start":5782.71,"end":5782.91},{"text":"is","start":5782.91,"end":5783.15},{"text":"not","start":5783.15,"end":5783.39},{"text":"starting","start":5783.39,"end":5783.83},{"text":"from","start":5783.83,"end":5783.99},{"text":"nothing.","start":5783.99,"end":5784.51}]},{"text":"The Guiding Principles of Internal Displacement and the African Union’s Kampala Convention already address persons displaced by disasters, including those linked to climate change.","start":5784.91,"end":5797.87,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5784.91,"end":5785.07},{"text":"Guiding","start":5785.07,"end":5785.39},{"text":"Principles","start":5785.39,"end":5785.91},{"text":"of","start":5785.91,"end":5786.03},{"text":"Internal","start":5786.03,"end":5786.43},{"text":"Displacement","start":5786.43,"end":5787.15},{"text":"and","start":5787.63,"end":5787.91},{"text":"the","start":5787.91,"end":5787.99},{"text":"African","start":5788.03,"end":5788.51},{"text":"Union’s","start":5788.51,"end":5788.99},{"text":"Kampala","start":5788.99,"end":5789.43},{"text":"Convention","start":5789.43,"end":5790.11},{"text":"already","start":5790.35,"end":5790.83},{"text":"address","start":5790.83,"end":5791.63},{"text":"persons","start":5792.19,"end":5792.91},{"text":"displaced","start":5793.23,"end":5793.79},{"text":"by","start":5793.79,"end":5793.91},{"text":"disasters,","start":5793.91,"end":5794.75},{"text":"including","start":5795.07,"end":5795.71},{"text":"those","start":5795.71,"end":5796.11},{"text":"linked","start":5796.27,"end":5796.79},{"text":"to","start":5796.79,"end":5796.91},{"text":"climate","start":5796.91,"end":5797.39},{"text":"change.","start":5797.39,"end":5797.87}]},{"text":"In January, the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters will open.","start":5798.35,"end":5806.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5798.35,"end":5798.59},{"text":"January,","start":5798.59,"end":5799.23},{"text":"the","start":5799.71,"end":5799.83},{"text":"Conference","start":5799.83,"end":5800.51},{"text":"of","start":5800.51,"end":5800.83},{"text":"Plenipotentiaries","start":5800.99,"end":5802.11},{"text":"on","start":5802.59,"end":5802.75},{"text":"the","start":5802.75,"end":5802.87},{"text":"Protection","start":5802.87,"end":5803.35},{"text":"of","start":5803.35,"end":5803.47},{"text":"Persons","start":5803.47,"end":5804.11},{"text":"in","start":5804.35,"end":5804.51},{"text":"the","start":5804.51,"end":5804.59},{"text":"Event","start":5804.63,"end":5804.95},{"text":"of","start":5804.95,"end":5805.03},{"text":"Disasters","start":5805.03,"end":5805.63},{"text":"will","start":5805.63,"end":5805.79},{"text":"open.","start":5805.79,"end":5806.19}]},{"text":"As we were reminded that the work reaches slow-onset disasters, Bangladesh will seek to ensure that the new convention clearly covers them, so that people displaced by the rising sea do not fall between two regimes.","start":5806.83,"end":5821.79,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5806.83,"end":5807.15},{"text":"we","start":5807.15,"end":5807.31},{"text":"were","start":5807.31,"end":5807.43},{"text":"reminded","start":5807.43,"end":5808.19},{"text":"that","start":5808.51,"end":5808.67},{"text":"the","start":5808.67,"end":5808.83},{"text":"work","start":5808.83,"end":5809.15},{"text":"reaches","start":5809.15,"end":5809.55},{"text":"slow-onset","start":5809.55,"end":5810.55},{"text":"disasters,","start":5810.55,"end":5811.31},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":5811.87,"end":5812.43},{"text":"will","start":5812.43,"end":5812.59},{"text":"seek","start":5812.59,"end":5813.07},{"text":"to","start":5813.31,"end":5813.43},{"text":"ensure","start":5813.43,"end":5813.87},{"text":"that","start":5813.87,"end":5814.19},{"text":"the","start":5814.43,"end":5814.55},{"text":"new","start":5814.55,"end":5814.75},{"text":"convention","start":5814.75,"end":5815.39},{"text":"clearly","start":5815.39,"end":5815.79},{"text":"covers","start":5815.79,"end":5816.19},{"text":"them,","start":5816.19,"end":5816.43},{"text":"so","start":5816.91,"end":5817.23},{"text":"that","start":5817.23,"end":5817.55},{"text":"people","start":5817.55,"end":5817.95},{"text":"displaced","start":5817.95,"end":5818.59},{"text":"by","start":5818.59,"end":5818.75},{"text":"the","start":5818.75,"end":5818.83},{"text":"rising","start":5818.83,"end":5819.31},{"text":"sea","start":5819.31,"end":5819.71},{"text":"do","start":5819.95,"end":5820.11},{"text":"not","start":5820.11,"end":5820.35},{"text":"fall","start":5820.35,"end":5820.67},{"text":"between","start":5820.67,"end":5820.99},{"text":"two","start":5820.99,"end":5821.15},{"text":"regimes.","start":5821.15,"end":5821.79}]},{"text":"Bangladesh, as a low-lying coastal state, stands ready to work with the small island developing States as they take the protection of persons forward next year.","start":5822.19,"end":5832.19,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":5822.19,"end":5822.75},{"text":"as","start":5822.75,"end":5822.87},{"text":"a","start":5822.87,"end":5822.91},{"text":"low-lying","start":5822.91,"end":5823.47},{"text":"coastal","start":5823.47,"end":5823.87},{"text":"state,","start":5823.87,"end":5824.27},{"text":"stands","start":5824.59,"end":5825.07},{"text":"ready","start":5825.07,"end":5825.31},{"text":"to","start":5825.31,"end":5825.47},{"text":"work","start":5825.47,"end":5825.87},{"text":"with","start":5825.87,"end":5826.11},{"text":"the","start":5826.11,"end":5826.19},{"text":"small","start":5826.19,"end":5826.51},{"text":"island","start":5826.51,"end":5826.91},{"text":"developing","start":5827.99,"end":5828.39},{"text":"States","start":5828.39,"end":5828.87},{"text":"as","start":5828.95,"end":5829.19},{"text":"they","start":5829.19,"end":5829.31},{"text":"take","start":5829.31,"end":5829.59},{"text":"the","start":5829.59,"end":5829.71},{"text":"protection","start":5829.71,"end":5830.19},{"text":"of","start":5830.19,"end":5830.31},{"text":"persons","start":5830.31,"end":5830.95},{"text":"forward","start":5831.19,"end":5831.67},{"text":"next","start":5831.67,"end":5831.99},{"text":"year.","start":5831.99,"end":5832.19}]},{"text":"And we support keeping sea level rise on the agenda of this Committee.","start":5832.95,"end":5836.79,"topics":[{"key":"sea-level-rise","label":"Sea-Level Rise and International Law","description":"Delegations discussed preserving maritime zones and statehood despite rising seas, alongside protecting affected populations and displaced persons. They also considered international cooperation and the need for further clarification of outstanding legal issues."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5832.95,"end":5833.19},{"text":"we","start":5833.19,"end":5833.27},{"text":"support","start":5833.27,"end":5833.71},{"text":"keeping","start":5833.71,"end":5834.19},{"text":"sea","start":5834.19,"end":5834.43},{"text":"level","start":5834.43,"end":5834.71},{"text":"rise","start":5834.71,"end":5835.19},{"text":"on","start":5835.31,"end":5835.43},{"text":"the","start":5835.43,"end":5835.55},{"text":"agenda","start":5835.55,"end":5836.03},{"text":"of","start":5836.03,"end":5836.15},{"text":"this","start":5836.15,"end":5836.31},{"text":"Committee.","start":5836.31,"end":5836.79}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, the next issue I draw your attention to is the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction.","start":5837.99,"end":5843.83,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5837.99,"end":5838.31},{"text":"Chair,","start":5838.31,"end":5838.63},{"text":"the","start":5838.63,"end":5838.79},{"text":"next","start":5838.79,"end":5839.15},{"text":"issue","start":5839.15,"end":5839.31},{"text":"I","start":5839.31,"end":5839.35},{"text":"draw","start":5839.35,"end":5839.51},{"text":"your","start":5839.51,"end":5839.71},{"text":"attention","start":5839.71,"end":5840.11},{"text":"to","start":5840.11,"end":5840.23},{"text":"is","start":5840.23,"end":5840.43},{"text":"the","start":5840.43,"end":5840.51},{"text":"immunity","start":5840.51,"end":5840.91},{"text":"of","start":5840.91,"end":5840.99},{"text":"State","start":5840.99,"end":5841.27},{"text":"officials","start":5841.27,"end":5841.91},{"text":"from","start":5842.23,"end":5842.47},{"text":"foreign","start":5842.47,"end":5842.79},{"text":"criminal","start":5842.79,"end":5843.19},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":5843.19,"end":5843.83}]},{"text":"We congratulate the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Claudio Grassmann Gieff, and his predecessors, on the completion of 17 draft articles on second reading.","start":5844.71,"end":5855.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5844.71,"end":5844.87},{"text":"congratulate","start":5844.87,"end":5845.51},{"text":"the","start":5845.51,"end":5845.63},{"text":"Special","start":5845.63,"end":5846.03},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":5846.03,"end":5846.47},{"text":"Mr.","start":5846.47,"end":5846.79},{"text":"Claudio","start":5846.79,"end":5847.35},{"text":"Grassmann","start":5847.75,"end":5848.47},{"text":"Gieff,","start":5849.07,"end":5849.43},{"text":"and","start":5850.47,"end":5850.79},{"text":"his","start":5850.79,"end":5851.03},{"text":"predecessors,","start":5851.03,"end":5851.75},{"text":"on","start":5851.75,"end":5851.91},{"text":"the","start":5851.91,"end":5851.99},{"text":"completion","start":5851.99,"end":5852.63},{"text":"of","start":5852.63,"end":5852.95},{"text":"17","start":5852.95,"end":5853.55},{"text":"draft","start":5853.55,"end":5853.91},{"text":"articles","start":5853.91,"end":5854.47},{"text":"on","start":5854.63,"end":5854.79},{"text":"second","start":5854.79,"end":5855.19},{"text":"reading.","start":5855.19,"end":5855.59}]},{"text":"Bangladesh knows from its own history that crimes against humanity are almost often committed by those who hold the power of the state.","start":5856.19,"end":5864.47,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh","start":5856.19,"end":5856.75},{"text":"knows","start":5856.75,"end":5856.99},{"text":"from","start":5856.99,"end":5857.15},{"text":"its","start":5857.15,"end":5857.35},{"text":"own","start":5857.35,"end":5857.47},{"text":"history","start":5857.47,"end":5858.11},{"text":"that","start":5858.75,"end":5858.95},{"text":"crimes","start":5858.95,"end":5859.31},{"text":"against","start":5859.31,"end":5859.59},{"text":"humanity","start":5859.59,"end":5860.27},{"text":"are","start":5860.27,"end":5860.51},{"text":"almost","start":5860.51,"end":5860.99},{"text":"often","start":5860.99,"end":5861.63},{"text":"committed","start":5862.03,"end":5862.43},{"text":"by","start":5862.43,"end":5862.59},{"text":"those","start":5862.59,"end":5862.99},{"text":"who","start":5862.99,"end":5863.15},{"text":"hold","start":5863.15,"end":5863.43},{"text":"the","start":5863.43,"end":5863.55},{"text":"power","start":5863.55,"end":5863.91},{"text":"of","start":5863.91,"end":5864.03},{"text":"the","start":5864.03,"end":5864.15},{"text":"state.","start":5864.15,"end":5864.47}]},{"text":"Immunity must never become their shield.","start":5865.23,"end":5867.71,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Immunity","start":5865.23,"end":5865.79},{"text":"must","start":5865.79,"end":5866.27},{"text":"never","start":5866.27,"end":5866.67},{"text":"become","start":5866.67,"end":5866.99},{"text":"their","start":5866.99,"end":5867.15},{"text":"shield.","start":5867.15,"end":5867.71}]},{"text":"We therefore support the principle of draft article 6, that immunity ratione materiae shall not apply to most serious crimes under international law.","start":5868.03,"end":5879.39,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5868.03,"end":5868.27},{"text":"therefore","start":5868.27,"end":5868.63},{"text":"support","start":5868.63,"end":5869.03},{"text":"the","start":5869.03,"end":5869.11},{"text":"principle","start":5869.11,"end":5869.63},{"text":"of","start":5869.63,"end":5869.71},{"text":"draft","start":5869.71,"end":5870.19},{"text":"article","start":5870.19,"end":5870.75},{"text":"6,","start":5871.31,"end":5872.03},{"text":"that","start":5872.43,"end":5872.75},{"text":"immunity","start":5872.75,"end":5873.47},{"text":"ratione","start":5873.47,"end":5874.11},{"text":"materiae","start":5874.11,"end":5874.91},{"text":"shall","start":5875.15,"end":5875.47},{"text":"not","start":5875.47,"end":5875.95},{"text":"apply","start":5876.03,"end":5876.51},{"text":"to","start":5876.51,"end":5876.91},{"text":"most","start":5876.91,"end":5877.39},{"text":"serious","start":5877.39,"end":5877.87},{"text":"crimes","start":5877.87,"end":5878.31},{"text":"under","start":5878.31,"end":5878.51},{"text":"international","start":5878.51,"end":5879.19},{"text":"law.","start":5879.19,"end":5879.39}]},{"text":"We also agree with the delegation delegations that asked for a clear line between the law as it stands and the law as it is being developed.","start":5880.51,"end":5890.67,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5880.51,"end":5880.67},{"text":"also","start":5880.67,"end":5881.23},{"text":"agree","start":5881.23,"end":5881.67},{"text":"with","start":5881.67,"end":5881.91},{"text":"the","start":5881.91,"end":5881.99},{"text":"delegation","start":5882.35,"end":5883.15},{"text":"delegations","start":5884.07,"end":5884.91},{"text":"that","start":5884.91,"end":5885.31},{"text":"asked","start":5885.31,"end":5885.79},{"text":"for","start":5885.79,"end":5885.99},{"text":"a","start":5885.99,"end":5886.03},{"text":"clear","start":5886.03,"end":5886.35},{"text":"line","start":5886.35,"end":5886.67},{"text":"between","start":5886.67,"end":5886.99},{"text":"the","start":5886.99,"end":5887.07},{"text":"law","start":5887.07,"end":5887.31},{"text":"as","start":5887.31,"end":5887.51},{"text":"it","start":5887.51,"end":5887.63},{"text":"stands","start":5887.63,"end":5888.19},{"text":"and","start":5888.59,"end":5888.79},{"text":"the","start":5888.79,"end":5888.87},{"text":"law","start":5888.87,"end":5889.23},{"text":"as","start":5889.39,"end":5889.71},{"text":"it","start":5889.71,"end":5889.79},{"text":"is","start":5889.79,"end":5889.95},{"text":"being","start":5889.95,"end":5890.11},{"text":"developed.","start":5890.11,"end":5890.67}]},{"text":"It has been observed that, for some of the crimes listed, the exception rests on established practice, while for others, the Commission has relied on coherence with peremptory norms.","start":5891.23,"end":5906.27,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5891.23,"end":5891.39},{"text":"has","start":5891.39,"end":5891.55},{"text":"been","start":5891.55,"end":5891.71},{"text":"observed","start":5891.71,"end":5892.11},{"text":"that,","start":5892.11,"end":5892.35},{"text":"for","start":5892.99,"end":5893.31},{"text":"some","start":5893.31,"end":5893.63},{"text":"of","start":5893.63,"end":5893.75},{"text":"the","start":5893.75,"end":5893.87},{"text":"crimes","start":5893.87,"end":5894.27},{"text":"listed,","start":5894.27,"end":5894.91},{"text":"the","start":5895.47,"end":5895.67},{"text":"exception","start":5895.67,"end":5896.51},{"text":"rests","start":5896.99,"end":5897.71},{"text":"on","start":5897.95,"end":5898.19},{"text":"established","start":5898.19,"end":5898.87},{"text":"practice,","start":5898.87,"end":5899.63},{"text":"while","start":5900.11,"end":5900.67},{"text":"for","start":5901.79,"end":5902.03},{"text":"others,","start":5902.03,"end":5902.51},{"text":"the","start":5902.75,"end":5902.87},{"text":"Commission","start":5902.91,"end":5903.31},{"text":"has","start":5903.31,"end":5903.55},{"text":"relied","start":5903.55,"end":5903.91},{"text":"on","start":5903.91,"end":5904.03},{"text":"coherence","start":5904.03,"end":5904.75},{"text":"with","start":5904.99,"end":5905.23},{"text":"peremptory","start":5905.23,"end":5905.79},{"text":"norms.","start":5905.79,"end":5906.27}]},{"text":"Clarity on that point is what will allow States to build on the Commission’s work, including in the negotiations on a convention on crimes against humanity, which begins in 2028.","start":5906.83,"end":5919.59,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"Clarity","start":5906.83,"end":5907.35},{"text":"on","start":5907.35,"end":5907.47},{"text":"that","start":5907.47,"end":5907.71},{"text":"point","start":5907.71,"end":5908.19},{"text":"is","start":5908.43,"end":5908.67},{"text":"what","start":5908.67,"end":5908.91},{"text":"will","start":5908.91,"end":5909.11},{"text":"allow","start":5909.11,"end":5909.47},{"text":"States","start":5909.47,"end":5910.19},{"text":"to","start":5910.59,"end":5910.75},{"text":"build","start":5910.75,"end":5911.11},{"text":"on","start":5911.11,"end":5911.19},{"text":"the","start":5911.19,"end":5911.31},{"text":"Commission’s","start":5911.31,"end":5911.79},{"text":"work,","start":5911.79,"end":5912.19},{"text":"including","start":5912.59,"end":5913.31},{"text":"in","start":5913.75,"end":5913.87},{"text":"the","start":5913.87,"end":5913.95},{"text":"negotiations","start":5913.95,"end":5914.75},{"text":"on","start":5914.75,"end":5914.83},{"text":"a","start":5914.83,"end":5914.87},{"text":"convention","start":5914.87,"end":5915.59},{"text":"on","start":5915.59,"end":5915.67},{"text":"crimes","start":5915.67,"end":5916.23},{"text":"against","start":5916.39,"end":5916.71},{"text":"humanity,","start":5916.71,"end":5917.35},{"text":"which","start":5917.79,"end":5917.99},{"text":"begins","start":5917.99,"end":5918.39},{"text":"in","start":5918.39,"end":5918.55},{"text":"2028.","start":5918.55,"end":5919.59}]},{"text":"We value the procedural safeguards in Part IV, which protect smaller states against prosecutions driven by politics rather than law.","start":5920.07,"end":5928.15,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5920.07,"end":5920.39},{"text":"value","start":5920.39,"end":5920.79},{"text":"the","start":5920.79,"end":5920.87},{"text":"procedural","start":5920.87,"end":5921.43},{"text":"safeguards","start":5921.43,"end":5921.95},{"text":"in","start":5921.95,"end":5922.07},{"text":"Part","start":5922.07,"end":5922.71},{"text":"IV,","start":5922.71,"end":5922.79},{"text":"which","start":5923.07,"end":5923.35},{"text":"protect","start":5923.35,"end":5923.75},{"text":"smaller","start":5923.75,"end":5924.15},{"text":"states","start":5924.15,"end":5924.55},{"text":"against","start":5924.55,"end":5924.91},{"text":"prosecutions","start":5924.91,"end":5925.67},{"text":"driven","start":5925.67,"end":5926.07},{"text":"by","start":5926.07,"end":5926.39},{"text":"politics","start":5926.63,"end":5927.35},{"text":"rather","start":5927.35,"end":5927.67},{"text":"than","start":5927.67,"end":5927.91},{"text":"law.","start":5927.91,"end":5928.15}]},{"text":"And we are open to considering the Commission’s recommendation that a convention on the immunity of state officials be elaborated at an appropriate time.","start":5929.27,"end":5938.39,"topics":[{"key":"state-official-immunity","label":"Immunity of State Officials","description":"Speakers examined immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction, particularly exceptions for serious international crimes and safeguards against politically motivated prosecutions. Views differed on whether the draft articles reflect existing customary law and whether they should form the basis of a convention."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5929.27,"end":5929.59},{"text":"we","start":5929.59,"end":5929.75},{"text":"are","start":5929.75,"end":5929.91},{"text":"open","start":5929.91,"end":5930.23},{"text":"to","start":5930.23,"end":5930.35},{"text":"considering","start":5930.35,"end":5931.11},{"text":"the","start":5931.35,"end":5931.51},{"text":"Commission’s","start":5931.51,"end":5932.07},{"text":"recommendation","start":5932.07,"end":5932.95},{"text":"that","start":5933.27,"end":5933.51},{"text":"a","start":5933.51,"end":5933.55},{"text":"convention","start":5933.55,"end":5934.23},{"text":"on","start":5934.23,"end":5934.35},{"text":"the","start":5934.35,"end":5934.43},{"text":"immunity","start":5934.43,"end":5934.87},{"text":"of","start":5934.87,"end":5934.99},{"text":"state","start":5934.99,"end":5935.27},{"text":"officials","start":5935.27,"end":5935.91},{"text":"be","start":5936.23,"end":5936.43},{"text":"elaborated","start":5936.43,"end":5937.19},{"text":"at","start":5937.19,"end":5937.39},{"text":"an","start":5937.39,"end":5937.51},{"text":"appropriate","start":5937.51,"end":5938.11},{"text":"time.","start":5938.11,"end":5938.39}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, Then we need to focus on general principles of law.","start":5939.27,"end":5942.95,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5939.27,"end":5939.59},{"text":"Chair,","start":5939.59,"end":5939.99},{"text":"Then","start":5940.71,"end":5940.87},{"text":"we","start":5940.87,"end":5940.95},{"text":"need","start":5940.95,"end":5941.15},{"text":"to","start":5941.15,"end":5941.27},{"text":"focus","start":5941.27,"end":5941.63},{"text":"on","start":5941.63,"end":5941.71},{"text":"general","start":5941.71,"end":5941.99},{"text":"principles","start":5941.99,"end":5942.51},{"text":"of","start":5942.51,"end":5942.63},{"text":"law.","start":5942.63,"end":5942.95}]},{"text":"Bangladesh warmly congratulates the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Marcelo Vasquez Bermudez.","start":5943.27,"end":5949.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh","start":5943.27,"end":5943.91},{"text":"warmly","start":5943.91,"end":5944.39},{"text":"congratulates","start":5944.39,"end":5945.07},{"text":"the","start":5945.07,"end":5945.19},{"text":"Special","start":5945.19,"end":5945.51},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":5945.51,"end":5946.07},{"text":"Mr.","start":5946.47,"end":5946.79},{"text":"Marcelo","start":5946.79,"end":5947.51},{"text":"Vasquez","start":5947.75,"end":5948.35},{"text":"Bermudez.","start":5948.35,"end":5949.03}]},{"text":"When the Article 38 of the Statute was drafted in 1920, Lord Filmore, one of its drafters, gave as examples of general principles.","start":5949.75,"end":5961.11,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":5949.75,"end":5949.99},{"text":"the","start":5949.99,"end":5950.11},{"text":"Article","start":5950.11,"end":5950.51},{"text":"38","start":5950.51,"end":5950.95},{"text":"of","start":5950.95,"end":5951.03},{"text":"the","start":5951.03,"end":5951.19},{"text":"Statute","start":5951.19,"end":5951.99},{"text":"was","start":5952.55,"end":5952.83},{"text":"drafted","start":5952.83,"end":5953.27},{"text":"in","start":5953.27,"end":5953.55},{"text":"1920,","start":5953.55,"end":5954.23},{"text":"Lord","start":5954.95,"end":5955.27},{"text":"Filmore,","start":5955.27,"end":5955.91},{"text":"one","start":5956.23,"end":5956.47},{"text":"of","start":5956.47,"end":5956.63},{"text":"its","start":5957.19,"end":5957.51},{"text":"drafters,","start":5957.51,"end":5958.23},{"text":"gave","start":5958.71,"end":5959.11},{"text":"as","start":5959.11,"end":5959.31},{"text":"examples","start":5959.31,"end":5959.99},{"text":"of","start":5959.99,"end":5960.07},{"text":"general","start":5960.07,"end":5960.39},{"text":"principles.","start":5960.39,"end":5961.11}]},{"text":"He talked about certain principles of procedure, the principle of good faith, and the principles of res judicata.","start":5962.07,"end":5968.39,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"He","start":5962.07,"end":5962.27},{"text":"talked","start":5962.27,"end":5962.59},{"text":"about","start":5962.59,"end":5962.87},{"text":"certain","start":5962.87,"end":5963.19},{"text":"principles","start":5963.19,"end":5963.67},{"text":"of","start":5963.67,"end":5963.75},{"text":"procedure,","start":5963.75,"end":5964.39},{"text":"the","start":5964.79,"end":5964.95},{"text":"principle","start":5964.95,"end":5965.67},{"text":"of","start":5965.83,"end":5966.07},{"text":"good","start":5966.07,"end":5966.31},{"text":"faith,","start":5966.31,"end":5966.59},{"text":"and","start":5966.63,"end":5966.83},{"text":"the","start":5966.83,"end":5966.91},{"text":"principles","start":5966.91,"end":5967.47},{"text":"of","start":5967.47,"end":5967.55},{"text":"res","start":5967.55,"end":5967.79},{"text":"judicata.","start":5967.79,"end":5968.39}]},{"text":"The examples have not changed, but the community of nations has.","start":5969.19,"end":5973.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5969.19,"end":5969.27},{"text":"examples","start":5969.27,"end":5970.07},{"text":"have","start":5970.07,"end":5970.39},{"text":"not","start":5970.39,"end":5970.55},{"text":"changed,","start":5970.55,"end":5971.11},{"text":"but","start":5971.43,"end":5971.63},{"text":"the","start":5971.63,"end":5971.71},{"text":"community","start":5971.71,"end":5972.19},{"text":"of","start":5972.19,"end":5972.31},{"text":"nations","start":5972.31,"end":5972.75},{"text":"has.","start":5972.75,"end":5973.19}]},{"text":"Today, a principle can be called general only if it is found across legal systems of the world community of nations, including systems like ours.","start":5973.91,"end":5984.31,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Today,","start":5973.91,"end":5974.35},{"text":"a","start":5974.35,"end":5974.39},{"text":"principle","start":5974.39,"end":5974.87},{"text":"can","start":5974.87,"end":5974.99},{"text":"be","start":5974.99,"end":5975.11},{"text":"called","start":5975.11,"end":5975.39},{"text":"general","start":5975.39,"end":5975.91},{"text":"only","start":5976.23,"end":5976.59},{"text":"if","start":5976.59,"end":5976.71},{"text":"it","start":5976.71,"end":5976.83},{"text":"is","start":5976.83,"end":5977.03},{"text":"found","start":5977.19,"end":5977.75},{"text":"across","start":5977.75,"end":5978.31},{"text":"legal","start":5978.71,"end":5979.03},{"text":"systems","start":5979.03,"end":5979.47},{"text":"of","start":5979.47,"end":5979.59},{"text":"the","start":5979.59,"end":5979.75},{"text":"world","start":5979.75,"end":5980.15},{"text":"community","start":5980.55,"end":5981.19},{"text":"of","start":5981.19,"end":5981.43},{"text":"nations,","start":5981.43,"end":5982.07},{"text":"including","start":5982.63,"end":5983.19},{"text":"systems","start":5983.19,"end":5983.59},{"text":"like","start":5983.59,"end":5983.83},{"text":"ours.","start":5983.83,"end":5984.31}]},{"text":"Draft Conclusion 5 requires that comparative analysis of national legal systems be wide and representative, including the different regions of the world.","start":5984.63,"end":5994.39,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Draft","start":5984.63,"end":5984.91},{"text":"Conclusion","start":5984.91,"end":5985.51},{"text":"5","start":5985.51,"end":5985.99},{"text":"requires","start":5986.39,"end":5986.91},{"text":"that","start":5986.91,"end":5987.19},{"text":"comparative","start":5987.19,"end":5987.83},{"text":"analysis","start":5987.83,"end":5988.43},{"text":"of","start":5988.43,"end":5988.59},{"text":"national","start":5988.59,"end":5989.03},{"text":"legal","start":5989.03,"end":5989.27},{"text":"systems","start":5989.27,"end":5989.91},{"text":"be","start":5990.31,"end":5990.47},{"text":"wide","start":5990.47,"end":5990.83},{"text":"and","start":5990.83,"end":5991.03},{"text":"representative,","start":5991.03,"end":5991.83},{"text":"including","start":5992.15,"end":5992.79},{"text":"the","start":5992.79,"end":5992.95},{"text":"different","start":5992.95,"end":5993.43},{"text":"regions","start":5993.43,"end":5993.83},{"text":"of","start":5993.83,"end":5993.91},{"text":"the","start":5993.91,"end":5994.03},{"text":"world.","start":5994.03,"end":5994.39}]},{"text":"Bangladesh’s own legal order draws on the common law, on religious personal laws and on long traditions of community mediation known in our villages as ‘Shalish’.","start":5995.03,"end":6006.95,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh’s","start":5995.03,"end":5995.91},{"text":"own","start":5995.91,"end":5996.23},{"text":"legal","start":5996.23,"end":5996.71},{"text":"order","start":5996.71,"end":5997.27},{"text":"draws","start":5997.59,"end":5997.87},{"text":"on","start":5997.87,"end":5997.99},{"text":"the","start":5997.99,"end":5998.11},{"text":"common","start":5998.11,"end":5998.47},{"text":"law,","start":5998.47,"end":5998.79},{"text":"on","start":5999.11,"end":5999.35},{"text":"religious","start":5999.35,"end":5999.83},{"text":"personal","start":5999.83,"end":6000.35},{"text":"laws","start":6000.35,"end":6000.71},{"text":"and","start":6001.11,"end":6001.43},{"text":"on","start":6001.43,"end":6001.71},{"text":"long","start":6001.71,"end":6001.99},{"text":"traditions","start":6001.99,"end":6002.59},{"text":"of","start":6002.59,"end":6002.71},{"text":"community","start":6002.71,"end":6003.19},{"text":"mediation","start":6003.19,"end":6003.83},{"text":"known","start":6004.23,"end":6004.71},{"text":"in","start":6004.71,"end":6004.99},{"text":"our","start":6004.99,"end":6005.19},{"text":"villages","start":6005.19,"end":6005.83},{"text":"as","start":6005.99,"end":6006.31},{"text":"‘Shalish’.","start":6006.31,"end":6006.95}]},{"text":"Systems like ours are rich in principle but poor in translation.","start":6007.51,"end":6011.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Systems","start":6007.51,"end":6008.11},{"text":"like","start":6008.11,"end":6008.31},{"text":"ours","start":6008.31,"end":6008.87},{"text":"are","start":6008.87,"end":6009.07},{"text":"rich","start":6009.07,"end":6009.23},{"text":"in","start":6009.23,"end":6009.35},{"text":"principle","start":6009.35,"end":6009.99},{"text":"but","start":6010.31,"end":6010.55},{"text":"poor","start":6010.55,"end":6010.79},{"text":"in","start":6010.79,"end":6010.95},{"text":"translation.","start":6010.95,"end":6011.59}]},{"text":"We encourage the Secretariat and the Commission to make the materials of such systems more accessible so that the analysis is representative in fact and not only in form.","start":6012.39,"end":6023.75,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6012.39,"end":6012.63},{"text":"encourage","start":6012.63,"end":6013.19},{"text":"the","start":6013.19,"end":6013.31},{"text":"Secretariat","start":6013.31,"end":6014.03},{"text":"and","start":6014.03,"end":6014.15},{"text":"the","start":6014.15,"end":6014.23},{"text":"Commission","start":6014.23,"end":6014.79},{"text":"to","start":6015.19,"end":6015.31},{"text":"make","start":6015.31,"end":6015.59},{"text":"the","start":6015.59,"end":6015.71},{"text":"materials","start":6015.71,"end":6016.27},{"text":"of","start":6016.27,"end":6016.39},{"text":"such","start":6016.39,"end":6016.63},{"text":"systems","start":6016.63,"end":6017.19},{"text":"more","start":6017.19,"end":6017.39},{"text":"accessible","start":6017.39,"end":6017.99},{"text":"so","start":6018.31,"end":6018.55},{"text":"that","start":6018.55,"end":6019.27},{"text":"the","start":6019.27,"end":6019.39},{"text":"analysis","start":6019.39,"end":6020.31},{"text":"is","start":6020.63,"end":6020.87},{"text":"representative","start":6020.87,"end":6021.59},{"text":"in","start":6021.59,"end":6021.75},{"text":"fact","start":6021.75,"end":6022.23},{"text":"and","start":6022.55,"end":6022.75},{"text":"not","start":6022.75,"end":6022.95},{"text":"only","start":6022.95,"end":6023.23},{"text":"in","start":6023.23,"end":6023.35},{"text":"form.","start":6023.35,"end":6023.75}]},{"text":"We also note the care the Commission has taken with the questions that have divided opinion in this room.","start":6024.47,"end":6032.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6024.47,"end":6024.51},{"text":"also","start":6024.51,"end":6024.99},{"text":"note","start":6025.55,"end":6026.03},{"text":"the","start":6026.03,"end":6026.19},{"text":"care","start":6026.19,"end":6026.67},{"text":"the","start":6027.07,"end":6027.23},{"text":"Commission","start":6027.23,"end":6027.63},{"text":"has","start":6027.63,"end":6027.87},{"text":"taken","start":6027.87,"end":6028.35},{"text":"with","start":6028.67,"end":6028.95},{"text":"the","start":6028.95,"end":6029.07},{"text":"questions","start":6029.31,"end":6029.95},{"text":"that","start":6030.19,"end":6030.43},{"text":"have","start":6030.43,"end":6030.59},{"text":"divided","start":6030.59,"end":6031.07},{"text":"opinion","start":6031.07,"end":6031.71},{"text":"in","start":6031.95,"end":6032.11},{"text":"this","start":6032.11,"end":6032.35},{"text":"room.","start":6032.35,"end":6032.75}]},{"text":"On transposition, draft conclusion 6 reflects the warning of Judge Sir Arnold McNair that principles of national law cannot be imported lock, stock and barrel.","start":6033.39,"end":6045.15,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6033.39,"end":6033.55},{"text":"transposition,","start":6033.55,"end":6034.43},{"text":"draft","start":6034.83,"end":6035.15},{"text":"conclusion","start":6035.15,"end":6035.71},{"text":"6","start":6035.71,"end":6036.27},{"text":"reflects","start":6036.27,"end":6036.83},{"text":"the","start":6036.83,"end":6036.95},{"text":"warning","start":6036.95,"end":6037.47},{"text":"of","start":6037.87,"end":6038.11},{"text":"Judge","start":6038.11,"end":6038.43},{"text":"Sir","start":6038.43,"end":6038.83},{"text":"Arnold","start":6038.83,"end":6039.15},{"text":"McNair","start":6039.15,"end":6039.87},{"text":"that","start":6040.35,"end":6040.67},{"text":"principles","start":6040.67,"end":6041.39},{"text":"of","start":6041.39,"end":6041.47},{"text":"national","start":6041.47,"end":6042.19},{"text":"law","start":6042.19,"end":6042.27},{"text":"cannot","start":6042.59,"end":6042.91},{"text":"be","start":6042.91,"end":6043.11},{"text":"imported","start":6043.11,"end":6043.71},{"text":"lock,","start":6043.95,"end":6044.27},{"text":"stock","start":6044.27,"end":6044.63},{"text":"and","start":6044.63,"end":6044.79},{"text":"barrel.","start":6044.79,"end":6045.15}]},{"text":"On principles formed within the international legal system, the Commission chose the word may.","start":6045.63,"end":6051.71,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. They debated principles formed within the international legal system and their distinction from treaties and customary international law."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6045.63,"end":6045.79},{"text":"principles","start":6045.79,"end":6046.51},{"text":"formed","start":6046.83,"end":6047.19},{"text":"within","start":6047.19,"end":6047.47},{"text":"the","start":6047.47,"end":6047.55},{"text":"international","start":6047.55,"end":6048.15},{"text":"legal","start":6048.15,"end":6048.43},{"text":"system,","start":6048.43,"end":6048.99},{"text":"the","start":6049.31,"end":6049.47},{"text":"Commission","start":6049.47,"end":6049.95},{"text":"chose","start":6049.95,"end":6050.39},{"text":"the","start":6050.39,"end":6050.51},{"text":"word","start":6050.51,"end":6050.99},{"text":"may.","start":6051.15,"end":6051.71}]},{"text":"and set a demanding test, the community of nations must have recognized the principles as intrinsic to that system.","start":6052.23,"end":6061.19,"topics":[{"key":"general-legal-principles","label":"General Principles of Law","description":"Delegations assessed methods for identifying general principles through representative comparisons of national legal systems and their transposition into international law. 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Chair, this was a year in which the Commission finished what it started.","start":6104.43,"end":6108.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":6104.43,"end":6104.63},{"text":"Chair,","start":6104.63,"end":6105.11},{"text":"this","start":6105.43,"end":6105.67},{"text":"was","start":6105.67,"end":6105.79},{"text":"a","start":6105.79,"end":6105.83},{"text":"year","start":6105.87,"end":6106.23},{"text":"in","start":6106.23,"end":6106.31},{"text":"which","start":6106.31,"end":6106.55},{"text":"the","start":6106.55,"end":6106.71},{"text":"Commission","start":6106.71,"end":6107.11},{"text":"finished","start":6107.11,"end":6107.67},{"text":"what","start":6107.67,"end":6107.87},{"text":"it","start":6107.87,"end":6107.99},{"text":"started.","start":6107.99,"end":6108.63}]},{"text":"Our task now is to make sure that what it has finished is used appropriately in international 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Chair.","start":6116.07,"end":6117.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6116.07,"end":6116.23},{"text":"thank","start":6116.23,"end":6116.39},{"text":"you,","start":6116.39,"end":6116.51},{"text":"Madam","start":6116.51,"end":6116.75},{"text":"Chair.","start":6116.75,"end":6117.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BGD","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Bangladesh"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":6120.07,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=1:42:01","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Bangladesh for his 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afternoon.","start":6124.83,"end":6130.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":6124.83,"end":6125.39},{"text":"delegates,","start":6125.39,"end":6126.07},{"text":"the","start":6126.07,"end":6126.19},{"text":"distinguished","start":6126.19,"end":6126.71},{"text":"representative","start":6126.71,"end":6127.35},{"text":"of","start":6127.35,"end":6127.51},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":6127.51,"end":6128.15},{"text":"was","start":6128.15,"end":6128.31},{"text":"the","start":6128.31,"end":6128.43},{"text":"last","start":6128.43,"end":6128.75},{"text":"speaker","start":6128.75,"end":6129.19},{"text":"for","start":6129.19,"end":6129.35},{"text":"this","start":6129.35,"end":6129.67},{"text":"afternoon.","start":6129.67,"end":6130.31}]},{"text":"The interactive dialogue will be held in this room immediately following the adjournment of this meeting.","start":6131.11,"end":6136.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6131.11,"end":6131.15},{"text":"interactive","start":6131.15,"end":6131.79},{"text":"dialogue","start":6131.79,"end":6132.19},{"text":"will","start":6132.19,"end":6132.35},{"text":"be","start":6132.35,"end":6132.51},{"text":"held","start":6132.51,"end":6132.83},{"text":"in","start":6132.83,"end":6132.99},{"text":"this","start":6132.99,"end":6133.23},{"text":"room","start":6133.23,"end":6133.47},{"text":"immediately","start":6133.47,"end":6134.19},{"text":"following","start":6134.19,"end":6134.63},{"text":"the","start":6134.63,"end":6134.79},{"text":"adjournment","start":6134.79,"end":6135.35},{"text":"of","start":6135.35,"end":6135.47},{"text":"this","start":6135.47,"end":6135.71},{"text":"meeting.","start":6135.71,"end":6136.19}]},{"text":"There will be no meeting of the Sixth Committee tomorrow morning in order to allow delegates the opportunity to attend the debate on the report of the International 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will continue the discussion on the first cluster of topics tomorrow afternoon at 3:00 PM, following which we will turn to the second cluster of 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adjourning, I wish to remind those delegations that have not yet submitted their list of participants in this year’s session of the Sixth Committee that they should register the names of their representatives, alternate representatives, and advisers through the e-list of participants module on the e-delegate portal at their earliest 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Secretariat will be circulating a draft of this year’s list of participants next week.","start":6183.87,"end":6189.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6183.87,"end":6183.99},{"text":"Secretariat","start":6183.99,"end":6184.67},{"text":"will","start":6184.67,"end":6184.83},{"text":"be","start":6184.83,"end":6184.91},{"text":"circulating","start":6184.91,"end":6185.79},{"text":"a","start":6185.79,"end":6185.83},{"text":"draft","start":6185.83,"end":6186.43},{"text":"of","start":6186.43,"end":6186.59},{"text":"this","start":6186.59,"end":6186.83},{"text":"year’s","start":6186.83,"end":6187.15},{"text":"list","start":6187.15,"end":6187.47},{"text":"of","start":6187.47,"end":6187.63},{"text":"participants","start":6187.63,"end":6188.51},{"text":"next","start":6188.59,"end":6188.99},{"text":"week.","start":6188.99,"end":6189.31}]},{"text":"The meeting is 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is exactly where the interactive dialogue comes in.","start":6662.95,"end":6666.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6662.95,"end":6663.27},{"text":"is","start":6663.27,"end":6663.59},{"text":"exactly","start":6663.59,"end":6664.07},{"text":"where","start":6664.07,"end":6664.27},{"text":"the","start":6664.27,"end":6664.35},{"text":"interactive","start":6664.35,"end":6664.95},{"text":"dialogue","start":6664.95,"end":6665.43},{"text":"comes","start":6665.43,"end":6665.91},{"text":"in.","start":6665.91,"end":6666.31}]},{"text":"It aims to fill this gap and aims to provide an opportunity for an informal dialogue with distinguished members of the ILC.","start":6666.95,"end":6676.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6666.95,"end":6667.11},{"text":"aims","start":6667.11,"end":6667.35},{"text":"to","start":6667.35,"end":6667.47},{"text":"fill","start":6667.47,"end":6667.91},{"text":"this","start":6667.99,"end":6668.23},{"text":"gap","start":6668.23,"end":6668.55},{"text":"and","start":6668.63,"end":6668.79},{"text":"aims","start":6668.79,"end":6669.03},{"text":"to","start":6669.03,"end":6669.19},{"text":"provide","start":6669.19,"end":6669.55},{"text":"an","start":6669.55,"end":6669.67},{"text":"opportunity","start":6669.67,"end":6670.55},{"text":"for","start":6671.27,"end":6671.47},{"text":"an","start":6671.47,"end":6671.55},{"text":"informal","start":6671.55,"end":6672.11},{"text":"dialogue","start":6672.11,"end":6672.63},{"text":"with","start":6672.79,"end":6673.03},{"text":"distinguished","start":6673.19,"end":6673.99},{"text":"members","start":6674.07,"end":6674.71},{"text":"of","start":6675.19,"end":6675.51},{"text":"the","start":6675.67,"end":6675.79},{"text":"ILC.","start":6675.83,"end":6676.47}]},{"text":"It is a great pleasure that today we will be able to profit from the presence of three distinguished members of the International Law Commission: Professor Charles Tjallow, on the topic of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, sitting to my right, to your left, thank you very much, Professor Ciallo.","start":6677.99,"end":6701.63,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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thank you very much to the three distinguished members of the ILC.","start":6732.03,"end":6737.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6732.03,"end":6732.19},{"text":"thank","start":6732.19,"end":6732.43},{"text":"you","start":6732.43,"end":6732.55},{"text":"very","start":6732.75,"end":6733.07},{"text":"much","start":6733.07,"end":6733.39},{"text":"to","start":6733.39,"end":6733.63},{"text":"the","start":6733.63,"end":6733.83},{"text":"three","start":6733.95,"end":6734.43},{"text":"distinguished","start":6734.43,"end":6735.39},{"text":"members","start":6735.79,"end":6736.23},{"text":"of","start":6736.23,"end":6736.35},{"text":"the","start":6736.35,"end":6736.47},{"text":"ILC.","start":6736.47,"end":6737.07}]},{"text":"I think I should make a remark at this 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us.","start":6750.99,"end":6753.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6750.99,"end":6751.23},{"text":"was","start":6751.23,"end":6751.55},{"text":"not","start":6751.63,"end":6751.95},{"text":"only","start":6751.95,"end":6752.19},{"text":"difficult,","start":6752.19,"end":6752.67},{"text":"it","start":6752.67,"end":6752.75},{"text":"was","start":6752.75,"end":6752.91},{"text":"impossible","start":6752.91,"end":6753.47},{"text":"for","start":6753.47,"end":6753.63},{"text":"us.","start":6753.63,"end":6753.95}]},{"text":"This was mainly due, and I think the main reason is that the gender balance in the ILC is not very good, not to say it's 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I would speak of an unbalance when it comes to members of the ILC.","start":6765.07,"end":6772.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6765.07,"end":6765.23},{"text":"I","start":6765.39,"end":6765.47},{"text":"would","start":6765.47,"end":6765.63},{"text":"speak","start":6765.63,"end":6765.91},{"text":"of","start":6765.91,"end":6765.99},{"text":"an","start":6765.99,"end":6766.19},{"text":"unbalance","start":6766.27,"end":6767.15},{"text":"when","start":6767.43,"end":6767.71},{"text":"it","start":6767.71,"end":6767.87},{"text":"comes","start":6767.87,"end":6768.27},{"text":"to","start":6768.27,"end":6768.51},{"text":"members","start":6768.59,"end":6769.23},{"text":"of","start":6770.99,"end":6771.31},{"text":"the","start":6771.87,"end":6771.99},{"text":"ILC.","start":6771.99,"end":6772.67}]},{"text":"Before I will ask the three professors and members of the ILC to give a short presentation of their topic, let me introduce the three distinguished members of the ILC, great 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is currently full professor of international law at the University of the Miami School of Law and the founder of the Center for International Law and Policy in Africa, which is based in Sierra Leone, as I 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was first elected to the ILC in 2016.","start":6819.63,"end":6822.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"He","start":6819.63,"end":6819.75},{"text":"was","start":6819.75,"end":6819.95},{"text":"first","start":6819.95,"end":6820.19},{"text":"elected","start":6820.19,"end":6820.67},{"text":"to","start":6820.67,"end":6820.99},{"text":"the","start":6820.99,"end":6821.11},{"text":"ILC","start":6821.11,"end":6821.67},{"text":"in","start":6821.67,"end":6821.79},{"text":"2016.","start":6821.79,"end":6822.99}]},{"text":"where he is currently Special Rapporteur for topic we are going to hear about today, subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law.","start":6823.43,"end":6831.43,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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in the common law and also in the civil law legal system, he has been counsel advocate at the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the International Criminal Court, and also the Special Court for Sierra 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August Reinisch has been professor of international and European law at the University of Vienna for over 20 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may I mention that he also has an admission to the bar of the state of New York and 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Masaiko Asada is professor of international law at the Graduate School of Law in Kyoto, Kyoto University in 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2009, he was appointed by the UN Secretary General as one of only seven members of the panel of experts, which was established pursuant to a Security Council 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in a similar capacity, he had also served as a member of the UN panel of government experts on the issue of 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Japan, Professor Asada is a member of the International Relations Committee.","start":6935.27,"end":6939.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6935.27,"end":6935.51},{"text":"Japan,","start":6935.67,"end":6936.11},{"text":"Professor","start":6936.11,"end":6936.59},{"text":"Asada","start":6936.59,"end":6937.11},{"text":"is","start":6937.19,"end":6937.43},{"text":"a","start":6937.59,"end":6937.63},{"text":"member","start":6937.63,"end":6937.95},{"text":"of","start":6937.95,"end":6938.07},{"text":"the","start":6938.07,"end":6938.15},{"text":"International","start":6938.15,"end":6938.79},{"text":"Relations","start":6938.79,"end":6939.35},{"text":"Committee.","start":6939.35,"end":6939.99}]},{"text":"of the Atomic Energy Commission of the Cabinet Office, also a member of the Subcommittee on Security and Trade Control of the Industrial Structure Advisory 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is METI, the Ministry of Economy and Trade.","start":6951.79,"end":6955.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6951.79,"end":6952.03},{"text":"is","start":6952.03,"end":6952.35},{"text":"METI,","start":6952.47,"end":6953.03},{"text":"the","start":6953.03,"end":6953.11},{"text":"Ministry","start":6953.11,"end":6953.51},{"text":"of","start":6953.51,"end":6953.63},{"text":"Economy","start":6953.67,"end":6954.07},{"text":"and","start":6954.19,"end":6954.55},{"text":"Trade.","start":6954.91,"end":6955.39}]},{"text":"In international treaty-related forums, Professor Asada served as legal advisor to the Japanese delegations in many different conferences, such as the Conference on Disarmament, in Geneva, the Biological Weapons Convention, and he also participated in the preparatory committee for the 2005 NPT review 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I now ask the professors and ILC members to give us a short presentation of their respective 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think we can enter into what is the objective of today, the interactive 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I start with Professor Ciallo.","start":7004.71,"end":7006.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Maybe","start":7004.71,"end":7005.03},{"text":"I","start":7005.03,"end":7005.11},{"text":"start","start":7005.11,"end":7005.51},{"text":"with","start":7005.51,"end":7005.63},{"text":"Professor","start":7005.63,"end":7006.07},{"text":"Ciallo.","start":7006.07,"end":7006.39}]},{"text":"Professor Ciallo, may I ask you for your presentation, 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interactive character.","start":7042.31,"end":7045.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7042.31,"end":7042.55},{"text":"particularly","start":7042.55,"end":7043.35},{"text":"welcome","start":7043.35,"end":7043.99},{"text":"its","start":7044.07,"end":7044.31},{"text":"interactive","start":7044.31,"end":7045.03},{"text":"character.","start":7045.03,"end":7045.67}]},{"text":"The relationship between the International Law Commission and Member States is fundamental to the Commission's mandate of codification and progressive development of international 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during my tenure as Chair of the Commission's Working Group on Methods of Work, we sought to strengthen this engagement, including through the introduction of a standing agenda item devoted to improving the dialogue with States, in particular the Sixth 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other words, the Commission takes very seriously the comments made by States annually in the Sixth 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first reading.","start":7081.59,"end":7087.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7081.59,"end":7081.99},{"text":"comments","start":7082.23,"end":7082.75},{"text":"and","start":7082.75,"end":7082.87},{"text":"observations","start":7082.87,"end":7083.67},{"text":"inform","start":7083.67,"end":7084.15},{"text":"our","start":7084.15,"end":7084.31},{"text":"deliberations","start":7084.31,"end":7085.19},{"text":"throughout","start":7085.43,"end":7085.99},{"text":"the","start":7086.39,"end":7086.51},{"text":"first","start":7086.63,"end":7086.95},{"text":"reading.","start":7086.95,"end":7087.43}]},{"text":"And speaking personally as a rapporteur, I devote quite a few pages of my reports examining State 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brief.","start":7095.27,"end":7099.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Going","start":7095.27,"end":7095.55},{"text":"directly","start":7095.55,"end":7096.15},{"text":"to","start":7096.23,"end":7096.39},{"text":"the","start":7096.43,"end":7096.51},{"text":"Ambassador's","start":7096.51,"end":7097.11},{"text":"point,","start":7097.11,"end":7097.47},{"text":"because","start":7097.47,"end":7097.83},{"text":"the","start":7097.99,"end":7098.11},{"text":"idea","start":7098.15,"end":7098.35},{"text":"was","start":7098.35,"end":7098.47},{"text":"to","start":7098.47,"end":7098.59},{"text":"be","start":7098.59,"end":7098.71},{"text":"brief.","start":7098.71,"end":7099.11}]},{"text":"Let me just say a couple of words about the Commission's efforts this year, which led to the successful conclusion upon first reading of a set of draft conclusions on the topic of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international 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word about the form and the normative character of our work, I know this is an issue of great interest to the Sixth Committee, has been also a great interest for me personally as a member, is what we mean when we say 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Commission doesn't have a one-size-fits-all definition, as we pointed out in the commentary, but it deliberately chose that form of output in this 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idea is not to propose a new treaty or create new rules of international law.","start":7164.51,"end":7169.35,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"Draft","start":7304.39,"end":7304.63},{"text":"conclusion","start":7304.63,"end":7305.11},{"text":"4","start":7305.11,"end":7305.35},{"text":"provides","start":7305.35,"end":7305.83},{"text":"the","start":7305.83,"end":7305.91},{"text":"methodological","start":7305.91,"end":7306.87},{"text":"outline","start":7306.87,"end":7307.35},{"text":"for","start":7307.35,"end":7307.47},{"text":"the","start":7307.47,"end":7307.55},{"text":"entire","start":7307.55,"end":7307.91},{"text":"project.","start":7307.91,"end":7308.39}]},{"text":"It identifies a set of general criteria for assessing weight of subsidiary means, including the elements of representativeness, quality of the reasoning, expertise, degree of agreement among those involved, reception by states and other entities, and, where relevant, the mandate of the body concerned.","start":7308.71,"end":7326.07,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"Conclusion","start":7382.95,"end":7383.43},{"text":"six","start":7383.43,"end":7383.71},{"text":"addresses","start":7383.71,"end":7384.15},{"text":"a","start":7384.15,"end":7384.23},{"text":"fundamental","start":7384.23,"end":7384.79},{"text":"feature","start":7384.79,"end":7385.07},{"text":"of","start":7385.07,"end":7385.15},{"text":"international","start":7385.15,"end":7385.63},{"text":"adjudication.","start":7385.63,"end":7386.39}]},{"text":"International law has no general system of binding precedent.","start":7386.63,"end":7390.31,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7390.63,"end":7390.79},{"text":"Article","start":7390.79,"end":7391.11},{"text":"59","start":7391.11,"end":7391.83},{"text":"of","start":7391.99,"end":7392.15},{"text":"the","start":7392.15,"end":7392.23},{"text":"ICJ","start":7392.23,"end":7392.63},{"text":"Statute","start":7392.63,"end":7393.03},{"text":"confirms","start":7393.19,"end":7393.83},{"text":"that","start":7393.83,"end":7393.99},{"text":"decisions","start":7393.99,"end":7394.55},{"text":"are","start":7394.55,"end":7394.63},{"text":"only","start":7394.63,"end":7394.87},{"text":"binding","start":7394.87,"end":7395.43},{"text":"on","start":7395.63,"end":7395.75},{"text":"the","start":7395.75,"end":7395.87},{"text":"parties","start":7395.87,"end":7396.31},{"text":"to","start":7396.31,"end":7396.39},{"text":"the","start":7396.39,"end":7396.47},{"text":"case.","start":7396.47,"end":7396.87}]},{"text":"Yet, the absence of a rule concerning stare decisis does not render earlier decisions legally insignificant.","start":7397.67,"end":7406.47,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"Yet,","start":7397.67,"end":7398.15},{"text":"the","start":7398.47,"end":7398.59},{"text":"absence","start":7398.59,"end":7399.07},{"text":"of","start":7399.07,"end":7399.19},{"text":"a","start":7399.19,"end":7399.23},{"text":"rule","start":7399.23,"end":7399.75},{"text":"concerning","start":7399.91,"end":7400.43},{"text":"stare","start":7400.43,"end":7400.79},{"text":"decisis","start":7400.79,"end":7401.67},{"text":"does","start":7402.07,"end":7402.31},{"text":"not","start":7402.31,"end":7402.71},{"text":"render","start":7402.71,"end":7403.27},{"text":"earlier","start":7403.35,"end":7403.83},{"text":"decisions","start":7403.83,"end":7404.55},{"text":"legally","start":7404.79,"end":7405.43},{"text":"insignificant.","start":7405.43,"end":7406.47}]},{"text":"International courts in practice regularly rely on prior decisions in the interest of consistency, security, and legal certainty.","start":7406.83,"end":7415.95,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":7406.83,"end":7407.47},{"text":"courts","start":7407.47,"end":7407.87},{"text":"in","start":7407.87,"end":7408.07},{"text":"practice","start":7408.07,"end":7408.67},{"text":"regularly","start":7408.67,"end":7409.47},{"text":"rely","start":7409.47,"end":7409.87},{"text":"on","start":7409.91,"end":7410.11},{"text":"prior","start":7410.11,"end":7410.51},{"text":"decisions","start":7410.51,"end":7411.31},{"text":"in","start":7411.55,"end":7411.75},{"text":"the","start":7411.75,"end":7411.83},{"text":"interest","start":7411.83,"end":7412.23},{"text":"of","start":7412.23,"end":7412.35},{"text":"consistency,","start":7412.35,"end":7413.39},{"text":"security,","start":7413.87,"end":7414.75},{"text":"and","start":7414.75,"end":7414.95},{"text":"legal","start":7414.95,"end":7415.23},{"text":"certainty.","start":7415.23,"end":7415.95}]},{"text":"There are a number of examples that the Commission point to in the commentary.","start":7416.35,"end":7419.63,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":7416.35,"end":7416.51},{"text":"are","start":7416.51,"end":7416.59},{"text":"a","start":7416.59,"end":7416.63},{"text":"number","start":7416.63,"end":7416.87},{"text":"of","start":7416.87,"end":7416.95},{"text":"examples","start":7416.95,"end":7417.55},{"text":"that","start":7417.55,"end":7417.67},{"text":"the","start":7417.67,"end":7417.75},{"text":"Commission","start":7417.75,"end":7418.19},{"text":"point","start":7418.19,"end":7418.47},{"text":"to","start":7418.47,"end":7418.59},{"text":"in","start":7418.59,"end":7418.83},{"text":"the","start":7418.83,"end":7418.95},{"text":"commentary.","start":7418.95,"end":7419.63}]},{"text":"For example, the Cameroon and Nigeria case, where the court said it has to find compelling reasons to depart from its earlier reasoning.","start":7420.11,"end":7429.31,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7420.11,"end":7420.31},{"text":"example,","start":7420.31,"end":7420.99},{"text":"the","start":7420.99,"end":7421.19},{"text":"Cameroon","start":7421.39,"end":7421.83},{"text":"and","start":7421.83,"end":7421.99},{"text":"Nigeria","start":7421.99,"end":7422.51},{"text":"case,","start":7422.51,"end":7422.83},{"text":"where","start":7423.43,"end":7423.75},{"text":"the","start":7423.75,"end":7423.87},{"text":"court","start":7423.87,"end":7424.19},{"text":"said","start":7424.19,"end":7424.59},{"text":"it","start":7424.59,"end":7424.83},{"text":"has","start":7424.83,"end":7425.07},{"text":"to","start":7425.07,"end":7425.15},{"text":"find","start":7425.71,"end":7426.15},{"text":"compelling","start":7426.15,"end":7426.63},{"text":"reasons","start":7426.63,"end":7427.31},{"text":"to","start":7427.39,"end":7427.55},{"text":"depart","start":7427.55,"end":7428.03},{"text":"from","start":7428.03,"end":7428.27},{"text":"its","start":7428.27,"end":7428.43},{"text":"earlier","start":7428.43,"end":7428.79},{"text":"reasoning.","start":7428.79,"end":7429.31}]},{"text":"Fourth point, just to be brief again, teachings and representativeness.","start":7430.03,"end":7434.19,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth","start":7430.03,"end":7430.43},{"text":"point,","start":7430.43,"end":7430.91},{"text":"just","start":7431.35,"end":7431.55},{"text":"to","start":7431.55,"end":7431.63},{"text":"be","start":7431.63,"end":7431.79},{"text":"brief","start":7431.79,"end":7432.15},{"text":"again,","start":7432.15,"end":7432.51},{"text":"teachings","start":7432.67,"end":7433.15},{"text":"and","start":7433.15,"end":7433.27},{"text":"representativeness.","start":7433.27,"end":7434.19}]},{"text":"You have conclusions eight and nine, which address those two matters.","start":7434.19,"end":7438.67,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7434.19,"end":7434.27},{"text":"have","start":7434.27,"end":7434.43},{"text":"conclusions","start":7434.43,"end":7435.07},{"text":"eight","start":7435.07,"end":7435.39},{"text":"and","start":7435.39,"end":7435.59},{"text":"nine,","start":7435.59,"end":7435.87},{"text":"which","start":7435.87,"end":7436.11},{"text":"address","start":7436.11,"end":7436.59},{"text":"those","start":7437.11,"end":7437.47},{"text":"two","start":7437.71,"end":7438.11},{"text":"matters.","start":7438.11,"end":7438.67}]},{"text":"The Commission adopts a broad understanding of this category, encompassing written scholarship, recorded lectures, audiovisual materials, and collective scholarly work.","start":7438.91,"end":7449.87,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"Importantly,","start":7450.27,"end":7450.99},{"text":"it","start":7450.99,"end":7451.15},{"text":"emphasizes","start":7451.15,"end":7451.79},{"text":"representativeness","start":7451.79,"end":7452.75},{"text":"across","start":7452.75,"end":7453.07},{"text":"legal","start":7453.07,"end":7453.39},{"text":"systems,","start":7453.39,"end":7453.87},{"text":"regions,","start":7453.87,"end":7454.27},{"text":"and","start":7454.27,"end":7454.39},{"text":"traditions","start":7454.39,"end":7454.99},{"text":"with","start":7455.39,"end":7455.59},{"text":"due","start":7455.59,"end":7455.79},{"text":"regard","start":7455.79,"end":7456.43},{"text":"to","start":7456.43,"end":7456.63},{"text":"linguistic","start":7456.63,"end":7457.39},{"text":"and","start":7457.39,"end":7457.67},{"text":"gender","start":7457.67,"end":7457.99},{"text":"diversity.","start":7457.99,"end":7458.67}]},{"text":"This is not merely an institutional aspiration, it has some methodological consequences.","start":7459.23,"end":7464.99,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7459.23,"end":7459.47},{"text":"is","start":7459.47,"end":7459.55},{"text":"not","start":7459.55,"end":7459.71},{"text":"merely","start":7459.71,"end":7460.27},{"text":"an","start":7460.39,"end":7460.51},{"text":"institutional","start":7460.51,"end":7461.23},{"text":"aspiration,","start":7461.87,"end":7462.67},{"text":"it","start":7462.91,"end":7463.07},{"text":"has","start":7463.07,"end":7463.27},{"text":"some","start":7463.27,"end":7463.39},{"text":"methodological","start":7463.39,"end":7464.11},{"text":"consequences.","start":7464.11,"end":7464.99}]},{"text":"So, for example, an assessment of international law that systematically overlooks scholarship from particular regions or legal traditions risks presenting a partial account of a universal legal system.","start":7465.23,"end":7477.95,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7478.27,"end":7478.43},{"text":"the","start":7478.43,"end":7478.51},{"text":"Commission","start":7478.51,"end":7478.95},{"text":"therefore","start":7478.95,"end":7479.31},{"text":"combines","start":7479.31,"end":7479.95},{"text":"expertise","start":7480.19,"end":7480.87},{"text":"on","start":7480.87,"end":7480.99},{"text":"the","start":7480.99,"end":7481.07},{"text":"one","start":7481.07,"end":7481.27},{"text":"hand","start":7481.27,"end":7481.63},{"text":"and","start":7481.99,"end":7482.19},{"text":"quality","start":7482.19,"end":7482.83},{"text":"of","start":7483.11,"end":7483.31},{"text":"reasoning","start":7483.31,"end":7483.87},{"text":"with","start":7483.87,"end":7484.03},{"text":"genuine","start":7484.03,"end":7484.43},{"text":"representativeness.","start":7484.43,"end":7485.55}]},{"text":"The objective is not geographical balance at the expense of legal rigor, but greater rigor through a more representative assessment of international legal thought.","start":7485.95,"end":7497.91,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7518.35,"end":7518.43},{"text":"final","start":7518.43,"end":7518.75},{"text":"part","start":7518.75,"end":7518.91},{"text":"of","start":7518.91,"end":7518.99},{"text":"the","start":7518.99,"end":7519.11},{"text":"conclusions","start":7519.11,"end":7519.83},{"text":"address","start":7519.83,"end":7520.15},{"text":"these","start":7520.15,"end":7520.31},{"text":"two","start":7520.31,"end":7520.51},{"text":"categories","start":7520.51,"end":7521.03},{"text":"of","start":7521.03,"end":7521.15},{"text":"materials","start":7521.15,"end":7521.95},{"text":"whose","start":7522.11,"end":7522.43},{"text":"practical","start":7522.43,"end":7522.87},{"text":"significance","start":7522.87,"end":7523.55},{"text":"the","start":7523.55,"end":7523.63},{"text":"Commission","start":7523.63,"end":7524.11},{"text":"found","start":7524.11,"end":7524.43},{"text":"has","start":7524.67,"end":7524.91},{"text":"gained","start":7524.91,"end":7525.23},{"text":"considerably","start":7525.31,"end":7526.19},{"text":"since","start":7526.27,"end":7526.51},{"text":"1945.","start":7526.51,"end":7527.43}]},{"text":"So, for example, draft conclusions 10 and 11 concern the work of expert bodies whose members serve in their personal capacity.","start":7527.79,"end":7534.35,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":7527.79,"end":7527.95},{"text":"for","start":7527.95,"end":7528.11},{"text":"example,","start":7528.11,"end":7528.51},{"text":"draft","start":7528.51,"end":7528.75},{"text":"conclusions","start":7528.75,"end":7529.23},{"text":"10","start":7529.23,"end":7529.47},{"text":"and","start":7529.47,"end":7529.59},{"text":"11","start":7529.59,"end":7530.11},{"text":"concern","start":7530.27,"end":7530.75},{"text":"the","start":7530.75,"end":7530.83},{"text":"work","start":7530.83,"end":7531.11},{"text":"of","start":7531.11,"end":7531.23},{"text":"expert","start":7531.23,"end":7531.59},{"text":"bodies","start":7531.59,"end":7532.11},{"text":"whose","start":7532.19,"end":7532.43},{"text":"members","start":7532.43,"end":7532.83},{"text":"serve","start":7532.83,"end":7533.07},{"text":"in","start":7533.07,"end":7533.19},{"text":"their","start":7533.19,"end":7533.31},{"text":"personal","start":7533.31,"end":7533.79},{"text":"capacity.","start":7533.79,"end":7534.35}]},{"text":"A good example, of course, is International Law Commission itself.","start":7534.67,"end":7537.79,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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They discussed practical criteria for assessing these materials’ weight, including reasoning quality, expertise, representativeness, and reception by states."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":7574.95,"end":7575.11},{"text":"significance","start":7575.11,"end":7575.83},{"text":"depend","start":7575.83,"end":7576.31},{"text":"on","start":7576.55,"end":7576.71},{"text":"its","start":7576.71,"end":7576.87},{"text":"content,","start":7576.87,"end":7577.67},{"text":"the","start":7577.99,"end":7578.19},{"text":"circumstances","start":7578.23,"end":7579.35},{"text":"of","start":7579.55,"end":7579.63},{"text":"its","start":7579.63,"end":7579.79},{"text":"adoption,","start":7579.79,"end":7580.47},{"text":"voting","start":7580.95,"end":7581.31},{"text":"patterns,","start":7581.35,"end":7581.99},{"text":"explanations","start":7582.31,"end":7583.11},{"text":"of","start":7583.11,"end":7583.19},{"text":"positions,","start":7583.19,"end":7583.83},{"text":"and","start":7583.99,"end":7584.15},{"text":"subsequent","start":7584.15,"end":7584.67},{"text":"reception,","start":7584.67,"end":7585.19},{"text":"including","start":7585.19,"end":7585.63},{"text":"by","start":7585.67,"end":7585.83},{"text":"states.","start":7585.83,"end":7586.27}]},{"text":"And there are a number of examples given in the commentary.","start":7586.55,"end":7589.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7586.55,"end":7586.67},{"text":"there","start":7586.67,"end":7586.79},{"text":"are","start":7586.79,"end":7586.87},{"text":"a","start":7586.87,"end":7586.91},{"text":"number","start":7586.91,"end":7587.15},{"text":"of","start":7587.15,"end":7587.23},{"text":"examples","start":7587.23,"end":7587.91},{"text":"given","start":7588.31,"end":7588.59},{"text":"in","start":7588.59,"end":7588.71},{"text":"the","start":7588.71,"end":7588.83},{"text":"commentary.","start":7588.83,"end":7589.51}]},{"text":"So the Commission's approach basically tries to avoid two extremes.","start":7589.83,"end":7593.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7589.83,"end":7589.99},{"text":"the","start":7589.99,"end":7590.07},{"text":"Commission's","start":7590.07,"end":7590.59},{"text":"approach","start":7590.59,"end":7590.87},{"text":"basically","start":7590.87,"end":7591.43},{"text":"tries","start":7591.43,"end":7591.83},{"text":"to","start":7591.83,"end":7592.07},{"text":"avoid","start":7592.07,"end":7592.55},{"text":"two","start":7592.55,"end":7592.79},{"text":"extremes.","start":7592.79,"end":7593.43}]},{"text":"treating resolutions as automatically authoritative or dismissing them as legally irrelevant because they are non-binding.","start":7593.75,"end":7601.11,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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Chairperson, let me leave it at that because I know we have a lot to get to.","start":7613.51,"end":7616.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":7613.51,"end":7613.87},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":7613.87,"end":7614.35},{"text":"let","start":7614.35,"end":7614.47},{"text":"me","start":7614.47,"end":7614.59},{"text":"leave","start":7614.59,"end":7614.75},{"text":"it","start":7614.75,"end":7614.83},{"text":"at","start":7614.83,"end":7614.91},{"text":"that","start":7614.95,"end":7615.15},{"text":"because","start":7615.15,"end":7615.43},{"text":"I","start":7615.51,"end":7615.55},{"text":"know","start":7615.55,"end":7615.67},{"text":"we","start":7615.67,"end":7615.83},{"text":"have","start":7615.83,"end":7615.95},{"text":"a","start":7616.07,"end":7616.11},{"text":"lot","start":7616.11,"end":7616.27},{"text":"to","start":7616.27,"end":7616.35},{"text":"get","start":7616.35,"end":7616.51},{"text":"to.","start":7616.51,"end":7616.59}]},{"text":"Thank you very 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I now ask Professor Reinisch to give us his presentation on the topic of settlement of 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since Ambassador Lloyd reminded me that I was admitted as a lawyer here in this state.","start":7693.83,"end":7702.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7693.83,"end":7694.55},{"text":"since","start":7695.67,"end":7696.31},{"text":"Ambassador","start":7697.15,"end":7697.63},{"text":"Lloyd","start":7697.63,"end":7697.95},{"text":"reminded","start":7697.95,"end":7698.59},{"text":"me","start":7698.59,"end":7698.99},{"text":"that","start":7698.99,"end":7699.39},{"text":"I","start":7699.39,"end":7699.55},{"text":"was","start":7699.55,"end":7699.79},{"text":"admitted","start":7699.79,"end":7700.31},{"text":"as","start":7700.31,"end":7700.47},{"text":"a","start":7700.47,"end":7700.51},{"text":"lawyer","start":7700.51,"end":7700.91},{"text":"here","start":7700.91,"end":7701.15},{"text":"in","start":7701.15,"end":7701.23},{"text":"this","start":7701.23,"end":7701.51},{"text":"state.","start":7701.51,"end":7702.03}]},{"text":"I know that everything that I'm saying can be used against me, 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order to beat my good friend Charles, I just make three points very quickly, and then I leave it to you to ask maybe 100 questions in regard to 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will be listening to your concerns.","start":7919.75,"end":7923.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7919.75,"end":7919.91},{"text":"will","start":7919.91,"end":7920.15},{"text":"be","start":7920.15,"end":7920.31},{"text":"listening","start":7920.31,"end":7921.43},{"text":"to","start":7921.51,"end":7921.75},{"text":"your","start":7922.15,"end":7922.63},{"text":"concerns.","start":7922.87,"end":7923.83}]},{"text":"Let me emphasize the three points.","start":7923.83,"end":7926.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":7923.83,"end":7924.07},{"text":"me","start":7924.07,"end":7924.19},{"text":"emphasize","start":7924.19,"end":7925.03},{"text":"the","start":7925.03,"end":7925.15},{"text":"three","start":7925.19,"end":7925.51},{"text":"points.","start":7925.51,"end":7926.23}]},{"text":"the complex nature of 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are three topics that have been intensely discussed both within the Commission and also, I understand, here in the Sixth 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these are guidelines, and guidelines are a fairly new instrument developed by the International Law Commission and not draft 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are also not conclusions, and the idea is to really combine, to some extent, a restatement of existing law, but to combine this with 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most of the guidelines as formulated really should be understood as recommendations given both to states, to international organizations, but also to other parties, to disputes in the field.","start":7991.95,"end":8006.03,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Participants discussed guidelines covering disputes involving international organizations, including claims brought by private parties. 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Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":8218.59,"end":8219.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8218.59,"end":8218.79},{"text":"you.","start":8218.79,"end":8218.91},{"text":"Thank","start":8219.07,"end":8219.31},{"text":"you,","start":8219.31,"end":8219.39},{"text":"Mr.","start":8219.39,"end":8219.71},{"text":"Chair.","start":8219.71,"end":8219.87}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for giving me the opportunity to present some of my thoughts on the topic, identification and legal consequences of obligation erga omnes in international law.","start":8220.67,"end":8236.59,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. 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Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Advisory","start":8304.15,"end":8304.95},{"text":"opinions","start":8305.19,"end":8305.83},{"text":"have","start":8305.83,"end":8306.15},{"text":"likewise","start":8306.15,"end":8306.87},{"text":"referred","start":8306.87,"end":8307.23},{"text":"to","start":8307.23,"end":8307.39},{"text":"obligations","start":8307.63,"end":8308.15},{"text":"erga","start":8308.15,"end":8308.43},{"text":"omnes","start":8308.43,"end":8308.87},{"text":"and","start":8308.95,"end":8309.15},{"text":"legal","start":8309.15,"end":8309.43},{"text":"consequences","start":8309.43,"end":8310.31},{"text":"arising","start":8310.31,"end":8310.79},{"text":"from","start":8310.79,"end":8311.11},{"text":"their","start":8311.11,"end":8311.27},{"text":"breach,","start":8311.27,"end":8311.75},{"text":"including","start":8311.99,"end":8312.63},{"text":"war,","start":8312.71,"end":8313.27},{"text":"Chagoss,","start":8314.31,"end":8314.95},{"text":"occupied","start":8315.19,"end":8315.67},{"text":"Palestinian","start":8315.75,"end":8316.23},{"text":"territory,","start":8316.23,"end":8316.87},{"text":"and","start":8317.03,"end":8317.35},{"text":"climate","start":8317.59,"end":8318.03},{"text":"change.","start":8318.03,"end":8318.55}]},{"text":"In considering this concept of obligations erga omnes, their relations with two closely related neighboring concepts should also be examined.","start":8319.43,"end":8328.95,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8319.43,"end":8319.67},{"text":"considering","start":8319.67,"end":8320.15},{"text":"this","start":8320.15,"end":8320.31},{"text":"concept","start":8320.31,"end":8320.79},{"text":"of","start":8320.79,"end":8320.95},{"text":"obligations","start":8320.99,"end":8321.59},{"text":"erga","start":8321.59,"end":8321.75},{"text":"omnes,","start":8321.75,"end":8322.39},{"text":"their","start":8322.63,"end":8322.91},{"text":"relations","start":8322.91,"end":8323.51},{"text":"with","start":8323.51,"end":8323.75},{"text":"two","start":8323.91,"end":8324.31},{"text":"closely","start":8324.31,"end":8324.87},{"text":"related","start":8324.87,"end":8325.43},{"text":"neighboring","start":8325.67,"end":8326.23},{"text":"concepts","start":8326.23,"end":8326.95},{"text":"should","start":8327.19,"end":8327.59},{"text":"also","start":8327.59,"end":8327.99},{"text":"be","start":8327.99,"end":8328.23},{"text":"examined.","start":8328.23,"end":8328.95}]},{"text":"They are pre-emptory norms and interdependent obligations.","start":8329.43,"end":8332.95,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":8329.43,"end":8329.59},{"text":"are","start":8329.59,"end":8329.67},{"text":"pre-emptory","start":8329.67,"end":8330.15},{"text":"norms","start":8330.15,"end":8330.87},{"text":"and","start":8330.87,"end":8331.27},{"text":"interdependent","start":8331.35,"end":8332.23},{"text":"obligations.","start":8332.23,"end":8332.95}]},{"text":"The close relationship between pre-emptory norms and obligations erga omnes is illustrated by the drafting history of articles 40 and 41 of ASUA.","start":8334.15,"end":8344.19,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8334.15,"end":8334.27},{"text":"close","start":8334.27,"end":8334.63},{"text":"relationship","start":8334.63,"end":8335.15},{"text":"between","start":8335.15,"end":8335.67},{"text":"pre-emptory","start":8335.75,"end":8336.23},{"text":"norms","start":8336.23,"end":8336.63},{"text":"and","start":8336.63,"end":8336.87},{"text":"obligations","start":8336.91,"end":8337.43},{"text":"erga","start":8337.51,"end":8337.67},{"text":"omnes","start":8337.67,"end":8338.23},{"text":"is","start":8338.47,"end":8338.71},{"text":"illustrated","start":8338.71,"end":8339.51},{"text":"by","start":8339.51,"end":8339.83},{"text":"the","start":8339.83,"end":8339.99},{"text":"drafting","start":8339.99,"end":8340.39},{"text":"history","start":8340.39,"end":8340.87},{"text":"of","start":8340.87,"end":8341.03},{"text":"articles","start":8341.03,"end":8341.75},{"text":"40","start":8342.07,"end":8342.59},{"text":"and","start":8342.59,"end":8342.79},{"text":"41","start":8342.79,"end":8343.43},{"text":"of","start":8343.43,"end":8343.59},{"text":"ASUA.","start":8343.59,"end":8344.19}]},{"text":"on serious breaches of preemptive norms of general international law, which originally referred to serious breaches of obligations erga omnes.","start":8345.03,"end":8353.91,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"on","start":8345.03,"end":8345.19},{"text":"serious","start":8345.19,"end":8345.67},{"text":"breaches","start":8345.67,"end":8346.15},{"text":"of","start":8346.15,"end":8346.31},{"text":"preemptive","start":8346.31,"end":8346.79},{"text":"norms","start":8346.79,"end":8347.27},{"text":"of","start":8347.67,"end":8347.91},{"text":"general","start":8347.91,"end":8348.23},{"text":"international","start":8348.23,"end":8348.91},{"text":"law,","start":8348.91,"end":8348.99},{"text":"which","start":8349.27,"end":8349.83},{"text":"originally","start":8349.83,"end":8350.67},{"text":"referred","start":8350.67,"end":8350.99},{"text":"to","start":8350.99,"end":8351.27},{"text":"serious","start":8351.43,"end":8351.83},{"text":"breaches","start":8351.83,"end":8352.31},{"text":"of","start":8352.31,"end":8352.47},{"text":"obligations","start":8352.59,"end":8353.19},{"text":"erga","start":8353.35,"end":8353.55},{"text":"omnes.","start":8353.55,"end":8353.91}]},{"text":"Article 41 of ASILA provides for obligations incumbent upon all states in the case of serious breaches of preemptive norms, namely the triple obligations of cooperation, non-recognition, and non-assistance.","start":8355.75,"end":8373.59,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":8355.75,"end":8356.07},{"text":"41","start":8356.07,"end":8356.59},{"text":"of","start":8356.59,"end":8356.67},{"text":"ASILA","start":8356.67,"end":8357.39},{"text":"provides","start":8357.47,"end":8358.15},{"text":"for","start":8358.15,"end":8358.55},{"text":"obligations","start":8359.31,"end":8360.15},{"text":"incumbent","start":8360.63,"end":8361.35},{"text":"upon","start":8361.35,"end":8361.75},{"text":"all","start":8361.75,"end":8361.99},{"text":"states","start":8361.99,"end":8362.63},{"text":"in","start":8363.19,"end":8363.35},{"text":"the","start":8363.35,"end":8363.43},{"text":"case","start":8363.43,"end":8363.75},{"text":"of","start":8363.75,"end":8364.07},{"text":"serious","start":8364.15,"end":8364.55},{"text":"breaches","start":8364.55,"end":8365.03},{"text":"of","start":8365.03,"end":8365.15},{"text":"preemptive","start":8365.15,"end":8365.75},{"text":"norms,","start":8365.75,"end":8366.31},{"text":"namely","start":8366.63,"end":8367.19},{"text":"the","start":8367.39,"end":8367.51},{"text":"triple","start":8367.51,"end":8368.07},{"text":"obligations","start":8368.07,"end":8368.95},{"text":"of","start":8369.23,"end":8369.35},{"text":"cooperation,","start":8369.35,"end":8370.23},{"text":"non-recognition,","start":8370.79,"end":8372.07},{"text":"and","start":8372.31,"end":8372.55},{"text":"non-assistance.","start":8372.55,"end":8373.59}]},{"text":"However, the ICJ in its advisory opinions has referred to comparable obligations for all states in connection with breaches of obligations erga omnes.","start":8374.47,"end":8385.99,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8374.47,"end":8375.11},{"text":"the","start":8375.27,"end":8375.39},{"text":"ICJ","start":8375.39,"end":8376.15},{"text":"in","start":8376.23,"end":8376.55},{"text":"its","start":8376.55,"end":8376.71},{"text":"advisory","start":8376.95,"end":8377.55},{"text":"opinions","start":8377.55,"end":8378.15},{"text":"has","start":8378.47,"end":8378.71},{"text":"referred","start":8378.71,"end":8379.15},{"text":"to","start":8379.15,"end":8379.51},{"text":"comparable","start":8380.39,"end":8381.07},{"text":"obligations","start":8381.07,"end":8381.75},{"text":"for","start":8381.75,"end":8382.07},{"text":"all","start":8382.07,"end":8382.15},{"text":"states","start":8382.15,"end":8382.71},{"text":"in","start":8382.87,"end":8382.95},{"text":"connection","start":8382.95,"end":8383.43},{"text":"with","start":8383.43,"end":8383.63},{"text":"breaches","start":8383.75,"end":8384.27},{"text":"of","start":8384.27,"end":8384.39},{"text":"obligations","start":8384.39,"end":8385.03},{"text":"erga","start":8385.19,"end":8385.47},{"text":"omnes.","start":8385.47,"end":8385.99}]},{"text":"This raises the question of how the apparent divergence between the position adopted by the ILC's articles on state responsibility and that reflected in the Court's advisory opinions should be understood.","start":8387.35,"end":8401.43,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8387.35,"end":8387.67},{"text":"raises","start":8387.67,"end":8388.15},{"text":"the","start":8388.15,"end":8388.23},{"text":"question","start":8388.23,"end":8388.71},{"text":"of","start":8388.71,"end":8388.87},{"text":"how","start":8388.87,"end":8389.35},{"text":"the","start":8389.59,"end":8389.71},{"text":"apparent","start":8390.07,"end":8390.71},{"text":"divergence","start":8390.95,"end":8391.75},{"text":"between","start":8391.75,"end":8392.15},{"text":"the","start":8392.15,"end":8392.31},{"text":"position","start":8392.47,"end":8392.95},{"text":"adopted","start":8392.95,"end":8393.43},{"text":"by","start":8393.43,"end":8393.63},{"text":"the","start":8393.63,"end":8393.71},{"text":"ILC's","start":8393.75,"end":8394.47},{"text":"articles","start":8394.55,"end":8395.03},{"text":"on","start":8395.03,"end":8395.19},{"text":"state","start":8395.19,"end":8395.59},{"text":"responsibility","start":8395.59,"end":8396.47},{"text":"and","start":8396.71,"end":8396.91},{"text":"that","start":8396.91,"end":8397.27},{"text":"reflected","start":8397.27,"end":8397.83},{"text":"in","start":8397.83,"end":8398.03},{"text":"the","start":8398.03,"end":8398.11},{"text":"Court's","start":8398.47,"end":8399.03},{"text":"advisory","start":8399.03,"end":8399.55},{"text":"opinions","start":8399.55,"end":8400.07},{"text":"should","start":8400.23,"end":8400.63},{"text":"be","start":8400.63,"end":8400.79},{"text":"understood.","start":8400.79,"end":8401.43}]},{"text":"In this regard, another complicating issue concerns the 2025 Climate Change Advisory Opinion, which referred to breaches of obligations aere communis, but, unlike previous advisory opinions, made no mention of treaty obligations incumbent upon all states.","start":8402.71,"end":8422.23,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. 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Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":8423.27,"end":8423.51},{"text":"respect","start":8423.51,"end":8424.03},{"text":"to","start":8424.03,"end":8424.11},{"text":"interdependent","start":8424.31,"end":8425.15},{"text":"obligations,","start":8425.15,"end":8425.83},{"text":"such","start":8425.83,"end":8426.15},{"text":"as","start":8426.15,"end":8426.47},{"text":"disarmament","start":8426.63,"end":8427.19},{"text":"obligations,","start":8427.19,"end":8427.91},{"text":"Article","start":8428.87,"end":8429.31},{"text":"42","start":8429.59,"end":8431.35},{"text":"of","start":8431.35,"end":8431.43},{"text":"ASUA","start":8431.43,"end":8432.03},{"text":"provides","start":8432.31,"end":8432.87},{"text":"that","start":8432.87,"end":8433.27},{"text":"in","start":8433.35,"end":8433.47},{"text":"the","start":8433.47,"end":8433.55},{"text":"event","start":8433.55,"end":8433.87},{"text":"of","start":8433.87,"end":8433.99},{"text":"the","start":8433.99,"end":8434.15},{"text":"breach,","start":8434.15,"end":8434.71},{"text":"all","start":8435.23,"end":8435.43},{"text":"the","start":8435.67,"end":8435.75},{"text":"other","start":8435.75,"end":8435.99},{"text":"states","start":8435.99,"end":8436.55},{"text":"are","start":8436.55,"end":8436.95},{"text":"to","start":8437.27,"end":8437.39},{"text":"be","start":8437.39,"end":8437.51},{"text":"regarded","start":8437.51,"end":8437.95},{"text":"as","start":8437.95,"end":8438.23},{"text":"injured","start":8438.31,"end":8438.79},{"text":"states.","start":8438.79,"end":8439.35}]},{"text":"At first sight, this may appear unrelated to the invocation of responsibility by non-injured states under Article 48.","start":8441.11,"end":8449.83,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":8441.11,"end":8441.27},{"text":"first","start":8441.27,"end":8441.55},{"text":"sight,","start":8441.55,"end":8442.07},{"text":"this","start":8442.31,"end":8442.63},{"text":"may","start":8442.63,"end":8442.87},{"text":"appear","start":8442.87,"end":8443.35},{"text":"unrelated","start":8443.43,"end":8444.03},{"text":"to","start":8444.03,"end":8444.19},{"text":"the","start":8444.71,"end":8444.83},{"text":"invocation","start":8444.83,"end":8445.39},{"text":"of","start":8445.39,"end":8445.51},{"text":"responsibility","start":8445.75,"end":8446.55},{"text":"by","start":8446.55,"end":8446.79},{"text":"non-injured","start":8447.03,"end":8448.03},{"text":"states","start":8448.03,"end":8448.55},{"text":"under","start":8448.55,"end":8448.75},{"text":"Article","start":8448.75,"end":8449.07},{"text":"48.","start":8449.07,"end":8449.83}]},{"text":"Yet this is not necessarily the case.","start":8450.55,"end":8452.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yet","start":8450.55,"end":8450.87},{"text":"this","start":8450.87,"end":8451.11},{"text":"is","start":8451.11,"end":8451.27},{"text":"not","start":8451.27,"end":8451.59},{"text":"necessarily","start":8451.59,"end":8452.15},{"text":"the","start":8452.15,"end":8452.23},{"text":"case.","start":8452.23,"end":8452.71}]},{"text":"Article 42 applies only where the breach radically changes the position of all the other states with respect to the performance of the obligation, in which case those other states are regarded as injured states.","start":8454.15,"end":8470.07,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":8454.15,"end":8454.55},{"text":"42","start":8454.55,"end":8456.07},{"text":"applies","start":8456.15,"end":8456.71},{"text":"only","start":8456.71,"end":8457.11},{"text":"where","start":8457.11,"end":8457.35},{"text":"the","start":8457.35,"end":8457.47},{"text":"breach","start":8457.47,"end":8457.91},{"text":"radically","start":8458.47,"end":8459.19},{"text":"changes","start":8459.19,"end":8459.75},{"text":"the","start":8459.75,"end":8459.83},{"text":"position","start":8459.83,"end":8460.35},{"text":"of","start":8460.35,"end":8460.43},{"text":"all","start":8460.51,"end":8460.79},{"text":"the","start":8460.79,"end":8460.91},{"text":"other","start":8460.95,"end":8461.19},{"text":"states","start":8461.19,"end":8461.75},{"text":"with","start":8461.83,"end":8462.07},{"text":"respect","start":8462.07,"end":8462.59},{"text":"to","start":8462.59,"end":8462.79},{"text":"the","start":8462.87,"end":8463.43},{"text":"performance","start":8463.75,"end":8464.47},{"text":"of","start":8464.47,"end":8464.59},{"text":"the","start":8464.59,"end":8464.67},{"text":"obligation,","start":8464.67,"end":8465.27},{"text":"in","start":8465.67,"end":8465.83},{"text":"which","start":8465.83,"end":8466.07},{"text":"case","start":8466.07,"end":8466.55},{"text":"those","start":8466.71,"end":8467.11},{"text":"other","start":8467.11,"end":8467.39},{"text":"states","start":8467.39,"end":8467.75},{"text":"are","start":8467.83,"end":8467.99},{"text":"regarded","start":8467.99,"end":8468.47},{"text":"as","start":8468.67,"end":8468.95},{"text":"injured","start":8469.11,"end":8469.51},{"text":"states.","start":8469.51,"end":8470.07}]},{"text":"On the other hand, where the breach of the same obligation is less serious and does not radically alter the position of all the other states, those states would not qualify as injured states.","start":8471.19,"end":8484.79,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":8471.19,"end":8471.27},{"text":"the","start":8471.27,"end":8471.39},{"text":"other","start":8471.39,"end":8471.55},{"text":"hand,","start":8471.55,"end":8471.91},{"text":"where","start":8472.15,"end":8472.43},{"text":"the","start":8472.43,"end":8472.55},{"text":"breach","start":8472.55,"end":8472.95},{"text":"of","start":8472.95,"end":8473.35},{"text":"the","start":8473.35,"end":8473.51},{"text":"same","start":8473.51,"end":8473.79},{"text":"obligation","start":8473.79,"end":8474.47},{"text":"is","start":8474.79,"end":8475.03},{"text":"less","start":8475.11,"end":8475.87},{"text":"serious","start":8475.87,"end":8476.39},{"text":"and","start":8476.95,"end":8477.19},{"text":"does","start":8477.35,"end":8477.59},{"text":"not","start":8477.59,"end":8477.91},{"text":"radically","start":8477.91,"end":8478.71},{"text":"alter","start":8478.71,"end":8479.15},{"text":"the","start":8479.15,"end":8479.27},{"text":"position","start":8479.27,"end":8479.71},{"text":"of","start":8479.71,"end":8479.83},{"text":"all","start":8479.87,"end":8480.07},{"text":"the","start":8480.07,"end":8480.19},{"text":"other","start":8480.19,"end":8480.39},{"text":"states,","start":8480.39,"end":8480.95},{"text":"those","start":8481.43,"end":8481.75},{"text":"states","start":8481.75,"end":8482.11},{"text":"would","start":8482.11,"end":8482.23},{"text":"not","start":8482.23,"end":8482.63},{"text":"qualify","start":8482.63,"end":8483.19},{"text":"as","start":8483.39,"end":8483.67},{"text":"injured","start":8483.83,"end":8484.23},{"text":"states.","start":8484.23,"end":8484.79}]},{"text":"and would instead fall into the category of non-injured states.","start":8486.07,"end":8491.75,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":8486.07,"end":8486.23},{"text":"would","start":8486.23,"end":8486.47},{"text":"instead","start":8486.47,"end":8487.03},{"text":"fall","start":8487.43,"end":8487.67},{"text":"into","start":8487.67,"end":8488.11},{"text":"the","start":8488.19,"end":8488.31},{"text":"category","start":8488.31,"end":8488.75},{"text":"of","start":8488.75,"end":8488.95},{"text":"non-injured","start":8490.71,"end":8491.19},{"text":"states.","start":8491.19,"end":8491.75}]},{"text":"As such, they would be unable to invoke responsibility.","start":8492.75,"end":8496.55,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8492.75,"end":8492.83},{"text":"such,","start":8492.87,"end":8493.27},{"text":"they","start":8493.59,"end":8493.75},{"text":"would","start":8493.75,"end":8493.99},{"text":"be","start":8493.99,"end":8494.23},{"text":"unable","start":8494.23,"end":8494.63},{"text":"to","start":8494.63,"end":8494.83},{"text":"invoke","start":8494.95,"end":8495.51},{"text":"responsibility.","start":8495.51,"end":8496.55}]},{"text":"However, they could nevertheless invoke responsibility in their capacity as non-injured states under Article 48 if interdependent obligations are regarded as forming part of obligations erga omnes.","start":8497.75,"end":8513.11,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8497.75,"end":8498.39},{"text":"they","start":8498.87,"end":8499.19},{"text":"could","start":8499.19,"end":8499.43},{"text":"nevertheless","start":8499.43,"end":8500.07},{"text":"invoke","start":8500.07,"end":8500.47},{"text":"responsibility","start":8500.47,"end":8501.35},{"text":"in","start":8501.35,"end":8501.51},{"text":"their","start":8501.51,"end":8501.63},{"text":"capacity","start":8501.75,"end":8502.47},{"text":"as","start":8502.71,"end":8503.03},{"text":"non-injured","start":8503.03,"end":8503.71},{"text":"states","start":8503.71,"end":8504.31},{"text":"under","start":8504.47,"end":8504.75},{"text":"Article","start":8504.75,"end":8505.03},{"text":"48","start":8505.03,"end":8505.59},{"text":"if","start":8505.99,"end":8506.31},{"text":"interdependent","start":8507.11,"end":8507.83},{"text":"obligations","start":8507.83,"end":8508.47},{"text":"are","start":8508.47,"end":8508.63},{"text":"regarded","start":8508.63,"end":8509.03},{"text":"as","start":8509.15,"end":8509.43},{"text":"forming","start":8510.15,"end":8510.71},{"text":"part","start":8510.71,"end":8511.03},{"text":"of","start":8511.03,"end":8511.35},{"text":"obligations","start":8511.51,"end":8512.23},{"text":"erga","start":8512.31,"end":8512.47},{"text":"omnes.","start":8512.47,"end":8513.11}]},{"text":"Thus, the relationship between interdependent obligations and obligations erga omnes also requires careful examination.","start":8513.75,"end":8522.07,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":8513.75,"end":8514.15},{"text":"the","start":8514.31,"end":8514.47},{"text":"relationship","start":8514.47,"end":8514.99},{"text":"between","start":8514.99,"end":8515.43},{"text":"interdependent","start":8515.43,"end":8516.31},{"text":"obligations","start":8516.31,"end":8517.19},{"text":"and","start":8517.19,"end":8517.59},{"text":"obligations","start":8518.03,"end":8518.55},{"text":"erga","start":8518.63,"end":8518.79},{"text":"omnes","start":8518.79,"end":8519.35},{"text":"also","start":8519.83,"end":8520.27},{"text":"requires","start":8520.27,"end":8520.95},{"text":"careful","start":8520.95,"end":8521.35},{"text":"examination.","start":8521.35,"end":8522.07}]},{"text":"In the context of state responsibility, the term legal consequences essentially refers to the consequences arising from a breach of an obligation.","start":8523.75,"end":8534.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8523.75,"end":8523.87},{"text":"the","start":8523.87,"end":8523.99},{"text":"context","start":8523.99,"end":8524.51},{"text":"of","start":8524.51,"end":8524.63},{"text":"state","start":8524.63,"end":8524.95},{"text":"responsibility,","start":8524.95,"end":8525.83},{"text":"the","start":8525.83,"end":8525.95},{"text":"term","start":8525.99,"end":8526.31},{"text":"legal","start":8526.31,"end":8527.03},{"text":"consequences","start":8527.35,"end":8528.23},{"text":"essentially","start":8528.63,"end":8529.43},{"text":"refers","start":8529.43,"end":8529.83},{"text":"to","start":8529.83,"end":8530.23},{"text":"the","start":8530.63,"end":8530.83},{"text":"consequences","start":8530.83,"end":8531.51},{"text":"arising","start":8531.51,"end":8532.07},{"text":"from","start":8532.07,"end":8532.31},{"text":"a","start":8532.31,"end":8532.39},{"text":"breach","start":8532.39,"end":8533.03},{"text":"of","start":8533.27,"end":8533.35},{"text":"an","start":8533.35,"end":8533.51},{"text":"obligation.","start":8533.63,"end":8534.31}]},{"text":"In this regard, Article 48(1) of ASILA provides that non-injured states are entitled to invoke responsibility of the wrongdoing state in the event of a breach of obligations erga omnes.","start":8535.51,"end":8551.51,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8535.51,"end":8535.67},{"text":"this","start":8535.67,"end":8535.83},{"text":"regard,","start":8535.83,"end":8536.39},{"text":"Article","start":8536.87,"end":8537.19},{"text":"48(1)","start":8537.19,"end":8538.31},{"text":"of","start":8538.31,"end":8538.39},{"text":"ASILA","start":8538.39,"end":8539.07},{"text":"provides","start":8539.07,"end":8539.67},{"text":"that","start":8539.75,"end":8540.15},{"text":"non-injured","start":8540.39,"end":8541.19},{"text":"states","start":8541.19,"end":8541.71},{"text":"are","start":8541.75,"end":8541.99},{"text":"entitled","start":8542.03,"end":8542.71},{"text":"to","start":8542.71,"end":8542.95},{"text":"invoke","start":8543.03,"end":8543.75},{"text":"responsibility","start":8543.83,"end":8544.71},{"text":"of","start":8544.71,"end":8544.95},{"text":"the","start":8545.19,"end":8545.43},{"text":"wrongdoing","start":8546.15,"end":8546.87},{"text":"state","start":8546.87,"end":8547.19},{"text":"in","start":8548.23,"end":8548.39},{"text":"the","start":8548.39,"end":8548.47},{"text":"event","start":8548.47,"end":8548.79},{"text":"of","start":8548.79,"end":8548.87},{"text":"a","start":8548.87,"end":8548.95},{"text":"breach","start":8548.95,"end":8549.59},{"text":"of","start":8549.79,"end":8549.99},{"text":"obligations","start":8550.11,"end":8550.71},{"text":"erga","start":8550.79,"end":8550.99},{"text":"omnes.","start":8550.99,"end":8551.51}]},{"text":"However, the provision does not elaborate further.","start":8552.63,"end":8555.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8552.63,"end":8553.11},{"text":"the","start":8553.11,"end":8553.19},{"text":"provision","start":8553.19,"end":8553.59},{"text":"does","start":8553.59,"end":8553.83},{"text":"not","start":8553.83,"end":8554.15},{"text":"elaborate","start":8554.15,"end":8554.71},{"text":"further.","start":8554.71,"end":8555.27}]},{"text":"It is therefore necessary to clarify the details by reference to subsequent case law, particularly that of ICJ.","start":8555.67,"end":8564.15,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8555.67,"end":8555.91},{"text":"is","start":8555.91,"end":8555.99},{"text":"therefore","start":8555.99,"end":8556.47},{"text":"necessary","start":8556.47,"end":8557.03},{"text":"to","start":8557.03,"end":8557.19},{"text":"clarify","start":8557.19,"end":8557.83},{"text":"the","start":8558.31,"end":8558.51},{"text":"details","start":8558.51,"end":8559.11},{"text":"by","start":8559.11,"end":8559.51},{"text":"reference","start":8559.51,"end":8559.91},{"text":"to","start":8559.91,"end":8560.23},{"text":"subsequent","start":8560.39,"end":8561.27},{"text":"case","start":8561.43,"end":8561.75},{"text":"law,","start":8561.75,"end":8562.11},{"text":"particularly","start":8562.31,"end":8562.83},{"text":"that","start":8562.83,"end":8563.15},{"text":"of","start":8563.15,"end":8563.35},{"text":"ICJ.","start":8563.51,"end":8564.15}]},{"text":"Some of the principal issues may be illustrated as follows.","start":8565.27,"end":8568.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":8565.27,"end":8565.67},{"text":"of","start":8565.67,"end":8565.75},{"text":"the","start":8565.75,"end":8565.83},{"text":"principal","start":8565.83,"end":8566.35},{"text":"issues","start":8566.35,"end":8566.95},{"text":"may","start":8566.95,"end":8567.27},{"text":"be","start":8567.27,"end":8567.47},{"text":"illustrated","start":8567.47,"end":8568.07},{"text":"as","start":8568.15,"end":8568.31},{"text":"follows.","start":8568.31,"end":8568.87}]},{"text":"Since breaches of obligations erga omnes permit invocation of responsibility by non-injured states, it is conceivable that multiple, potentially numerous non-injured states may bring cases concerning the same breach.","start":8570.63,"end":8587.75,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Since","start":8570.63,"end":8571.11},{"text":"breaches","start":8571.11,"end":8571.91},{"text":"of","start":8571.91,"end":8572.15},{"text":"obligations","start":8572.15,"end":8572.75},{"text":"erga","start":8572.79,"end":8572.99},{"text":"omnes","start":8572.99,"end":8573.51},{"text":"permit","start":8573.67,"end":8574.23},{"text":"invocation","start":8575.11,"end":8575.75},{"text":"of","start":8575.75,"end":8575.91},{"text":"responsibility","start":8575.91,"end":8576.79},{"text":"by","start":8576.79,"end":8577.03},{"text":"non-injured","start":8577.03,"end":8577.99},{"text":"states,","start":8577.99,"end":8578.55},{"text":"it","start":8579.11,"end":8579.19},{"text":"is","start":8579.19,"end":8579.31},{"text":"conceivable","start":8579.31,"end":8580.07},{"text":"that","start":8580.23,"end":8580.63},{"text":"multiple,","start":8580.63,"end":8581.35},{"text":"potentially","start":8581.83,"end":8582.39},{"text":"numerous","start":8582.39,"end":8583.03},{"text":"non-injured","start":8583.03,"end":8583.63},{"text":"states","start":8583.63,"end":8584.15},{"text":"may","start":8584.31,"end":8584.55},{"text":"bring","start":8584.55,"end":8584.87},{"text":"cases","start":8584.87,"end":8585.51},{"text":"concerning","start":8585.83,"end":8586.39},{"text":"the","start":8586.39,"end":8586.47},{"text":"same","start":8586.47,"end":8587.11},{"text":"breach.","start":8587.27,"end":8587.75}]},{"text":"This gives rise to several possible issues.","start":8588.79,"end":8591.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8588.79,"end":8589.11},{"text":"gives","start":8589.11,"end":8589.43},{"text":"rise","start":8589.43,"end":8589.67},{"text":"to","start":8589.67,"end":8589.79},{"text":"several","start":8589.79,"end":8590.31},{"text":"possible","start":8590.31,"end":8590.79},{"text":"issues.","start":8590.79,"end":8591.35}]},{"text":"First, A question may arise whether multiple non-UN states can institute proceedings successively in relation to the same situation.","start":8592.63,"end":8603.39,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":8592.63,"end":8593.11},{"text":"A","start":8593.39,"end":8593.47},{"text":"question","start":8593.47,"end":8593.95},{"text":"may","start":8593.95,"end":8594.19},{"text":"arise","start":8594.19,"end":8594.79},{"text":"whether","start":8594.79,"end":8595.23},{"text":"multiple","start":8595.31,"end":8595.95},{"text":"non-UN","start":8595.95,"end":8596.47},{"text":"states","start":8596.47,"end":8596.91},{"text":"can","start":8596.91,"end":8597.31},{"text":"institute","start":8597.71,"end":8598.43},{"text":"proceedings","start":8598.43,"end":8599.23},{"text":"successively","start":8599.55,"end":8600.51},{"text":"in","start":8601.07,"end":8601.23},{"text":"relation","start":8601.27,"end":8601.71},{"text":"to","start":8601.71,"end":8601.83},{"text":"the","start":8601.83,"end":8601.95},{"text":"same","start":8601.95,"end":8602.43},{"text":"situation.","start":8602.59,"end":8603.39}]},{"text":"In this context, the claims advanced may either identical or differ in substance.","start":8604.11,"end":8612.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8604.11,"end":8604.27},{"text":"this","start":8604.27,"end":8604.51},{"text":"context,","start":8604.51,"end":8605.23},{"text":"the","start":8605.63,"end":8605.75},{"text":"claims","start":8605.75,"end":8606.19},{"text":"advanced","start":8607.27,"end":8607.79},{"text":"may","start":8608.03,"end":8608.35},{"text":"either","start":8608.75,"end":8609.23},{"text":"identical","start":8609.31,"end":8610.11},{"text":"or","start":8610.67,"end":8610.99},{"text":"differ","start":8610.99,"end":8611.47},{"text":"in","start":8611.47,"end":8611.71},{"text":"substance.","start":8611.71,"end":8612.43}]},{"text":"Where the claim is identical, the question arises whether doctrine of res judicata applies.","start":8613.19,"end":8619.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Where","start":8613.19,"end":8613.43},{"text":"the","start":8613.43,"end":8613.55},{"text":"claim","start":8613.55,"end":8613.87},{"text":"is","start":8613.87,"end":8614.03},{"text":"identical,","start":8614.03,"end":8614.83},{"text":"the","start":8615.07,"end":8615.19},{"text":"question","start":8615.19,"end":8615.63},{"text":"arises","start":8615.79,"end":8616.35},{"text":"whether","start":8616.35,"end":8616.75},{"text":"doctrine","start":8616.91,"end":8617.39},{"text":"of","start":8617.39,"end":8617.63},{"text":"res","start":8617.91,"end":8618.19},{"text":"judicata","start":8618.19,"end":8618.95},{"text":"applies.","start":8618.99,"end":8619.87}]},{"text":"Under traditional understanding of res judicata, which requires identity of the dispute, the claims, and parties, the doctrine would not apply as the parties are different.","start":8620.91,"end":8633.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":8620.91,"end":8621.15},{"text":"traditional","start":8621.15,"end":8621.75},{"text":"understanding","start":8621.75,"end":8622.35},{"text":"of","start":8622.35,"end":8622.51},{"text":"res","start":8622.51,"end":8622.75},{"text":"judicata,","start":8622.83,"end":8623.63},{"text":"which","start":8624.19,"end":8624.51},{"text":"requires","start":8624.51,"end":8625.07},{"text":"identity","start":8625.07,"end":8625.95},{"text":"of","start":8625.95,"end":8626.11},{"text":"the","start":8626.11,"end":8626.27},{"text":"dispute,","start":8626.35,"end":8627.07},{"text":"the","start":8627.47,"end":8627.59},{"text":"claims,","start":8627.63,"end":8628.43},{"text":"and","start":8628.59,"end":8628.79},{"text":"parties,","start":8628.79,"end":8629.47},{"text":"the","start":8630.03,"end":8630.15},{"text":"doctrine","start":8630.15,"end":8630.59},{"text":"would","start":8630.59,"end":8630.75},{"text":"not","start":8630.75,"end":8631.07},{"text":"apply","start":8631.07,"end":8631.63},{"text":"as","start":8632.39,"end":8632.47},{"text":"the","start":8632.47,"end":8632.55},{"text":"parties","start":8632.55,"end":8632.91},{"text":"are","start":8632.91,"end":8632.99},{"text":"different.","start":8632.99,"end":8633.55}]},{"text":"Yet, purely mechanical application of this principle would imply that breaches of obligations erga omnes could generate an unlimited number of proceedings.","start":8634.75,"end":8645.95,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Yet,","start":8634.75,"end":8635.23},{"text":"purely","start":8635.47,"end":8635.87},{"text":"mechanical","start":8635.87,"end":8636.39},{"text":"application","start":8636.39,"end":8637.03},{"text":"of","start":8637.03,"end":8637.15},{"text":"this","start":8637.15,"end":8637.31},{"text":"principle","start":8637.31,"end":8637.95},{"text":"would","start":8638.51,"end":8638.91},{"text":"imply","start":8639.15,"end":8639.63},{"text":"that","start":8639.63,"end":8639.95},{"text":"breaches","start":8639.95,"end":8640.51},{"text":"of","start":8640.51,"end":8640.67},{"text":"obligations","start":8641.03,"end":8641.63},{"text":"erga","start":8641.63,"end":8641.79},{"text":"omnes","start":8641.79,"end":8642.27},{"text":"could","start":8642.27,"end":8642.63},{"text":"generate","start":8642.75,"end":8643.39},{"text":"an","start":8643.59,"end":8643.79},{"text":"unlimited","start":8643.79,"end":8644.51},{"text":"number","start":8644.59,"end":8645.03},{"text":"of","start":8645.03,"end":8645.11},{"text":"proceedings.","start":8645.15,"end":8645.95}]},{"text":"Perhaps rules regarding the abuse of rights could resolve the problem.","start":8646.91,"end":8651.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Perhaps","start":8646.91,"end":8647.43},{"text":"rules","start":8647.51,"end":8647.91},{"text":"regarding","start":8647.91,"end":8648.39},{"text":"the","start":8648.39,"end":8648.51},{"text":"abuse","start":8648.71,"end":8649.11},{"text":"of","start":8649.11,"end":8649.27},{"text":"rights","start":8649.35,"end":8649.83},{"text":"could","start":8649.99,"end":8650.23},{"text":"resolve","start":8650.39,"end":8650.75},{"text":"the","start":8650.75,"end":8650.83},{"text":"problem.","start":8650.87,"end":8651.27}]},{"text":"Where the claims differ, res judicata would apparently not apply.","start":8652.47,"end":8657.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Where","start":8652.47,"end":8652.71},{"text":"the","start":8652.71,"end":8652.83},{"text":"claims","start":8652.83,"end":8653.27},{"text":"differ,","start":8653.27,"end":8653.91},{"text":"res","start":8654.59,"end":8654.91},{"text":"judicata","start":8654.91,"end":8655.59},{"text":"would","start":8655.59,"end":8655.83},{"text":"apparently","start":8655.83,"end":8656.31},{"text":"not","start":8656.31,"end":8656.55},{"text":"apply.","start":8656.55,"end":8657.03}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, another issue then arises.","start":8658.15,"end":8660.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":8658.15,"end":8658.87},{"text":"another","start":8659.03,"end":8659.39},{"text":"issue","start":8659.39,"end":8659.75},{"text":"then","start":8659.75,"end":8660.07},{"text":"arises.","start":8660.07,"end":8660.79}]},{"text":"If the initial applicant state is satisfied merely with cessation of the wrongful conduct, whether the subsequent applicant state may seek additional remedies, including compensation.","start":8661.91,"end":8676.55,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":8661.91,"end":8662.31},{"text":"the","start":8662.63,"end":8662.75},{"text":"initial","start":8662.75,"end":8663.11},{"text":"applicant","start":8663.15,"end":8663.67},{"text":"state","start":8663.67,"end":8664.07},{"text":"is","start":8664.07,"end":8664.31},{"text":"satisfied","start":8664.31,"end":8665.11},{"text":"merely","start":8665.11,"end":8665.63},{"text":"with","start":8665.63,"end":8665.79},{"text":"cessation","start":8666.47,"end":8667.03},{"text":"of","start":8667.11,"end":8667.23},{"text":"the","start":8667.23,"end":8667.35},{"text":"wrongful","start":8667.35,"end":8667.75},{"text":"conduct,","start":8668.23,"end":8668.79},{"text":"whether","start":8669.23,"end":8669.59},{"text":"the","start":8669.59,"end":8669.67},{"text":"subsequent","start":8669.67,"end":8670.31},{"text":"applicant","start":8670.47,"end":8671.03},{"text":"state","start":8671.03,"end":8671.43},{"text":"may","start":8671.91,"end":8672.23},{"text":"seek","start":8672.23,"end":8672.71},{"text":"additional","start":8672.71,"end":8673.19},{"text":"remedies,","start":8673.19,"end":8673.91},{"text":"including","start":8674.15,"end":8674.79},{"text":"compensation.","start":8675.67,"end":8676.55}]},{"text":"According to the traditionally understood res judicata doctrine, this should be possible.","start":8677.75,"end":8683.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"According","start":8677.75,"end":8678.23},{"text":"to","start":8678.23,"end":8678.43},{"text":"the","start":8678.43,"end":8678.63},{"text":"traditionally","start":8678.63,"end":8679.27},{"text":"understood","start":8679.27,"end":8679.75},{"text":"res","start":8680.47,"end":8680.87},{"text":"judicata","start":8680.87,"end":8681.51},{"text":"doctrine,","start":8681.51,"end":8682.07},{"text":"this","start":8682.47,"end":8682.75},{"text":"should","start":8682.75,"end":8682.95},{"text":"be","start":8682.95,"end":8683.11},{"text":"possible.","start":8683.11,"end":8683.67}]},{"text":"In this context, it may also be necessary to consider the possibility that initial applicant state may collude with the responsible state and deliberately pursue only limited claims.","start":8685.11,"end":8698.23,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. 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Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":8727.71,"end":8728.11},{"text":"the","start":8728.19,"end":8728.39},{"text":"perspective","start":8729.03,"end":8729.67},{"text":"of","start":8729.67,"end":8729.79},{"text":"the","start":8729.79,"end":8729.87},{"text":"concept","start":8729.87,"end":8730.39},{"text":"of","start":8730.39,"end":8730.51},{"text":"obligation","start":8730.59,"end":8731.15},{"text":"erga","start":8731.23,"end":8731.43},{"text":"omnes,","start":8731.43,"end":8731.95},{"text":"the","start":8732.19,"end":8732.31},{"text":"answer","start":8732.31,"end":8732.59},{"text":"would","start":8732.59,"end":8732.83},{"text":"be","start":8732.83,"end":8733.15},{"text":"affirmative.","start":8733.15,"end":8733.87}]},{"text":"Yet, an additional question that may arise would be whether non-injured state can continue to invoke responsibility even after the injured state has reached a settlement with the responsible state.","start":8735.27,"end":8748.95,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Yet,","start":8735.27,"end":8735.67},{"text":"an","start":8735.99,"end":8736.15},{"text":"additional","start":8736.23,"end":8736.71},{"text":"question","start":8736.71,"end":8737.35},{"text":"that","start":8737.67,"end":8737.91},{"text":"may","start":8737.91,"end":8738.07},{"text":"arise","start":8738.07,"end":8738.47},{"text":"would","start":8738.47,"end":8738.67},{"text":"be","start":8738.67,"end":8738.95},{"text":"whether","start":8739.03,"end":8739.59},{"text":"non-injured","start":8739.59,"end":8740.23},{"text":"state","start":8740.23,"end":8740.63},{"text":"can","start":8740.63,"end":8740.95},{"text":"continue","start":8740.95,"end":8741.55},{"text":"to","start":8741.55,"end":8741.63},{"text":"invoke","start":8741.63,"end":8741.99},{"text":"responsibility","start":8741.99,"end":8742.95},{"text":"even","start":8743.27,"end":8743.83},{"text":"after","start":8743.99,"end":8744.31},{"text":"the","start":8744.31,"end":8744.39},{"text":"injured","start":8744.39,"end":8744.67},{"text":"state","start":8744.67,"end":8745.03},{"text":"has","start":8745.03,"end":8745.43},{"text":"reached","start":8745.43,"end":8745.91},{"text":"a","start":8746.07,"end":8746.15},{"text":"settlement","start":8746.15,"end":8746.87},{"text":"with","start":8747.43,"end":8747.59},{"text":"the","start":8747.83,"end":8747.95},{"text":"responsible","start":8747.95,"end":8748.47},{"text":"state.","start":8748.47,"end":8748.95}]},{"text":"Probably the answer to this question is also in the affirmative, because non-injured state is invoking responsibility on behalf of the international community as a whole.","start":8750.15,"end":8760.31,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Probably","start":8750.15,"end":8750.71},{"text":"the","start":8750.71,"end":8750.83},{"text":"answer","start":8750.83,"end":8751.15},{"text":"to","start":8751.15,"end":8751.27},{"text":"this","start":8751.27,"end":8751.51},{"text":"question","start":8751.51,"end":8751.83},{"text":"is","start":8751.83,"end":8751.99},{"text":"also","start":8751.99,"end":8752.47},{"text":"in","start":8752.87,"end":8753.03},{"text":"the","start":8753.03,"end":8753.15},{"text":"affirmative,","start":8753.15,"end":8753.75},{"text":"because","start":8753.75,"end":8754.23},{"text":"non-injured","start":8754.79,"end":8755.27},{"text":"state","start":8755.27,"end":8755.59},{"text":"is","start":8755.59,"end":8755.83},{"text":"invoking","start":8755.83,"end":8756.35},{"text":"responsibility","start":8756.35,"end":8757.19},{"text":"on","start":8757.35,"end":8757.43},{"text":"behalf","start":8757.43,"end":8757.99},{"text":"of","start":8758.43,"end":8758.63},{"text":"the","start":8758.87,"end":8758.95},{"text":"international","start":8758.95,"end":8759.47},{"text":"community","start":8759.47,"end":8759.83},{"text":"as","start":8759.83,"end":8759.91},{"text":"a","start":8759.91,"end":8759.95},{"text":"whole.","start":8759.95,"end":8760.31}]},{"text":"A related and even more serious issue concerns the situation in which the injured state waives its claims altogether.","start":8761.67,"end":8771.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":8761.67,"end":8761.75},{"text":"related","start":8761.75,"end":8762.31},{"text":"and","start":8762.79,"end":8763.07},{"text":"even","start":8763.27,"end":8763.59},{"text":"more","start":8763.59,"end":8763.83},{"text":"serious","start":8763.83,"end":8764.23},{"text":"issue","start":8764.23,"end":8764.63},{"text":"concerns","start":8764.71,"end":8765.31},{"text":"the","start":8766.15,"end":8766.31},{"text":"situation","start":8766.31,"end":8766.95},{"text":"in","start":8767.27,"end":8767.39},{"text":"which","start":8767.39,"end":8767.63},{"text":"the","start":8767.63,"end":8767.71},{"text":"injured","start":8767.75,"end":8768.07},{"text":"state","start":8768.07,"end":8768.55},{"text":"waives","start":8768.55,"end":8769.27},{"text":"its","start":8769.99,"end":8770.23},{"text":"claims","start":8770.23,"end":8770.71},{"text":"altogether.","start":8770.71,"end":8771.43}]},{"text":"The question is whether the non-injured state would still be entitled to invoke responsibility in that case.","start":8772.55,"end":8778.79,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8772.55,"end":8772.67},{"text":"question","start":8772.67,"end":8773.03},{"text":"is","start":8773.03,"end":8773.19},{"text":"whether","start":8773.19,"end":8773.59},{"text":"the","start":8773.59,"end":8773.67},{"text":"non-injured","start":8773.67,"end":8774.15},{"text":"state","start":8774.15,"end":8774.55},{"text":"would","start":8774.55,"end":8774.79},{"text":"still","start":8774.79,"end":8775.19},{"text":"be","start":8775.19,"end":8775.51},{"text":"entitled","start":8775.75,"end":8776.47},{"text":"to","start":8776.47,"end":8776.63},{"text":"invoke","start":8776.71,"end":8777.19},{"text":"responsibility","start":8777.19,"end":8777.99},{"text":"in","start":8777.99,"end":8778.07},{"text":"that","start":8778.07,"end":8778.31},{"text":"case.","start":8778.31,"end":8778.79}]},{"text":"This raises a broader question whether the wishes or positions of injured states can affect the independent right of non-injured states to invoke responsibility for breaches of obligations erga omnes.","start":8780.39,"end":8793.95,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8780.39,"end":8780.71},{"text":"raises","start":8780.71,"end":8781.19},{"text":"a","start":8781.19,"end":8781.23},{"text":"broader","start":8781.23,"end":8781.75},{"text":"question","start":8781.75,"end":8782.19},{"text":"whether","start":8782.19,"end":8782.55},{"text":"the","start":8783.19,"end":8783.35},{"text":"wishes","start":8783.35,"end":8783.91},{"text":"or","start":8783.91,"end":8783.99},{"text":"positions","start":8783.99,"end":8784.63},{"text":"of","start":8784.63,"end":8784.87},{"text":"injured","start":8784.95,"end":8785.31},{"text":"states","start":8785.31,"end":8785.75},{"text":"can","start":8785.75,"end":8786.07},{"text":"affect","start":8786.11,"end":8786.71},{"text":"the","start":8787.07,"end":8787.19},{"text":"independent","start":8787.19,"end":8788.03},{"text":"right","start":8788.03,"end":8788.43},{"text":"of","start":8788.43,"end":8788.59},{"text":"non-injured","start":8788.75,"end":8789.39},{"text":"states","start":8789.39,"end":8789.87},{"text":"to","start":8789.95,"end":8790.07},{"text":"invoke","start":8790.07,"end":8790.43},{"text":"responsibility","start":8790.43,"end":8791.23},{"text":"for","start":8791.47,"end":8791.63},{"text":"breaches","start":8791.63,"end":8792.11},{"text":"of","start":8792.11,"end":8792.19},{"text":"obligations","start":8792.51,"end":8793.15},{"text":"erga","start":8793.15,"end":8793.31},{"text":"omnes.","start":8793.31,"end":8793.95}]},{"text":"The ICJ judgment in the Gambia versus Namibia case suggests that the answer to this question should be that non-injured states' rights would not be affected.","start":8794.83,"end":8806.35,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. 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Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8807.39,"end":8807.55},{"text":"this","start":8807.55,"end":8807.71},{"text":"respect,","start":8807.71,"end":8808.11},{"text":"it","start":8808.19,"end":8808.31},{"text":"is","start":8808.31,"end":8808.43},{"text":"necessary","start":8808.43,"end":8808.99},{"text":"to","start":8808.99,"end":8809.11},{"text":"consider","start":8809.23,"end":8809.71},{"text":"the","start":8809.71,"end":8809.87},{"text":"question","start":8809.87,"end":8810.19},{"text":"of","start":8810.19,"end":8810.27},{"text":"relationship","start":8810.43,"end":8811.15},{"text":"with","start":8811.15,"end":8811.27},{"text":"Article","start":8811.79,"end":8812.19},{"text":"45","start":8812.19,"end":8813.07},{"text":"of","start":8813.07,"end":8813.31},{"text":"ASIBA,","start":8813.31,"end":8813.99},{"text":"which","start":8814.55,"end":8814.83},{"text":"provides","start":8814.83,"end":8815.39},{"text":"that","start":8815.39,"end":8815.71},{"text":"and","start":8816.11,"end":8816.23},{"text":"in","start":8816.23,"end":8816.31},{"text":"that","start":8816.31,"end":8816.47},{"text":"state","start":8816.47,"end":8816.87},{"text":"may","start":8816.87,"end":8817.19},{"text":"lose","start":8817.39,"end":8817.99},{"text":"the","start":8818.39,"end":8818.51},{"text":"right","start":8818.51,"end":8818.83},{"text":"to","start":8818.83,"end":8818.91},{"text":"invoke","start":8818.91,"end":8819.27},{"text":"responsibility","start":8819.27,"end":8820.23},{"text":"through","start":8820.47,"end":8820.71},{"text":"waiver","start":8820.71,"end":8821.23},{"text":"or","start":8821.27,"end":8821.63},{"text":"acquiescence","start":8821.63,"end":8822.23},{"text":"in","start":8822.23,"end":8822.47},{"text":"the","start":8822.47,"end":8822.63},{"text":"lapse","start":8822.71,"end":8823.19},{"text":"of","start":8823.23,"end":8823.31},{"text":"claims.","start":8823.31,"end":8823.91}]},{"text":"It remains to be examined whether this provision should also apply where the breach implicates the interests of the international community as a whole, such as pre-emptive norms or obligation erga omnes.","start":8825.51,"end":8839.03,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. Discussions addressed non-injured states’ rights to invoke responsibility, seek remedies, and potentially take collective-interest countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8825.51,"end":8825.75},{"text":"remains","start":8825.75,"end":8826.23},{"text":"to","start":8826.23,"end":8826.39},{"text":"be","start":8826.39,"end":8826.51},{"text":"examined","start":8826.51,"end":8826.99},{"text":"whether","start":8826.99,"end":8827.43},{"text":"this","start":8827.51,"end":8827.83},{"text":"provision","start":8828.31,"end":8828.79},{"text":"should","start":8828.79,"end":8829.03},{"text":"also","start":8829.03,"end":8829.39},{"text":"apply","start":8829.39,"end":8829.91},{"text":"where","start":8830.31,"end":8830.71},{"text":"the","start":8830.71,"end":8830.79},{"text":"breach","start":8830.79,"end":8831.43},{"text":"implicates","start":8831.43,"end":8832.23},{"text":"the","start":8832.39,"end":8832.51},{"text":"interests","start":8832.51,"end":8832.95},{"text":"of","start":8832.95,"end":8833.11},{"text":"the","start":8833.11,"end":8833.19},{"text":"international","start":8833.19,"end":8833.67},{"text":"community","start":8833.67,"end":8834.19},{"text":"as","start":8834.19,"end":8834.31},{"text":"a","start":8834.31,"end":8834.39},{"text":"whole,","start":8834.39,"end":8834.79},{"text":"such","start":8835.35,"end":8835.55},{"text":"as","start":8835.59,"end":8835.75},{"text":"pre-emptive","start":8835.75,"end":8836.23},{"text":"norms","start":8836.23,"end":8836.63},{"text":"or","start":8837.11,"end":8837.47},{"text":"obligation","start":8837.47,"end":8837.91},{"text":"erga","start":8838.31,"end":8838.51},{"text":"omnes.","start":8838.51,"end":8839.03}]},{"text":"An additional point to be considered is that where consent has been given in advance, one might argue that no wrongful act arises at all, and as a consequence, there would be no question of international responsibility.","start":8841.87,"end":8859.31,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. 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do think that the topic of erga omnes obligations really complements very well also the work of the ILC on the question of peremptory norms of general international law on jus cogens obligations, and I think we all hope from your topic and from your report a clarification of the legal consequences of breaches of erga omnes.","start":8978.31,"end":9005.67,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. 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I should stop to speak, because now I would like to open the floor.","start":9006.31,"end":9012.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":9006.31,"end":9006.55},{"text":"I","start":9006.55,"end":9006.63},{"text":"should","start":9006.63,"end":9006.87},{"text":"stop","start":9007.59,"end":9008.31},{"text":"to","start":9008.87,"end":9009.03},{"text":"speak,","start":9009.03,"end":9009.59},{"text":"because","start":9009.59,"end":9009.99},{"text":"now","start":9009.99,"end":9010.31},{"text":"I","start":9010.71,"end":9010.79},{"text":"would","start":9010.79,"end":9010.95},{"text":"like","start":9010.95,"end":9011.19},{"text":"to","start":9011.19,"end":9011.51},{"text":"open","start":9011.67,"end":9012.07},{"text":"the","start":9012.23,"end":9012.39},{"text":"floor.","start":9012.39,"end":9012.67}]},{"text":"We have three very interesting 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colleagues.","start":9042.71,"end":9047.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9042.71,"end":9042.95},{"text":"you","start":9042.95,"end":9043.07},{"text":"very","start":9043.07,"end":9043.27},{"text":"much,","start":9043.27,"end":9043.75},{"text":"Excellencies","start":9044.31,"end":9045.19},{"text":"and","start":9045.35,"end":9045.67},{"text":"dear","start":9045.75,"end":9046.31},{"text":"colleagues.","start":9046.31,"end":9047.03}]},{"text":"First of all, let me thank Austria very much for organizing this year's interactive dialogue between the Sixth Committee and the 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a big thank you to the three members of the ILC participating here today.","start":9057.39,"end":9064.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9057.39,"end":9057.95},{"text":"a","start":9058.11,"end":9058.27},{"text":"big","start":9058.27,"end":9058.51},{"text":"thank","start":9058.51,"end":9058.83},{"text":"you","start":9058.83,"end":9058.99},{"text":"to","start":9058.99,"end":9059.27},{"text":"the","start":9060.03,"end":9060.19},{"text":"three","start":9060.19,"end":9060.59},{"text":"members","start":9060.59,"end":9061.15},{"text":"of","start":9061.27,"end":9061.47},{"text":"the","start":9061.47,"end":9061.67},{"text":"ILC","start":9061.67,"end":9062.27},{"text":"participating","start":9062.27,"end":9063.15},{"text":"here","start":9063.15,"end":9063.47},{"text":"today.","start":9063.47,"end":9064.03}]},{"text":"It is very appreciated, Professor Diallo, Professor Reinisch, and Professor Asada.","start":9064.91,"end":9069.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9064.91,"end":9065.15},{"text":"is","start":9065.15,"end":9065.31},{"text":"very","start":9065.31,"end":9065.63},{"text":"appreciated,","start":9065.63,"end":9066.51},{"text":"Professor","start":9066.71,"end":9067.15},{"text":"Diallo,","start":9067.15,"end":9067.55},{"text":"Professor","start":9067.55,"end":9068.03},{"text":"Reinisch,","start":9068.03,"end":9068.39},{"text":"and","start":9068.39,"end":9068.51},{"text":"Professor","start":9068.51,"end":9068.95},{"text":"Asada.","start":9068.95,"end":9069.55}]},{"text":"Thank you also for your very interesting presentations.","start":9070.67,"end":9074.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9070.67,"end":9070.99},{"text":"you","start":9070.99,"end":9071.11},{"text":"also","start":9071.11,"end":9071.39},{"text":"for","start":9071.39,"end":9071.63},{"text":"your","start":9071.63,"end":9072.03},{"text":"very","start":9072.11,"end":9072.59},{"text":"interesting","start":9073.23,"end":9073.63},{"text":"presentations.","start":9073.63,"end":9074.43}]},{"text":"First of all, I'd just like to express the appreciation of my government to the work of the International Law 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completion.","start":9082.63,"end":9092.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sweden","start":9082.63,"end":9083.19},{"text":"was","start":9083.27,"end":9083.51},{"text":"happy","start":9083.51,"end":9083.75},{"text":"that","start":9083.75,"end":9083.95},{"text":"the","start":9083.95,"end":9084.03},{"text":"ILC","start":9084.07,"end":9084.47},{"text":"was","start":9084.47,"end":9084.63},{"text":"able","start":9084.63,"end":9084.87},{"text":"to","start":9084.87,"end":9085.03},{"text":"meet","start":9085.03,"end":9085.35},{"text":"for","start":9085.35,"end":9085.75},{"text":"an","start":9085.79,"end":9085.99},{"text":"11-week","start":9086.03,"end":9087.03},{"text":"session","start":9087.59,"end":9088.07},{"text":"this","start":9088.07,"end":9088.31},{"text":"year","start":9088.31,"end":9088.71},{"text":"and","start":9089.11,"end":9089.59},{"text":"also","start":9089.83,"end":9090.31},{"text":"to","start":9090.31,"end":9090.47},{"text":"bring","start":9090.47,"end":9090.87},{"text":"several","start":9090.87,"end":9091.51},{"text":"topics","start":9091.51,"end":9092.03},{"text":"to","start":9092.03,"end":9092.19},{"text":"completion.","start":9092.19,"end":9092.95}]},{"text":"So that said, let me just jump into a couple questions for Professor Jalloh on subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law.","start":9092.95,"end":9104.79,"topics":[{"key":"subsidiary-legal-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Participants examined how judicial decisions, scholarship, expert-body outputs, and international resolutions assist in determining international law without independently creating it. 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I also share some of those questions.","start":9560.11,"end":9562.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9560.11,"end":9560.35},{"text":"I","start":9560.35,"end":9560.51},{"text":"also","start":9560.75,"end":9561.03},{"text":"share","start":9561.03,"end":9561.31},{"text":"some","start":9561.31,"end":9561.51},{"text":"of","start":9561.51,"end":9561.59},{"text":"those","start":9561.59,"end":9561.79},{"text":"questions.","start":9561.79,"end":9562.35}]},{"text":"You have no doubt been following the discussions in the framework of the Sixth Committee regarding the products of the Sixth Committee, also discussions within the topic of the agenda on the rule of law and the specific emphasis between the relationship between the Sixth Committee and the 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seems that there's some confusion regarding jus cogens and erga omnes obligations.","start":9606.99,"end":9613.23,"topics":[{"key":"erga-omnes-obligations","label":"Erga Omnes Obligations","description":"Speakers considered the identification and legal consequences of obligations owed to the international community, including their relationship with peremptory norms. 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on this point also, How can we, Member States, make practical use of the products that you are offering 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from our perspective, this is a topic that once it reaches the Sixth Committee, that is how the discussion is 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of the European Union has asked for the floor.","start":9706.67,"end":9710.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9706.67,"end":9706.75},{"text":"do","start":9706.75,"end":9706.91},{"text":"see","start":9706.91,"end":9707.23},{"text":"that","start":9707.23,"end":9707.55},{"text":"the","start":9707.87,"end":9707.95},{"text":"representative","start":9707.95,"end":9708.71},{"text":"of","start":9708.71,"end":9708.83},{"text":"the","start":9708.83,"end":9708.91},{"text":"European","start":9708.91,"end":9709.35},{"text":"Union","start":9709.35,"end":9709.79},{"text":"has","start":9709.79,"end":9710.03},{"text":"asked","start":9710.03,"end":9710.27},{"text":"for","start":9710.27,"end":9710.39},{"text":"the","start":9710.39,"end":9710.51},{"text":"floor.","start":9710.51,"end":9710.83}]},{"text":"I will immediately give you the floor in the second round of questions.","start":9711.63,"end":9716.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9711.63,"end":9711.71},{"text":"will","start":9711.71,"end":9711.91},{"text":"immediately","start":9711.91,"end":9712.43},{"text":"give","start":9712.43,"end":9712.67},{"text":"you","start":9712.67,"end":9712.91},{"text":"the","start":9713.23,"end":9713.31},{"text":"floor","start":9713.31,"end":9713.63},{"text":"in","start":9713.63,"end":9714.27},{"text":"the","start":9714.27,"end":9714.35},{"text":"second","start":9714.35,"end":9714.59},{"text":"round","start":9714.59,"end":9715.07},{"text":"of","start":9715.11,"end":9715.51},{"text":"questions.","start":9715.51,"end":9716.27}]},{"text":"I think we have already collected quite a number of questions.","start":9716.99,"end":9721.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9716.99,"end":9717.07},{"text":"think","start":9717.07,"end":9717.31},{"text":"we","start":9717.31,"end":9717.43},{"text":"have","start":9717.43,"end":9717.63},{"text":"already","start":9717.63,"end":9718.03},{"text":"collected","start":9718.03,"end":9718.99},{"text":"quite","start":9718.99,"end":9719.31},{"text":"a","start":9719.31,"end":9719.39},{"text":"number","start":9719.39,"end":9719.87},{"text":"of","start":9720.63,"end":9720.75},{"text":"questions.","start":9720.75,"end":9721.63}]},{"text":"Professor Ciallo, as the first question coming from the floor was directed towards you, may I give you the floor for an 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Ciallo, please.","start":9731.63,"end":9732.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Professor","start":9731.63,"end":9731.99},{"text":"Ciallo,","start":9731.99,"end":9732.19},{"text":"please.","start":9732.19,"end":9732.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"AUT","group":null,"function":"Ambassador; Moderator","affiliation_full":"Austria"}},{"statement_number":36,"start":9754.29,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/31?lang=en&t=2:42:35","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Okay, very well.","start":9754.29,"end":9754.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Okay,","start":9754.29,"end":9754.45},{"text":"very","start":9754.57,"end":9754.73},{"text":"well.","start":9754.73,"end":9754.97}]},{"text":"Thank you very much to the distinguished delegates that have participated in the dialogue so 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