{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. 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doctor agreed and scheduled a follow-up appointment to discuss their decision.","start":972.23,"end":974.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":972.23,"end":972.31},{"text":"doctor","start":972.31,"end":972.55},{"text":"agreed","start":972.55,"end":972.75},{"text":"and","start":972.75,"end":972.87},{"text":"scheduled","start":972.87,"end":973.15},{"text":"a","start":973.15,"end":973.19},{"text":"follow-up","start":973.19,"end":973.43},{"text":"appointment","start":973.43,"end":973.79},{"text":"to","start":973.79,"end":973.87},{"text":"discuss","start":973.87,"end":974.11},{"text":"their","start":974.11,"end":974.23},{"text":"decision.","start":974.23,"end":974.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":4,"start":1360.71,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=22:41","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good afternoon, dear 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will now continue the debate on the third cluster of topics under agenda item 78, report of the International Law Commission on the work of its 76th and 77th 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proceeding, I wish to recall Once again, the Bureau's recommendation that national statements should be limited to seven minutes and group statements to 12 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are strongly encouraged to keep their statements within these limits and, where possible, deliver abridged versions of their statements while providing the full statements for posting on eStatements and on the website of the Sixth Committee.","start":1397.99,"end":1414.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegations","start":1397.99,"end":1398.71},{"text":"are","start":1398.71,"end":1398.87},{"text":"strongly","start":1398.87,"end":1399.43},{"text":"encouraged","start":1399.43,"end":1400.11},{"text":"to","start":1400.39,"end":1400.55},{"text":"keep","start":1400.55,"end":1400.79},{"text":"their","start":1400.79,"end":1400.95},{"text":"statements","start":1400.95,"end":1401.51},{"text":"within","start":1401.51,"end":1401.91},{"text":"these","start":1402.23,"end":1402.55},{"text":"limits","start":1402.55,"end":1402.95},{"text":"and,","start":1402.95,"end":1403.35},{"text":"where","start":1403.55,"end":1403.83},{"text":"possible,","start":1403.83,"end":1404.47},{"text":"deliver","start":1404.79,"end":1405.35},{"text":"abridged","start":1405.67,"end":1406.15},{"text":"versions","start":1406.15,"end":1406.71},{"text":"of","start":1406.71,"end":1406.87},{"text":"their","start":1406.87,"end":1407.11},{"text":"statements","start":1407.11,"end":1407.75},{"text":"while","start":1407.99,"end":1408.39},{"text":"providing","start":1408.39,"end":1408.87},{"text":"the","start":1408.87,"end":1408.95},{"text":"full","start":1408.95,"end":1409.19},{"text":"statements","start":1409.19,"end":1409.75},{"text":"for","start":1409.75,"end":1409.99},{"text":"posting","start":1409.99,"end":1410.47},{"text":"on","start":1410.47,"end":1410.71},{"text":"eStatements","start":1411.35,"end":1412.15},{"text":"and","start":1412.15,"end":1412.51},{"text":"on","start":1412.51,"end":1412.63},{"text":"the","start":1412.63,"end":1412.75},{"text":"website","start":1412.75,"end":1413.35},{"text":"of","start":1413.35,"end":1413.43},{"text":"the","start":1413.43,"end":1413.55},{"text":"Sixth","start":1413.55,"end":1413.79},{"text":"Committee.","start":1413.79,"end":1414.15}]},{"text":"This will enable all delegations to deliver their statements within the schedule.","start":1415.23,"end":1419.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1415.23,"end":1415.55},{"text":"will","start":1415.55,"end":1415.83},{"text":"enable","start":1415.83,"end":1416.23},{"text":"all","start":1416.23,"end":1416.43},{"text":"delegations","start":1416.43,"end":1417.07},{"text":"to","start":1417.07,"end":1417.15},{"text":"deliver","start":1417.15,"end":1417.55},{"text":"their","start":1417.55,"end":1417.71},{"text":"statements","start":1417.71,"end":1418.35},{"text":"within","start":1418.51,"end":1418.99},{"text":"the","start":1418.99,"end":1419.07},{"text":"schedule.","start":1419.07,"end":1419.71}]},{"text":"The first speaker on my list for this afternoon is the distinguished representative of Ireland.","start":1420.83,"end":1428.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1420.83,"end":1421.03},{"text":"first","start":1421.03,"end":1421.27},{"text":"speaker","start":1421.27,"end":1421.67},{"text":"on","start":1421.67,"end":1421.79},{"text":"my","start":1421.79,"end":1421.87},{"text":"list","start":1421.87,"end":1422.35},{"text":"for","start":1422.35,"end":1422.51},{"text":"this","start":1422.51,"end":1422.67},{"text":"afternoon","start":1422.71,"end":1423.23},{"text":"is","start":1423.23,"end":1423.35},{"text":"the","start":1423.35,"end":1423.43},{"text":"distinguished","start":1423.43,"end":1423.95},{"text":"representative","start":1424.35,"end":1425.31},{"text":"of","start":1426.19,"end":1426.51},{"text":"Ireland.","start":1428.35,"end":1428.91}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":1432.51,"end":1433.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1432.51,"end":1432.67},{"text":"have","start":1432.67,"end":1432.79},{"text":"the","start":1432.79,"end":1432.91},{"text":"floor.","start":1432.91,"end":1433.15}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":5,"start":1434.67,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=23:55","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, thank you for the opportunity to speak on the third cluster of topics in this year's report.","start":1434.67,"end":1440.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":1434.67,"end":1435.07},{"text":"thank","start":1435.71,"end":1435.95},{"text":"you","start":1435.95,"end":1436.07},{"text":"for","start":1436.07,"end":1436.19},{"text":"the","start":1436.19,"end":1436.31},{"text":"opportunity","start":1436.31,"end":1436.91},{"text":"to","start":1436.91,"end":1437.03},{"text":"speak","start":1437.03,"end":1437.39},{"text":"on","start":1437.39,"end":1437.51},{"text":"the","start":1437.51,"end":1437.63},{"text":"third","start":1437.63,"end":1437.87},{"text":"cluster","start":1437.87,"end":1438.39},{"text":"of","start":1438.39,"end":1438.51},{"text":"topics","start":1438.51,"end":1439.07},{"text":"in","start":1439.07,"end":1439.15},{"text":"this","start":1439.15,"end":1439.39},{"text":"year's","start":1439.39,"end":1439.71},{"text":"report.","start":1439.71,"end":1440.27}]},{"text":"In the interests of time, I will not deliver my full statement, but have furnished the Secretariat with the complete text and ask that this be reproduced in the record of today's proceedings.","start":1440.95,"end":1451.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1440.95,"end":1441.07},{"text":"the","start":1441.07,"end":1441.15},{"text":"interests","start":1441.15,"end":1441.55},{"text":"of","start":1441.55,"end":1441.67},{"text":"time,","start":1441.67,"end":1442.15},{"text":"I","start":1442.31,"end":1442.43},{"text":"will","start":1442.43,"end":1442.55},{"text":"not","start":1442.55,"end":1442.79},{"text":"deliver","start":1442.79,"end":1443.11},{"text":"my","start":1443.11,"end":1443.19},{"text":"full","start":1443.19,"end":1443.51},{"text":"statement,","start":1443.51,"end":1444.07},{"text":"but","start":1444.07,"end":1444.23},{"text":"have","start":1444.23,"end":1444.39},{"text":"furnished","start":1444.39,"end":1444.91},{"text":"the","start":1444.91,"end":1444.99},{"text":"Secretariat","start":1445.03,"end":1445.83},{"text":"with","start":1445.83,"end":1446.03},{"text":"the","start":1446.03,"end":1446.15},{"text":"complete","start":1446.15,"end":1446.67},{"text":"text","start":1446.67,"end":1447.11},{"text":"and","start":1447.51,"end":1447.67},{"text":"ask","start":1447.67,"end":1447.99},{"text":"that","start":1447.99,"end":1448.11},{"text":"this","start":1448.11,"end":1448.31},{"text":"be","start":1448.31,"end":1448.47},{"text":"reproduced","start":1448.47,"end":1449.11},{"text":"in","start":1449.19,"end":1449.31},{"text":"the","start":1449.31,"end":1449.43},{"text":"record","start":1449.43,"end":1449.91},{"text":"of","start":1449.91,"end":1450.23},{"text":"today's","start":1450.23,"end":1450.71},{"text":"proceedings.","start":1450.71,"end":1451.23}]},{"text":"Ireland would like to thank the Commission for its work on the topic of non-legally binding international agreements, and in particular the Special Rapporteur, Mathias Fortoe, for preparing his third report on this very practical topic.","start":1453.59,"end":1467.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ireland","start":1453.59,"end":1453.91},{"text":"would","start":1453.91,"end":1454.07},{"text":"like","start":1454.07,"end":1454.23},{"text":"to","start":1454.23,"end":1454.35},{"text":"thank","start":1454.35,"end":1454.67},{"text":"the","start":1454.67,"end":1454.75},{"text":"Commission","start":1454.75,"end":1455.27},{"text":"for","start":1455.27,"end":1455.47},{"text":"its","start":1455.47,"end":1455.67},{"text":"work","start":1455.67,"end":1456.15},{"text":"on","start":1456.23,"end":1456.55},{"text":"the","start":1456.63,"end":1456.79},{"text":"topic","start":1456.79,"end":1457.27},{"text":"of","start":1457.27,"end":1457.51},{"text":"non-legally","start":1457.51,"end":1458.31},{"text":"binding","start":1458.31,"end":1458.67},{"text":"international","start":1458.67,"end":1459.31},{"text":"agreements,","start":1459.31,"end":1459.83},{"text":"and","start":1460.31,"end":1460.47},{"text":"in","start":1460.47,"end":1460.55},{"text":"particular","start":1460.55,"end":1461.19},{"text":"the","start":1461.19,"end":1461.31},{"text":"Special","start":1461.31,"end":1461.67},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":1461.67,"end":1462.47},{"text":"Mathias","start":1462.79,"end":1463.27},{"text":"Fortoe,","start":1463.27,"end":1463.91},{"text":"for","start":1464.15,"end":1464.31},{"text":"preparing","start":1464.31,"end":1464.87},{"text":"his","start":1464.87,"end":1465.03},{"text":"third","start":1465.03,"end":1465.35},{"text":"report","start":1465.35,"end":1465.83},{"text":"on","start":1465.83,"end":1465.99},{"text":"this","start":1465.99,"end":1466.23},{"text":"very","start":1466.23,"end":1466.55},{"text":"practical","start":1466.55,"end":1467.19},{"text":"topic.","start":1467.19,"end":1467.67}]},{"text":"Ireland wishes to take this opportunity to reiterate the point we have made in previous statements regarding the title of this topic.","start":1469.31,"end":1476.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ireland","start":1469.31,"end":1469.63},{"text":"wishes","start":1469.63,"end":1469.95},{"text":"to","start":1469.95,"end":1470.03},{"text":"take","start":1470.03,"end":1470.27},{"text":"this","start":1470.27,"end":1470.51},{"text":"opportunity","start":1470.51,"end":1471.07},{"text":"to","start":1471.07,"end":1471.27},{"text":"reiterate","start":1471.27,"end":1471.79},{"text":"the","start":1471.79,"end":1471.95},{"text":"point","start":1471.95,"end":1472.43},{"text":"we","start":1472.43,"end":1472.51},{"text":"have","start":1472.51,"end":1472.67},{"text":"made","start":1472.67,"end":1472.99},{"text":"in","start":1472.99,"end":1473.23},{"text":"previous","start":1473.23,"end":1473.71},{"text":"statements","start":1473.71,"end":1474.35},{"text":"regarding","start":1474.35,"end":1474.99},{"text":"the","start":1474.99,"end":1475.07},{"text":"title","start":1475.07,"end":1475.63},{"text":"of","start":1475.63,"end":1475.79},{"text":"this","start":1475.79,"end":1476.03},{"text":"topic.","start":1476.03,"end":1476.51}]},{"text":"We remain of the view that it would be preferable for the Commission to examine non-legally binding instruments, or non-legally binding international instruments, rather than non-legally binding international agreements, since the term \"international agreement\" is widely understood to refer to an agreement that is legally binding in international law.","start":1477.63,"end":1497.27,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1477.63,"end":1477.79},{"text":"remain","start":1477.79,"end":1478.19},{"text":"of","start":1478.19,"end":1478.27},{"text":"the","start":1478.27,"end":1478.35},{"text":"view","start":1478.35,"end":1478.67},{"text":"that","start":1478.67,"end":1478.83},{"text":"it","start":1478.83,"end":1478.99},{"text":"would","start":1478.99,"end":1479.15},{"text":"be","start":1479.15,"end":1479.31},{"text":"preferable","start":1479.31,"end":1479.95},{"text":"for","start":1479.95,"end":1480.11},{"text":"the","start":1480.11,"end":1480.19},{"text":"Commission","start":1480.19,"end":1480.67},{"text":"to","start":1480.67,"end":1480.79},{"text":"examine","start":1480.79,"end":1481.39},{"text":"non-legally","start":1481.63,"end":1482.35},{"text":"binding","start":1482.35,"end":1482.75},{"text":"instruments,","start":1482.83,"end":1483.55},{"text":"or","start":1483.87,"end":1484.03},{"text":"non-legally","start":1484.03,"end":1484.59},{"text":"binding","start":1484.59,"end":1484.99},{"text":"international","start":1484.99,"end":1485.71},{"text":"instruments,","start":1485.71,"end":1486.43},{"text":"rather","start":1486.51,"end":1486.87},{"text":"than","start":1486.87,"end":1487.07},{"text":"non-legally","start":1487.07,"end":1487.63},{"text":"binding","start":1487.63,"end":1488.03},{"text":"international","start":1488.03,"end":1488.83},{"text":"agreements,","start":1488.91,"end":1489.63},{"text":"since","start":1490.03,"end":1490.35},{"text":"the","start":1490.35,"end":1490.51},{"text":"term","start":1490.51,"end":1490.83},{"text":"\"international","start":1490.83,"end":1491.47},{"text":"agreement\"","start":1491.47,"end":1492.11},{"text":"is","start":1492.43,"end":1492.59},{"text":"widely","start":1492.59,"end":1492.99},{"text":"understood","start":1492.99,"end":1493.51},{"text":"to","start":1493.51,"end":1493.75},{"text":"refer","start":1493.75,"end":1494.11},{"text":"to","start":1494.11,"end":1494.23},{"text":"an","start":1494.23,"end":1494.35},{"text":"agreement","start":1494.35,"end":1494.91},{"text":"that","start":1494.91,"end":1495.07},{"text":"is","start":1495.07,"end":1495.15},{"text":"legally","start":1495.15,"end":1495.55},{"text":"binding","start":1495.55,"end":1496.03},{"text":"in","start":1496.19,"end":1496.31},{"text":"international","start":1496.31,"end":1497.19},{"text":"law.","start":1497.19,"end":1497.27}]},{"text":"This is not, as paragraph 30 of the commentary to draft conclusion 3 puts it, because there is seen to be a contradiction in using the terms \"agreement\" and \"non-legally binding\" together.","start":1498.47,"end":1510.23,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1498.47,"end":1498.63},{"text":"is","start":1498.63,"end":1498.75},{"text":"not,","start":1498.75,"end":1499.11},{"text":"as","start":1499.19,"end":1499.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":1499.35,"end":1499.91},{"text":"30","start":1499.91,"end":1500.39},{"text":"of","start":1500.43,"end":1500.55},{"text":"the","start":1500.55,"end":1500.63},{"text":"commentary","start":1500.63,"end":1501.19},{"text":"to","start":1501.19,"end":1501.31},{"text":"draft","start":1501.31,"end":1501.67},{"text":"conclusion","start":1501.67,"end":1502.23},{"text":"3","start":1502.23,"end":1502.55},{"text":"puts","start":1502.55,"end":1502.91},{"text":"it,","start":1502.91,"end":1503.11},{"text":"because","start":1503.59,"end":1503.91},{"text":"there","start":1503.91,"end":1504.19},{"text":"is","start":1504.19,"end":1504.27},{"text":"seen","start":1504.27,"end":1504.55},{"text":"to","start":1504.55,"end":1504.67},{"text":"be","start":1504.67,"end":1504.83},{"text":"a","start":1504.83,"end":1504.87},{"text":"contradiction","start":1504.87,"end":1505.75},{"text":"in","start":1505.75,"end":1505.91},{"text":"using","start":1505.91,"end":1506.19},{"text":"the","start":1506.19,"end":1506.27},{"text":"terms","start":1506.27,"end":1506.79},{"text":"\"agreement\"","start":1506.79,"end":1507.51},{"text":"and","start":1508.03,"end":1508.23},{"text":"\"non-legally","start":1508.31,"end":1509.03},{"text":"binding\"","start":1509.03,"end":1509.51},{"text":"together.","start":1509.51,"end":1510.23}]},{"text":"The contradiction, in our view, is in using the terms \"international agreement\" and \"non-legally binding\" together.","start":1510.87,"end":1517.59,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1510.87,"end":1510.99},{"text":"contradiction,","start":1510.99,"end":1511.75},{"text":"in","start":1511.75,"end":1511.91},{"text":"our","start":1511.91,"end":1512.15},{"text":"view,","start":1512.15,"end":1512.47},{"text":"is","start":1512.47,"end":1512.63},{"text":"in","start":1512.63,"end":1512.79},{"text":"using","start":1512.79,"end":1513.11},{"text":"the","start":1513.11,"end":1513.19},{"text":"terms","start":1513.19,"end":1513.67},{"text":"\"international","start":1513.67,"end":1514.39},{"text":"agreement\"","start":1514.39,"end":1515.11},{"text":"and","start":1515.19,"end":1515.59},{"text":"\"non-legally","start":1515.67,"end":1516.39},{"text":"binding\"","start":1516.39,"end":1516.95},{"text":"together.","start":1517.11,"end":1517.59}]},{"text":"We welcome the focus by the Special Rapporteur on the intentions of those participating in non-legally binding instruments.","start":1520.79,"end":1527.59,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1520.79,"end":1520.95},{"text":"welcome","start":1520.95,"end":1521.27},{"text":"the","start":1521.27,"end":1521.39},{"text":"focus","start":1521.39,"end":1521.91},{"text":"by","start":1521.91,"end":1522.03},{"text":"the","start":1522.03,"end":1522.11},{"text":"Special","start":1522.11,"end":1522.51},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":1522.51,"end":1523.19},{"text":"on","start":1523.51,"end":1523.63},{"text":"the","start":1523.63,"end":1523.71},{"text":"intentions","start":1523.71,"end":1524.63},{"text":"of","start":1524.63,"end":1524.79},{"text":"those","start":1524.79,"end":1524.99},{"text":"participating","start":1524.99,"end":1525.83},{"text":"in","start":1525.83,"end":1525.95},{"text":"non-legally","start":1525.95,"end":1526.55},{"text":"binding","start":1526.55,"end":1526.91},{"text":"instruments.","start":1526.91,"end":1527.59}]},{"text":"and agree that this must be the key consideration in determining whether any given instrument is legally binding.","start":1527.91,"end":1533.91,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":1527.91,"end":1528.07},{"text":"agree","start":1528.07,"end":1528.39},{"text":"that","start":1528.39,"end":1528.51},{"text":"this","start":1528.51,"end":1528.71},{"text":"must","start":1528.71,"end":1529.03},{"text":"be","start":1529.03,"end":1529.19},{"text":"the","start":1529.19,"end":1529.27},{"text":"key","start":1529.27,"end":1529.51},{"text":"consideration","start":1529.51,"end":1530.39},{"text":"in","start":1530.63,"end":1530.79},{"text":"determining","start":1530.79,"end":1531.35},{"text":"whether","start":1531.35,"end":1531.67},{"text":"any","start":1531.67,"end":1531.91},{"text":"given","start":1531.91,"end":1532.23},{"text":"instrument","start":1532.23,"end":1532.79},{"text":"is","start":1532.79,"end":1532.95},{"text":"legally","start":1532.95,"end":1533.35},{"text":"binding.","start":1533.35,"end":1533.91}]},{"text":"As regards draft conclusion 5, Arland queries the use of the word \"normally\" here.","start":1535.27,"end":1540.39,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1535.27,"end":1535.43},{"text":"regards","start":1535.43,"end":1535.79},{"text":"draft","start":1535.79,"end":1536.11},{"text":"conclusion","start":1536.11,"end":1536.63},{"text":"5,","start":1536.63,"end":1537.11},{"text":"Arland","start":1537.51,"end":1537.91},{"text":"queries","start":1537.91,"end":1538.39},{"text":"the","start":1538.39,"end":1538.51},{"text":"use","start":1538.51,"end":1538.83},{"text":"of","start":1538.83,"end":1538.95},{"text":"the","start":1538.95,"end":1539.03},{"text":"word","start":1539.03,"end":1539.35},{"text":"\"normally\"","start":1539.35,"end":1540.07},{"text":"here.","start":1540.07,"end":1540.39}]},{"text":"We appreciate that there may be circumstances in which, notwithstanding the express statement in an instrument that it is not intended to create a legally binding agreement, a blatant discrepancy emerges between the express indication in the agreement and other elements that point in a radically different direction.","start":1541.35,"end":1559.59,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1541.35,"end":1541.59},{"text":"appreciate","start":1541.59,"end":1542.23},{"text":"that","start":1542.23,"end":1542.35},{"text":"there","start":1542.35,"end":1542.51},{"text":"may","start":1542.51,"end":1542.71},{"text":"be","start":1542.71,"end":1542.83},{"text":"circumstances","start":1542.83,"end":1543.75},{"text":"in","start":1543.75,"end":1543.91},{"text":"which,","start":1543.91,"end":1544.31},{"text":"notwithstanding","start":1544.63,"end":1545.51},{"text":"the","start":1545.51,"end":1545.63},{"text":"express","start":1545.63,"end":1546.27},{"text":"statement","start":1546.27,"end":1546.79},{"text":"in","start":1546.79,"end":1546.91},{"text":"an","start":1546.91,"end":1546.99},{"text":"instrument","start":1546.99,"end":1547.75},{"text":"that","start":1547.75,"end":1547.91},{"text":"it","start":1547.91,"end":1547.99},{"text":"is","start":1547.99,"end":1548.15},{"text":"not","start":1548.15,"end":1548.47},{"text":"intended","start":1548.47,"end":1548.99},{"text":"to","start":1548.99,"end":1549.11},{"text":"create","start":1549.11,"end":1549.51},{"text":"a","start":1549.59,"end":1549.67},{"text":"legally","start":1549.67,"end":1550.07},{"text":"binding","start":1550.07,"end":1550.47},{"text":"agreement,","start":1550.47,"end":1551.11},{"text":"a","start":1551.75,"end":1551.83},{"text":"blatant","start":1551.83,"end":1552.27},{"text":"discrepancy","start":1552.27,"end":1553.03},{"text":"emerges","start":1553.03,"end":1553.51},{"text":"between","start":1553.51,"end":1553.99},{"text":"the","start":1553.99,"end":1554.07},{"text":"express","start":1554.07,"end":1554.55},{"text":"indication","start":1554.55,"end":1555.27},{"text":"in","start":1555.27,"end":1555.35},{"text":"the","start":1555.35,"end":1555.47},{"text":"agreement","start":1555.47,"end":1556.07},{"text":"and","start":1556.35,"end":1556.55},{"text":"other","start":1556.55,"end":1556.75},{"text":"elements","start":1556.75,"end":1557.19},{"text":"that","start":1557.19,"end":1557.31},{"text":"point","start":1557.31,"end":1557.67},{"text":"in","start":1557.67,"end":1557.87},{"text":"a","start":1557.87,"end":1557.91},{"text":"radically","start":1557.91,"end":1558.39},{"text":"different","start":1558.39,"end":1558.91},{"text":"direction.","start":1558.91,"end":1559.59}]},{"text":"However, we wonder whether it might be possible to draft a conclusion here of more practical assistance to states than can be achieved by use of the term 'normally'.","start":1560.55,"end":1570.15,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1560.55,"end":1561.11},{"text":"we","start":1561.35,"end":1561.55},{"text":"wonder","start":1561.55,"end":1561.87},{"text":"whether","start":1561.87,"end":1562.15},{"text":"it","start":1562.15,"end":1562.31},{"text":"might","start":1562.31,"end":1562.55},{"text":"be","start":1562.55,"end":1562.63},{"text":"possible","start":1562.63,"end":1563.19},{"text":"to","start":1563.19,"end":1563.39},{"text":"draft","start":1563.39,"end":1563.71},{"text":"a","start":1563.71,"end":1563.75},{"text":"conclusion","start":1563.75,"end":1564.39},{"text":"here","start":1564.39,"end":1564.79},{"text":"of","start":1564.79,"end":1564.87},{"text":"more","start":1564.87,"end":1565.11},{"text":"practical","start":1565.11,"end":1565.75},{"text":"assistance","start":1565.75,"end":1566.47},{"text":"to","start":1566.47,"end":1566.59},{"text":"states","start":1566.59,"end":1567.11},{"text":"than","start":1567.35,"end":1567.51},{"text":"can","start":1567.51,"end":1567.75},{"text":"be","start":1567.75,"end":1567.83},{"text":"achieved","start":1567.83,"end":1568.47},{"text":"by","start":1568.47,"end":1568.63},{"text":"use","start":1568.63,"end":1568.95},{"text":"of","start":1568.95,"end":1569.11},{"text":"the","start":1569.11,"end":1569.19},{"text":"term","start":1569.19,"end":1569.59},{"text":"'normally'.","start":1569.59,"end":1570.15}]},{"text":"We suggest, for instance, the following: The fact that an international agreement expressly indicates that it is not legally binding under international law is sufficient to identify the intention of the participants thereto, except where the other elements of the text indicate a contrary intention.","start":1570.95,"end":1590.03,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1570.95,"end":1571.15},{"text":"suggest,","start":1571.15,"end":1571.67},{"text":"for","start":1571.67,"end":1571.83},{"text":"instance,","start":1571.83,"end":1572.31},{"text":"the","start":1572.31,"end":1572.43},{"text":"following:","start":1572.43,"end":1572.95},{"text":"The","start":1574.03,"end":1574.15},{"text":"fact","start":1574.15,"end":1574.51},{"text":"that","start":1574.51,"end":1574.71},{"text":"an","start":1574.71,"end":1574.83},{"text":"international","start":1574.83,"end":1575.55},{"text":"agreement","start":1575.55,"end":1576.11},{"text":"expressly","start":1576.11,"end":1576.79},{"text":"indicates","start":1576.79,"end":1577.31},{"text":"that","start":1577.31,"end":1577.55},{"text":"it","start":1577.55,"end":1577.71},{"text":"is","start":1577.71,"end":1577.79},{"text":"not","start":1577.79,"end":1578.11},{"text":"legally","start":1578.11,"end":1578.51},{"text":"binding","start":1578.51,"end":1578.95},{"text":"under","start":1578.95,"end":1579.23},{"text":"international","start":1579.23,"end":1580.15},{"text":"law","start":1580.15,"end":1580.23},{"text":"is","start":1580.59,"end":1580.71},{"text":"sufficient","start":1580.71,"end":1581.47},{"text":"to","start":1581.47,"end":1581.55},{"text":"identify","start":1581.55,"end":1582.11},{"text":"the","start":1582.11,"end":1582.23},{"text":"intention","start":1582.23,"end":1582.83},{"text":"of","start":1582.83,"end":1582.99},{"text":"the","start":1582.99,"end":1583.07},{"text":"participants","start":1583.07,"end":1583.79},{"text":"thereto,","start":1583.79,"end":1584.43},{"text":"except","start":1585.51,"end":1586.11},{"text":"where","start":1586.15,"end":1586.35},{"text":"the","start":1586.35,"end":1586.47},{"text":"other","start":1586.51,"end":1586.83},{"text":"elements","start":1586.83,"end":1587.23},{"text":"of","start":1587.23,"end":1587.39},{"text":"the","start":1587.39,"end":1587.47},{"text":"text","start":1587.47,"end":1587.95},{"text":"indicate","start":1587.95,"end":1588.59},{"text":"a","start":1588.59,"end":1588.67},{"text":"contrary","start":1588.67,"end":1589.35},{"text":"intention.","start":1589.35,"end":1590.03}]},{"text":"Finally, with respect to the future direction of the work of the Commission on this topic, we would welcome consideration of the possible legal effects of non-legally binding agreements including potential indirect legal effects.","start":1591.87,"end":1605.59,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":1591.87,"end":1592.43},{"text":"with","start":1592.43,"end":1592.59},{"text":"respect","start":1592.59,"end":1593.03},{"text":"to","start":1593.03,"end":1593.11},{"text":"the","start":1593.11,"end":1593.19},{"text":"future","start":1593.19,"end":1593.59},{"text":"direction","start":1593.59,"end":1594.19},{"text":"of","start":1594.19,"end":1594.27},{"text":"the","start":1594.27,"end":1594.43},{"text":"work","start":1594.43,"end":1594.75},{"text":"of","start":1594.75,"end":1594.91},{"text":"the","start":1594.91,"end":1594.99},{"text":"Commission","start":1594.99,"end":1595.55},{"text":"on","start":1595.55,"end":1595.67},{"text":"this","start":1595.67,"end":1595.87},{"text":"topic,","start":1595.87,"end":1596.43},{"text":"we","start":1596.91,"end":1597.11},{"text":"would","start":1597.11,"end":1597.23},{"text":"welcome","start":1597.23,"end":1597.67},{"text":"consideration","start":1597.67,"end":1598.51},{"text":"of","start":1598.51,"end":1598.67},{"text":"the","start":1598.67,"end":1598.79},{"text":"possible","start":1598.79,"end":1599.35},{"text":"legal","start":1599.35,"end":1599.63},{"text":"effects","start":1599.63,"end":1600.15},{"text":"of","start":1600.19,"end":1600.35},{"text":"non-legally","start":1600.35,"end":1600.99},{"text":"binding","start":1600.99,"end":1601.63},{"text":"agreements","start":1601.79,"end":1602.43},{"text":"including","start":1602.87,"end":1603.43},{"text":"potential","start":1603.43,"end":1604.07},{"text":"indirect","start":1604.07,"end":1604.79},{"text":"legal","start":1604.79,"end":1605.11},{"text":"effects.","start":1605.11,"end":1605.59}]},{"text":"In our experience, while non-legally binding instruments are not, by definition, capable of producing direct legal effects, they may in certain circumstances have indirect legal effects, including certain pre-law effects.","start":1606.71,"end":1620.75,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1606.71,"end":1606.87},{"text":"our","start":1606.87,"end":1607.03},{"text":"experience,","start":1607.03,"end":1607.75},{"text":"while","start":1608.03,"end":1608.31},{"text":"non-legally","start":1608.31,"end":1609.07},{"text":"binding","start":1609.07,"end":1609.47},{"text":"instruments","start":1609.47,"end":1609.99},{"text":"are","start":1609.99,"end":1610.15},{"text":"not,","start":1610.15,"end":1610.47},{"text":"by","start":1610.55,"end":1610.71},{"text":"definition,","start":1610.71,"end":1611.51},{"text":"capable","start":1611.51,"end":1612.11},{"text":"of","start":1612.11,"end":1612.23},{"text":"producing","start":1612.23,"end":1612.79},{"text":"direct","start":1612.79,"end":1613.27},{"text":"legal","start":1613.27,"end":1613.59},{"text":"effects,","start":1613.59,"end":1614.15},{"text":"they","start":1614.55,"end":1614.67},{"text":"may","start":1614.67,"end":1614.95},{"text":"in","start":1614.95,"end":1615.11},{"text":"certain","start":1615.11,"end":1615.51},{"text":"circumstances","start":1615.51,"end":1616.47},{"text":"have","start":1616.55,"end":1616.79},{"text":"indirect","start":1616.79,"end":1617.35},{"text":"legal","start":1617.35,"end":1617.63},{"text":"effects,","start":1617.63,"end":1618.15},{"text":"including","start":1618.47,"end":1619.03},{"text":"certain","start":1619.03,"end":1619.51},{"text":"pre-law","start":1619.59,"end":1620.27},{"text":"effects.","start":1620.31,"end":1620.75}]},{"text":"Chair, I will now address the topic of due diligence in international law.","start":1627.35,"end":1631.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":1627.35,"end":1627.75},{"text":"I","start":1627.75,"end":1627.79},{"text":"will","start":1627.79,"end":1627.91},{"text":"now","start":1627.91,"end":1628.23},{"text":"address","start":1628.23,"end":1628.63},{"text":"the","start":1628.63,"end":1628.75},{"text":"topic","start":1628.75,"end":1629.27},{"text":"of","start":1629.27,"end":1629.51},{"text":"due","start":1629.51,"end":1629.67},{"text":"diligence","start":1629.67,"end":1630.31},{"text":"in","start":1630.31,"end":1630.43},{"text":"international","start":1630.43,"end":1631.35},{"text":"law.","start":1631.35,"end":1631.43}]},{"text":"Ireland would like to thank the Special Rapporteur, Dr. Penelope Ridings, for her excellent work in the preparation of the first report.","start":1632.31,"end":1640.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ireland","start":1632.31,"end":1632.67},{"text":"would","start":1632.67,"end":1632.79},{"text":"like","start":1632.79,"end":1633.11},{"text":"to","start":1633.11,"end":1633.23},{"text":"thank","start":1633.23,"end":1633.63},{"text":"the","start":1633.63,"end":1633.71},{"text":"Special","start":1633.71,"end":1634.15},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":1634.15,"end":1634.87},{"text":"Dr.","start":1635.19,"end":1635.51},{"text":"Penelope","start":1635.51,"end":1635.99},{"text":"Ridings,","start":1635.99,"end":1636.55},{"text":"for","start":1636.55,"end":1636.83},{"text":"her","start":1636.83,"end":1636.95},{"text":"excellent","start":1636.95,"end":1637.35},{"text":"work","start":1637.35,"end":1637.67},{"text":"in","start":1637.67,"end":1637.99},{"text":"the","start":1637.99,"end":1638.19},{"text":"preparation","start":1638.19,"end":1638.95},{"text":"of","start":1638.95,"end":1639.11},{"text":"the","start":1639.11,"end":1639.23},{"text":"first","start":1639.23,"end":1639.59},{"text":"report.","start":1639.59,"end":1640.07}]},{"text":"Traditionally, due diligence has been invoked to engage the legal responsibility of a State in connection with the conduct of non-State actors that cannot be attributed directly to that State.","start":1642.39,"end":1653.35,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Traditionally,","start":1642.39,"end":1643.03},{"text":"due","start":1643.03,"end":1643.27},{"text":"diligence","start":1643.27,"end":1643.79},{"text":"has","start":1643.79,"end":1643.91},{"text":"been","start":1643.91,"end":1644.07},{"text":"invoked","start":1644.07,"end":1644.67},{"text":"to","start":1644.67,"end":1644.79},{"text":"engage","start":1644.79,"end":1645.27},{"text":"the","start":1645.27,"end":1645.39},{"text":"legal","start":1645.39,"end":1645.71},{"text":"responsibility","start":1645.71,"end":1646.63},{"text":"of","start":1646.63,"end":1646.75},{"text":"a","start":1646.75,"end":1646.79},{"text":"State","start":1646.79,"end":1647.27},{"text":"in","start":1647.35,"end":1647.51},{"text":"connection","start":1647.51,"end":1648.07},{"text":"with","start":1648.07,"end":1648.27},{"text":"the","start":1648.27,"end":1648.39},{"text":"conduct","start":1648.39,"end":1648.95},{"text":"of","start":1648.95,"end":1649.11},{"text":"non-State","start":1649.11,"end":1649.75},{"text":"actors","start":1649.75,"end":1650.23},{"text":"that","start":1650.55,"end":1650.75},{"text":"cannot","start":1650.75,"end":1651.19},{"text":"be","start":1651.19,"end":1651.39},{"text":"attributed","start":1651.39,"end":1651.95},{"text":"directly","start":1651.95,"end":1652.55},{"text":"to","start":1652.55,"end":1652.67},{"text":"that","start":1652.67,"end":1652.87},{"text":"State.","start":1652.87,"end":1653.35}]},{"text":"The Special Rapporteur's study of this topic will, we expect, be of great practical assistance to States.","start":1654.47,"end":1660.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1654.47,"end":1654.59},{"text":"Special","start":1654.59,"end":1654.95},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":1654.95,"end":1655.67},{"text":"study","start":1655.67,"end":1655.95},{"text":"of","start":1655.95,"end":1656.07},{"text":"this","start":1656.07,"end":1656.23},{"text":"topic","start":1656.23,"end":1656.71},{"text":"will,","start":1656.71,"end":1657.03},{"text":"we","start":1657.11,"end":1657.27},{"text":"expect,","start":1657.27,"end":1657.83},{"text":"be","start":1658.23,"end":1658.35},{"text":"of","start":1658.35,"end":1658.47},{"text":"great","start":1658.47,"end":1658.67},{"text":"practical","start":1658.67,"end":1659.23},{"text":"assistance","start":1659.23,"end":1659.91},{"text":"to","start":1659.91,"end":1659.99},{"text":"States.","start":1659.99,"end":1660.47}]},{"text":"We are therefore pleased to note the areas of convergence in States' consideration of due diligence in international law identified by the Special Rapporteur, particularly in respect of international human rights law and international humanitarian law.","start":1661.71,"end":1676.51,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1661.71,"end":1661.95},{"text":"are","start":1661.95,"end":1662.11},{"text":"therefore","start":1662.11,"end":1662.67},{"text":"pleased","start":1662.99,"end":1663.35},{"text":"to","start":1663.35,"end":1663.55},{"text":"note","start":1663.55,"end":1663.79},{"text":"the","start":1663.79,"end":1663.91},{"text":"areas","start":1663.91,"end":1664.31},{"text":"of","start":1664.31,"end":1664.43},{"text":"convergence","start":1664.43,"end":1665.15},{"text":"in","start":1665.23,"end":1665.39},{"text":"States'","start":1665.39,"end":1665.71},{"text":"consideration","start":1665.71,"end":1666.51},{"text":"of","start":1666.55,"end":1666.67},{"text":"due","start":1666.67,"end":1666.83},{"text":"diligence","start":1666.83,"end":1667.39},{"text":"in","start":1667.39,"end":1667.55},{"text":"international","start":1667.55,"end":1668.59},{"text":"law","start":1668.75,"end":1668.83},{"text":"identified","start":1668.83,"end":1669.63},{"text":"by","start":1669.63,"end":1669.79},{"text":"the","start":1669.79,"end":1669.87},{"text":"Special","start":1669.87,"end":1670.35},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":1670.35,"end":1671.07},{"text":"particularly","start":1671.55,"end":1672.27},{"text":"in","start":1672.27,"end":1672.35},{"text":"respect","start":1672.35,"end":1672.87},{"text":"of","start":1672.87,"end":1672.95},{"text":"international","start":1672.95,"end":1673.55},{"text":"human","start":1673.55,"end":1673.87},{"text":"rights","start":1673.87,"end":1674.19},{"text":"law","start":1674.19,"end":1674.43},{"text":"and","start":1674.59,"end":1674.75},{"text":"international","start":1674.75,"end":1675.47},{"text":"humanitarian","start":1675.47,"end":1676.27},{"text":"law.","start":1676.27,"end":1676.51}]},{"text":"Further, we note the convergence of views relating to due diligence and certain procedural requirements, such as the adoption of legislative measures, notification, consultation, and risk assessment.","start":1677.79,"end":1689.47,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":1677.79,"end":1678.27},{"text":"we","start":1678.27,"end":1678.43},{"text":"note","start":1678.43,"end":1678.67},{"text":"the","start":1678.67,"end":1678.75},{"text":"convergence","start":1678.75,"end":1679.47},{"text":"of","start":1679.47,"end":1679.67},{"text":"views","start":1679.67,"end":1680.03},{"text":"relating","start":1680.03,"end":1680.43},{"text":"to","start":1680.43,"end":1680.55},{"text":"due","start":1680.55,"end":1680.75},{"text":"diligence","start":1680.75,"end":1681.31},{"text":"and","start":1681.31,"end":1681.47},{"text":"certain","start":1681.47,"end":1681.87},{"text":"procedural","start":1681.87,"end":1682.51},{"text":"requirements,","start":1682.51,"end":1683.23},{"text":"such","start":1683.63,"end":1683.87},{"text":"as","start":1683.87,"end":1683.95},{"text":"the","start":1683.95,"end":1684.15},{"text":"adoption","start":1684.15,"end":1684.63},{"text":"of","start":1684.63,"end":1684.75},{"text":"legislative","start":1684.75,"end":1685.31},{"text":"measures,","start":1685.31,"end":1685.87},{"text":"notification,","start":1686.11,"end":1687.07},{"text":"consultation,","start":1687.39,"end":1688.27},{"text":"and","start":1688.59,"end":1688.75},{"text":"risk","start":1688.75,"end":1688.99},{"text":"assessment.","start":1688.99,"end":1689.47}]},{"text":"The Special Rapporteur identifies the main area of divergence as lying in two separate conceptions of due diligence: on the one hand, due diligence as a standard of conduct associated with specific primary obligations, and, on the other, due diligence as a general obligation not to knowingly permit a State's territory to be used for acts which harm the rights or interests of another State.","start":1690.99,"end":1715.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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interest of time, We will submit our full statement online and we will read an abridged 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damage caused by internationally wrongful acts.","start":1876.19,"end":1881.67,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":1876.19,"end":1876.31},{"text":"first","start":1876.31,"end":1876.63},{"text":"of","start":1876.63,"end":1876.71},{"text":"all,","start":1876.71,"end":1877.03},{"text":"on","start":1877.03,"end":1877.43},{"text":"compensation","start":1879.03,"end":1879.59},{"text":"for","start":1879.59,"end":1879.71},{"text":"the","start":1879.71,"end":1879.79},{"text":"damage","start":1879.79,"end":1880.03},{"text":"caused","start":1880.03,"end":1880.23},{"text":"by","start":1880.23,"end":1880.35},{"text":"internationally","start":1880.35,"end":1880.87},{"text":"wrongful","start":1880.87,"end":1881.19},{"text":"acts.","start":1881.19,"end":1881.67}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, Spain believes that it's particularly timely to engage in a study of the elements contained in Article 36 of the Articles on State Responsibility.","start":1881.83,"end":1892.55,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1910.15,"end":1910.23},{"text":"terms","start":1910.23,"end":1910.55},{"text":"of","start":1910.55,"end":1910.75},{"text":"determining","start":1911.27,"end":1913.03},{"text":"rather","start":1913.03,"end":1913.39},{"text":"how","start":1913.59,"end":1913.91},{"text":"much","start":1913.91,"end":1914.15},{"text":"compensation","start":1914.15,"end":1915.27},{"text":"should","start":1915.27,"end":1915.43},{"text":"be","start":1915.43,"end":1915.59},{"text":"provided.","start":1915.59,"end":1916.03}]},{"text":"This delegation wishes to warn that the strict application of objective criteria can lead, in some circumstances, to exorbitant compensation that could affect the financial viability of the state responsible and indirectly could lead to grave consequences for its population.","start":1916.03,"end":1933.71,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Throughout","start":1958.23,"end":1958.55},{"text":"the","start":1958.55,"end":1958.63},{"text":"report,","start":1958.63,"end":1959.19},{"text":"there","start":1959.19,"end":1959.75},{"text":"are","start":1959.75,"end":1959.91},{"text":"numerous","start":1959.91,"end":1960.55},{"text":"references","start":1960.55,"end":1961.23},{"text":"to","start":1961.23,"end":1961.31},{"text":"the","start":1961.31,"end":1961.39},{"text":"value","start":1961.39,"end":1961.71},{"text":"of","start":1961.71,"end":1961.91},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":1961.91,"end":1962.95},{"text":"from","start":1962.95,"end":1963.19},{"text":"investment","start":1963.19,"end":1964.07},{"text":"arbitration","start":1964.07,"end":1964.63},{"text":"tribunals","start":1964.63,"end":1965.35},{"text":"to","start":1965.35,"end":1965.51},{"text":"determine","start":1965.51,"end":1966.23},{"text":"compensation","start":1966.63,"end":1967.59},{"text":"for","start":1967.59,"end":1967.99},{"text":"damage","start":1968.55,"end":1969.11},{"text":"caused.","start":1969.11,"end":1969.63}]},{"text":"In this regard, Spain wishes to recall the specificities of investment arbitration.","start":1969.87,"end":1979.91,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1969.87,"end":1969.95},{"text":"this","start":1969.95,"end":1970.15},{"text":"regard,","start":1970.15,"end":1970.47},{"text":"Spain","start":1970.47,"end":1970.71},{"text":"wishes","start":1970.71,"end":1971.03},{"text":"to","start":1971.03,"end":1971.15},{"text":"recall","start":1971.15,"end":1971.59},{"text":"the","start":1971.59,"end":1971.83},{"text":"specificities","start":1974.71,"end":1976.55},{"text":"of","start":1976.55,"end":1976.79},{"text":"investment","start":1978.47,"end":1979.03},{"text":"arbitration.","start":1979.03,"end":1979.91}]},{"text":"recognising the undoubtable value of arbitration jurisprudence in terms of determining and quantifying harm, and we believe that this jurisprudence should be used carefully in light of the unique characteristics of the general international responsibility regime.","start":1980.39,"end":1995.67,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"recognising","start":1980.39,"end":1981.19},{"text":"the","start":1981.19,"end":1981.31},{"text":"undoubtable","start":1981.67,"end":1982.39},{"text":"value","start":1982.39,"end":1983.03},{"text":"of","start":1983.03,"end":1983.27},{"text":"arbitration","start":1983.27,"end":1983.99},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":1983.99,"end":1984.87},{"text":"in","start":1984.87,"end":1985.03},{"text":"terms","start":1985.03,"end":1985.51},{"text":"of","start":1985.51,"end":1985.75},{"text":"determining","start":1985.91,"end":1986.51},{"text":"and","start":1986.51,"end":1986.63},{"text":"quantifying","start":1986.63,"end":1987.43},{"text":"harm,","start":1987.51,"end":1988.07},{"text":"and","start":1988.35,"end":1988.47},{"text":"we","start":1988.47,"end":1988.63},{"text":"believe","start":1988.63,"end":1988.83},{"text":"that","start":1988.83,"end":1988.95},{"text":"this","start":1988.95,"end":1989.11},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":1989.11,"end":1989.75},{"text":"should","start":1989.75,"end":1989.87},{"text":"be","start":1989.87,"end":1989.99},{"text":"used","start":1989.99,"end":1990.35},{"text":"carefully","start":1990.35,"end":1990.95},{"text":"in","start":1991.35,"end":1991.51},{"text":"light","start":1991.51,"end":1991.79},{"text":"of","start":1991.79,"end":1991.91},{"text":"the","start":1991.91,"end":1992.07},{"text":"unique","start":1992.15,"end":1992.43},{"text":"characteristics","start":1992.43,"end":1993.03},{"text":"of","start":1993.03,"end":1993.27},{"text":"the","start":1993.27,"end":1993.43},{"text":"general","start":1993.43,"end":1993.87},{"text":"international","start":1993.87,"end":1994.39},{"text":"responsibility","start":1994.39,"end":1995.11},{"text":"regime.","start":1995.11,"end":1995.67}]},{"text":"Moving on now to due diligence in international law, Chair, first of all, Spain takes note of the divergence of positions identified by the Special Rapporteur between those and that believe that conceive due diligence as a norm of conduct linked to primary obligations, and those that believe that it is a general obligation derived from the duty of states to not knowingly allow on their territory, their territory to be used whether to carry out acts that are contrary to the rights of other states.","start":1996.47,"end":2026.47,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Moving","start":1996.47,"end":1996.87},{"text":"on","start":1996.87,"end":1997.03},{"text":"now","start":1997.03,"end":1997.35},{"text":"to","start":1997.91,"end":1998.11},{"text":"due","start":1998.15,"end":1998.39},{"text":"diligence","start":1998.39,"end":1999.03},{"text":"in","start":1999.19,"end":1999.39},{"text":"international","start":1999.39,"end":2000.11},{"text":"law,","start":2000.11,"end":2000.19},{"text":"Chair,","start":2000.23,"end":2000.59},{"text":"first","start":2001.19,"end":2001.43},{"text":"of","start":2001.43,"end":2001.51},{"text":"all,","start":2001.51,"end":2001.59},{"text":"Spain","start":2001.59,"end":2002.07},{"text":"takes","start":2002.31,"end":2002.63},{"text":"note","start":2002.63,"end":2003.03},{"text":"of","start":2003.03,"end":2003.19},{"text":"the","start":2003.19,"end":2003.35},{"text":"divergence","start":2003.43,"end":2004.15},{"text":"of","start":2004.15,"end":2004.23},{"text":"positions","start":2004.23,"end":2004.71},{"text":"identified","start":2004.71,"end":2005.27},{"text":"by","start":2005.27,"end":2005.39},{"text":"the","start":2005.39,"end":2005.47},{"text":"Special","start":2005.47,"end":2005.75},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":2005.75,"end":2006.11},{"text":"between","start":2006.11,"end":2006.43},{"text":"those","start":2006.43,"end":2006.79},{"text":"and","start":2007.23,"end":2007.39},{"text":"that","start":2007.39,"end":2007.51},{"text":"believe","start":2007.51,"end":2007.91},{"text":"that","start":2008.15,"end":2008.47},{"text":"conceive","start":2008.63,"end":2009.19},{"text":"due","start":2009.51,"end":2009.67},{"text":"diligence","start":2009.67,"end":2010.15},{"text":"as","start":2010.15,"end":2010.39},{"text":"a","start":2010.39,"end":2010.47},{"text":"norm","start":2010.47,"end":2010.87},{"text":"of","start":2010.87,"end":2011.19},{"text":"conduct","start":2011.19,"end":2011.91},{"text":"linked","start":2012.15,"end":2012.63},{"text":"to","start":2012.63,"end":2012.71},{"text":"primary","start":2012.71,"end":2013.27},{"text":"obligations,","start":2013.27,"end":2013.99},{"text":"and","start":2013.99,"end":2014.11},{"text":"those","start":2014.11,"end":2014.39},{"text":"that","start":2014.39,"end":2014.79},{"text":"believe","start":2015.07,"end":2015.43},{"text":"that","start":2015.43,"end":2015.67},{"text":"it","start":2015.67,"end":2015.91},{"text":"is","start":2015.91,"end":2016.15},{"text":"a","start":2016.15,"end":2016.31},{"text":"general","start":2016.31,"end":2016.67},{"text":"obligation","start":2016.67,"end":2017.11},{"text":"derived","start":2017.11,"end":2017.43},{"text":"from","start":2017.59,"end":2017.79},{"text":"the","start":2017.79,"end":2017.91},{"text":"duty","start":2017.91,"end":2018.71},{"text":"of","start":2018.71,"end":2018.95},{"text":"states","start":2018.95,"end":2019.27},{"text":"to","start":2019.27,"end":2019.43},{"text":"not","start":2019.43,"end":2019.83},{"text":"knowingly","start":2019.91,"end":2020.47},{"text":"allow","start":2020.47,"end":2020.79},{"text":"on","start":2020.79,"end":2020.95},{"text":"their","start":2020.95,"end":2021.07},{"text":"territory,","start":2021.07,"end":2021.75},{"text":"their","start":2021.99,"end":2022.23},{"text":"territory","start":2022.23,"end":2022.59},{"text":"to","start":2022.59,"end":2022.67},{"text":"be","start":2022.71,"end":2022.79},{"text":"used","start":2022.79,"end":2022.95},{"text":"whether","start":2022.95,"end":2023.27},{"text":"to","start":2023.27,"end":2023.75},{"text":"carry","start":2024.15,"end":2024.39},{"text":"out","start":2024.39,"end":2024.63},{"text":"acts","start":2024.63,"end":2024.75},{"text":"that","start":2024.75,"end":2024.87},{"text":"are","start":2024.87,"end":2024.95},{"text":"contrary","start":2024.95,"end":2025.35},{"text":"to","start":2025.35,"end":2025.47},{"text":"the","start":2025.47,"end":2025.55},{"text":"rights","start":2025.55,"end":2025.79},{"text":"of","start":2025.79,"end":2025.87},{"text":"other","start":2025.87,"end":2026.03},{"text":"states.","start":2026.03,"end":2026.47}]},{"text":"Spain urges the Special Rapporteur to continue to reviewing both examples, particularly in cyberspace jurisprudence from the first half of the twentieth century continue to provide a useful legal basis for the development and application of international law.","start":2027.11,"end":2046.63,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Spain","start":2027.11,"end":2027.51},{"text":"urges","start":2027.59,"end":2027.99},{"text":"the","start":2027.99,"end":2028.07},{"text":"Special","start":2028.07,"end":2028.43},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":2028.43,"end":2028.79},{"text":"to","start":2028.79,"end":2028.95},{"text":"continue","start":2028.95,"end":2029.51},{"text":"to","start":2029.51,"end":2029.63},{"text":"reviewing","start":2029.63,"end":2030.15},{"text":"both","start":2030.23,"end":2030.63},{"text":"examples,","start":2032.15,"end":2033.03},{"text":"particularly","start":2033.43,"end":2034.15},{"text":"in","start":2034.15,"end":2034.63},{"text":"cyberspace","start":2034.71,"end":2035.75},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":2037.11,"end":2038.15},{"text":"from","start":2038.47,"end":2038.71},{"text":"the","start":2038.71,"end":2038.83},{"text":"first","start":2038.87,"end":2039.35},{"text":"half","start":2039.35,"end":2039.59},{"text":"of","start":2039.59,"end":2039.67},{"text":"the","start":2039.67,"end":2039.87},{"text":"twentieth","start":2039.87,"end":2040.31},{"text":"century","start":2040.31,"end":2040.87},{"text":"continue","start":2040.87,"end":2041.67},{"text":"to","start":2041.67,"end":2041.75},{"text":"provide","start":2041.75,"end":2042.31},{"text":"a","start":2042.47,"end":2042.51},{"text":"useful","start":2042.51,"end":2042.91},{"text":"legal","start":2042.91,"end":2043.19},{"text":"basis","start":2043.19,"end":2043.91},{"text":"for","start":2043.91,"end":2044.03},{"text":"the","start":2044.03,"end":2044.15},{"text":"development","start":2044.15,"end":2044.87},{"text":"and","start":2044.87,"end":2044.99},{"text":"application","start":2044.99,"end":2045.55},{"text":"of","start":2045.55,"end":2045.63},{"text":"international","start":2045.63,"end":2046.55},{"text":"law.","start":2046.55,"end":2046.63}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we share the observation contained in the report according to which due diligence is frequently invoked in cyberspace.","start":2047.51,"end":2056.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":2047.51,"end":2048.15},{"text":"we","start":2048.15,"end":2048.39},{"text":"share","start":2048.39,"end":2048.95},{"text":"the","start":2048.95,"end":2049.23},{"text":"observation","start":2049.27,"end":2050.79},{"text":"contained","start":2051.03,"end":2051.55},{"text":"in","start":2051.55,"end":2051.63},{"text":"the","start":2051.63,"end":2051.75},{"text":"report","start":2051.75,"end":2052.15},{"text":"according","start":2052.15,"end":2052.51},{"text":"to","start":2052.51,"end":2052.59},{"text":"which","start":2052.59,"end":2052.91},{"text":"due","start":2052.91,"end":2053.11},{"text":"diligence","start":2053.11,"end":2053.59},{"text":"is","start":2053.59,"end":2053.75},{"text":"frequently","start":2053.75,"end":2054.19},{"text":"invoked","start":2054.19,"end":2054.71},{"text":"in","start":2054.71,"end":2055.11},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":2055.11,"end":2056.07}]},{"text":"For Spain, this principle is fully applicable in this context, and States must adopt all reasonable measures within their reach to avoid their territory or their jurisdiction being used to cause harm to other States.","start":2056.87,"end":2075.15,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2056.87,"end":2057.11},{"text":"Spain,","start":2057.11,"end":2057.67},{"text":"this","start":2057.67,"end":2057.99},{"text":"principle","start":2057.99,"end":2058.79},{"text":"is","start":2058.95,"end":2059.27},{"text":"fully","start":2059.27,"end":2059.71},{"text":"applicable","start":2059.71,"end":2060.39},{"text":"in","start":2060.79,"end":2060.95},{"text":"this","start":2060.95,"end":2061.11},{"text":"context,","start":2061.11,"end":2061.83},{"text":"and","start":2062.39,"end":2062.55},{"text":"States","start":2062.55,"end":2063.03},{"text":"must","start":2063.03,"end":2063.51},{"text":"adopt","start":2063.51,"end":2064.07},{"text":"all","start":2064.23,"end":2064.47},{"text":"reasonable","start":2064.47,"end":2065.75},{"text":"measures","start":2065.75,"end":2066.39},{"text":"within","start":2066.91,"end":2067.23},{"text":"their","start":2068.19,"end":2068.55},{"text":"reach","start":2068.55,"end":2068.83},{"text":"to","start":2068.83,"end":2069.03},{"text":"avoid","start":2069.03,"end":2069.35},{"text":"their","start":2069.35,"end":2069.47},{"text":"territory","start":2069.47,"end":2070.27},{"text":"or","start":2071.95,"end":2072.03},{"text":"their","start":2072.03,"end":2072.19},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":2072.19,"end":2072.75},{"text":"being","start":2072.75,"end":2072.99},{"text":"used","start":2072.99,"end":2073.27},{"text":"to","start":2073.27,"end":2073.35},{"text":"cause","start":2073.35,"end":2073.71},{"text":"harm","start":2073.71,"end":2074.11},{"text":"to","start":2074.11,"end":2074.23},{"text":"other","start":2074.23,"end":2074.51},{"text":"States.","start":2074.51,"end":2075.15}]},{"text":"In this area, we also believe that the due diligence obligation is of growing importance in light of progress, experience and the development and use of artificial intelligence systems that significantly broaden the capacities and risks associated with activities in cyberspace.","start":2076.43,"end":2096.67,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2076.43,"end":2076.55},{"text":"this","start":2076.55,"end":2076.75},{"text":"area,","start":2076.75,"end":2077.23},{"text":"we","start":2077.23,"end":2077.39},{"text":"also","start":2077.39,"end":2077.71},{"text":"believe","start":2077.71,"end":2078.11},{"text":"that","start":2078.11,"end":2078.43},{"text":"the","start":2078.43,"end":2078.55},{"text":"due","start":2079.39,"end":2079.71},{"text":"diligence","start":2079.71,"end":2080.19},{"text":"obligation","start":2080.19,"end":2080.91},{"text":"is","start":2080.91,"end":2081.23},{"text":"of","start":2081.23,"end":2081.39},{"text":"growing","start":2081.39,"end":2081.63},{"text":"importance","start":2081.63,"end":2082.31},{"text":"in","start":2082.31,"end":2082.47},{"text":"light","start":2082.47,"end":2082.83},{"text":"of","start":2082.83,"end":2083.15},{"text":"progress,","start":2083.47,"end":2084.19},{"text":"experience","start":2084.43,"end":2085.11},{"text":"and","start":2085.11,"end":2085.23},{"text":"the","start":2085.23,"end":2085.31},{"text":"development","start":2085.31,"end":2085.83},{"text":"and","start":2085.83,"end":2085.95},{"text":"use","start":2085.95,"end":2086.43},{"text":"of","start":2086.43,"end":2086.67},{"text":"artificial","start":2086.67,"end":2087.15},{"text":"intelligence","start":2087.15,"end":2087.75},{"text":"systems","start":2087.75,"end":2088.43},{"text":"that","start":2088.75,"end":2088.95},{"text":"significantly","start":2088.95,"end":2089.95},{"text":"broaden","start":2091.87,"end":2092.51},{"text":"the","start":2092.51,"end":2092.63},{"text":"capacities","start":2092.83,"end":2093.59},{"text":"and","start":2093.59,"end":2093.71},{"text":"risks","start":2093.71,"end":2094.23},{"text":"associated","start":2094.23,"end":2094.99},{"text":"with","start":2094.99,"end":2095.15},{"text":"activities","start":2095.15,"end":2095.75},{"text":"in","start":2095.75,"end":2095.87},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":2095.87,"end":2096.67}]},{"text":"Lastly, in relation to the report on non-legally binding international agreements, Chair, Spain believes that the use of the expression \"non-legally binding\" refers to potential inobservance of what is established in agreement of this nature, not contemplating the possibility of using forceful application measures of the law or the appearance of potential legal consequences.","start":2097.47,"end":2131.59,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":2097.47,"end":2097.95},{"text":"in","start":2099.31,"end":2099.47},{"text":"relation","start":2099.47,"end":2100.03},{"text":"to","start":2100.03,"end":2100.19},{"text":"the","start":2100.27,"end":2100.39},{"text":"report","start":2100.39,"end":2101.07},{"text":"on","start":2101.15,"end":2101.55},{"text":"non-legally","start":2102.67,"end":2103.31},{"text":"binding","start":2103.31,"end":2103.63},{"text":"international","start":2103.63,"end":2104.31},{"text":"agreements,","start":2104.31,"end":2105.07},{"text":"Chair,","start":2105.71,"end":2106.27},{"text":"Spain","start":2106.59,"end":2106.91},{"text":"believes","start":2106.91,"end":2107.27},{"text":"that","start":2107.27,"end":2107.39},{"text":"the","start":2107.39,"end":2107.51},{"text":"use","start":2107.51,"end":2107.87},{"text":"of","start":2107.95,"end":2108.19},{"text":"the","start":2108.19,"end":2108.31},{"text":"expression","start":2108.31,"end":2109.11},{"text":"\"non-legally","start":2109.11,"end":2109.87},{"text":"binding\"","start":2109.87,"end":2110.67},{"text":"refers","start":2110.67,"end":2111.47},{"text":"to","start":2111.47,"end":2112.11},{"text":"potential","start":2114.71,"end":2115.19},{"text":"inobservance","start":2115.19,"end":2116.07},{"text":"of","start":2116.07,"end":2116.39},{"text":"what","start":2116.71,"end":2116.99},{"text":"is","start":2116.99,"end":2117.07},{"text":"established","start":2117.07,"end":2117.47},{"text":"in","start":2117.47,"end":2117.55},{"text":"agreement","start":2117.55,"end":2118.15},{"text":"of","start":2118.15,"end":2118.39},{"text":"this","start":2118.39,"end":2118.59},{"text":"nature,","start":2118.59,"end":2119.19},{"text":"not","start":2119.75,"end":2120.07},{"text":"contemplating","start":2120.07,"end":2120.71},{"text":"the","start":2120.71,"end":2120.79},{"text":"possibility","start":2120.79,"end":2121.39},{"text":"of","start":2121.39,"end":2121.51},{"text":"using","start":2121.51,"end":2122.07},{"text":"forceful","start":2123.43,"end":2124.07},{"text":"application","start":2124.07,"end":2124.75},{"text":"measures","start":2124.75,"end":2125.51},{"text":"of","start":2125.51,"end":2125.75},{"text":"the","start":2125.75,"end":2125.83},{"text":"law","start":2125.83,"end":2126.27},{"text":"or","start":2126.27,"end":2126.87},{"text":"the","start":2127.03,"end":2127.11},{"text":"appearance","start":2127.39,"end":2127.99},{"text":"of","start":2128.07,"end":2128.15},{"text":"potential","start":2129.43,"end":2130.27},{"text":"legal","start":2130.27,"end":2130.55},{"text":"consequences.","start":2130.55,"end":2131.59}]},{"text":"Non-normative contains a meaning that goes beyond the technical legal vision of the coercive element that is unique to non-legally binding.","start":2132.63,"end":2141.83,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Non-normative","start":2132.63,"end":2133.67},{"text":"contains","start":2133.67,"end":2134.19},{"text":"a","start":2134.19,"end":2134.23},{"text":"meaning","start":2134.23,"end":2134.71},{"text":"that","start":2134.71,"end":2135.11},{"text":"goes","start":2135.51,"end":2135.75},{"text":"beyond","start":2135.75,"end":2136.11},{"text":"the","start":2136.11,"end":2136.23},{"text":"technical","start":2136.23,"end":2136.75},{"text":"legal","start":2136.75,"end":2137.03},{"text":"vision","start":2137.03,"end":2137.59},{"text":"of","start":2137.59,"end":2137.83},{"text":"the","start":2137.83,"end":2137.95},{"text":"coercive","start":2137.99,"end":2138.71},{"text":"element","start":2138.71,"end":2139.35},{"text":"that","start":2139.75,"end":2139.91},{"text":"is","start":2139.91,"end":2139.99},{"text":"unique","start":2139.99,"end":2140.31},{"text":"to","start":2140.31,"end":2140.43},{"text":"non-legally","start":2140.47,"end":2141.03},{"text":"binding.","start":2141.03,"end":2141.83}]},{"text":"In our view, This goes beyond the technical dimension of being coercive, or an absence of the coercive element.","start":2142.23,"end":2152.67,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2142.23,"end":2142.39},{"text":"our","start":2142.39,"end":2142.55},{"text":"view,","start":2142.55,"end":2143.11},{"text":"This","start":2144.59,"end":2144.91},{"text":"goes","start":2144.91,"end":2145.23},{"text":"beyond","start":2145.23,"end":2145.63},{"text":"the","start":2145.63,"end":2145.71},{"text":"technical","start":2145.71,"end":2146.19},{"text":"dimension","start":2146.19,"end":2146.99},{"text":"of","start":2146.99,"end":2147.39},{"text":"being","start":2147.71,"end":2148.11},{"text":"coercive,","start":2148.19,"end":2149.15},{"text":"or","start":2149.87,"end":2149.99},{"text":"an","start":2149.99,"end":2150.11},{"text":"absence","start":2150.11,"end":2150.59},{"text":"of","start":2150.59,"end":2150.75},{"text":"the","start":2150.75,"end":2150.99},{"text":"coercive","start":2151.39,"end":2151.95},{"text":"element.","start":2151.95,"end":2152.67}]},{"text":"Spain welcomes the principle of the draft conclusions as elements of clarification in relation to non-legally binding international agreements, and in line with the functional purpose laid out in draft conclusion 1, Spain believes that what is established in draft conclusion 2 on the non-affectation of national legislation and the norms of international organizations is an essential clarification that enables us to look at the unique characteristics of each signatory in terms of non-normative international agreements.","start":2153.79,"end":2190.83,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Spain","start":2153.79,"end":2154.27},{"text":"welcomes","start":2154.27,"end":2155.15},{"text":"the","start":2155.15,"end":2155.35},{"text":"principle","start":2155.55,"end":2156.35},{"text":"of","start":2156.35,"end":2156.67},{"text":"the","start":2156.67,"end":2156.79},{"text":"draft","start":2156.91,"end":2157.27},{"text":"conclusions","start":2157.27,"end":2158.11},{"text":"as","start":2158.11,"end":2158.19},{"text":"elements","start":2158.19,"end":2158.59},{"text":"of","start":2158.59,"end":2158.67},{"text":"clarification","start":2158.67,"end":2159.31},{"text":"in","start":2159.31,"end":2159.39},{"text":"relation","start":2159.39,"end":2159.95},{"text":"to","start":2159.95,"end":2160.15},{"text":"non-legally","start":2160.59,"end":2161.39},{"text":"binding","start":2161.39,"end":2161.91},{"text":"international","start":2161.91,"end":2162.51},{"text":"agreements,","start":2162.51,"end":2163.15},{"text":"and","start":2163.15,"end":2163.39},{"text":"in","start":2163.63,"end":2163.79},{"text":"line","start":2163.79,"end":2163.95},{"text":"with","start":2163.95,"end":2164.11},{"text":"the","start":2164.11,"end":2164.19},{"text":"functional","start":2164.19,"end":2164.99},{"text":"purpose","start":2165.47,"end":2166.19},{"text":"laid","start":2166.67,"end":2166.91},{"text":"out","start":2166.91,"end":2167.23},{"text":"in","start":2167.23,"end":2167.47},{"text":"draft","start":2167.47,"end":2167.79},{"text":"conclusion","start":2167.79,"end":2168.27},{"text":"1,","start":2168.27,"end":2168.75},{"text":"Spain","start":2168.99,"end":2169.39},{"text":"believes","start":2169.39,"end":2169.79},{"text":"that","start":2169.79,"end":2169.95},{"text":"what","start":2169.95,"end":2170.15},{"text":"is","start":2170.15,"end":2170.27},{"text":"established","start":2170.27,"end":2170.75},{"text":"in","start":2170.75,"end":2170.87},{"text":"draft","start":2170.87,"end":2171.11},{"text":"conclusion","start":2171.11,"end":2171.63},{"text":"2","start":2171.63,"end":2172.27},{"text":"on","start":2172.67,"end":2173.07},{"text":"the","start":2173.31,"end":2173.43},{"text":"non-affectation","start":2174.91,"end":2176.19},{"text":"of","start":2176.27,"end":2176.67},{"text":"national","start":2176.67,"end":2177.19},{"text":"legislation","start":2177.19,"end":2178.59},{"text":"and","start":2178.59,"end":2178.83},{"text":"the","start":2178.83,"end":2178.99},{"text":"norms","start":2178.99,"end":2179.39},{"text":"of","start":2179.39,"end":2179.47},{"text":"international","start":2179.47,"end":2179.95},{"text":"organizations","start":2179.95,"end":2180.83},{"text":"is","start":2180.83,"end":2181.15},{"text":"an","start":2181.47,"end":2181.55},{"text":"essential","start":2181.55,"end":2182.11},{"text":"clarification","start":2182.11,"end":2182.91},{"text":"that","start":2182.91,"end":2183.07},{"text":"enables","start":2183.07,"end":2183.47},{"text":"us","start":2183.47,"end":2183.63},{"text":"to","start":2183.63,"end":2183.95},{"text":"look","start":2184.19,"end":2184.51},{"text":"at","start":2184.51,"end":2184.75},{"text":"the","start":2184.75,"end":2184.91},{"text":"unique","start":2185.23,"end":2185.67},{"text":"characteristics","start":2185.67,"end":2186.75},{"text":"of","start":2186.75,"end":2186.91},{"text":"each","start":2186.91,"end":2187.31},{"text":"signatory","start":2187.47,"end":2188.19},{"text":"in","start":2188.19,"end":2188.35},{"text":"terms","start":2188.35,"end":2188.75},{"text":"of","start":2188.75,"end":2189.07},{"text":"non-normative","start":2189.07,"end":2189.79},{"text":"international","start":2189.79,"end":2190.27},{"text":"agreements.","start":2190.27,"end":2190.83}]},{"text":"In terms of draft conclusion 3, Spain believes that mentioning expressly territorial entities, governmental agencies, and other public entities is right, given that it's precisely these entities that most frequently refer back to non-normative international agreements when they exercise their competencies.","start":2191.23,"end":2214.91,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2191.23,"end":2191.31},{"text":"terms","start":2191.31,"end":2191.59},{"text":"of","start":2191.59,"end":2191.67},{"text":"draft","start":2191.67,"end":2191.95},{"text":"conclusion","start":2191.95,"end":2192.35},{"text":"3,","start":2192.35,"end":2192.83},{"text":"Spain","start":2193.07,"end":2193.47},{"text":"believes","start":2193.47,"end":2193.95},{"text":"that","start":2193.95,"end":2194.11},{"text":"mentioning","start":2194.11,"end":2194.63},{"text":"expressly","start":2194.63,"end":2195.31},{"text":"territorial","start":2195.31,"end":2196.11},{"text":"entities,","start":2196.11,"end":2196.67},{"text":"governmental","start":2196.67,"end":2197.23},{"text":"agencies,","start":2197.23,"end":2197.95},{"text":"and","start":2197.95,"end":2198.19},{"text":"other","start":2198.19,"end":2198.51},{"text":"public","start":2198.51,"end":2199.07},{"text":"entities","start":2199.47,"end":2200.19},{"text":"is","start":2202.67,"end":2203.23},{"text":"right,","start":2204.35,"end":2204.91},{"text":"given","start":2204.91,"end":2205.31},{"text":"that","start":2205.31,"end":2205.43},{"text":"it's","start":2205.43,"end":2205.67},{"text":"precisely","start":2205.67,"end":2206.19},{"text":"these","start":2206.19,"end":2206.43},{"text":"entities","start":2206.43,"end":2206.99},{"text":"that","start":2206.99,"end":2207.31},{"text":"most","start":2207.31,"end":2207.55},{"text":"frequently","start":2207.55,"end":2208.27},{"text":"refer","start":2209.55,"end":2209.95},{"text":"back","start":2210.03,"end":2210.31},{"text":"to","start":2210.31,"end":2210.83},{"text":"non-normative","start":2211.07,"end":2211.87},{"text":"international","start":2211.87,"end":2212.43},{"text":"agreements","start":2212.43,"end":2212.95},{"text":"when","start":2212.95,"end":2213.19},{"text":"they","start":2213.19,"end":2213.39},{"text":"exercise","start":2213.39,"end":2213.91},{"text":"their","start":2213.91,"end":2214.03},{"text":"competencies.","start":2214.03,"end":2214.91}]},{"text":"One of the most complex aspects in is the intervention of private entities in international agreements that are non-legally binding.","start":2215.15,"end":2223.39,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":2215.15,"end":2215.35},{"text":"of","start":2215.35,"end":2215.43},{"text":"the","start":2215.43,"end":2215.51},{"text":"most","start":2215.51,"end":2215.71},{"text":"complex","start":2215.71,"end":2216.27},{"text":"aspects","start":2216.27,"end":2216.83},{"text":"in","start":2216.83,"end":2217.39},{"text":"is","start":2218.51,"end":2218.67},{"text":"the","start":2218.67,"end":2218.79},{"text":"intervention","start":2218.79,"end":2219.87},{"text":"of","start":2219.87,"end":2219.95},{"text":"private","start":2219.95,"end":2220.35},{"text":"entities","start":2220.35,"end":2220.91},{"text":"in","start":2220.91,"end":2220.99},{"text":"international","start":2220.99,"end":2221.55},{"text":"agreements","start":2221.55,"end":2222.19},{"text":"that","start":2222.19,"end":2222.35},{"text":"are","start":2222.35,"end":2222.43},{"text":"non-legally","start":2222.43,"end":2222.91},{"text":"binding.","start":2222.91,"end":2223.39}]},{"text":"Spanish practice does not provide for the possibility of private entities being able to subscribe to agreements that could be qualified as non-normative international agreements, although in cases where the signatory is.","start":2223.39,"end":2236.87,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Spanish","start":2223.39,"end":2223.71},{"text":"practice","start":2223.71,"end":2224.27},{"text":"does","start":2224.27,"end":2224.43},{"text":"not","start":2224.43,"end":2224.75},{"text":"provide","start":2225.99,"end":2226.47},{"text":"for","start":2226.47,"end":2226.59},{"text":"the","start":2226.59,"end":2226.67},{"text":"possibility","start":2226.67,"end":2227.35},{"text":"of","start":2227.35,"end":2227.43},{"text":"private","start":2227.43,"end":2227.75},{"text":"entities","start":2227.75,"end":2228.27},{"text":"being","start":2228.27,"end":2228.43},{"text":"able","start":2228.43,"end":2228.75},{"text":"to","start":2228.75,"end":2228.91},{"text":"subscribe","start":2229.03,"end":2229.59},{"text":"to","start":2229.59,"end":2229.71},{"text":"agreements","start":2229.71,"end":2230.39},{"text":"that","start":2230.39,"end":2230.63},{"text":"could","start":2230.63,"end":2230.79},{"text":"be","start":2230.79,"end":2230.87},{"text":"qualified","start":2230.87,"end":2231.43},{"text":"as","start":2231.47,"end":2231.75},{"text":"non-normative","start":2231.83,"end":2233.39},{"text":"international","start":2233.39,"end":2233.91},{"text":"agreements,","start":2233.91,"end":2234.47},{"text":"although","start":2234.47,"end":2234.75},{"text":"in","start":2234.75,"end":2234.95},{"text":"cases","start":2235.43,"end":2235.91},{"text":"where","start":2235.91,"end":2236.07},{"text":"the","start":2236.07,"end":2236.23},{"text":"signatory","start":2236.23,"end":2236.75},{"text":"is.","start":2236.75,"end":2236.87}]},{"text":"Given this, for Spain, it is right to indicate in draft conclusion 3 that agreements signed up to by private entities do not constitute non-legally binding international agreements.","start":2241.11,"end":2254.47,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":2241.11,"end":2241.43},{"text":"this,","start":2241.43,"end":2241.83},{"text":"for","start":2242.39,"end":2242.55},{"text":"Spain,","start":2242.55,"end":2243.19},{"text":"it","start":2243.91,"end":2244.23},{"text":"is","start":2244.23,"end":2244.39},{"text":"right","start":2244.39,"end":2244.75},{"text":"to","start":2244.75,"end":2244.83},{"text":"indicate","start":2244.83,"end":2245.35},{"text":"in","start":2245.35,"end":2245.47},{"text":"draft","start":2245.47,"end":2245.71},{"text":"conclusion","start":2245.71,"end":2246.19},{"text":"3","start":2246.19,"end":2246.55},{"text":"that","start":2246.79,"end":2247.11},{"text":"agreements","start":2247.11,"end":2247.79},{"text":"signed","start":2247.79,"end":2248.15},{"text":"up","start":2248.15,"end":2248.31},{"text":"to","start":2248.31,"end":2248.55},{"text":"by","start":2248.63,"end":2248.95},{"text":"private","start":2248.95,"end":2249.47},{"text":"entities","start":2249.47,"end":2250.15},{"text":"do","start":2250.23,"end":2250.47},{"text":"not","start":2250.47,"end":2250.71},{"text":"constitute","start":2250.71,"end":2251.59},{"text":"non-legally","start":2251.75,"end":2252.63},{"text":"binding","start":2252.63,"end":2253.03},{"text":"international","start":2253.03,"end":2253.71},{"text":"agreements.","start":2253.71,"end":2254.47}]},{"text":"Chairman, point 2 of conclusion 4 underscores the intention of participants to consider that an agreement is not legally binding, could be expressed in here on including an explicit mention of this character, and Spain believes that on this particularly It would be positive for the draft conclusion to promote the signatories indicating expressly whether the agreement is of a normative nature or not.","start":2255.83,"end":2287.67,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairman,","start":2255.83,"end":2256.47},{"text":"point","start":2256.71,"end":2257.07},{"text":"2","start":2257.07,"end":2257.27},{"text":"of","start":2257.27,"end":2257.35},{"text":"conclusion","start":2257.35,"end":2257.99},{"text":"4","start":2257.99,"end":2258.47},{"text":"underscores","start":2258.87,"end":2259.75},{"text":"the","start":2259.75,"end":2259.87},{"text":"intention","start":2259.91,"end":2260.59},{"text":"of","start":2260.59,"end":2260.71},{"text":"participants","start":2260.71,"end":2261.35},{"text":"to","start":2261.35,"end":2261.47},{"text":"consider","start":2261.51,"end":2262.03},{"text":"that","start":2262.03,"end":2262.35},{"text":"an","start":2262.35,"end":2262.47},{"text":"agreement","start":2262.47,"end":2262.87},{"text":"is","start":2262.87,"end":2263.03},{"text":"not","start":2263.03,"end":2263.23},{"text":"legally","start":2263.23,"end":2263.67},{"text":"binding,","start":2263.67,"end":2264.39},{"text":"could","start":2265.35,"end":2265.55},{"text":"be","start":2265.55,"end":2265.71},{"text":"expressed","start":2265.71,"end":2266.31},{"text":"in","start":2266.95,"end":2267.19},{"text":"here","start":2267.19,"end":2267.75},{"text":"on","start":2270.27,"end":2270.39},{"text":"including","start":2270.39,"end":2270.87},{"text":"an","start":2270.87,"end":2271.27},{"text":"explicit","start":2271.27,"end":2271.83},{"text":"mention","start":2271.83,"end":2272.31},{"text":"of","start":2272.31,"end":2272.39},{"text":"this","start":2272.39,"end":2272.59},{"text":"character,","start":2272.59,"end":2273.43},{"text":"and","start":2274.99,"end":2275.19},{"text":"Spain","start":2275.19,"end":2275.51},{"text":"believes","start":2275.51,"end":2275.95},{"text":"that","start":2275.95,"end":2276.15},{"text":"on","start":2276.15,"end":2276.55},{"text":"this","start":2276.55,"end":2276.95},{"text":"particularly","start":2276.95,"end":2277.75},{"text":"It","start":2278.63,"end":2278.75},{"text":"would","start":2278.75,"end":2278.87},{"text":"be","start":2278.87,"end":2279.03},{"text":"positive","start":2279.03,"end":2279.51},{"text":"for","start":2279.51,"end":2279.63},{"text":"the","start":2279.63,"end":2279.71},{"text":"draft","start":2279.71,"end":2279.91},{"text":"conclusion","start":2279.91,"end":2280.47},{"text":"to","start":2280.47,"end":2280.63},{"text":"promote","start":2280.63,"end":2281.27},{"text":"the","start":2281.35,"end":2281.59},{"text":"signatories","start":2281.59,"end":2282.31},{"text":"indicating","start":2282.31,"end":2283.03},{"text":"expressly","start":2283.03,"end":2283.79},{"text":"whether","start":2283.79,"end":2284.15},{"text":"the","start":2284.15,"end":2284.27},{"text":"agreement","start":2284.31,"end":2285.11},{"text":"is","start":2285.43,"end":2285.75},{"text":"of","start":2285.75,"end":2286.07},{"text":"a","start":2286.07,"end":2286.11},{"text":"normative","start":2286.11,"end":2286.55},{"text":"nature","start":2286.55,"end":2287.07},{"text":"or","start":2287.11,"end":2287.23},{"text":"not.","start":2287.23,"end":2287.67}]},{"text":"While each participant must follow the parameters of their own legislation and apply a provision that states the non-normative nature of the agreement, it would provide more clarity to aspire to to the work of the International Law Commission.","start":2287.99,"end":2310.99,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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you very much, Chair.","start":2311.07,"end":2312.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2311.07,"end":2311.31},{"text":"you","start":2311.31,"end":2311.39},{"text":"very","start":2311.39,"end":2311.55},{"text":"much,","start":2311.55,"end":2311.91},{"text":"Chair.","start":2311.91,"end":2312.07}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ESP","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Spain"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":2313.15,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=38:34","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I would like to thank the distinguished representative of Spain for her 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statement.","start":2351.19,"end":2356.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2351.19,"end":2351.67},{"text":"in","start":2352.07,"end":2352.23},{"text":"the","start":2352.23,"end":2352.31},{"text":"interest","start":2352.31,"end":2352.67},{"text":"of","start":2352.67,"end":2352.79},{"text":"time,","start":2352.79,"end":2353.19},{"text":"I","start":2353.19,"end":2353.27},{"text":"will","start":2353.27,"end":2353.51},{"text":"be","start":2353.51,"end":2353.83},{"text":"delivering","start":2353.83,"end":2354.39},{"text":"a","start":2354.39,"end":2354.47},{"text":"shortened","start":2354.47,"end":2354.87},{"text":"version","start":2354.87,"end":2355.27},{"text":"of","start":2355.27,"end":2355.43},{"text":"the","start":2355.43,"end":2355.51},{"text":"statement.","start":2355.51,"end":2356.39}]},{"text":"Estonia aligns itself with the statement made by the European Union, and today I will touch upon four 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agreements.","start":2364.87,"end":2367.91,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2364.87,"end":2365.35},{"text":"non-legally","start":2365.35,"end":2365.95},{"text":"binding","start":2365.95,"end":2366.47},{"text":"international","start":2366.47,"end":2367.19},{"text":"agreements.","start":2367.19,"end":2367.91}]},{"text":"Estonia welcomes that considerable progress has been made this year.","start":2368.63,"end":2372.63,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Estonia","start":2368.63,"end":2369.11},{"text":"welcomes","start":2369.11,"end":2369.83},{"text":"that","start":2370.07,"end":2370.23},{"text":"considerable","start":2370.23,"end":2370.87},{"text":"progress","start":2370.87,"end":2371.43},{"text":"has","start":2371.43,"end":2371.63},{"text":"been","start":2371.63,"end":2371.75},{"text":"made","start":2371.75,"end":2371.99},{"text":"this","start":2371.99,"end":2372.31},{"text":"year.","start":2372.31,"end":2372.63}]},{"text":"We support draft conclusion 2 in its current form.","start":2373.47,"end":2377.67,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2373.47,"end":2373.63},{"text":"support","start":2373.63,"end":2374.15},{"text":"draft","start":2374.15,"end":2374.47},{"text":"conclusion","start":2374.47,"end":2375.55},{"text":"2","start":2376.19,"end":2376.59},{"text":"in","start":2376.59,"end":2376.67},{"text":"its","start":2376.67,"end":2376.83},{"text":"current","start":2376.83,"end":2377.23},{"text":"form.","start":2377.23,"end":2377.67}]},{"text":"We consider it important to preserve the ability of states and international organizations to determine their own rules and procedures for the drafting and adoption of non-legally binding international instruments.","start":2377.67,"end":2390.11,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":2465.87,"end":2466.27},{"text":"prevention","start":2466.59,"end":2467.23},{"text":"and","start":2467.23,"end":2467.35},{"text":"repression","start":2467.35,"end":2468.03},{"text":"of","start":2468.03,"end":2468.27},{"text":"piracy","start":2468.27,"end":2468.99},{"text":"and","start":2468.99,"end":2469.23},{"text":"armed","start":2469.23,"end":2469.43},{"text":"robbery","start":2469.43,"end":2469.87},{"text":"at","start":2469.87,"end":2470.03},{"text":"sea.","start":2470.03,"end":2470.43}]},{"text":"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is the cornerstone of international maritime governance and rule of law at sea.","start":2471.15,"end":2479.51,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2471.15,"end":2471.23},{"text":"United","start":2471.23,"end":2471.71},{"text":"Nations","start":2471.71,"end":2472.19},{"text":"Convention","start":2472.19,"end":2472.91},{"text":"on","start":2472.91,"end":2473.07},{"text":"the","start":2473.07,"end":2473.15},{"text":"Law","start":2473.15,"end":2473.35},{"text":"of","start":2473.35,"end":2473.47},{"text":"the","start":2473.51,"end":2473.59},{"text":"Sea","start":2473.59,"end":2474.07},{"text":"is","start":2474.07,"end":2474.19},{"text":"the","start":2474.19,"end":2474.35},{"text":"cornerstone","start":2474.35,"end":2475.03},{"text":"of","start":2475.03,"end":2475.15},{"text":"international","start":2475.15,"end":2475.87},{"text":"maritime","start":2475.87,"end":2476.43},{"text":"governance","start":2476.43,"end":2477.07},{"text":"and","start":2477.07,"end":2477.27},{"text":"rule","start":2477.27,"end":2477.59},{"text":"of","start":2477.59,"end":2477.71},{"text":"law","start":2478.43,"end":2478.95},{"text":"at","start":2478.95,"end":2479.07},{"text":"sea.","start":2479.07,"end":2479.51}]},{"text":"Hence, also the norms concerning piracy and armed robbery at sea must remain grounded in it.","start":2479.95,"end":2485.95,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Hence,","start":2479.95,"end":2480.51},{"text":"also","start":2480.51,"end":2480.87},{"text":"the","start":2480.87,"end":2480.99},{"text":"norms","start":2480.99,"end":2481.47},{"text":"concerning","start":2481.47,"end":2482.35},{"text":"piracy","start":2482.35,"end":2482.99},{"text":"and","start":2482.99,"end":2483.15},{"text":"armed","start":2483.15,"end":2483.39},{"text":"robbery","start":2483.39,"end":2483.87},{"text":"at","start":2483.87,"end":2484.03},{"text":"sea","start":2484.03,"end":2484.35},{"text":"must","start":2484.35,"end":2484.59},{"text":"remain","start":2484.59,"end":2484.99},{"text":"grounded","start":2484.99,"end":2485.47},{"text":"in","start":2485.47,"end":2485.63},{"text":"it.","start":2485.63,"end":2485.95}]},{"text":"We appreciate that in his report, the Special Rapporteur has paid attention to evolving issues such as the use of maritime and aerial drones, the deployment of armed security personnel on board merchant vessels, the role of international naval forces, and jurisdictional challenges.","start":2486.75,"end":2505.39,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2486.75,"end":2486.99},{"text":"appreciate","start":2486.99,"end":2487.79},{"text":"that","start":2487.95,"end":2488.19},{"text":"in","start":2488.19,"end":2488.35},{"text":"his","start":2488.35,"end":2488.59},{"text":"report,","start":2488.59,"end":2489.23},{"text":"the","start":2489.23,"end":2489.31},{"text":"Special","start":2489.31,"end":2489.75},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":2489.75,"end":2490.35},{"text":"has","start":2490.35,"end":2490.59},{"text":"paid","start":2490.59,"end":2490.83},{"text":"attention","start":2490.83,"end":2491.39},{"text":"to","start":2491.39,"end":2491.47},{"text":"evolving","start":2491.63,"end":2492.27},{"text":"issues","start":2492.27,"end":2492.83},{"text":"such","start":2493.23,"end":2493.67},{"text":"as","start":2493.67,"end":2493.79},{"text":"the","start":2493.79,"end":2493.91},{"text":"use","start":2493.91,"end":2494.27},{"text":"of","start":2494.27,"end":2494.35},{"text":"maritime","start":2494.35,"end":2495.07},{"text":"and","start":2495.07,"end":2495.23},{"text":"aerial","start":2495.31,"end":2495.79},{"text":"drones,","start":2495.79,"end":2496.35},{"text":"the","start":2496.59,"end":2496.71},{"text":"deployment","start":2496.71,"end":2497.35},{"text":"of","start":2497.35,"end":2497.47},{"text":"armed","start":2497.47,"end":2497.71},{"text":"security","start":2497.71,"end":2498.27},{"text":"personnel","start":2498.27,"end":2498.95},{"text":"on","start":2498.95,"end":2499.07},{"text":"board","start":2499.55,"end":2499.95},{"text":"merchant","start":2499.95,"end":2500.55},{"text":"vessels,","start":2500.55,"end":2501.15},{"text":"the","start":2501.59,"end":2501.67},{"text":"role","start":2501.67,"end":2502.07},{"text":"of","start":2502.07,"end":2502.15},{"text":"international","start":2502.15,"end":2502.87},{"text":"naval","start":2502.87,"end":2503.15},{"text":"forces,","start":2503.15,"end":2503.75},{"text":"and","start":2503.75,"end":2503.87},{"text":"jurisdictional","start":2503.87,"end":2504.67},{"text":"challenges.","start":2504.67,"end":2505.39}]},{"text":"The work on these topics should continue.","start":2506.59,"end":2508.63,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2506.59,"end":2506.75},{"text":"work","start":2506.75,"end":2507.07},{"text":"on","start":2507.07,"end":2507.15},{"text":"these","start":2507.15,"end":2507.39},{"text":"topics","start":2507.39,"end":2507.83},{"text":"should","start":2507.83,"end":2508.11},{"text":"continue.","start":2508.11,"end":2508.63}]},{"text":"Estonia agrees with the Commission's members who recall that piracy and armed robbery at sea have created risks, and that the Commission's work must be aligned with the needs of States.","start":2509.67,"end":2519.67,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Estonia","start":2509.67,"end":2510.19},{"text":"agrees","start":2510.19,"end":2510.59},{"text":"with","start":2510.59,"end":2510.75},{"text":"the","start":2510.75,"end":2510.83},{"text":"Commission's","start":2510.83,"end":2511.39},{"text":"members","start":2511.39,"end":2511.75},{"text":"who","start":2511.75,"end":2511.87},{"text":"recall","start":2511.87,"end":2512.39},{"text":"that","start":2512.39,"end":2512.59},{"text":"piracy","start":2512.59,"end":2513.11},{"text":"and","start":2513.11,"end":2513.27},{"text":"armed","start":2513.27,"end":2513.51},{"text":"robbery","start":2513.51,"end":2513.91},{"text":"at","start":2513.91,"end":2514.03},{"text":"sea","start":2514.03,"end":2514.47},{"text":"have","start":2514.47,"end":2514.71},{"text":"created","start":2514.71,"end":2515.23},{"text":"risks,","start":2515.23,"end":2515.83},{"text":"and","start":2516.31,"end":2516.47},{"text":"that","start":2516.47,"end":2516.59},{"text":"the","start":2516.59,"end":2516.67},{"text":"Commission's","start":2516.67,"end":2517.23},{"text":"work","start":2517.23,"end":2517.51},{"text":"must","start":2517.51,"end":2517.79},{"text":"be","start":2517.79,"end":2517.87},{"text":"aligned","start":2517.87,"end":2518.31},{"text":"with","start":2518.31,"end":2518.43},{"text":"the","start":2518.43,"end":2518.51},{"text":"needs","start":2518.55,"end":2518.91},{"text":"of","start":2518.91,"end":2519.03},{"text":"States.","start":2519.03,"end":2519.67}]},{"text":"We appreciate the effort to address in draft Article 5 the use of new technologies, such as autonomous and remotely operated vessels, to commit acts of piracy or armed robbery at sea.","start":2520.63,"end":2532.95,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2520.63,"end":2520.83},{"text":"appreciate","start":2520.83,"end":2521.43},{"text":"the","start":2521.43,"end":2521.55},{"text":"effort","start":2521.55,"end":2522.15},{"text":"to","start":2522.71,"end":2522.95},{"text":"address","start":2522.95,"end":2523.51},{"text":"in","start":2523.51,"end":2523.63},{"text":"draft","start":2523.63,"end":2523.99},{"text":"Article","start":2523.99,"end":2524.39},{"text":"5","start":2524.39,"end":2524.79},{"text":"the","start":2524.79,"end":2524.87},{"text":"use","start":2524.87,"end":2525.23},{"text":"of","start":2525.23,"end":2525.35},{"text":"new","start":2525.35,"end":2525.51},{"text":"technologies,","start":2525.51,"end":2526.39},{"text":"such","start":2526.79,"end":2527.19},{"text":"as","start":2527.19,"end":2527.39},{"text":"autonomous","start":2527.39,"end":2528.11},{"text":"and","start":2528.11,"end":2528.31},{"text":"remotely","start":2528.31,"end":2528.75},{"text":"operated","start":2528.75,"end":2529.19},{"text":"vessels,","start":2529.19,"end":2529.83},{"text":"to","start":2529.83,"end":2529.95},{"text":"commit","start":2529.95,"end":2530.39},{"text":"acts","start":2530.39,"end":2530.71},{"text":"of","start":2530.71,"end":2530.79},{"text":"piracy","start":2530.79,"end":2531.51},{"text":"or","start":2531.51,"end":2531.75},{"text":"armed","start":2531.75,"end":2531.99},{"text":"robbery","start":2531.99,"end":2532.31},{"text":"at","start":2532.31,"end":2532.43},{"text":"sea.","start":2532.43,"end":2532.95}]},{"text":"In the future, the Commission may wish to pay special attention to the widespread use of artificial intelligence.","start":2533.67,"end":2539.35,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2533.67,"end":2533.87},{"text":"the","start":2533.87,"end":2533.99},{"text":"future,","start":2533.99,"end":2534.39},{"text":"the","start":2534.39,"end":2534.47},{"text":"Commission","start":2534.47,"end":2535.03},{"text":"may","start":2535.03,"end":2535.19},{"text":"wish","start":2535.19,"end":2535.43},{"text":"to","start":2535.43,"end":2535.55},{"text":"pay","start":2535.55,"end":2535.67},{"text":"special","start":2535.67,"end":2536.15},{"text":"attention","start":2536.15,"end":2536.71},{"text":"to","start":2536.71,"end":2536.83},{"text":"the","start":2536.83,"end":2536.95},{"text":"widespread","start":2536.95,"end":2537.51},{"text":"use","start":2537.51,"end":2537.75},{"text":"of","start":2537.75,"end":2537.91},{"text":"artificial","start":2537.91,"end":2538.47},{"text":"intelligence.","start":2538.47,"end":2539.35}]},{"text":"As with other issues in draft articles, any suggestions for norms and principles must remain grounded in existing international law, while not limiting the possibility of applying them to potential future technologies.","start":2539.99,"end":2553.35,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2539.99,"end":2540.19},{"text":"with","start":2540.19,"end":2540.39},{"text":"other","start":2540.39,"end":2540.71},{"text":"issues","start":2540.71,"end":2541.11},{"text":"in","start":2541.11,"end":2541.27},{"text":"draft","start":2541.27,"end":2541.59},{"text":"articles,","start":2541.59,"end":2542.23},{"text":"any","start":2542.23,"end":2542.47},{"text":"suggestions","start":2542.47,"end":2543.35},{"text":"for","start":2543.59,"end":2543.83},{"text":"norms","start":2543.83,"end":2544.19},{"text":"and","start":2544.19,"end":2544.31},{"text":"principles","start":2544.31,"end":2544.95},{"text":"must","start":2544.95,"end":2545.27},{"text":"remain","start":2545.27,"end":2545.59},{"text":"grounded","start":2545.59,"end":2546.23},{"text":"in","start":2546.23,"end":2546.39},{"text":"existing","start":2546.39,"end":2546.99},{"text":"international","start":2546.99,"end":2547.91},{"text":"law,","start":2547.91,"end":2547.99},{"text":"while","start":2548.43,"end":2548.71},{"text":"not","start":2548.71,"end":2548.95},{"text":"limiting","start":2548.95,"end":2549.59},{"text":"the","start":2549.59,"end":2549.67},{"text":"possibility","start":2549.67,"end":2550.39},{"text":"of","start":2550.39,"end":2550.51},{"text":"applying","start":2550.51,"end":2551.19},{"text":"them","start":2551.19,"end":2551.43},{"text":"to","start":2551.43,"end":2551.51},{"text":"potential","start":2551.51,"end":2552.07},{"text":"future","start":2552.07,"end":2552.47},{"text":"technologies.","start":2552.47,"end":2553.35}]},{"text":"With regard to draft article 9, we see the need to exercise caution with regard to privately contracted armed security.","start":2554.39,"end":2561.67,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2554.39,"end":2554.71},{"text":"regard","start":2554.71,"end":2555.15},{"text":"to","start":2555.15,"end":2555.23},{"text":"draft","start":2555.23,"end":2555.59},{"text":"article","start":2555.59,"end":2555.99},{"text":"9,","start":2555.99,"end":2556.47},{"text":"we","start":2556.47,"end":2556.67},{"text":"see","start":2556.67,"end":2556.95},{"text":"the","start":2556.95,"end":2557.03},{"text":"need","start":2557.03,"end":2557.31},{"text":"to","start":2557.31,"end":2557.43},{"text":"exercise","start":2557.43,"end":2557.99},{"text":"caution","start":2557.99,"end":2558.63},{"text":"with","start":2558.63,"end":2558.83},{"text":"regard","start":2558.83,"end":2559.27},{"text":"to","start":2559.27,"end":2559.39},{"text":"privately","start":2559.39,"end":2559.99},{"text":"contracted","start":2559.99,"end":2560.63},{"text":"armed","start":2560.63,"end":2560.87},{"text":"security.","start":2560.87,"end":2561.67}]},{"text":"While the practice of using such entities exists, it is not uniform enough to draw definitive conclusions on their mandates.","start":2562.31,"end":2570.59,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2562.31,"end":2562.55},{"text":"the","start":2562.55,"end":2562.67},{"text":"practice","start":2562.67,"end":2563.15},{"text":"of","start":2563.15,"end":2563.31},{"text":"using","start":2563.31,"end":2563.71},{"text":"such","start":2563.71,"end":2563.95},{"text":"entities","start":2563.95,"end":2564.51},{"text":"exists,","start":2564.51,"end":2565.23},{"text":"it","start":2565.47,"end":2565.67},{"text":"is","start":2565.67,"end":2565.79},{"text":"not","start":2565.79,"end":2566.03},{"text":"uniform","start":2566.03,"end":2566.59},{"text":"enough","start":2566.59,"end":2566.91},{"text":"to","start":2566.91,"end":2567.31},{"text":"draw","start":2567.31,"end":2567.55},{"text":"definitive","start":2568.19,"end":2568.91},{"text":"conclusions","start":2568.91,"end":2569.63},{"text":"on","start":2569.63,"end":2569.71},{"text":"their","start":2569.71,"end":2569.87},{"text":"mandates.","start":2569.87,"end":2570.59}]},{"text":"We prefer to remain close to Article 107 of UNCLOS that specifically mentions warships, military aircraft, or other government service vessels.","start":2571.07,"end":2580.83,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2571.07,"end":2571.23},{"text":"prefer","start":2571.23,"end":2571.71},{"text":"to","start":2571.71,"end":2571.83},{"text":"remain","start":2571.83,"end":2572.19},{"text":"close","start":2572.19,"end":2572.51},{"text":"to","start":2572.51,"end":2572.59},{"text":"Article","start":2572.59,"end":2573.07},{"text":"107","start":2573.07,"end":2574.11},{"text":"of","start":2574.15,"end":2574.23},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":2574.23,"end":2575.15},{"text":"that","start":2575.39,"end":2575.55},{"text":"specifically","start":2575.55,"end":2576.31},{"text":"mentions","start":2576.31,"end":2576.83},{"text":"warships,","start":2576.83,"end":2577.47},{"text":"military","start":2577.47,"end":2577.95},{"text":"aircraft,","start":2577.95,"end":2578.59},{"text":"or","start":2578.91,"end":2579.15},{"text":"other","start":2579.15,"end":2579.39},{"text":"government","start":2579.39,"end":2579.91},{"text":"service","start":2579.91,"end":2580.31},{"text":"vessels.","start":2580.31,"end":2580.83}]},{"text":"Third, due diligence in international law.","start":2581.95,"end":2584.63,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":2581.95,"end":2582.27},{"text":"due","start":2582.35,"end":2582.83},{"text":"diligence","start":2582.83,"end":2583.47},{"text":"in","start":2583.47,"end":2583.63},{"text":"international","start":2583.63,"end":2584.55},{"text":"law.","start":2584.55,"end":2584.63}]},{"text":"We welcome the Special Rapporteur's broader overview of state practice and judicial decisions concerning due diligence, including in cyberspace.","start":2585.11,"end":2595.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2585.11,"end":2585.27},{"text":"welcome","start":2585.27,"end":2585.75},{"text":"the","start":2585.75,"end":2585.83},{"text":"Special","start":2585.83,"end":2586.23},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":2586.23,"end":2587.03},{"text":"broader","start":2587.11,"end":2588.47},{"text":"overview","start":2588.47,"end":2589.11},{"text":"of","start":2589.43,"end":2589.59},{"text":"state","start":2589.59,"end":2589.91},{"text":"practice","start":2589.91,"end":2590.55},{"text":"and","start":2590.55,"end":2590.83},{"text":"judicial","start":2590.83,"end":2591.35},{"text":"decisions","start":2591.35,"end":2591.99},{"text":"concerning","start":2591.99,"end":2592.55},{"text":"due","start":2592.55,"end":2592.79},{"text":"diligence,","start":2592.79,"end":2593.43},{"text":"including","start":2593.83,"end":2594.55},{"text":"in","start":2594.55,"end":2594.87},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":2594.87,"end":2595.91}]},{"text":"Estonia has consistently affirmed that international law applies in cyberspace.","start":2595.99,"end":2601.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Estonia","start":2595.99,"end":2596.55},{"text":"has","start":2596.55,"end":2596.79},{"text":"consistently","start":2596.79,"end":2597.51},{"text":"affirmed","start":2597.51,"end":2598.07},{"text":"that","start":2598.31,"end":2598.47},{"text":"international","start":2598.47,"end":2599.35},{"text":"law","start":2599.35,"end":2599.51},{"text":"applies","start":2599.79,"end":2600.31},{"text":"in","start":2600.31,"end":2600.47},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":2600.47,"end":2601.43}]},{"text":"We consider it valuable that the Special Rapporteur's report includes the crime of genocide and international humanitarian law.","start":2601.91,"end":2609.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2601.91,"end":2602.07},{"text":"consider","start":2602.07,"end":2602.71},{"text":"it","start":2602.71,"end":2602.79},{"text":"valuable","start":2602.79,"end":2603.43},{"text":"that","start":2603.43,"end":2603.59},{"text":"the","start":2603.59,"end":2603.67},{"text":"Special","start":2603.67,"end":2604.11},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":2604.11,"end":2604.71},{"text":"report","start":2604.71,"end":2605.15},{"text":"includes","start":2605.15,"end":2605.71},{"text":"the","start":2605.75,"end":2605.83},{"text":"crime","start":2605.83,"end":2606.23},{"text":"of","start":2606.23,"end":2606.31},{"text":"genocide","start":2606.31,"end":2607.11},{"text":"and","start":2607.59,"end":2607.83},{"text":"international","start":2607.83,"end":2608.47},{"text":"humanitarian","start":2608.47,"end":2609.27},{"text":"law.","start":2609.27,"end":2609.59}]},{"text":"In the current global context, this is especially timely and helps to demonstrate the relevance of due diligence across different areas of international law.","start":2610.31,"end":2619.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2610.31,"end":2610.43},{"text":"the","start":2610.43,"end":2610.55},{"text":"current","start":2610.55,"end":2610.99},{"text":"global","start":2610.99,"end":2611.35},{"text":"context,","start":2611.35,"end":2612.11},{"text":"this","start":2612.11,"end":2612.35},{"text":"is","start":2612.35,"end":2612.47},{"text":"especially","start":2612.47,"end":2613.11},{"text":"timely","start":2613.11,"end":2613.55},{"text":"and","start":2613.55,"end":2613.67},{"text":"helps","start":2613.67,"end":2613.95},{"text":"to","start":2613.95,"end":2614.03},{"text":"demonstrate","start":2614.03,"end":2614.79},{"text":"the","start":2615.07,"end":2615.15},{"text":"relevance","start":2615.15,"end":2615.71},{"text":"of","start":2615.71,"end":2615.83},{"text":"due","start":2615.83,"end":2615.99},{"text":"diligence","start":2615.99,"end":2616.63},{"text":"across","start":2616.67,"end":2617.07},{"text":"different","start":2617.07,"end":2617.51},{"text":"areas","start":2617.51,"end":2617.91},{"text":"of","start":2617.91,"end":2618.07},{"text":"international","start":2618.07,"end":2619.03},{"text":"law.","start":2619.03,"end":2619.11}]},{"text":"Estonia can support keeping the focus on the due diligence obligations of states.","start":2620.19,"end":2624.95,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Estonia","start":2620.19,"end":2620.67},{"text":"can","start":2620.67,"end":2620.87},{"text":"support","start":2620.87,"end":2621.35},{"text":"keeping","start":2621.35,"end":2621.71},{"text":"the","start":2621.71,"end":2621.83},{"text":"focus","start":2621.83,"end":2622.47},{"text":"on","start":2622.47,"end":2622.63},{"text":"the","start":2622.63,"end":2622.75},{"text":"due","start":2622.75,"end":2622.99},{"text":"diligence","start":2622.99,"end":2623.55},{"text":"obligations","start":2623.55,"end":2624.23},{"text":"of","start":2624.23,"end":2624.35},{"text":"states.","start":2624.35,"end":2624.95}]},{"text":"However, at this stage of the work, we favour a broader approach to explore options and remain open to considering the various contexts in which due diligence arises.","start":2625.35,"end":2635.99,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2625.35,"end":2625.99},{"text":"at","start":2625.99,"end":2626.15},{"text":"this","start":2626.15,"end":2626.35},{"text":"stage","start":2626.35,"end":2626.63},{"text":"of","start":2626.63,"end":2626.79},{"text":"the","start":2626.79,"end":2626.87},{"text":"work,","start":2626.87,"end":2627.19},{"text":"we","start":2627.19,"end":2627.35},{"text":"favour","start":2627.35,"end":2627.79},{"text":"a","start":2627.79,"end":2627.83},{"text":"broader","start":2627.83,"end":2628.27},{"text":"approach","start":2628.27,"end":2628.71},{"text":"to","start":2628.71,"end":2628.83},{"text":"explore","start":2628.83,"end":2629.35},{"text":"options","start":2629.35,"end":2629.99},{"text":"and","start":2630.43,"end":2630.59},{"text":"remain","start":2630.59,"end":2631.11},{"text":"open","start":2631.11,"end":2631.59},{"text":"to","start":2631.59,"end":2631.67},{"text":"considering","start":2631.67,"end":2632.47},{"text":"the","start":2632.47,"end":2632.63},{"text":"various","start":2632.63,"end":2633.11},{"text":"contexts","start":2633.11,"end":2633.75},{"text":"in","start":2633.75,"end":2633.91},{"text":"which","start":2633.91,"end":2634.23},{"text":"due","start":2634.23,"end":2634.47},{"text":"diligence","start":2634.47,"end":2635.19},{"text":"arises.","start":2635.19,"end":2635.99}]},{"text":"We are cautious about characterising This as a general and autonomous obligations applicable irrespective of the field concerned.","start":2636.31,"end":2645.95,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":2663.31,"end":2663.87},{"text":"compensation","start":2664.19,"end":2665.07},{"text":"for","start":2665.07,"end":2665.23},{"text":"the","start":2665.23,"end":2665.31},{"text":"damage","start":2665.31,"end":2665.71},{"text":"caused","start":2665.71,"end":2666.11},{"text":"by","start":2666.11,"end":2666.23},{"text":"internationally","start":2666.23,"end":2666.95},{"text":"wrongful","start":2666.95,"end":2667.47},{"text":"acts.","start":2667.47,"end":2668.03}]},{"text":"We are looking forward to substantive reports on this topic.","start":2668.55,"end":2672.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2668.55,"end":2668.67},{"text":"are","start":2668.67,"end":2668.75},{"text":"looking","start":2668.75,"end":2669.11},{"text":"forward","start":2669.11,"end":2669.47},{"text":"to","start":2669.47,"end":2669.59},{"text":"substantive","start":2669.59,"end":2670.39},{"text":"reports","start":2670.39,"end":2671.07},{"text":"on","start":2671.07,"end":2671.19},{"text":"this","start":2671.19,"end":2671.59},{"text":"topic.","start":2671.59,"end":2672.15}]},{"text":"Compensation is a practical and timely matter which needs more attention and clarification.","start":2672.55,"end":2677.83,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Compensation","start":2672.55,"end":2673.59},{"text":"is","start":2673.59,"end":2673.79},{"text":"a","start":2673.79,"end":2673.83},{"text":"practical","start":2673.83,"end":2674.51},{"text":"and","start":2674.51,"end":2674.67},{"text":"timely","start":2674.67,"end":2675.03},{"text":"matter","start":2675.03,"end":2675.35},{"text":"which","start":2675.35,"end":2675.59},{"text":"needs","start":2675.59,"end":2675.91},{"text":"more","start":2675.91,"end":2676.15},{"text":"attention","start":2676.15,"end":2676.63},{"text":"and","start":2676.63,"end":2676.75},{"text":"clarification.","start":2676.75,"end":2677.83}]},{"text":"The Commission's work should align with the draft articles on responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts, while considering subsequent relevant state and court practice.","start":2678.23,"end":2688.15,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2678.23,"end":2678.31},{"text":"Commission's","start":2678.31,"end":2678.91},{"text":"work","start":2678.91,"end":2679.15},{"text":"should","start":2679.15,"end":2679.31},{"text":"align","start":2679.31,"end":2679.67},{"text":"with","start":2679.67,"end":2679.79},{"text":"the","start":2679.79,"end":2679.87},{"text":"draft","start":2679.87,"end":2680.23},{"text":"articles","start":2680.23,"end":2680.79},{"text":"on","start":2680.79,"end":2680.95},{"text":"responsibility","start":2680.95,"end":2681.79},{"text":"of","start":2681.79,"end":2681.91},{"text":"states","start":2681.91,"end":2682.31},{"text":"for","start":2682.31,"end":2682.55},{"text":"internationally","start":2682.55,"end":2683.31},{"text":"wrongful","start":2683.31,"end":2683.75},{"text":"acts,","start":2683.75,"end":2684.23},{"text":"while","start":2684.59,"end":2684.95},{"text":"considering","start":2684.95,"end":2685.59},{"text":"subsequent","start":2685.59,"end":2686.23},{"text":"relevant","start":2686.23,"end":2686.67},{"text":"state","start":2686.67,"end":2686.95},{"text":"and","start":2686.95,"end":2687.07},{"text":"court","start":2687.07,"end":2687.39},{"text":"practice.","start":2687.39,"end":2688.15}]},{"text":"We welcome that in addition to interstate claims, the Special Rapporteur wants to include the situations where compensation is owed to individuals or other entities.","start":2688.75,"end":2698.99,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2688.75,"end":2688.91},{"text":"welcome","start":2688.91,"end":2689.47},{"text":"that","start":2689.47,"end":2689.71},{"text":"in","start":2689.71,"end":2689.87},{"text":"addition","start":2689.87,"end":2690.35},{"text":"to","start":2690.35,"end":2690.51},{"text":"interstate","start":2690.51,"end":2691.15},{"text":"claims,","start":2691.15,"end":2691.75},{"text":"the","start":2691.75,"end":2691.83},{"text":"Special","start":2691.83,"end":2692.23},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":2692.23,"end":2692.75},{"text":"wants","start":2692.75,"end":2693.07},{"text":"to","start":2693.07,"end":2693.19},{"text":"include","start":2693.19,"end":2693.63},{"text":"the","start":2693.63,"end":2693.71},{"text":"situations","start":2693.71,"end":2694.59},{"text":"where","start":2694.95,"end":2695.15},{"text":"compensation","start":2695.15,"end":2696.03},{"text":"is","start":2696.03,"end":2696.27},{"text":"owed","start":2696.27,"end":2696.59},{"text":"to","start":2696.91,"end":2696.99},{"text":"individuals","start":2696.99,"end":2697.83},{"text":"or","start":2697.83,"end":2698.03},{"text":"other","start":2698.03,"end":2698.23},{"text":"entities.","start":2698.23,"end":2698.99}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we support the proposal to cover compensation arising under both the responsibility of states and the responsibility of international organizations, while reparations awarded by international criminal courts or tribunals would not be covered.","start":2699.23,"end":2716.03,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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you, Chair.","start":2716.83,"end":2717.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2716.83,"end":2717.15},{"text":"you,","start":2717.15,"end":2717.31},{"text":"Chair.","start":2717.31,"end":2717.79}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"EST","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Estonia"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":2720.95,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=45:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Estonia for her statement, and now I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Croatia, to be followed by 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regard to the topic non-legally binding international agreements, We support the non-prescriptive and flexible approach to this topic embodied in the draft conclusions.","start":2769.15,"end":2782.35,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2769.15,"end":2769.39},{"text":"regard","start":2769.39,"end":2769.75},{"text":"to","start":2769.75,"end":2769.95},{"text":"the","start":2769.95,"end":2770.03},{"text":"topic","start":2770.03,"end":2770.67},{"text":"non-legally","start":2770.75,"end":2771.47},{"text":"binding","start":2771.47,"end":2771.95},{"text":"international","start":2771.95,"end":2772.55},{"text":"agreements,","start":2772.55,"end":2773.07},{"text":"We","start":2773.75,"end":2773.91},{"text":"support","start":2773.91,"end":2774.55},{"text":"the","start":2774.63,"end":2774.87},{"text":"non-prescriptive","start":2775.67,"end":2777.11},{"text":"and","start":2777.11,"end":2777.39},{"text":"flexible","start":2777.39,"end":2777.91},{"text":"approach","start":2777.91,"end":2778.47},{"text":"to","start":2778.87,"end":2779.03},{"text":"this","start":2779.03,"end":2779.27},{"text":"topic","start":2779.27,"end":2779.83},{"text":"embodied","start":2780.07,"end":2780.71},{"text":"in","start":2780.71,"end":2780.95},{"text":"the","start":2780.95,"end":2781.07},{"text":"draft","start":2781.19,"end":2781.67},{"text":"conclusions.","start":2781.67,"end":2782.35}]},{"text":"We would like to reiterate our view that the term \"instrument\" would be more suitable than the term \"agreement\", since this term is used in our internal rules and practice, in the rules and practice of certain other States, as well as in the ongoing work of the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law of the Council of Europe on the same topic.","start":2783.75,"end":2808.83,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2783.75,"end":2783.91},{"text":"would","start":2783.91,"end":2784.03},{"text":"like","start":2784.03,"end":2784.23},{"text":"to","start":2784.23,"end":2784.35},{"text":"reiterate","start":2784.35,"end":2785.03},{"text":"our","start":2785.03,"end":2785.19},{"text":"view","start":2785.19,"end":2785.59},{"text":"that","start":2785.59,"end":2785.83},{"text":"the","start":2785.83,"end":2786.03},{"text":"term","start":2786.03,"end":2786.47},{"text":"\"instrument\"","start":2786.55,"end":2787.35},{"text":"would","start":2787.91,"end":2788.23},{"text":"be","start":2788.23,"end":2788.55},{"text":"more","start":2788.55,"end":2788.87},{"text":"suitable","start":2788.87,"end":2789.51},{"text":"than","start":2789.59,"end":2789.83},{"text":"the","start":2789.83,"end":2789.95},{"text":"term","start":2789.95,"end":2790.31},{"text":"\"agreement\",","start":2790.31,"end":2791.03},{"text":"since","start":2791.59,"end":2792.07},{"text":"this","start":2792.07,"end":2792.31},{"text":"term","start":2792.31,"end":2792.71},{"text":"is","start":2792.71,"end":2792.95},{"text":"used","start":2792.95,"end":2793.35},{"text":"in","start":2793.35,"end":2793.59},{"text":"our","start":2793.59,"end":2793.83},{"text":"internal","start":2793.83,"end":2794.55},{"text":"rules","start":2794.55,"end":2794.95},{"text":"and","start":2794.95,"end":2795.11},{"text":"practice,","start":2795.11,"end":2795.67},{"text":"in","start":2796.15,"end":2796.31},{"text":"the","start":2796.31,"end":2796.43},{"text":"rules","start":2796.43,"end":2796.79},{"text":"and","start":2796.79,"end":2796.95},{"text":"practice","start":2796.95,"end":2797.39},{"text":"of","start":2797.39,"end":2797.51},{"text":"certain","start":2797.51,"end":2798.07},{"text":"other","start":2798.07,"end":2798.31},{"text":"States,","start":2798.31,"end":2798.67},{"text":"as","start":2799.39,"end":2799.63},{"text":"well","start":2799.63,"end":2800.03},{"text":"as","start":2800.03,"end":2800.35},{"text":"in","start":2800.35,"end":2801.07},{"text":"the","start":2801.07,"end":2801.15},{"text":"ongoing","start":2801.23,"end":2801.87},{"text":"work","start":2801.87,"end":2802.35},{"text":"of","start":2802.67,"end":2802.87},{"text":"the","start":2802.87,"end":2802.99},{"text":"Committee","start":2802.99,"end":2803.55},{"text":"of","start":2803.55,"end":2803.71},{"text":"Legal","start":2803.79,"end":2804.03},{"text":"Advisers","start":2804.03,"end":2804.75},{"text":"on","start":2805.07,"end":2805.23},{"text":"Public","start":2805.23,"end":2805.63},{"text":"International","start":2805.63,"end":2806.35},{"text":"Law","start":2806.35,"end":2806.43},{"text":"of","start":2806.43,"end":2806.59},{"text":"the","start":2806.59,"end":2806.71},{"text":"Council","start":2806.71,"end":2807.11},{"text":"of","start":2807.11,"end":2807.23},{"text":"Europe","start":2807.23,"end":2807.55},{"text":"on","start":2807.87,"end":2808.03},{"text":"the","start":2808.03,"end":2808.11},{"text":"same","start":2808.11,"end":2808.35},{"text":"topic.","start":2808.35,"end":2808.83}]},{"text":"It is our view that it would be more appropriate that draft conclusion 3 is followed by draft conclusion 2, as it seems that explaining the use of terms right after the scope and purpose would be more suitable.","start":2810.19,"end":2826.27,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2810.19,"end":2810.43},{"text":"is","start":2810.43,"end":2810.55},{"text":"our","start":2810.55,"end":2810.67},{"text":"view","start":2810.67,"end":2810.91},{"text":"that","start":2810.91,"end":2811.31},{"text":"it","start":2811.47,"end":2811.63},{"text":"would","start":2811.63,"end":2811.75},{"text":"be","start":2811.79,"end":2811.95},{"text":"more","start":2811.95,"end":2812.15},{"text":"appropriate","start":2812.15,"end":2812.75},{"text":"that","start":2812.75,"end":2812.99},{"text":"draft","start":2812.99,"end":2813.39},{"text":"conclusion","start":2813.39,"end":2813.95},{"text":"3","start":2813.95,"end":2814.43},{"text":"is","start":2814.99,"end":2815.23},{"text":"followed","start":2815.23,"end":2815.63},{"text":"by","start":2815.63,"end":2815.87},{"text":"draft","start":2815.95,"end":2816.43},{"text":"conclusion","start":2816.43,"end":2816.99},{"text":"2,","start":2816.99,"end":2817.39},{"text":"as","start":2818.03,"end":2818.27},{"text":"it","start":2818.27,"end":2818.35},{"text":"seems","start":2818.35,"end":2818.83},{"text":"that","start":2819.39,"end":2819.71},{"text":"explaining","start":2819.79,"end":2820.67},{"text":"the","start":2820.67,"end":2820.75},{"text":"use","start":2820.75,"end":2821.15},{"text":"of","start":2821.15,"end":2821.23},{"text":"terms","start":2821.23,"end":2821.71},{"text":"right","start":2821.71,"end":2822.11},{"text":"after","start":2822.31,"end":2822.59},{"text":"the","start":2822.59,"end":2822.71},{"text":"scope","start":2822.71,"end":2823.15},{"text":"and","start":2823.23,"end":2823.47},{"text":"purpose","start":2823.47,"end":2824.11},{"text":"would","start":2824.67,"end":2824.99},{"text":"be","start":2824.99,"end":2825.31},{"text":"more","start":2825.31,"end":2825.55},{"text":"suitable.","start":2825.55,"end":2826.27}]},{"text":"On the use of terms in draft conclusion 3, paragraph 2, we would like to share two observations.","start":2827.47,"end":2833.83,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2827.47,"end":2827.63},{"text":"the","start":2827.63,"end":2827.71},{"text":"use","start":2827.71,"end":2827.95},{"text":"of","start":2827.95,"end":2828.03},{"text":"terms","start":2828.03,"end":2828.51},{"text":"in","start":2828.51,"end":2828.67},{"text":"draft","start":2828.67,"end":2828.91},{"text":"conclusion","start":2828.91,"end":2829.55},{"text":"3,","start":2829.55,"end":2830.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":2830.35,"end":2830.83},{"text":"2,","start":2830.83,"end":2831.23},{"text":"we","start":2831.87,"end":2831.99},{"text":"would","start":2831.99,"end":2832.11},{"text":"like","start":2832.11,"end":2832.31},{"text":"to","start":2832.31,"end":2832.47},{"text":"share","start":2832.47,"end":2832.83},{"text":"two","start":2832.83,"end":2833.07},{"text":"observations.","start":2833.07,"end":2833.83}]},{"text":"Firstly, we believe that the text should be altered to better reflect the fact that state and government authorities have the competence to enter into non-legally binding instruments as participants to the extent allowed by the internal legislation of a particular state.","start":2834.75,"end":2855.31,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":2834.75,"end":2835.23},{"text":"we","start":2835.95,"end":2836.11},{"text":"believe","start":2836.11,"end":2836.43},{"text":"that","start":2836.43,"end":2836.75},{"text":"the","start":2836.75,"end":2836.91},{"text":"text","start":2836.91,"end":2837.39},{"text":"should","start":2837.39,"end":2837.55},{"text":"be","start":2837.55,"end":2837.87},{"text":"altered","start":2837.95,"end":2838.59},{"text":"to","start":2838.99,"end":2839.11},{"text":"better","start":2839.15,"end":2839.43},{"text":"reflect","start":2839.43,"end":2839.99},{"text":"the","start":2839.99,"end":2840.15},{"text":"fact","start":2840.15,"end":2840.75},{"text":"that","start":2840.99,"end":2841.23},{"text":"state","start":2841.23,"end":2841.79},{"text":"and","start":2841.79,"end":2841.95},{"text":"government","start":2841.95,"end":2842.51},{"text":"authorities","start":2842.51,"end":2843.23},{"text":"have","start":2843.63,"end":2843.87},{"text":"the","start":2843.87,"end":2843.99},{"text":"competence","start":2843.99,"end":2844.67},{"text":"to","start":2844.67,"end":2844.79},{"text":"enter","start":2844.83,"end":2845.39},{"text":"into","start":2845.39,"end":2845.71},{"text":"non-legally","start":2845.71,"end":2846.43},{"text":"binding","start":2846.43,"end":2846.83},{"text":"instruments","start":2846.83,"end":2847.47},{"text":"as","start":2847.95,"end":2848.11},{"text":"participants","start":2848.51,"end":2849.47},{"text":"to","start":2849.95,"end":2850.11},{"text":"the","start":2850.11,"end":2850.23},{"text":"extent","start":2850.23,"end":2850.95},{"text":"allowed","start":2850.95,"end":2851.39},{"text":"by","start":2851.39,"end":2851.55},{"text":"the","start":2851.63,"end":2851.71},{"text":"internal","start":2851.71,"end":2852.43},{"text":"legislation","start":2852.75,"end":2853.71},{"text":"of","start":2854.03,"end":2854.23},{"text":"a","start":2854.23,"end":2854.27},{"text":"particular","start":2854.27,"end":2854.91},{"text":"state.","start":2854.91,"end":2855.31}]},{"text":"This fact is currently somewhat unclear due to the use of term in relation to states.","start":2856.67,"end":2863.59,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2856.67,"end":2856.99},{"text":"fact","start":2856.99,"end":2857.39},{"text":"is","start":2857.39,"end":2857.71},{"text":"currently","start":2857.71,"end":2858.35},{"text":"somewhat","start":2858.35,"end":2858.99},{"text":"unclear","start":2859.55,"end":2860.27},{"text":"due","start":2860.75,"end":2860.91},{"text":"to","start":2860.91,"end":2861.07},{"text":"the","start":2861.07,"end":2861.15},{"text":"use","start":2861.15,"end":2861.51},{"text":"of","start":2861.51,"end":2861.63},{"text":"term","start":2861.63,"end":2862.03},{"text":"in","start":2862.11,"end":2862.35},{"text":"relation","start":2862.39,"end":2862.99},{"text":"to","start":2862.99,"end":2863.11},{"text":"states.","start":2863.11,"end":2863.59}]},{"text":"Secondly, regarding the use of the term in relation to states, we are of the view that in addition to relevant states and government authorities, organs of international organizations should be addressed appropriately as well.","start":2864.43,"end":2879.87,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":2864.43,"end":2865.07},{"text":"regarding","start":2865.95,"end":2866.51},{"text":"the","start":2866.51,"end":2866.63},{"text":"use","start":2866.63,"end":2866.99},{"text":"of","start":2867.39,"end":2867.55},{"text":"the","start":2867.55,"end":2867.63},{"text":"term","start":2867.63,"end":2868.11},{"text":"in","start":2868.19,"end":2868.43},{"text":"relation","start":2868.43,"end":2868.83},{"text":"to","start":2868.83,"end":2868.95},{"text":"states,","start":2868.95,"end":2869.39},{"text":"we","start":2869.79,"end":2869.95},{"text":"are","start":2869.95,"end":2870.07},{"text":"of","start":2870.07,"end":2870.19},{"text":"the","start":2870.19,"end":2870.27},{"text":"view","start":2870.27,"end":2870.51},{"text":"that","start":2870.51,"end":2870.91},{"text":"in","start":2870.99,"end":2871.31},{"text":"addition","start":2871.47,"end":2872.11},{"text":"to","start":2872.11,"end":2872.23},{"text":"relevant","start":2872.23,"end":2872.75},{"text":"states","start":2872.75,"end":2873.39},{"text":"and","start":2873.39,"end":2873.63},{"text":"government","start":2873.63,"end":2874.15},{"text":"authorities,","start":2874.15,"end":2874.83},{"text":"organs","start":2875.39,"end":2875.95},{"text":"of","start":2876.07,"end":2876.19},{"text":"international","start":2876.19,"end":2876.79},{"text":"organizations","start":2876.79,"end":2877.63},{"text":"should","start":2877.63,"end":2877.95},{"text":"be","start":2877.95,"end":2878.11},{"text":"addressed","start":2878.11,"end":2878.59},{"text":"appropriately","start":2878.59,"end":2879.35},{"text":"as","start":2879.35,"end":2879.47},{"text":"well.","start":2879.47,"end":2879.87}]},{"text":"Furthermore, Instead of associating legal implications to non-legally binding instruments, we consider it more appropriate to use terms such as, for example, uses, benefits, or importance of such instruments.","start":2881.39,"end":2897.67,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":2881.39,"end":2882.11},{"text":"Instead","start":2882.83,"end":2883.39},{"text":"of","start":2883.39,"end":2883.55},{"text":"associating","start":2883.71,"end":2884.67},{"text":"legal","start":2884.67,"end":2884.95},{"text":"implications","start":2884.95,"end":2885.79},{"text":"to","start":2885.87,"end":2885.99},{"text":"non-legally","start":2885.99,"end":2886.59},{"text":"binding","start":2886.59,"end":2886.99},{"text":"instruments,","start":2886.99,"end":2887.63},{"text":"we","start":2888.19,"end":2888.31},{"text":"consider","start":2888.31,"end":2888.91},{"text":"it","start":2888.91,"end":2889.15},{"text":"more","start":2889.23,"end":2889.51},{"text":"appropriate","start":2889.51,"end":2890.23},{"text":"to","start":2890.23,"end":2890.31},{"text":"use","start":2890.31,"end":2890.67},{"text":"terms","start":2890.67,"end":2891.07},{"text":"such","start":2891.07,"end":2891.31},{"text":"as,","start":2891.31,"end":2891.63},{"text":"for","start":2891.71,"end":2891.91},{"text":"example,","start":2891.91,"end":2892.51},{"text":"uses,","start":2892.75,"end":2893.47},{"text":"benefits,","start":2893.95,"end":2894.63},{"text":"or","start":2895.15,"end":2895.31},{"text":"importance","start":2895.31,"end":2896.11},{"text":"of","start":2896.59,"end":2896.75},{"text":"such","start":2896.75,"end":2897.07},{"text":"instruments.","start":2897.07,"end":2897.67}]},{"text":"When it comes to the assessment of the legal character of these instruments, we reaffirm our position that primary importance should be accorded to the intention of their participants.","start":2899.75,"end":2910.39,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":2899.75,"end":2899.99},{"text":"it","start":2899.99,"end":2900.11},{"text":"comes","start":2900.11,"end":2900.39},{"text":"to","start":2900.39,"end":2900.55},{"text":"the","start":2900.55,"end":2900.63},{"text":"assessment","start":2900.63,"end":2901.23},{"text":"of","start":2901.23,"end":2901.35},{"text":"the","start":2901.35,"end":2901.43},{"text":"legal","start":2901.43,"end":2901.79},{"text":"character","start":2901.79,"end":2902.31},{"text":"of","start":2902.31,"end":2902.43},{"text":"these","start":2902.43,"end":2902.59},{"text":"instruments,","start":2902.59,"end":2903.23},{"text":"we","start":2903.87,"end":2904.11},{"text":"reaffirm","start":2904.11,"end":2904.71},{"text":"our","start":2904.71,"end":2904.83},{"text":"position","start":2904.83,"end":2905.43},{"text":"that","start":2905.43,"end":2905.63},{"text":"primary","start":2905.63,"end":2906.07},{"text":"importance","start":2906.07,"end":2906.83},{"text":"should","start":2907.23,"end":2907.47},{"text":"be","start":2907.47,"end":2907.59},{"text":"accorded","start":2907.59,"end":2908.11},{"text":"to","start":2908.11,"end":2908.39},{"text":"the","start":2908.39,"end":2908.47},{"text":"intention","start":2908.47,"end":2909.15},{"text":"of","start":2909.15,"end":2909.39},{"text":"their","start":2909.39,"end":2909.59},{"text":"participants.","start":2909.59,"end":2910.39}]},{"text":"Therefore, We find the term \"normally sufficient\" introduced in draft conclusion 5 inappropriate.","start":2911.23,"end":2918.83,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":2911.23,"end":2911.95},{"text":"We","start":2912.35,"end":2912.51},{"text":"find","start":2912.51,"end":2912.87},{"text":"the","start":2912.87,"end":2912.95},{"text":"term","start":2912.95,"end":2913.31},{"text":"\"normally","start":2913.31,"end":2913.95},{"text":"sufficient\"","start":2913.95,"end":2914.75},{"text":"introduced","start":2915.23,"end":2915.91},{"text":"in","start":2915.91,"end":2916.07},{"text":"draft","start":2916.07,"end":2916.43},{"text":"conclusion","start":2916.51,"end":2917.15},{"text":"5","start":2917.15,"end":2917.63},{"text":"inappropriate.","start":2917.87,"end":2918.83}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we would suggest to merge draft conclusions 4 and 5, since they both relate to the question of the intention of the participants.","start":2920.19,"end":2930.23,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":2920.19,"end":2920.91},{"text":"we","start":2921.47,"end":2921.67},{"text":"would","start":2921.67,"end":2921.79},{"text":"suggest","start":2921.79,"end":2922.27},{"text":"to","start":2922.35,"end":2922.47},{"text":"merge","start":2922.47,"end":2922.99},{"text":"draft","start":2923.47,"end":2923.79},{"text":"conclusions","start":2923.79,"end":2924.43},{"text":"4","start":2924.43,"end":2924.83},{"text":"and","start":2924.83,"end":2925.03},{"text":"5,","start":2925.03,"end":2925.55},{"text":"since","start":2925.87,"end":2926.23},{"text":"they","start":2926.23,"end":2926.43},{"text":"both","start":2926.43,"end":2926.83},{"text":"relate","start":2926.83,"end":2927.35},{"text":"to","start":2927.35,"end":2927.43},{"text":"the","start":2927.43,"end":2927.55},{"text":"question","start":2927.55,"end":2928.19},{"text":"of","start":2928.19,"end":2928.39},{"text":"the","start":2928.39,"end":2928.47},{"text":"intention","start":2928.47,"end":2929.23},{"text":"of","start":2929.23,"end":2929.39},{"text":"the","start":2929.39,"end":2929.47},{"text":"participants.","start":2929.47,"end":2930.23}]},{"text":"Let me now turn to the topic prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":2931.71,"end":2936.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":2931.71,"end":2931.83},{"text":"me","start":2931.83,"end":2931.95},{"text":"now","start":2931.95,"end":2932.11},{"text":"turn","start":2932.11,"end":2932.43},{"text":"to","start":2932.43,"end":2932.55},{"text":"the","start":2932.55,"end":2932.63},{"text":"topic","start":2932.63,"end":2933.15},{"text":"prevention","start":2933.15,"end":2933.95},{"text":"and","start":2933.95,"end":2934.27},{"text":"repression","start":2934.27,"end":2934.91},{"text":"of","start":2934.91,"end":2934.99},{"text":"piracy","start":2934.99,"end":2935.55},{"text":"and","start":2935.55,"end":2935.79},{"text":"armed","start":2935.79,"end":2936.11},{"text":"robbery","start":2936.11,"end":2936.47},{"text":"at","start":2936.47,"end":2936.55},{"text":"sea.","start":2936.55,"end":2936.99}]},{"text":"As a maritime nation, Croatia supports updating the legal framework to address modern challenges while maintaining compliance with UNCLOS, which must invariably remain the absolute benchmark.","start":2938.03,"end":2951.87,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2938.03,"end":2938.19},{"text":"a","start":2938.19,"end":2938.23},{"text":"maritime","start":2938.23,"end":2938.67},{"text":"nation,","start":2938.67,"end":2939.23},{"text":"Croatia","start":2939.47,"end":2939.95},{"text":"supports","start":2939.95,"end":2940.59},{"text":"updating","start":2940.59,"end":2941.31},{"text":"the","start":2941.71,"end":2941.83},{"text":"legal","start":2941.83,"end":2942.19},{"text":"framework","start":2942.19,"end":2942.75},{"text":"to","start":2942.75,"end":2942.95},{"text":"address","start":2942.95,"end":2943.47},{"text":"modern","start":2943.47,"end":2943.87},{"text":"challenges","start":2943.87,"end":2944.43},{"text":"while","start":2944.95,"end":2945.23},{"text":"maintaining","start":2945.23,"end":2946.35},{"text":"compliance","start":2946.35,"end":2947.07},{"text":"with","start":2947.07,"end":2947.23},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":2947.23,"end":2948.15},{"text":"which","start":2948.63,"end":2948.91},{"text":"must","start":2948.91,"end":2949.15},{"text":"invariably","start":2949.15,"end":2949.79},{"text":"remain","start":2949.79,"end":2950.35},{"text":"the","start":2950.35,"end":2950.47},{"text":"absolute","start":2950.51,"end":2951.15},{"text":"benchmark.","start":2951.15,"end":2951.87}]},{"text":"We favor an approach that interprets existing UNCLOS definitions broadly to encompass these advancements.","start":2952.91,"end":2961.51,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2952.91,"end":2953.15},{"text":"favor","start":2953.15,"end":2953.59},{"text":"an","start":2953.59,"end":2953.71},{"text":"approach","start":2953.71,"end":2954.19},{"text":"that","start":2954.27,"end":2954.59},{"text":"interprets","start":2954.59,"end":2955.47},{"text":"existing","start":2956.03,"end":2956.75},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":2956.75,"end":2957.67},{"text":"definitions","start":2957.67,"end":2958.11},{"text":"broadly","start":2958.43,"end":2959.15},{"text":"to","start":2959.39,"end":2959.51},{"text":"encompass","start":2959.51,"end":2960.35},{"text":"these","start":2960.35,"end":2960.75},{"text":"advancements.","start":2960.79,"end":2961.51}]},{"text":"Recognizing that many incidents occur within territorial waters as armed robbery rather than piracy on the high seas, we emphasize the need for a clear distinction between these two concepts through the text, particularly within draft articles 9 and 11.","start":2962.67,"end":2982.83,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Similarly,","start":2996.59,"end":2997.31},{"text":"the","start":2997.47,"end":2997.63},{"text":"limitations","start":2997.63,"end":2998.51},{"text":"on","start":2998.51,"end":2998.75},{"text":"state","start":2998.75,"end":2999.03},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":2999.03,"end":2999.87},{"text":"on","start":3000.27,"end":3000.51},{"text":"the","start":3000.51,"end":3000.59},{"text":"high","start":3000.59,"end":3000.83},{"text":"seas","start":3000.83,"end":3001.39},{"text":"as","start":3001.71,"end":3001.95},{"text":"codified","start":3001.95,"end":3002.51},{"text":"in","start":3002.51,"end":3002.71},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":3002.71,"end":3003.63},{"text":"must","start":3003.63,"end":3003.87},{"text":"be","start":3003.87,"end":3003.95},{"text":"carefully","start":3003.95,"end":3004.67},{"text":"observed","start":3004.67,"end":3005.27},{"text":"to","start":3005.27,"end":3005.51},{"text":"safeguard","start":3005.51,"end":3006.19},{"text":"the","start":3006.19,"end":3006.31},{"text":"fundamental","start":3006.31,"end":3006.95},{"text":"principle","start":3006.95,"end":3007.63},{"text":"of","start":3007.95,"end":3008.07},{"text":"the","start":3008.07,"end":3008.19},{"text":"freedom","start":3008.19,"end":3008.67},{"text":"of","start":3008.67,"end":3008.83},{"text":"the","start":3008.83,"end":3008.95},{"text":"high","start":3008.95,"end":3009.15},{"text":"seas.","start":3009.15,"end":3009.47}]},{"text":"The role of private maritime security should be carefully balanced within a clear framework of flag state responsibility.","start":3010.91,"end":3019.55,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3010.91,"end":3011.07},{"text":"role","start":3011.07,"end":3011.35},{"text":"of","start":3011.35,"end":3011.55},{"text":"private","start":3011.55,"end":3012.11},{"text":"maritime","start":3012.35,"end":3012.99},{"text":"security","start":3012.99,"end":3013.71},{"text":"should","start":3013.95,"end":3014.19},{"text":"be","start":3014.19,"end":3014.31},{"text":"carefully","start":3014.31,"end":3014.87},{"text":"balanced","start":3014.87,"end":3015.55},{"text":"within","start":3015.71,"end":3016.19},{"text":"a","start":3016.19,"end":3016.23},{"text":"clear","start":3016.23,"end":3016.67},{"text":"framework","start":3016.67,"end":3017.23},{"text":"of","start":3017.31,"end":3017.63},{"text":"flag","start":3017.87,"end":3018.27},{"text":"state","start":3018.27,"end":3018.59},{"text":"responsibility.","start":3018.59,"end":3019.55}]},{"text":"The inclusion of robust human rights protections for detained person is called for, while the safeguards provided for victims, particularly regarding the wages and repatriation of seafarers in accordance with international labor standards, are welcomed.","start":3020.79,"end":3039.03,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3020.79,"end":3020.95},{"text":"inclusion","start":3020.95,"end":3021.47},{"text":"of","start":3021.47,"end":3021.67},{"text":"robust","start":3021.67,"end":3022.39},{"text":"human","start":3022.39,"end":3022.79},{"text":"rights","start":3022.79,"end":3023.03},{"text":"protections","start":3023.03,"end":3023.75},{"text":"for","start":3024.47,"end":3024.71},{"text":"detained","start":3024.71,"end":3025.15},{"text":"person","start":3025.15,"end":3025.67},{"text":"is","start":3025.83,"end":3026.07},{"text":"called","start":3026.07,"end":3026.47},{"text":"for,","start":3026.47,"end":3026.79},{"text":"while","start":3027.35,"end":3027.75},{"text":"the","start":3027.75,"end":3027.87},{"text":"safeguards","start":3027.87,"end":3028.55},{"text":"provided","start":3028.55,"end":3029.11},{"text":"for","start":3029.11,"end":3029.35},{"text":"victims,","start":3029.35,"end":3029.91},{"text":"particularly","start":3030.39,"end":3031.19},{"text":"regarding","start":3031.19,"end":3031.75},{"text":"the","start":3031.75,"end":3031.91},{"text":"wages","start":3031.91,"end":3032.55},{"text":"and","start":3032.55,"end":3033.03},{"text":"repatriation","start":3033.03,"end":3034.07},{"text":"of","start":3034.07,"end":3034.19},{"text":"seafarers","start":3034.19,"end":3034.95},{"text":"in","start":3035.59,"end":3035.75},{"text":"accordance","start":3035.75,"end":3036.31},{"text":"with","start":3036.31,"end":3036.51},{"text":"international","start":3036.51,"end":3037.15},{"text":"labor","start":3037.15,"end":3037.43},{"text":"standards,","start":3037.43,"end":3038.07},{"text":"are","start":3038.39,"end":3038.55},{"text":"welcomed.","start":3038.55,"end":3039.03}]},{"text":"Chair, when it comes to the topic due diligence in international law, We commend the Special Rapporteur for laying a solid methodological foundation and for not proposing draft texts at this preliminary stage, but first mapping state practice, jurisprudence, and doctrine.","start":3040.55,"end":3061.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3040.55,"end":3040.95},{"text":"when","start":3041.63,"end":3041.83},{"text":"it","start":3041.83,"end":3041.91},{"text":"comes","start":3041.91,"end":3042.19},{"text":"to","start":3042.19,"end":3042.27},{"text":"the","start":3042.27,"end":3042.39},{"text":"topic","start":3042.39,"end":3042.95},{"text":"due","start":3043.03,"end":3043.19},{"text":"diligence","start":3043.19,"end":3043.83},{"text":"in","start":3043.83,"end":3043.99},{"text":"international","start":3043.99,"end":3044.67},{"text":"law,","start":3044.67,"end":3044.87},{"text":"We","start":3045.63,"end":3045.79},{"text":"commend","start":3045.79,"end":3046.23},{"text":"the","start":3046.23,"end":3046.51},{"text":"Special","start":3046.51,"end":3046.99},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":3046.99,"end":3047.71},{"text":"for","start":3047.71,"end":3047.87},{"text":"laying","start":3047.87,"end":3048.27},{"text":"a","start":3048.35,"end":3048.39},{"text":"solid","start":3048.39,"end":3048.99},{"text":"methodological","start":3049.23,"end":3050.03},{"text":"foundation","start":3050.03,"end":3050.83},{"text":"and","start":3051.39,"end":3051.63},{"text":"for","start":3051.63,"end":3051.79},{"text":"not","start":3051.79,"end":3052.07},{"text":"proposing","start":3052.07,"end":3052.67},{"text":"draft","start":3052.67,"end":3053.11},{"text":"texts","start":3053.11,"end":3053.63},{"text":"at","start":3054.35,"end":3054.55},{"text":"this","start":3054.55,"end":3054.91},{"text":"preliminary","start":3054.91,"end":3055.47},{"text":"stage,","start":3055.47,"end":3055.95},{"text":"but","start":3056.59,"end":3056.91},{"text":"first","start":3056.91,"end":3057.23},{"text":"mapping","start":3057.23,"end":3057.71},{"text":"state","start":3057.71,"end":3058.11},{"text":"practice,","start":3058.11,"end":3058.75},{"text":"jurisprudence,","start":3059.07,"end":3059.91},{"text":"and","start":3060.03,"end":3060.51},{"text":"doctrine.","start":3060.67,"end":3061.31}]},{"text":"Of the two conceptions identified in the report, we believe priority should be given to due diligence as a standard of conduct associated with specific primary obligations.","start":3063.15,"end":3074.47,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Of","start":3063.15,"end":3063.31},{"text":"the","start":3063.31,"end":3063.39},{"text":"two","start":3063.39,"end":3063.63},{"text":"conceptions","start":3063.63,"end":3064.43},{"text":"identified","start":3064.43,"end":3065.31},{"text":"in","start":3065.31,"end":3065.43},{"text":"the","start":3065.43,"end":3065.55},{"text":"report,","start":3065.55,"end":3066.11},{"text":"we","start":3066.59,"end":3066.75},{"text":"believe","start":3066.75,"end":3067.23},{"text":"priority","start":3067.39,"end":3067.99},{"text":"should","start":3067.99,"end":3068.19},{"text":"be","start":3068.19,"end":3068.27},{"text":"given","start":3068.27,"end":3068.67},{"text":"to","start":3068.67,"end":3068.87},{"text":"due","start":3068.91,"end":3069.15},{"text":"diligence","start":3069.15,"end":3069.79},{"text":"as","start":3069.79,"end":3069.95},{"text":"a","start":3070.03,"end":3070.07},{"text":"standard","start":3070.07,"end":3070.51},{"text":"of","start":3070.55,"end":3070.67},{"text":"conduct","start":3070.67,"end":3071.23},{"text":"associated","start":3071.63,"end":3072.51},{"text":"with","start":3072.51,"end":3072.71},{"text":"specific","start":3072.71,"end":3073.39},{"text":"primary","start":3073.39,"end":3073.83},{"text":"obligations.","start":3073.83,"end":3074.47}]},{"text":"We therefore welcome the intention to propose draft principles on due diligence as a standard of conduct in the second report.","start":3075.43,"end":3084.23,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3075.43,"end":3075.59},{"text":"therefore","start":3075.59,"end":3076.11},{"text":"welcome","start":3076.11,"end":3076.55},{"text":"the","start":3076.55,"end":3076.67},{"text":"intention","start":3076.67,"end":3077.43},{"text":"to","start":3077.43,"end":3077.63},{"text":"propose","start":3077.67,"end":3078.31},{"text":"draft","start":3078.71,"end":3079.19},{"text":"principles","start":3079.19,"end":3079.91},{"text":"on","start":3080.31,"end":3080.47},{"text":"due","start":3080.47,"end":3080.63},{"text":"diligence","start":3080.63,"end":3081.19},{"text":"as","start":3081.19,"end":3081.39},{"text":"a","start":3081.39,"end":3081.43},{"text":"standard","start":3081.43,"end":3082.07},{"text":"of","start":3082.47,"end":3082.63},{"text":"conduct","start":3082.63,"end":3083.19},{"text":"in","start":3083.19,"end":3083.35},{"text":"the","start":3083.35,"end":3083.43},{"text":"second","start":3083.43,"end":3083.63},{"text":"report.","start":3083.63,"end":3084.23}]},{"text":"We support identifying the common and essential features of due diligence across different fields of international law, while respecting the specificities of particular regimes.","start":3085.75,"end":3097.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3085.75,"end":3085.87},{"text":"support","start":3085.87,"end":3086.47},{"text":"identifying","start":3086.47,"end":3087.27},{"text":"the","start":3087.27,"end":3087.43},{"text":"common","start":3087.43,"end":3087.99},{"text":"and","start":3087.99,"end":3088.11},{"text":"essential","start":3088.11,"end":3088.63},{"text":"features","start":3088.63,"end":3089.27},{"text":"of","start":3089.83,"end":3090.07},{"text":"due","start":3090.07,"end":3090.15},{"text":"diligence","start":3090.15,"end":3090.67},{"text":"across","start":3090.67,"end":3090.99},{"text":"different","start":3090.99,"end":3091.43},{"text":"fields","start":3091.43,"end":3091.83},{"text":"of","start":3091.83,"end":3091.91},{"text":"international","start":3091.91,"end":3092.63},{"text":"law,","start":3092.63,"end":3092.71},{"text":"while","start":3093.31,"end":3093.59},{"text":"respecting","start":3093.59,"end":3094.19},{"text":"the","start":3094.19,"end":3094.27},{"text":"specificities","start":3094.31,"end":3095.35},{"text":"of","start":3095.35,"end":3095.51},{"text":"particular","start":3095.51,"end":3096.39},{"text":"regimes.","start":3096.79,"end":3097.27}]},{"text":"While states should remain the focus, we see value in considering the practice of international organizations very relevant.","start":3098.35,"end":3105.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":3098.35,"end":3098.55},{"text":"states","start":3098.55,"end":3099.03},{"text":"should","start":3099.03,"end":3099.15},{"text":"remain","start":3099.15,"end":3099.51},{"text":"the","start":3099.51,"end":3099.59},{"text":"focus,","start":3099.59,"end":3100.07},{"text":"we","start":3100.75,"end":3100.91},{"text":"see","start":3100.91,"end":3101.15},{"text":"value","start":3101.15,"end":3101.55},{"text":"in","start":3101.55,"end":3101.75},{"text":"considering","start":3101.75,"end":3102.35},{"text":"the","start":3102.35,"end":3102.47},{"text":"practice","start":3102.47,"end":3103.15},{"text":"of","start":3103.15,"end":3103.31},{"text":"international","start":3103.31,"end":3103.91},{"text":"organizations","start":3103.91,"end":3104.71},{"text":"very","start":3104.71,"end":3104.91},{"text":"relevant.","start":3104.91,"end":3105.55}]},{"text":"Finally, let me turn to the topic compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts.","start":3106.99,"end":3114.31,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":3106.99,"end":3107.55},{"text":"let","start":3108.03,"end":3108.23},{"text":"me","start":3108.23,"end":3108.39},{"text":"turn","start":3108.39,"end":3108.67},{"text":"to","start":3108.67,"end":3108.79},{"text":"the","start":3108.79,"end":3108.91},{"text":"topic","start":3108.91,"end":3109.51},{"text":"compensation","start":3109.51,"end":3110.27},{"text":"for","start":3110.27,"end":3110.43},{"text":"the","start":3110.43,"end":3110.51},{"text":"damage","start":3110.51,"end":3111.07},{"text":"caused","start":3111.31,"end":3111.83},{"text":"by","start":3112.11,"end":3112.43},{"text":"internationally","start":3112.43,"end":3113.39},{"text":"wrongful","start":3113.55,"end":3114.03},{"text":"acts.","start":3114.03,"end":3114.31}]},{"text":"Regarding the scope of the topic, we would consider it more appropriate that the work focuses on secondary rules of responsibility and compensation.","start":3115.55,"end":3125.71,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":3115.55,"end":3115.95},{"text":"the","start":3115.95,"end":3116.07},{"text":"scope","start":3116.07,"end":3116.51},{"text":"of","start":3116.51,"end":3116.59},{"text":"the","start":3116.59,"end":3116.71},{"text":"topic,","start":3116.71,"end":3117.31},{"text":"we","start":3117.71,"end":3117.91},{"text":"would","start":3117.91,"end":3118.03},{"text":"consider","start":3118.03,"end":3118.67},{"text":"it","start":3118.67,"end":3119.07},{"text":"more","start":3119.07,"end":3119.35},{"text":"appropriate","start":3119.35,"end":3120.11},{"text":"that","start":3120.11,"end":3120.39},{"text":"the","start":3120.39,"end":3120.47},{"text":"work","start":3120.47,"end":3120.83},{"text":"focuses","start":3120.83,"end":3121.63},{"text":"on","start":3121.63,"end":3121.87},{"text":"secondary","start":3121.87,"end":3122.51},{"text":"rules","start":3122.51,"end":3122.99},{"text":"of","start":3123.31,"end":3123.43},{"text":"responsibility","start":3123.43,"end":3124.51},{"text":"and","start":3124.51,"end":3124.83},{"text":"compensation.","start":3124.83,"end":3125.71}]},{"text":"Additionally, We are of the view that there should be a clear distinction made between compensation in the form of contributions on a voluntary basis and compensation awarded by institutions on a non-voluntary basis.","start":3126.51,"end":3141.59,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":3126.51,"end":3127.15},{"text":"We","start":3127.95,"end":3128.11},{"text":"are","start":3128.11,"end":3128.23},{"text":"of","start":3128.23,"end":3128.35},{"text":"the","start":3128.35,"end":3128.43},{"text":"view","start":3128.43,"end":3128.75},{"text":"that","start":3128.75,"end":3129.07},{"text":"there","start":3129.39,"end":3129.71},{"text":"should","start":3129.71,"end":3129.95},{"text":"be","start":3129.95,"end":3130.11},{"text":"a","start":3130.11,"end":3130.15},{"text":"clear","start":3130.15,"end":3130.55},{"text":"distinction","start":3130.55,"end":3131.31},{"text":"made","start":3131.87,"end":3132.27},{"text":"between","start":3132.27,"end":3132.83},{"text":"compensation","start":3132.99,"end":3133.87},{"text":"in","start":3133.87,"end":3134.03},{"text":"the","start":3134.03,"end":3134.11},{"text":"form","start":3134.11,"end":3134.47},{"text":"of","start":3134.47,"end":3134.59},{"text":"contributions","start":3134.59,"end":3135.47},{"text":"on","start":3135.71,"end":3135.87},{"text":"a","start":3135.87,"end":3135.95},{"text":"voluntary","start":3135.95,"end":3136.51},{"text":"basis","start":3136.51,"end":3136.95},{"text":"and","start":3137.55,"end":3137.87},{"text":"compensation","start":3137.87,"end":3138.67},{"text":"awarded","start":3138.67,"end":3139.07},{"text":"by","start":3139.07,"end":3139.19},{"text":"institutions","start":3139.19,"end":3140.03},{"text":"on","start":3140.27,"end":3140.43},{"text":"a","start":3140.43,"end":3140.47},{"text":"non-voluntary","start":3140.47,"end":3141.23},{"text":"basis.","start":3141.23,"end":3141.59}]},{"text":"We consider this topic to be of great importance, as Croatia was a victim of aggression in the 1990s and suffered severe and substantial damage for which it still has not received compensation.","start":3143.15,"end":3156.43,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3143.15,"end":3143.27},{"text":"consider","start":3143.27,"end":3143.87},{"text":"this","start":3143.87,"end":3144.03},{"text":"topic","start":3144.03,"end":3144.43},{"text":"to","start":3144.43,"end":3144.55},{"text":"be","start":3144.55,"end":3144.71},{"text":"of","start":3144.71,"end":3144.79},{"text":"great","start":3144.79,"end":3145.11},{"text":"importance,","start":3145.11,"end":3145.75},{"text":"as","start":3145.79,"end":3146.03},{"text":"Croatia","start":3146.03,"end":3146.67},{"text":"was","start":3146.99,"end":3147.23},{"text":"a","start":3147.23,"end":3147.27},{"text":"victim","start":3147.27,"end":3147.63},{"text":"of","start":3147.63,"end":3147.75},{"text":"aggression","start":3147.75,"end":3148.23},{"text":"in","start":3148.23,"end":3148.31},{"text":"the","start":3148.31,"end":3148.39},{"text":"1990s","start":3148.39,"end":3149.39},{"text":"and","start":3149.87,"end":3150.11},{"text":"suffered","start":3150.75,"end":3151.39},{"text":"severe","start":3151.39,"end":3152.11},{"text":"and","start":3152.11,"end":3152.27},{"text":"substantial","start":3152.27,"end":3152.83},{"text":"damage","start":3152.83,"end":3153.23},{"text":"for","start":3153.63,"end":3153.83},{"text":"which","start":3153.83,"end":3154.11},{"text":"it","start":3154.27,"end":3154.43},{"text":"still","start":3154.43,"end":3154.83},{"text":"has","start":3154.83,"end":3154.99},{"text":"not","start":3154.99,"end":3155.23},{"text":"received","start":3155.23,"end":3155.63},{"text":"compensation.","start":3155.63,"end":3156.43}]},{"text":"Therefore, we would appreciate, at the appropriate stages of work, the examination of more specific compensation questions which were raised during the debate in the Commission on the first report of the Special Rapporteur.","start":3157.27,"end":3171.35,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3157.27,"end":3157.83},{"text":"we","start":3158.31,"end":3158.43},{"text":"would","start":3158.43,"end":3158.59},{"text":"appreciate,","start":3158.59,"end":3159.35},{"text":"at","start":3159.51,"end":3159.67},{"text":"the","start":3159.67,"end":3159.87},{"text":"appropriate","start":3159.87,"end":3160.47},{"text":"stages","start":3160.47,"end":3161.03},{"text":"of","start":3161.03,"end":3161.11},{"text":"work,","start":3161.11,"end":3161.51},{"text":"the","start":3162.15,"end":3162.27},{"text":"examination","start":3162.27,"end":3163.03},{"text":"of","start":3163.03,"end":3163.27},{"text":"more","start":3163.27,"end":3163.59},{"text":"specific","start":3163.59,"end":3164.35},{"text":"compensation","start":3164.35,"end":3165.11},{"text":"questions","start":3165.11,"end":3165.67},{"text":"which","start":3166.11,"end":3166.35},{"text":"were","start":3166.35,"end":3166.59},{"text":"raised","start":3166.59,"end":3167.03},{"text":"during","start":3167.07,"end":3167.35},{"text":"the","start":3167.35,"end":3167.51},{"text":"debate","start":3167.51,"end":3167.99},{"text":"in","start":3167.99,"end":3168.15},{"text":"the","start":3168.15,"end":3168.23},{"text":"Commission","start":3168.23,"end":3168.87},{"text":"on","start":3169.19,"end":3169.31},{"text":"the","start":3169.31,"end":3169.39},{"text":"first","start":3169.39,"end":3169.75},{"text":"report","start":3169.75,"end":3170.15},{"text":"of","start":3170.15,"end":3170.23},{"text":"the","start":3170.23,"end":3170.35},{"text":"Special","start":3170.35,"end":3170.71},{"text":"Rapporteur.","start":3170.71,"end":3171.35}]},{"text":"These include, in particular, the question of compensation for damage caused by breaches of peremptory norms jus cogens, but also inter alia questions related to breaches of obligations erga omnes and matters of continuing or composite internationally wrongful acts, including in situations involving succession of States.","start":3172.55,"end":3196.51,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3230.59,"end":3230.67},{"text":"begin","start":3230.67,"end":3230.95},{"text":"with","start":3230.95,"end":3231.11},{"text":"the","start":3231.11,"end":3231.19},{"text":"topic","start":3231.19,"end":3231.63},{"text":"non-legally","start":3231.63,"end":3232.43},{"text":"binding","start":3232.43,"end":3232.99},{"text":"international","start":3232.99,"end":3233.79},{"text":"agreements.","start":3233.79,"end":3234.43}]},{"text":"My delegation notes the Commission's provisional adoption of draft conclusions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and the commentaries thereto.","start":3235.55,"end":3244.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3235.55,"end":3235.71},{"text":"delegation","start":3235.71,"end":3236.31},{"text":"notes","start":3236.31,"end":3236.83},{"text":"the","start":3236.91,"end":3236.99},{"text":"Commission's","start":3236.99,"end":3237.55},{"text":"provisional","start":3237.55,"end":3238.27},{"text":"adoption","start":3238.43,"end":3239.07},{"text":"of","start":3239.07,"end":3239.15},{"text":"draft","start":3239.15,"end":3239.51},{"text":"conclusions","start":3239.51,"end":3240.27},{"text":"1,","start":3240.27,"end":3240.67},{"text":"2,","start":3240.67,"end":3240.99},{"text":"3,","start":3240.99,"end":3241.31},{"text":"4","start":3241.31,"end":3241.63},{"text":"and","start":3241.63,"end":3241.83},{"text":"5","start":3241.83,"end":3242.35},{"text":"and","start":3242.59,"end":3242.75},{"text":"the","start":3242.75,"end":3242.83},{"text":"commentaries","start":3242.83,"end":3243.47},{"text":"thereto.","start":3243.47,"end":3244.19}]},{"text":"With regard to draft conclusion 1, we fully support the clarification in the commentary that the phrase \"elements of clarification\" reflects the non-prescriptive nature of the draft conclusions.","start":3244.99,"end":3256.91,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":3284.67,"end":3285.55},{"text":"the","start":3285.79,"end":3285.87},{"text":"inclusion","start":3285.87,"end":3286.43},{"text":"of","start":3286.43,"end":3286.55},{"text":"sub-State","start":3286.55,"end":3287.07},{"text":"authorities","start":3287.07,"end":3287.79},{"text":"creates","start":3288.03,"end":3288.47},{"text":"ambiguity","start":3288.47,"end":3289.39},{"text":"concerning","start":3289.39,"end":3289.95},{"text":"the","start":3289.95,"end":3290.03},{"text":"scope","start":3290.03,"end":3290.59},{"text":"of","start":3290.71,"end":3290.83},{"text":"the","start":3290.83,"end":3290.91},{"text":"draft","start":3290.91,"end":3291.23},{"text":"conclusions","start":3291.23,"end":3292.03},{"text":"and","start":3292.27,"end":3292.51},{"text":"the","start":3292.51,"end":3292.59},{"text":"agreements","start":3292.59,"end":3293.23},{"text":"to","start":3293.23,"end":3293.35},{"text":"which","start":3293.35,"end":3293.63},{"text":"they","start":3293.63,"end":3293.79},{"text":"apply.","start":3293.79,"end":3294.35}]},{"text":"We reiterate our view that there is practice of including legally binding provisions in agreements expressly characterised as non-legally binding, which has been duly recognised in paragraph 16 of the commentary to draft conclusion 3.","start":3295.91,"end":3311.43,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3295.91,"end":3296.15},{"text":"reiterate","start":3296.15,"end":3296.87},{"text":"our","start":3296.87,"end":3296.95},{"text":"view","start":3296.95,"end":3297.43},{"text":"that","start":3297.59,"end":3297.79},{"text":"there","start":3297.79,"end":3297.99},{"text":"is","start":3297.99,"end":3298.07},{"text":"practice","start":3298.07,"end":3298.87},{"text":"of","start":3298.87,"end":3299.03},{"text":"including","start":3299.03,"end":3299.51},{"text":"legally","start":3299.51,"end":3300.07},{"text":"binding","start":3300.07,"end":3300.51},{"text":"provisions","start":3300.51,"end":3301.27},{"text":"in","start":3301.27,"end":3301.43},{"text":"agreements","start":3301.43,"end":3302.15},{"text":"expressly","start":3302.15,"end":3302.79},{"text":"characterised","start":3302.79,"end":3303.63},{"text":"as","start":3303.91,"end":3304.15},{"text":"non-legally","start":3304.15,"end":3304.95},{"text":"binding,","start":3304.95,"end":3305.59},{"text":"which","start":3305.83,"end":3306.07},{"text":"has","start":3306.07,"end":3306.23},{"text":"been","start":3306.23,"end":3306.39},{"text":"duly","start":3306.39,"end":3306.79},{"text":"recognised","start":3306.79,"end":3307.51},{"text":"in","start":3307.51,"end":3307.59},{"text":"paragraph","start":3307.59,"end":3308.15},{"text":"16","start":3308.15,"end":3308.95},{"text":"of","start":3309.11,"end":3309.27},{"text":"the","start":3309.27,"end":3309.35},{"text":"commentary","start":3309.35,"end":3309.91},{"text":"to","start":3309.91,"end":3310.11},{"text":"draft","start":3310.11,"end":3310.39},{"text":"conclusion","start":3310.39,"end":3310.95},{"text":"3.","start":3310.95,"end":3311.43}]},{"text":"We had cited the example of confidentiality provisions in our previous national statement.","start":3312.23,"end":3317.03,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3312.23,"end":3312.39},{"text":"had","start":3312.39,"end":3312.51},{"text":"cited","start":3312.51,"end":3312.99},{"text":"the","start":3312.99,"end":3313.07},{"text":"example","start":3313.07,"end":3313.63},{"text":"of","start":3313.63,"end":3313.75},{"text":"confidentiality","start":3313.75,"end":3314.71},{"text":"provisions","start":3314.71,"end":3315.31},{"text":"in","start":3315.31,"end":3315.43},{"text":"our","start":3315.43,"end":3315.51},{"text":"previous","start":3315.51,"end":3315.91},{"text":"national","start":3315.91,"end":3316.31},{"text":"statement.","start":3316.31,"end":3317.03}]},{"text":"With regard to draft conclusions 4 and 5, we reiterate that in determining whether an international agreement is or is not legally binding, the intention of the participants is paramount.","start":3318.15,"end":3331.19,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3318.15,"end":3318.39},{"text":"regard","start":3318.39,"end":3318.83},{"text":"to","start":3318.83,"end":3319.11},{"text":"draft","start":3319.11,"end":3319.39},{"text":"conclusions","start":3319.39,"end":3320.15},{"text":"4","start":3320.15,"end":3320.55},{"text":"and","start":3320.55,"end":3320.75},{"text":"5,","start":3320.75,"end":3321.35},{"text":"we","start":3321.59,"end":3321.83},{"text":"reiterate","start":3321.83,"end":3322.63},{"text":"that","start":3322.63,"end":3322.83},{"text":"in","start":3322.83,"end":3322.95},{"text":"determining","start":3322.95,"end":3323.59},{"text":"whether","start":3323.59,"end":3323.83},{"text":"an","start":3323.83,"end":3323.99},{"text":"international","start":3323.99,"end":3324.67},{"text":"agreement","start":3324.67,"end":3325.35},{"text":"is","start":3325.67,"end":3325.83},{"text":"or","start":3326.07,"end":3326.31},{"text":"is","start":3326.31,"end":3326.55},{"text":"not","start":3326.55,"end":3326.87},{"text":"legally","start":3326.91,"end":3327.27},{"text":"binding,","start":3327.27,"end":3327.91},{"text":"the","start":3328.23,"end":3328.35},{"text":"intention","start":3328.35,"end":3329.03},{"text":"of","start":3329.03,"end":3329.15},{"text":"the","start":3329.15,"end":3329.27},{"text":"participants","start":3329.27,"end":3330.15},{"text":"is","start":3330.15,"end":3330.31},{"text":"paramount.","start":3330.31,"end":3331.19}]},{"text":"In this regard, we are of the view that draft conclusion 5 should state that express indication within the international agreement of its non-legally binding nature is sufficient or determinative, as opposed to normally sufficient, as currently provided.","start":3331.91,"end":3350.03,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3331.91,"end":3332.07},{"text":"this","start":3332.07,"end":3332.31},{"text":"regard,","start":3332.31,"end":3332.87},{"text":"we","start":3333.11,"end":3333.35},{"text":"are","start":3333.35,"end":3333.67},{"text":"of","start":3333.67,"end":3333.91},{"text":"the","start":3333.91,"end":3334.07},{"text":"view","start":3334.07,"end":3334.47},{"text":"that","start":3334.63,"end":3334.87},{"text":"draft","start":3334.87,"end":3335.19},{"text":"conclusion","start":3335.19,"end":3335.75},{"text":"5","start":3335.75,"end":3336.23},{"text":"should","start":3336.23,"end":3336.43},{"text":"state","start":3336.43,"end":3337.03},{"text":"that","start":3337.35,"end":3337.55},{"text":"express","start":3337.55,"end":3338.23},{"text":"indication","start":3338.23,"end":3338.95},{"text":"within","start":3338.95,"end":3339.35},{"text":"the","start":3339.35,"end":3339.47},{"text":"international","start":3339.47,"end":3340.11},{"text":"agreement","start":3340.11,"end":3340.63},{"text":"of","start":3340.63,"end":3340.79},{"text":"its","start":3340.79,"end":3340.95},{"text":"non-legally","start":3340.95,"end":3341.83},{"text":"binding","start":3341.91,"end":3342.31},{"text":"nature","start":3342.31,"end":3342.79},{"text":"is","start":3342.79,"end":3343.03},{"text":"sufficient","start":3343.03,"end":3343.91},{"text":"or","start":3344.27,"end":3344.43},{"text":"determinative,","start":3344.43,"end":3345.47},{"text":"as","start":3345.79,"end":3346.03},{"text":"opposed","start":3346.03,"end":3346.47},{"text":"to","start":3346.47,"end":3346.75},{"text":"normally","start":3346.83,"end":3347.47},{"text":"sufficient,","start":3347.47,"end":3348.31},{"text":"as","start":3348.59,"end":3348.83},{"text":"currently","start":3348.83,"end":3349.31},{"text":"provided.","start":3349.31,"end":3350.03}]},{"text":"I now turn to prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":3351.71,"end":3355.95,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3351.71,"end":3351.87},{"text":"now","start":3351.87,"end":3352.11},{"text":"turn","start":3352.11,"end":3352.43},{"text":"to","start":3352.43,"end":3352.55},{"text":"prevention","start":3352.55,"end":3353.11},{"text":"and","start":3353.11,"end":3353.23},{"text":"repression","start":3353.23,"end":3353.67},{"text":"of","start":3353.67,"end":3353.79},{"text":"piracy","start":3353.79,"end":3354.31},{"text":"and","start":3354.31,"end":3354.47},{"text":"armed","start":3354.47,"end":3354.75},{"text":"robbery","start":3354.75,"end":3355.23},{"text":"at","start":3355.23,"end":3355.35},{"text":"sea.","start":3355.35,"end":3355.95}]},{"text":"As the ILC continues its work, my delegation's view is that it should build on the work that has been undertaken and, where appropriate, draw from existing international conventions, in particular, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNCLOS for short, and widely subscribed conventions on serious international crimes.","start":3356.91,"end":3377.91,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3356.91,"end":3357.11},{"text":"the","start":3357.11,"end":3357.19},{"text":"ILC","start":3357.23,"end":3357.71},{"text":"continues","start":3357.71,"end":3358.23},{"text":"its","start":3358.23,"end":3358.43},{"text":"work,","start":3358.43,"end":3358.83},{"text":"my","start":3358.99,"end":3359.23},{"text":"delegation's","start":3359.23,"end":3360.03},{"text":"view","start":3360.03,"end":3360.35},{"text":"is","start":3360.35,"end":3360.51},{"text":"that","start":3360.51,"end":3360.67},{"text":"it","start":3360.67,"end":3360.75},{"text":"should","start":3360.75,"end":3360.99},{"text":"build","start":3360.99,"end":3361.47},{"text":"on","start":3361.47,"end":3361.63},{"text":"the","start":3361.63,"end":3361.79},{"text":"work","start":3361.79,"end":3362.19},{"text":"that","start":3362.19,"end":3362.35},{"text":"has","start":3362.35,"end":3362.59},{"text":"been","start":3362.59,"end":3362.75},{"text":"undertaken","start":3362.75,"end":3363.55},{"text":"and,","start":3363.87,"end":3364.07},{"text":"where","start":3364.07,"end":3364.39},{"text":"appropriate,","start":3364.39,"end":3365.07},{"text":"draw","start":3365.31,"end":3365.55},{"text":"from","start":3365.55,"end":3365.79},{"text":"existing","start":3365.79,"end":3366.43},{"text":"international","start":3366.43,"end":3367.15},{"text":"conventions,","start":3367.15,"end":3367.95},{"text":"in","start":3367.95,"end":3368.11},{"text":"particular,","start":3368.11,"end":3368.83},{"text":"the","start":3369.15,"end":3369.31},{"text":"United","start":3369.31,"end":3369.75},{"text":"Nations","start":3369.75,"end":3370.19},{"text":"Convention","start":3370.19,"end":3370.83},{"text":"on","start":3370.83,"end":3370.91},{"text":"the","start":3370.91,"end":3370.99},{"text":"Law","start":3370.99,"end":3371.43},{"text":"of","start":3371.43,"end":3371.51},{"text":"the","start":3371.51,"end":3371.59},{"text":"Sea,","start":3371.59,"end":3371.87},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":3371.87,"end":3372.83},{"text":"for","start":3372.91,"end":3373.15},{"text":"short,","start":3373.15,"end":3373.71},{"text":"and","start":3374.19,"end":3374.39},{"text":"widely","start":3374.39,"end":3374.83},{"text":"subscribed","start":3374.83,"end":3375.31},{"text":"conventions","start":3375.31,"end":3376.07},{"text":"on","start":3376.07,"end":3376.27},{"text":"serious","start":3376.27,"end":3376.75},{"text":"international","start":3376.75,"end":3377.39},{"text":"crimes.","start":3377.39,"end":3377.91}]},{"text":"Our preference is for the Commission to continue developing draft articles as the final form of work on this topic.","start":3378.83,"end":3385.87,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":3378.83,"end":3378.99},{"text":"preference","start":3378.99,"end":3379.79},{"text":"is","start":3379.79,"end":3379.95},{"text":"for","start":3379.95,"end":3380.11},{"text":"the","start":3380.11,"end":3380.19},{"text":"Commission","start":3380.19,"end":3380.67},{"text":"to","start":3380.67,"end":3380.75},{"text":"continue","start":3380.75,"end":3381.47},{"text":"developing","start":3381.63,"end":3382.23},{"text":"draft","start":3382.23,"end":3382.51},{"text":"articles","start":3382.51,"end":3383.23},{"text":"as","start":3383.23,"end":3383.47},{"text":"the","start":3383.47,"end":3383.59},{"text":"final","start":3383.59,"end":3383.99},{"text":"form","start":3383.99,"end":3384.35},{"text":"of","start":3384.35,"end":3384.59},{"text":"work","start":3384.59,"end":3384.91},{"text":"on","start":3384.91,"end":3385.07},{"text":"this","start":3385.07,"end":3385.23},{"text":"topic.","start":3385.23,"end":3385.87}]},{"text":"At this stage of the ILC's work, we have three preliminary comments on the draft articles.","start":3386.99,"end":3392.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":3386.99,"end":3387.15},{"text":"this","start":3387.15,"end":3387.35},{"text":"stage","start":3387.35,"end":3387.71},{"text":"of","start":3387.71,"end":3387.79},{"text":"the","start":3387.79,"end":3387.91},{"text":"ILC's","start":3387.91,"end":3388.51},{"text":"work,","start":3388.51,"end":3388.99},{"text":"we","start":3389.15,"end":3389.31},{"text":"have","start":3389.31,"end":3389.47},{"text":"three","start":3389.47,"end":3389.71},{"text":"preliminary","start":3389.71,"end":3390.43},{"text":"comments","start":3390.43,"end":3391.15},{"text":"on","start":3391.23,"end":3391.47},{"text":"the","start":3391.47,"end":3391.55},{"text":"draft","start":3391.55,"end":3391.91},{"text":"articles.","start":3391.91,"end":3392.55}]},{"text":"First, piracy and armed robbery at sea should not be conflated in the draft articles, given the differences in jurisdictional basis, applicable laws, and the competent authorities involved in enforcing the two offences.","start":3393.75,"end":3408.71,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":3393.75,"end":3394.07},{"text":"piracy","start":3394.63,"end":3395.19},{"text":"and","start":3395.19,"end":3395.35},{"text":"armed","start":3395.35,"end":3395.59},{"text":"robbery","start":3395.59,"end":3396.07},{"text":"at","start":3396.07,"end":3396.19},{"text":"sea","start":3396.19,"end":3396.71},{"text":"should","start":3396.71,"end":3396.99},{"text":"not","start":3396.99,"end":3397.35},{"text":"be","start":3397.35,"end":3397.51},{"text":"conflated","start":3397.51,"end":3398.23},{"text":"in","start":3398.23,"end":3398.39},{"text":"the","start":3398.39,"end":3398.47},{"text":"draft","start":3398.47,"end":3398.95},{"text":"articles,","start":3398.95,"end":3399.67},{"text":"given","start":3399.99,"end":3400.31},{"text":"the","start":3400.31,"end":3400.43},{"text":"differences","start":3400.43,"end":3401.35},{"text":"in","start":3401.43,"end":3401.59},{"text":"jurisdictional","start":3401.59,"end":3402.47},{"text":"basis,","start":3402.47,"end":3403.27},{"text":"applicable","start":3403.39,"end":3404.11},{"text":"laws,","start":3404.11,"end":3404.55},{"text":"and","start":3404.87,"end":3405.03},{"text":"the","start":3405.03,"end":3405.11},{"text":"competent","start":3405.11,"end":3405.71},{"text":"authorities","start":3405.71,"end":3406.39},{"text":"involved","start":3406.39,"end":3406.95},{"text":"in","start":3406.95,"end":3407.11},{"text":"enforcing","start":3407.11,"end":3407.67},{"text":"the","start":3407.67,"end":3407.79},{"text":"two","start":3407.79,"end":3408.07},{"text":"offences.","start":3408.07,"end":3408.71}]},{"text":"We agree with the ILC's comments on draft article 6 and 11 that we should be cautious in our treatment of the jurisdictional basis relating to piracy and armed robbery at sea in the same draft provisions.","start":3409.99,"end":3422.63,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3409.99,"end":3410.23},{"text":"agree","start":3410.23,"end":3410.71},{"text":"with","start":3410.71,"end":3410.83},{"text":"the","start":3410.83,"end":3410.95},{"text":"ILC's","start":3410.95,"end":3411.51},{"text":"comments","start":3411.51,"end":3411.99},{"text":"on","start":3412.03,"end":3412.15},{"text":"draft","start":3412.15,"end":3412.55},{"text":"article","start":3412.55,"end":3412.95},{"text":"6","start":3412.95,"end":3413.39},{"text":"and","start":3413.39,"end":3413.55},{"text":"11","start":3413.55,"end":3414.07},{"text":"that","start":3414.39,"end":3414.59},{"text":"we","start":3414.59,"end":3414.71},{"text":"should","start":3414.71,"end":3414.87},{"text":"be","start":3414.87,"end":3415.03},{"text":"cautious","start":3415.03,"end":3415.47},{"text":"in","start":3415.47,"end":3415.59},{"text":"our","start":3415.59,"end":3415.71},{"text":"treatment","start":3415.71,"end":3416.19},{"text":"of","start":3416.19,"end":3416.31},{"text":"the","start":3416.31,"end":3416.39},{"text":"jurisdictional","start":3416.39,"end":3417.19},{"text":"basis","start":3417.19,"end":3417.75},{"text":"relating","start":3417.75,"end":3418.31},{"text":"to","start":3418.31,"end":3418.47},{"text":"piracy","start":3418.47,"end":3419.19},{"text":"and","start":3419.43,"end":3419.59},{"text":"armed","start":3419.67,"end":3419.91},{"text":"robbery","start":3419.91,"end":3420.39},{"text":"at","start":3420.39,"end":3420.55},{"text":"sea","start":3420.55,"end":3420.95},{"text":"in","start":3420.95,"end":3421.11},{"text":"the","start":3421.11,"end":3421.19},{"text":"same","start":3421.19,"end":3421.59},{"text":"draft","start":3421.59,"end":3421.95},{"text":"provisions.","start":3421.95,"end":3422.63}]},{"text":"We are concerned that draft articles 11, para 5 and 14, para 2 extend universal jurisdiction to armed robbery at sea, and draft article 9, para 3 empower foreign warships, military aircraft, and even private armed security personnel to carry out arrests and seizure within territorial waters for armed robbery with the territorial state's authorization.","start":3423.47,"end":3451.79,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":3452.71,"end":3453.35},{"text":"the","start":3453.59,"end":3453.75},{"text":"draft","start":3453.75,"end":3454.15},{"text":"article","start":3454.15,"end":3454.63},{"text":"should","start":3454.63,"end":3454.79},{"text":"be","start":3454.79,"end":3454.91},{"text":"consistent","start":3454.91,"end":3455.55},{"text":"with","start":3455.55,"end":3455.83},{"text":"and","start":3455.91,"end":3456.15},{"text":"build","start":3456.15,"end":3456.55},{"text":"on,","start":3456.55,"end":3456.95},{"text":"not","start":3457.11,"end":3457.39},{"text":"undermine,","start":3457.39,"end":3457.83},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":3457.83,"end":3458.87},{"text":"and","start":3458.87,"end":3459.03},{"text":"its","start":3459.03,"end":3459.19},{"text":"principles,","start":3459.19,"end":3459.91},{"text":"particularly","start":3460.31,"end":3461.11},{"text":"the","start":3461.11,"end":3461.27},{"text":"freedoms","start":3461.27,"end":3461.91},{"text":"of","start":3462.15,"end":3462.31},{"text":"the","start":3462.31,"end":3462.39},{"text":"high","start":3462.39,"end":3462.71},{"text":"seas,","start":3462.71,"end":3463.35},{"text":"universal","start":3463.59,"end":3464.23},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":3464.23,"end":3464.95},{"text":"over","start":3464.95,"end":3465.23},{"text":"the","start":3465.23,"end":3465.35},{"text":"crime","start":3465.35,"end":3465.71},{"text":"of","start":3465.71,"end":3465.83},{"text":"piracy,","start":3465.83,"end":3466.55},{"text":"and","start":3466.91,"end":3467.07},{"text":"the","start":3467.07,"end":3467.15},{"text":"balance","start":3467.15,"end":3467.59},{"text":"between","start":3467.59,"end":3467.95},{"text":"the","start":3467.95,"end":3468.07},{"text":"rights","start":3468.07,"end":3468.47},{"text":"of","start":3468.47,"end":3468.59},{"text":"flag","start":3468.59,"end":3469.03},{"text":"and","start":3469.11,"end":3469.43},{"text":"coastal","start":3469.43,"end":3469.83},{"text":"states.","start":3469.83,"end":3470.55}]},{"text":"In this regard, we observe some tension between draft Article 7 and Article 111 of UNCLOS on hot pursuit.","start":3471.27,"end":3480.07,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3471.27,"end":3471.43},{"text":"this","start":3471.43,"end":3471.67},{"text":"regard,","start":3471.67,"end":3472.23},{"text":"we","start":3472.23,"end":3472.39},{"text":"observe","start":3472.43,"end":3472.79},{"text":"some","start":3472.79,"end":3473.19},{"text":"tension","start":3473.19,"end":3473.91},{"text":"between","start":3473.91,"end":3474.31},{"text":"draft","start":3474.31,"end":3474.71},{"text":"Article","start":3474.71,"end":3475.19},{"text":"7","start":3475.19,"end":3475.67},{"text":"and","start":3475.67,"end":3475.91},{"text":"Article","start":3475.91,"end":3476.51},{"text":"111","start":3476.51,"end":3477.51},{"text":"of","start":3477.51,"end":3477.59},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":3477.59,"end":3478.55},{"text":"on","start":3478.79,"end":3478.95},{"text":"hot","start":3478.95,"end":3479.35},{"text":"pursuit.","start":3479.35,"end":3480.07}]},{"text":"and between draft Articles 9 and Article 107 of UNCLOS on seizures that may be done only by government ships or aircraft.","start":3480.47,"end":3489.75,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":3480.47,"end":3480.63},{"text":"between","start":3480.63,"end":3481.19},{"text":"draft","start":3481.19,"end":3481.67},{"text":"Articles","start":3481.67,"end":3482.23},{"text":"9","start":3482.23,"end":3482.71},{"text":"and","start":3482.71,"end":3483.03},{"text":"Article","start":3483.03,"end":3483.43},{"text":"107","start":3483.51,"end":3484.35},{"text":"of","start":3484.35,"end":3484.47},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":3484.47,"end":3485.39},{"text":"on","start":3485.43,"end":3485.59},{"text":"seizures","start":3485.59,"end":3486.03},{"text":"that","start":3486.03,"end":3486.15},{"text":"may","start":3486.15,"end":3486.39},{"text":"be","start":3486.39,"end":3486.71},{"text":"done","start":3486.71,"end":3487.19},{"text":"only","start":3487.19,"end":3487.67},{"text":"by","start":3487.67,"end":3487.91},{"text":"government","start":3487.91,"end":3488.39},{"text":"ships","start":3488.39,"end":3488.79},{"text":"or","start":3488.79,"end":3489.03},{"text":"aircraft.","start":3489.03,"end":3489.75}]},{"text":"Third, we note the ILC will discuss the draft articles on international cooperation more in depth in 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UN conventions, namely the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Corruption, and Cybercrime, so that the draft articles can be broadly and structurally consistent with existing legal frameworks on international cooperation.","start":3498.67,"end":3518.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3498.67,"end":3498.91},{"text":"now,","start":3498.91,"end":3499.39},{"text":"Singapore","start":3499.55,"end":3500.11},{"text":"highlights","start":3500.11,"end":3500.67},{"text":"that","start":3500.67,"end":3500.87},{"text":"the","start":3500.87,"end":3500.95},{"text":"ILC","start":3500.95,"end":3501.47},{"text":"could","start":3501.47,"end":3501.67},{"text":"take","start":3501.67,"end":3501.95},{"text":"reference","start":3501.95,"end":3502.47},{"text":"from","start":3502.47,"end":3502.67},{"text":"key","start":3502.91,"end":3503.23},{"text":"existing","start":3503.23,"end":3503.87},{"text":"UN","start":3503.87,"end":3504.19},{"text":"conventions,","start":3504.19,"end":3505.07},{"text":"namely","start":3505.39,"end":3505.95},{"text":"the","start":3505.95,"end":3506.03},{"text":"UN","start":3506.03,"end":3506.35},{"text":"Convention","start":3506.35,"end":3506.99},{"text":"against","start":3506.99,"end":3507.35},{"text":"Transnational","start":3507.35,"end":3508.11},{"text":"Organized","start":3508.11,"end":3508.67},{"text":"Crime,","start":3508.67,"end":3509.23},{"text":"Corruption,","start":3509.47,"end":3510.03},{"text":"and","start":3510.03,"end":3510.19},{"text":"Cybercrime,","start":3510.19,"end":3510.99},{"text":"so","start":3511.23,"end":3511.47},{"text":"that","start":3511.47,"end":3511.63},{"text":"the","start":3511.63,"end":3511.75},{"text":"draft","start":3511.75,"end":3512.19},{"text":"articles","start":3512.19,"end":3512.67},{"text":"can","start":3512.67,"end":3512.83},{"text":"be","start":3512.83,"end":3512.99},{"text":"broadly","start":3512.99,"end":3513.47},{"text":"and","start":3513.47,"end":3513.63},{"text":"structurally","start":3513.63,"end":3514.35},{"text":"consistent","start":3514.35,"end":3515.11},{"text":"with","start":3515.31,"end":3515.47},{"text":"existing","start":3515.47,"end":3516.07},{"text":"legal","start":3516.07,"end":3516.39},{"text":"frameworks","start":3516.39,"end":3517.07},{"text":"on","start":3517.07,"end":3517.23},{"text":"international","start":3517.23,"end":3517.87},{"text":"cooperation.","start":3517.87,"end":3518.83}]},{"text":"With regard to due diligence in international law, my delegation has been supportive of the inclusion of this topic in the Commission's programme of work due to its practical significance to States.","start":3519.95,"end":3531.23,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3519.95,"end":3520.15},{"text":"regard","start":3520.19,"end":3520.55},{"text":"to","start":3520.55,"end":3520.71},{"text":"due","start":3520.75,"end":3521.07},{"text":"diligence","start":3521.07,"end":3521.59},{"text":"in","start":3521.59,"end":3521.71},{"text":"international","start":3521.71,"end":3522.75},{"text":"law,","start":3522.75,"end":3522.83},{"text":"my","start":3523.15,"end":3523.31},{"text":"delegation","start":3523.31,"end":3523.95},{"text":"has","start":3523.95,"end":3524.11},{"text":"been","start":3524.11,"end":3524.27},{"text":"supportive","start":3524.27,"end":3524.99},{"text":"of","start":3524.99,"end":3525.15},{"text":"the","start":3525.15,"end":3525.23},{"text":"inclusion","start":3525.23,"end":3525.71},{"text":"of","start":3525.71,"end":3525.79},{"text":"this","start":3525.79,"end":3526.03},{"text":"topic","start":3526.03,"end":3526.43},{"text":"in","start":3526.47,"end":3526.63},{"text":"the","start":3526.63,"end":3526.75},{"text":"Commission's","start":3526.75,"end":3527.31},{"text":"programme","start":3527.31,"end":3527.87},{"text":"of","start":3527.87,"end":3528.03},{"text":"work","start":3528.03,"end":3528.51},{"text":"due","start":3528.83,"end":3529.07},{"text":"to","start":3529.07,"end":3529.19},{"text":"its","start":3529.19,"end":3529.39},{"text":"practical","start":3529.39,"end":3529.95},{"text":"significance","start":3529.95,"end":3530.59},{"text":"to","start":3530.59,"end":3530.71},{"text":"States.","start":3530.71,"end":3531.23}]},{"text":"We appreciate the prudent and cautious methodological approach adopted by the Special Rapporteur and wish to emphasize the importance of the Commission taking into account the diverse State practice surrounding this topic.","start":3531.87,"end":3545.15,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3546.15,"end":3546.39},{"text":"our","start":3546.39,"end":3546.63},{"text":"view,","start":3546.63,"end":3547.03},{"text":"due","start":3547.27,"end":3547.43},{"text":"diligence","start":3547.43,"end":3547.95},{"text":"in","start":3547.95,"end":3548.07},{"text":"international","start":3548.07,"end":3548.79},{"text":"law","start":3548.79,"end":3549.03},{"text":"is","start":3549.03,"end":3549.23},{"text":"an","start":3549.23,"end":3549.35},{"text":"inherently","start":3549.35,"end":3550.15},{"text":"contextual","start":3550.15,"end":3550.87},{"text":"topic,","start":3550.87,"end":3551.39},{"text":"and","start":3551.75,"end":3551.99},{"text":"one","start":3551.99,"end":3552.23},{"text":"must","start":3552.23,"end":3552.51},{"text":"take","start":3552.51,"end":3552.63},{"text":"into","start":3552.63,"end":3552.99},{"text":"account","start":3552.99,"end":3553.31},{"text":"the","start":3553.31,"end":3553.47},{"text":"underlying","start":3553.47,"end":3554.07},{"text":"circumstances","start":3554.07,"end":3555.03},{"text":"when","start":3555.19,"end":3555.43},{"text":"applying","start":3555.43,"end":3555.99},{"text":"their","start":3556.07,"end":3556.31},{"text":"mind","start":3556.31,"end":3556.63},{"text":"to","start":3556.63,"end":3556.75},{"text":"the","start":3556.75,"end":3556.87},{"text":"principle.","start":3556.87,"end":3557.51}]},{"text":"The applicable standard should vary depending on the primary obligation concerned and the factual circumstances involved.","start":3558.71,"end":3565.75,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3558.71,"end":3558.83},{"text":"applicable","start":3558.83,"end":3559.35},{"text":"standard","start":3559.35,"end":3559.87},{"text":"should","start":3559.87,"end":3560.07},{"text":"vary","start":3560.07,"end":3560.47},{"text":"depending","start":3560.47,"end":3561.03},{"text":"on","start":3561.03,"end":3561.11},{"text":"the","start":3561.11,"end":3561.27},{"text":"primary","start":3561.27,"end":3561.83},{"text":"obligation","start":3561.83,"end":3562.51},{"text":"concerned","start":3562.51,"end":3563.19},{"text":"and","start":3563.51,"end":3563.67},{"text":"the","start":3563.67,"end":3563.75},{"text":"factual","start":3563.75,"end":3564.19},{"text":"circumstances","start":3564.19,"end":3564.99},{"text":"involved.","start":3564.99,"end":3565.75}]},{"text":"It is important that we do not assume the existence of a single autonomous obligation applicable uniformly across all areas of international law.","start":3566.51,"end":3576.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3566.51,"end":3566.59},{"text":"is","start":3566.59,"end":3566.71},{"text":"important","start":3566.71,"end":3567.23},{"text":"that","start":3567.23,"end":3567.35},{"text":"we","start":3567.35,"end":3567.47},{"text":"do","start":3567.47,"end":3567.63},{"text":"not","start":3567.63,"end":3567.87},{"text":"assume","start":3567.87,"end":3568.35},{"text":"the","start":3568.35,"end":3568.47},{"text":"existence","start":3568.75,"end":3569.39},{"text":"of","start":3569.39,"end":3569.55},{"text":"a","start":3569.55,"end":3569.59},{"text":"single","start":3569.59,"end":3570.07},{"text":"autonomous","start":3570.07,"end":3570.75},{"text":"obligation","start":3570.75,"end":3571.63},{"text":"applicable","start":3571.91,"end":3572.67},{"text":"uniformly","start":3572.71,"end":3573.47},{"text":"across","start":3573.47,"end":3573.95},{"text":"all","start":3574.03,"end":3574.35},{"text":"areas","start":3574.43,"end":3574.87},{"text":"of","start":3574.87,"end":3575.03},{"text":"international","start":3575.03,"end":3576.03},{"text":"law.","start":3576.03,"end":3576.11}]},{"text":"We note the Special Rapporteur's intention to propose draft principles on the aspect of due diligence as a standard of conduct in her second report.","start":3577.31,"end":3585.87,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3577.31,"end":3577.47},{"text":"note","start":3577.47,"end":3577.79},{"text":"the","start":3577.79,"end":3577.87},{"text":"Special","start":3577.87,"end":3578.27},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":3578.27,"end":3578.91},{"text":"intention","start":3578.91,"end":3579.55},{"text":"to","start":3579.55,"end":3579.67},{"text":"propose","start":3579.67,"end":3580.11},{"text":"draft","start":3580.11,"end":3580.47},{"text":"principles","start":3580.47,"end":3581.23},{"text":"on","start":3581.23,"end":3581.31},{"text":"the","start":3581.31,"end":3581.43},{"text":"aspect","start":3581.43,"end":3582.11},{"text":"of","start":3582.11,"end":3582.27},{"text":"due","start":3582.27,"end":3582.59},{"text":"diligence","start":3582.59,"end":3583.23},{"text":"as","start":3583.47,"end":3583.63},{"text":"a","start":3583.63,"end":3583.67},{"text":"standard","start":3583.67,"end":3584.19},{"text":"of","start":3584.19,"end":3584.27},{"text":"conduct","start":3584.27,"end":3584.71},{"text":"in","start":3584.71,"end":3584.83},{"text":"her","start":3584.83,"end":3584.95},{"text":"second","start":3584.95,"end":3585.19},{"text":"report.","start":3585.19,"end":3585.87}]},{"text":"The draft principles should take into account the unique nature of the topic and should be able to accommodate a range of contextual circumstances.","start":3586.27,"end":3594.19,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3586.27,"end":3586.43},{"text":"draft","start":3586.43,"end":3586.79},{"text":"principles","start":3586.79,"end":3587.31},{"text":"should","start":3587.31,"end":3587.47},{"text":"take","start":3587.47,"end":3587.79},{"text":"into","start":3587.79,"end":3588.11},{"text":"account","start":3588.11,"end":3588.43},{"text":"the","start":3588.43,"end":3588.51},{"text":"unique","start":3588.51,"end":3588.87},{"text":"nature","start":3588.87,"end":3589.27},{"text":"of","start":3589.27,"end":3589.39},{"text":"the","start":3589.39,"end":3589.47},{"text":"topic","start":3589.47,"end":3589.95},{"text":"and","start":3590.27,"end":3590.43},{"text":"should","start":3590.43,"end":3590.67},{"text":"be","start":3590.67,"end":3590.87},{"text":"able","start":3590.87,"end":3591.15},{"text":"to","start":3591.15,"end":3591.27},{"text":"accommodate","start":3591.27,"end":3591.87},{"text":"a","start":3591.87,"end":3591.91},{"text":"range","start":3591.91,"end":3592.35},{"text":"of","start":3592.35,"end":3592.47},{"text":"contextual","start":3592.47,"end":3593.07},{"text":"circumstances.","start":3593.07,"end":3594.19}]},{"text":"I turn finally to the topic, compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts.","start":3594.99,"end":3600.43,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3594.99,"end":3595.15},{"text":"turn","start":3595.15,"end":3595.47},{"text":"finally","start":3595.47,"end":3596.03},{"text":"to","start":3596.03,"end":3596.15},{"text":"the","start":3596.15,"end":3596.27},{"text":"topic,","start":3596.27,"end":3596.79},{"text":"compensation","start":3596.79,"end":3597.71},{"text":"for","start":3597.71,"end":3597.87},{"text":"the","start":3597.87,"end":3597.95},{"text":"damage","start":3597.95,"end":3598.43},{"text":"caused","start":3598.43,"end":3598.75},{"text":"by","start":3598.75,"end":3598.91},{"text":"internationally","start":3598.91,"end":3599.63},{"text":"wrongful","start":3599.63,"end":3600.11},{"text":"acts.","start":3600.11,"end":3600.43}]},{"text":"My delegation welcomes work on this topic.","start":3600.99,"end":3603.47,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3600.99,"end":3601.15},{"text":"delegation","start":3601.15,"end":3601.83},{"text":"welcomes","start":3601.83,"end":3602.35},{"text":"work","start":3602.35,"end":3602.67},{"text":"on","start":3602.67,"end":3602.79},{"text":"this","start":3602.79,"end":3602.99},{"text":"topic.","start":3602.99,"end":3603.47}]},{"text":"While there is close association with developments in the field of international investment law, we welcome the Commission's direction of work in favor of a broader consideration of the issues under international law.","start":3604.31,"end":3615.59,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":3604.31,"end":3604.59},{"text":"there","start":3604.59,"end":3604.71},{"text":"is","start":3604.71,"end":3604.83},{"text":"close","start":3604.83,"end":3605.15},{"text":"association","start":3605.15,"end":3605.91},{"text":"with","start":3605.91,"end":3606.11},{"text":"developments","start":3606.11,"end":3606.75},{"text":"in","start":3606.75,"end":3606.91},{"text":"the","start":3606.91,"end":3606.99},{"text":"field","start":3606.99,"end":3607.35},{"text":"of","start":3607.35,"end":3607.47},{"text":"international","start":3607.47,"end":3608.11},{"text":"investment","start":3608.11,"end":3608.75},{"text":"law,","start":3608.75,"end":3608.99},{"text":"we","start":3609.23,"end":3609.47},{"text":"welcome","start":3609.47,"end":3609.79},{"text":"the","start":3609.79,"end":3609.87},{"text":"Commission's","start":3609.87,"end":3610.47},{"text":"direction","start":3610.47,"end":3610.95},{"text":"of","start":3610.95,"end":3611.07},{"text":"work","start":3611.07,"end":3611.47},{"text":"in","start":3611.47,"end":3611.71},{"text":"favor","start":3611.71,"end":3612.27},{"text":"of","start":3612.27,"end":3612.39},{"text":"a","start":3612.39,"end":3612.43},{"text":"broader","start":3612.43,"end":3612.91},{"text":"consideration","start":3612.91,"end":3613.67},{"text":"of","start":3613.67,"end":3613.75},{"text":"the","start":3613.75,"end":3613.83},{"text":"issues","start":3613.83,"end":3614.31},{"text":"under","start":3614.31,"end":3614.59},{"text":"international","start":3614.59,"end":3615.51},{"text":"law.","start":3615.51,"end":3615.59}]},{"text":"We agree with the caution sounded by Commission members not to accord disproportionate weight to decisions of international investment tribunals and to request information from States and, where relevant, international organizations to assist in ascertaining the relevant State practice.","start":3616.19,"end":3634.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3616.19,"end":3616.35},{"text":"agree","start":3616.35,"end":3616.79},{"text":"with","start":3616.79,"end":3616.95},{"text":"the","start":3616.95,"end":3617.07},{"text":"caution","start":3617.07,"end":3617.55},{"text":"sounded","start":3617.55,"end":3618.11},{"text":"by","start":3618.35,"end":3618.59},{"text":"Commission","start":3618.59,"end":3619.07},{"text":"members","start":3619.07,"end":3619.47},{"text":"not","start":3619.47,"end":3619.83},{"text":"to","start":3619.83,"end":3619.91},{"text":"accord","start":3619.91,"end":3620.47},{"text":"disproportionate","start":3620.47,"end":3621.31},{"text":"weight","start":3621.31,"end":3621.79},{"text":"to","start":3622.03,"end":3622.15},{"text":"decisions","start":3622.15,"end":3622.91},{"text":"of","start":3623.07,"end":3623.23},{"text":"international","start":3623.23,"end":3623.95},{"text":"investment","start":3623.95,"end":3624.47},{"text":"tribunals","start":3624.47,"end":3625.23},{"text":"and","start":3625.55,"end":3625.75},{"text":"to","start":3625.75,"end":3625.83},{"text":"request","start":3625.83,"end":3626.47},{"text":"information","start":3626.59,"end":3627.39},{"text":"from","start":3627.55,"end":3627.79},{"text":"States","start":3627.79,"end":3628.27},{"text":"and,","start":3628.27,"end":3628.43},{"text":"where","start":3628.43,"end":3628.71},{"text":"relevant,","start":3628.71,"end":3629.15},{"text":"international","start":3629.15,"end":3629.79},{"text":"organizations","start":3629.79,"end":3630.91},{"text":"to","start":3631.15,"end":3631.27},{"text":"assist","start":3631.27,"end":3631.79},{"text":"in","start":3631.79,"end":3632.03},{"text":"ascertaining","start":3632.03,"end":3632.67},{"text":"the","start":3632.75,"end":3632.87},{"text":"relevant","start":3632.87,"end":3633.39},{"text":"State","start":3633.39,"end":3633.71},{"text":"practice.","start":3633.71,"end":3634.35}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":3634.83,"end":3635.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3634.83,"end":3635.15},{"text":"you.","start":3635.15,"end":3635.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SGP","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Singapore"}},{"statement_number":14,"start":3639.79,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=1:00:40","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I would like to thank the distinguished representative of Singapore for his statement.","start":3639.79,"end":3644.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3639.79,"end":3639.95},{"text":"would","start":3639.95,"end":3640.07},{"text":"like","start":3640.07,"end":3640.23},{"text":"to","start":3640.23,"end":3640.31},{"text":"thank","start":3640.31,"end":3640.59},{"text":"the","start":3640.59,"end":3640.67},{"text":"distinguished","start":3640.67,"end":3641.23},{"text":"representative","start":3641.55,"end":3642.43},{"text":"of","start":3642.55,"end":3642.67},{"text":"Singapore","start":3642.75,"end":3643.55},{"text":"for","start":3643.55,"end":3643.71},{"text":"his","start":3643.71,"end":3643.87},{"text":"statement.","start":3643.87,"end":3644.67}]},{"text":"The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Brunei Darussalam, to be followed by Cuba.","start":3645.31,"end":3654.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3645.31,"end":3645.47},{"text":"next","start":3645.47,"end":3645.71},{"text":"speaker","start":3645.71,"end":3646.19},{"text":"on","start":3646.59,"end":3646.83},{"text":"my","start":3646.83,"end":3646.99},{"text":"list","start":3646.99,"end":3647.47},{"text":"is","start":3647.55,"end":3647.71},{"text":"the","start":3647.71,"end":3647.83},{"text":"distinguished","start":3647.83,"end":3648.43},{"text":"representative","start":3648.51,"end":3649.47},{"text":"of","start":3649.59,"end":3649.79},{"text":"Brunei","start":3650.51,"end":3650.99},{"text":"Darussalam,","start":3650.99,"end":3652.03},{"text":"to","start":3652.43,"end":3652.63},{"text":"be","start":3652.63,"end":3652.75},{"text":"followed","start":3652.75,"end":3653.31},{"text":"by","start":3653.31,"end":3653.79},{"text":"Cuba.","start":3653.95,"end":3654.35}]},{"text":"The floor is yours.","start":3654.75,"end":3655.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3654.75,"end":3654.87},{"text":"floor","start":3654.91,"end":3655.19},{"text":"is","start":3655.19,"end":3655.27},{"text":"yours.","start":3655.27,"end":3655.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":15,"start":3658.03,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=1:00:59","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, thank you for giving me the floor.","start":3658.03,"end":3660.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3658.03,"end":3658.43},{"text":"thank","start":3658.99,"end":3659.23},{"text":"you","start":3659.23,"end":3659.31},{"text":"for","start":3659.31,"end":3659.47},{"text":"giving","start":3659.47,"end":3659.79},{"text":"me","start":3659.79,"end":3659.95},{"text":"the","start":3659.95,"end":3660.03},{"text":"floor.","start":3660.03,"end":3660.51}]},{"text":"I have the honor of delivering this statement on behalf of my delegation on the third cluster of topics contained in the ILC's report.","start":3660.75,"end":3667.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3660.75,"end":3660.79},{"text":"have","start":3660.79,"end":3660.99},{"text":"the","start":3660.99,"end":3661.19},{"text":"honor","start":3661.19,"end":3661.59},{"text":"of","start":3661.59,"end":3661.71},{"text":"delivering","start":3661.71,"end":3662.23},{"text":"this","start":3662.23,"end":3662.39},{"text":"statement","start":3662.39,"end":3662.95},{"text":"on","start":3662.95,"end":3663.07},{"text":"behalf","start":3663.07,"end":3663.47},{"text":"of","start":3663.47,"end":3663.55},{"text":"my","start":3663.55,"end":3663.75},{"text":"delegation","start":3663.75,"end":3664.39},{"text":"on","start":3664.39,"end":3664.51},{"text":"the","start":3664.51,"end":3664.63},{"text":"third","start":3664.63,"end":3664.91},{"text":"cluster","start":3664.91,"end":3665.35},{"text":"of","start":3665.35,"end":3665.47},{"text":"topics","start":3665.47,"end":3666.03},{"text":"contained","start":3666.03,"end":3666.43},{"text":"in","start":3666.43,"end":3666.55},{"text":"the","start":3666.55,"end":3666.63},{"text":"ILC's","start":3666.67,"end":3667.19},{"text":"report.","start":3667.19,"end":3667.55}]},{"text":"Firstly, Brunei Darussalam thanks the ILC for its ongoing work in relation to Chapter IX on non-legally binding international agreements, despite the Commission's inability to consider the topic in the plenary of its 76th session.","start":3668.35,"end":3681.39,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":3668.35,"end":3668.99},{"text":"Brunei","start":3669.39,"end":3669.63},{"text":"Darussalam","start":3669.63,"end":3670.11},{"text":"thanks","start":3670.11,"end":3670.43},{"text":"the","start":3670.43,"end":3670.51},{"text":"ILC","start":3670.51,"end":3671.07},{"text":"for","start":3671.07,"end":3671.23},{"text":"its","start":3671.23,"end":3671.39},{"text":"ongoing","start":3671.39,"end":3671.87},{"text":"work","start":3671.87,"end":3672.19},{"text":"in","start":3672.19,"end":3672.31},{"text":"relation","start":3672.31,"end":3672.71},{"text":"to","start":3672.71,"end":3672.83},{"text":"Chapter","start":3672.83,"end":3673.23},{"text":"IX","start":3673.23,"end":3673.63},{"text":"on","start":3673.71,"end":3673.91},{"text":"non-legally","start":3673.91,"end":3674.51},{"text":"binding","start":3674.51,"end":3674.87},{"text":"international","start":3674.87,"end":3675.43},{"text":"agreements,","start":3675.43,"end":3676.03},{"text":"despite","start":3676.27,"end":3676.75},{"text":"the","start":3676.75,"end":3676.83},{"text":"Commission's","start":3676.83,"end":3677.39},{"text":"inability","start":3677.39,"end":3678.03},{"text":"to","start":3678.03,"end":3678.15},{"text":"consider","start":3678.15,"end":3678.67},{"text":"the","start":3678.67,"end":3678.75},{"text":"topic","start":3678.75,"end":3679.27},{"text":"in","start":3679.27,"end":3679.35},{"text":"the","start":3679.35,"end":3679.47},{"text":"plenary","start":3679.47,"end":3679.95},{"text":"of","start":3679.95,"end":3680.03},{"text":"its","start":3680.03,"end":3680.23},{"text":"76th","start":3680.23,"end":3680.95},{"text":"session.","start":3680.95,"end":3681.39}]},{"text":"We therefore wish to extend our appreciation to Mr. Matthias Fuertő as Special Rapporteur for his work in preparing the second and third reports, as well as his efforts in chairing the open-ended working group to continue discussions on the topic.","start":3682.11,"end":3695.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3682.11,"end":3682.27},{"text":"therefore","start":3682.27,"end":3682.67},{"text":"wish","start":3682.67,"end":3682.91},{"text":"to","start":3682.91,"end":3683.03},{"text":"extend","start":3683.03,"end":3683.43},{"text":"our","start":3683.43,"end":3683.59},{"text":"appreciation","start":3683.59,"end":3684.35},{"text":"to","start":3684.35,"end":3684.47},{"text":"Mr.","start":3684.47,"end":3684.75},{"text":"Matthias","start":3684.75,"end":3685.23},{"text":"Fuertő","start":3685.23,"end":3685.55},{"text":"as","start":3686.03,"end":3686.23},{"text":"Special","start":3686.23,"end":3686.59},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":3686.59,"end":3687.23},{"text":"for","start":3687.23,"end":3687.35},{"text":"his","start":3687.35,"end":3687.55},{"text":"work","start":3687.55,"end":3687.87},{"text":"in","start":3687.95,"end":3688.11},{"text":"preparing","start":3688.11,"end":3688.51},{"text":"the","start":3688.51,"end":3688.67},{"text":"second","start":3688.67,"end":3688.95},{"text":"and","start":3688.95,"end":3689.31},{"text":"third","start":3689.31,"end":3689.51},{"text":"reports,","start":3689.51,"end":3690.11},{"text":"as","start":3690.51,"end":3690.75},{"text":"well","start":3690.75,"end":3690.99},{"text":"as","start":3690.99,"end":3691.15},{"text":"his","start":3691.15,"end":3691.35},{"text":"efforts","start":3691.35,"end":3691.87},{"text":"in","start":3691.87,"end":3692.03},{"text":"chairing","start":3692.03,"end":3692.35},{"text":"the","start":3692.35,"end":3692.47},{"text":"open-ended","start":3692.47,"end":3693.07},{"text":"working","start":3693.07,"end":3693.47},{"text":"group","start":3693.47,"end":3693.71},{"text":"to","start":3693.79,"end":3693.87},{"text":"continue","start":3693.87,"end":3694.35},{"text":"discussions","start":3694.35,"end":3694.99},{"text":"on","start":3694.99,"end":3695.15},{"text":"the","start":3695.15,"end":3695.23},{"text":"topic.","start":3695.23,"end":3695.63}]},{"text":"We note that his third report reflected the views presented by States during the debate at the 80th session of this Committee, including the statement delivered by our delegation.","start":3696.55,"end":3706.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3696.55,"end":3696.71},{"text":"note","start":3696.71,"end":3696.95},{"text":"that","start":3696.95,"end":3697.11},{"text":"his","start":3697.11,"end":3697.39},{"text":"third","start":3697.39,"end":3697.59},{"text":"report","start":3697.59,"end":3698.07},{"text":"reflected","start":3698.07,"end":3698.59},{"text":"the","start":3698.59,"end":3698.67},{"text":"views","start":3698.67,"end":3699.03},{"text":"presented","start":3699.03,"end":3699.59},{"text":"by","start":3699.59,"end":3699.75},{"text":"States","start":3699.75,"end":3700.31},{"text":"during","start":3700.31,"end":3700.63},{"text":"the","start":3700.63,"end":3700.75},{"text":"debate","start":3700.75,"end":3701.27},{"text":"at","start":3701.27,"end":3701.35},{"text":"the","start":3701.35,"end":3701.47},{"text":"80th","start":3701.47,"end":3701.95},{"text":"session","start":3701.95,"end":3702.47},{"text":"of","start":3702.51,"end":3702.63},{"text":"this","start":3702.63,"end":3702.87},{"text":"Committee,","start":3702.87,"end":3703.35},{"text":"including","start":3704.15,"end":3704.71},{"text":"the","start":3704.71,"end":3704.79},{"text":"statement","start":3704.79,"end":3705.23},{"text":"delivered","start":3705.23,"end":3705.67},{"text":"by","start":3705.67,"end":3705.83},{"text":"our","start":3705.83,"end":3705.99},{"text":"delegation.","start":3705.99,"end":3706.71}]},{"text":"In this regard, Brunei Darussalam continues to follow the consideration on this topic with great interest, noting its relevance to our domestic efforts in developing national templates and internal guidelines for non-binding international memorandum of understandings.","start":3707.59,"end":3722.51,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3723.55,"end":3723.79},{"text":"reiterate","start":3723.79,"end":3724.75},{"text":"our","start":3724.75,"end":3725.11},{"text":"appreciation","start":3725.11,"end":3725.95},{"text":"for","start":3725.95,"end":3726.35},{"text":"the","start":3726.35,"end":3726.47},{"text":"need","start":3726.47,"end":3726.71},{"text":"to","start":3726.71,"end":3726.95},{"text":"provide","start":3727.07,"end":3727.47},{"text":"legal","start":3727.47,"end":3727.91},{"text":"certainty","start":3728.03,"end":3728.67},{"text":"on","start":3728.67,"end":3728.83},{"text":"this","start":3728.83,"end":3728.99},{"text":"topic","start":3728.99,"end":3729.47},{"text":"to","start":3729.87,"end":3729.99},{"text":"help","start":3729.99,"end":3730.27},{"text":"support","start":3730.27,"end":3730.67},{"text":"better","start":3730.67,"end":3730.99},{"text":"drafting","start":3730.99,"end":3731.39},{"text":"practices","start":3731.39,"end":3732.07},{"text":"and","start":3732.07,"end":3732.27},{"text":"facilitate","start":3732.27,"end":3732.91},{"text":"global","start":3732.91,"end":3733.31},{"text":"cooperation.","start":3733.31,"end":3734.11}]},{"text":"On the topic covered in chapter 10 of the report, on prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, Brunei Darussalam thanks the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Luis Salvadogo, for his diligent work in preparing the first report on the topic.","start":3735.79,"end":3749.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3735.79,"end":3735.87},{"text":"the","start":3735.87,"end":3736.03},{"text":"topic","start":3736.03,"end":3736.47},{"text":"covered","start":3736.47,"end":3736.79},{"text":"in","start":3736.79,"end":3736.91},{"text":"chapter","start":3736.91,"end":3737.31},{"text":"10","start":3737.31,"end":3737.51},{"text":"of","start":3737.51,"end":3737.63},{"text":"the","start":3737.63,"end":3737.71},{"text":"report,","start":3737.71,"end":3738.27},{"text":"on","start":3738.43,"end":3738.59},{"text":"prevention","start":3738.59,"end":3739.23},{"text":"and","start":3739.23,"end":3739.39},{"text":"repression","start":3739.39,"end":3739.95},{"text":"of","start":3739.95,"end":3740.11},{"text":"piracy","start":3740.11,"end":3740.67},{"text":"and","start":3740.67,"end":3740.83},{"text":"armed","start":3740.83,"end":3741.07},{"text":"robbery","start":3741.07,"end":3741.47},{"text":"at","start":3741.47,"end":3741.63},{"text":"sea,","start":3741.63,"end":3742.03},{"text":"Brunei","start":3742.51,"end":3742.79},{"text":"Darussalam","start":3742.79,"end":3743.31},{"text":"thanks","start":3743.31,"end":3743.67},{"text":"the","start":3743.67,"end":3743.75},{"text":"Special","start":3743.75,"end":3744.11},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":3744.11,"end":3744.67},{"text":"Mr.","start":3744.67,"end":3745.07},{"text":"Luis","start":3745.07,"end":3745.43},{"text":"Salvadogo,","start":3745.43,"end":3746.11},{"text":"for","start":3746.43,"end":3746.59},{"text":"his","start":3746.59,"end":3746.83},{"text":"diligent","start":3746.91,"end":3747.39},{"text":"work","start":3747.39,"end":3747.71},{"text":"in","start":3747.71,"end":3747.87},{"text":"preparing","start":3747.87,"end":3748.27},{"text":"the","start":3748.27,"end":3748.39},{"text":"first","start":3748.39,"end":3748.75},{"text":"report","start":3748.75,"end":3749.15},{"text":"on","start":3749.15,"end":3749.27},{"text":"the","start":3749.27,"end":3749.39},{"text":"topic.","start":3749.39,"end":3749.79}]},{"text":"As a starting point, we appreciate the Special Rapporteur's clarification on the terms \"prevention\" and \"repression\" to define the scope of the topic.","start":3750.51,"end":3758.91,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3750.51,"end":3750.71},{"text":"a","start":3750.71,"end":3750.75},{"text":"starting","start":3750.75,"end":3751.23},{"text":"point,","start":3751.23,"end":3751.63},{"text":"we","start":3751.63,"end":3751.91},{"text":"appreciate","start":3751.91,"end":3752.51},{"text":"the","start":3752.51,"end":3752.63},{"text":"Special","start":3752.63,"end":3752.99},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":3752.99,"end":3753.63},{"text":"clarification","start":3753.63,"end":3754.59},{"text":"on","start":3754.59,"end":3754.67},{"text":"the","start":3754.67,"end":3754.75},{"text":"terms","start":3754.75,"end":3755.23},{"text":"\"prevention\"","start":3755.23,"end":3756.03},{"text":"and","start":3756.19,"end":3756.43},{"text":"\"repression\"","start":3756.43,"end":3757.07},{"text":"to","start":3757.31,"end":3757.43},{"text":"define","start":3757.43,"end":3757.87},{"text":"the","start":3757.87,"end":3757.95},{"text":"scope","start":3757.95,"end":3758.27},{"text":"of","start":3758.27,"end":3758.35},{"text":"the","start":3758.35,"end":3758.51},{"text":"topic.","start":3758.51,"end":3758.91}]},{"text":"We note that the 1982 UNCLOS only refers to piracy, and that Article 100 stipulated an obligation on States to cooperate to repress such acts on the high seas in very broad terms.","start":3759.63,"end":3771.87,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3759.63,"end":3759.87},{"text":"note","start":3759.87,"end":3760.19},{"text":"that","start":3760.19,"end":3760.35},{"text":"the","start":3760.35,"end":3760.51},{"text":"1982","start":3760.51,"end":3761.35},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":3761.35,"end":3762.27},{"text":"only","start":3762.27,"end":3762.43},{"text":"refers","start":3762.43,"end":3762.75},{"text":"to","start":3762.75,"end":3762.83},{"text":"piracy,","start":3762.83,"end":3763.55},{"text":"and","start":3763.79,"end":3763.99},{"text":"that","start":3763.99,"end":3764.19},{"text":"Article","start":3764.19,"end":3764.67},{"text":"100","start":3764.67,"end":3765.23},{"text":"stipulated","start":3765.23,"end":3766.03},{"text":"an","start":3766.07,"end":3766.19},{"text":"obligation","start":3766.19,"end":3766.91},{"text":"on","start":3766.91,"end":3766.99},{"text":"States","start":3766.99,"end":3767.47},{"text":"to","start":3767.79,"end":3767.95},{"text":"cooperate","start":3767.95,"end":3768.63},{"text":"to","start":3768.63,"end":3768.71},{"text":"repress","start":3768.71,"end":3769.11},{"text":"such","start":3769.11,"end":3769.31},{"text":"acts","start":3769.31,"end":3769.71},{"text":"on","start":3769.71,"end":3769.83},{"text":"the","start":3769.83,"end":3769.95},{"text":"high","start":3769.95,"end":3770.11},{"text":"seas","start":3770.11,"end":3770.59},{"text":"in","start":3770.59,"end":3770.83},{"text":"very","start":3770.83,"end":3771.07},{"text":"broad","start":3771.07,"end":3771.35},{"text":"terms.","start":3771.35,"end":3771.87}]},{"text":"Meanwhile, the concept of armed robbery was developed many years later by the IMO to address prevailing realities that were not contemplated at the time of UNCLOS's adoption.","start":3772.71,"end":3782.39,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Meanwhile,","start":3772.71,"end":3773.35},{"text":"the","start":3773.59,"end":3773.71},{"text":"concept","start":3773.71,"end":3774.19},{"text":"of","start":3774.19,"end":3774.31},{"text":"armed","start":3774.31,"end":3774.59},{"text":"robbery","start":3774.59,"end":3775.03},{"text":"was","start":3775.03,"end":3775.19},{"text":"developed","start":3775.19,"end":3775.67},{"text":"many","start":3775.67,"end":3775.99},{"text":"years","start":3775.99,"end":3776.23},{"text":"later","start":3776.23,"end":3776.55},{"text":"by","start":3776.55,"end":3776.79},{"text":"the","start":3776.79,"end":3776.91},{"text":"IMO","start":3777.03,"end":3777.35},{"text":"to","start":3777.35,"end":3777.67},{"text":"address","start":3777.71,"end":3778.07},{"text":"prevailing","start":3778.07,"end":3778.63},{"text":"realities","start":3778.63,"end":3779.19},{"text":"that","start":3779.19,"end":3779.35},{"text":"were","start":3779.35,"end":3779.47},{"text":"not","start":3779.51,"end":3779.75},{"text":"contemplated","start":3779.75,"end":3780.43},{"text":"at","start":3780.43,"end":3780.51},{"text":"the","start":3780.51,"end":3780.59},{"text":"time","start":3780.59,"end":3780.71},{"text":"of","start":3780.71,"end":3780.79},{"text":"UNCLOS's","start":3780.79,"end":3781.87},{"text":"adoption.","start":3781.87,"end":3782.39}]},{"text":"Against this backdrop, Brunei Darussalam welcomes the ILC's discussions, recognizing the need for the progressive development to address emerging threats at sea, such as those involving the use of information technology or autonomous maritime or aerial vehicles.","start":3783.35,"end":3797.99,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Against","start":3783.35,"end":3783.67},{"text":"this","start":3783.67,"end":3783.83},{"text":"backdrop,","start":3783.83,"end":3784.35},{"text":"Brunei","start":3784.35,"end":3784.59},{"text":"Darussalam","start":3784.59,"end":3785.11},{"text":"welcomes","start":3785.11,"end":3785.55},{"text":"the","start":3785.55,"end":3785.67},{"text":"ILC's","start":3785.67,"end":3786.19},{"text":"discussions,","start":3786.19,"end":3786.95},{"text":"recognizing","start":3786.95,"end":3787.59},{"text":"the","start":3787.59,"end":3787.67},{"text":"need","start":3787.67,"end":3787.91},{"text":"for","start":3787.91,"end":3788.07},{"text":"the","start":3788.07,"end":3788.19},{"text":"progressive","start":3788.19,"end":3788.75},{"text":"development","start":3788.75,"end":3789.47},{"text":"to","start":3789.47,"end":3789.55},{"text":"address","start":3789.55,"end":3789.91},{"text":"emerging","start":3789.91,"end":3790.47},{"text":"threats","start":3790.47,"end":3790.87},{"text":"at","start":3791.11,"end":3791.23},{"text":"sea,","start":3791.23,"end":3791.67},{"text":"such","start":3791.99,"end":3792.31},{"text":"as","start":3792.31,"end":3792.47},{"text":"those","start":3792.47,"end":3792.79},{"text":"involving","start":3792.79,"end":3793.35},{"text":"the","start":3793.35,"end":3793.47},{"text":"use","start":3793.47,"end":3793.79},{"text":"of","start":3793.79,"end":3793.91},{"text":"information","start":3793.91,"end":3794.55},{"text":"technology","start":3794.55,"end":3795.27},{"text":"or","start":3795.27,"end":3795.47},{"text":"autonomous","start":3795.47,"end":3796.07},{"text":"maritime","start":3796.07,"end":3796.71},{"text":"or","start":3796.71,"end":3796.87},{"text":"aerial","start":3796.87,"end":3797.27},{"text":"vehicles.","start":3797.27,"end":3797.99}]},{"text":"However, we do wish to echo concerns with regards to draft article 7 on hot pursuit in the territorial sea, and question how this would be carried out in practice, keeping in mind the existing framework elaborated in UNCLOS.","start":3798.87,"end":3811.99,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3798.87,"end":3799.51},{"text":"we","start":3799.59,"end":3799.75},{"text":"do","start":3799.75,"end":3799.99},{"text":"wish","start":3799.99,"end":3800.31},{"text":"to","start":3800.31,"end":3800.43},{"text":"echo","start":3800.47,"end":3800.71},{"text":"concerns","start":3800.71,"end":3801.27},{"text":"with","start":3801.27,"end":3801.43},{"text":"regards","start":3801.43,"end":3801.79},{"text":"to","start":3801.79,"end":3801.87},{"text":"draft","start":3801.91,"end":3802.27},{"text":"article","start":3802.27,"end":3802.63},{"text":"7","start":3802.63,"end":3803.03},{"text":"on","start":3803.35,"end":3803.51},{"text":"hot","start":3803.51,"end":3803.67},{"text":"pursuit","start":3803.67,"end":3804.11},{"text":"in","start":3804.11,"end":3804.23},{"text":"the","start":3804.23,"end":3804.31},{"text":"territorial","start":3804.31,"end":3804.91},{"text":"sea,","start":3804.91,"end":3805.35},{"text":"and","start":3805.67,"end":3805.83},{"text":"question","start":3805.83,"end":3806.31},{"text":"how","start":3806.31,"end":3806.47},{"text":"this","start":3806.47,"end":3806.67},{"text":"would","start":3806.67,"end":3806.79},{"text":"be","start":3806.79,"end":3806.95},{"text":"carried","start":3806.95,"end":3807.27},{"text":"out","start":3807.27,"end":3807.43},{"text":"in","start":3807.43,"end":3807.59},{"text":"practice,","start":3807.59,"end":3808.15},{"text":"keeping","start":3808.31,"end":3808.79},{"text":"in","start":3808.79,"end":3808.95},{"text":"mind","start":3808.95,"end":3809.23},{"text":"the","start":3809.23,"end":3809.31},{"text":"existing","start":3809.31,"end":3809.83},{"text":"framework","start":3809.83,"end":3810.35},{"text":"elaborated","start":3810.35,"end":3810.99},{"text":"in","start":3810.99,"end":3811.07},{"text":"UNCLOS.","start":3811.07,"end":3811.99}]},{"text":"Notwithstanding this, Brunei Darussalam strongly advocates for the safety of navigation at sea and condemns all acts which threaten it, including piracy and armed robbery.","start":3813.19,"end":3822.71,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Notwithstanding","start":3813.19,"end":3814.07},{"text":"this,","start":3814.07,"end":3814.47},{"text":"Brunei","start":3814.47,"end":3814.71},{"text":"Darussalam","start":3814.71,"end":3815.27},{"text":"strongly","start":3815.27,"end":3815.75},{"text":"advocates","start":3815.75,"end":3816.43},{"text":"for","start":3816.43,"end":3816.55},{"text":"the","start":3816.55,"end":3816.71},{"text":"safety","start":3816.71,"end":3817.07},{"text":"of","start":3817.07,"end":3817.19},{"text":"navigation","start":3817.19,"end":3817.79},{"text":"at","start":3817.79,"end":3817.87},{"text":"sea","start":3817.87,"end":3818.31},{"text":"and","start":3818.63,"end":3818.83},{"text":"condemns","start":3818.83,"end":3819.27},{"text":"all","start":3819.27,"end":3819.59},{"text":"acts","start":3819.59,"end":3819.87},{"text":"which","start":3819.87,"end":3820.19},{"text":"threaten","start":3820.19,"end":3820.55},{"text":"it,","start":3820.55,"end":3820.79},{"text":"including","start":3820.95,"end":3821.43},{"text":"piracy","start":3821.43,"end":3821.91},{"text":"and","start":3821.91,"end":3822.07},{"text":"armed","start":3822.07,"end":3822.27},{"text":"robbery.","start":3822.27,"end":3822.71}]},{"text":"We therefore look forward to the Commission's continued consideration on this topic.","start":3823.19,"end":3827.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3823.19,"end":3823.39},{"text":"therefore","start":3823.39,"end":3823.83},{"text":"look","start":3823.83,"end":3824.07},{"text":"forward","start":3824.07,"end":3824.39},{"text":"to","start":3824.39,"end":3824.51},{"text":"the","start":3824.51,"end":3824.59},{"text":"Commission's","start":3824.59,"end":3825.11},{"text":"continued","start":3825.11,"end":3825.63},{"text":"consideration","start":3825.63,"end":3826.39},{"text":"on","start":3826.39,"end":3826.47},{"text":"this","start":3826.47,"end":3826.71},{"text":"topic.","start":3826.71,"end":3827.03}]},{"text":"Chair, turning now to Chapter 11, due diligence in international law.","start":3829.19,"end":3833.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3829.19,"end":3829.51},{"text":"turning","start":3829.51,"end":3829.91},{"text":"now","start":3829.91,"end":3830.15},{"text":"to","start":3830.15,"end":3830.31},{"text":"Chapter","start":3830.31,"end":3830.71},{"text":"11,","start":3830.71,"end":3831.19},{"text":"due","start":3831.19,"end":3831.43},{"text":"diligence","start":3831.43,"end":3831.99},{"text":"in","start":3831.99,"end":3832.15},{"text":"international","start":3832.15,"end":3832.83},{"text":"law.","start":3832.83,"end":3833.03}]},{"text":"As a newly added topic in the ILC's program of work, Brunei Darussalam congratulates and thanks its Special Rapporteur, Ms. Penelope Ridings, for her valuable work in preparing the first report.","start":3833.91,"end":3844.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3833.91,"end":3834.07},{"text":"a","start":3834.07,"end":3834.11},{"text":"newly","start":3834.11,"end":3834.47},{"text":"added","start":3834.47,"end":3834.71},{"text":"topic","start":3834.71,"end":3835.27},{"text":"in","start":3835.27,"end":3835.43},{"text":"the","start":3835.43,"end":3835.55},{"text":"ILC's","start":3835.55,"end":3836.15},{"text":"program","start":3836.15,"end":3836.59},{"text":"of","start":3836.59,"end":3836.71},{"text":"work,","start":3836.71,"end":3837.03},{"text":"Brunei","start":3837.35,"end":3837.67},{"text":"Darussalam","start":3837.67,"end":3838.23},{"text":"congratulates","start":3838.23,"end":3839.03},{"text":"and","start":3839.03,"end":3839.15},{"text":"thanks","start":3839.15,"end":3839.43},{"text":"its","start":3839.43,"end":3839.55},{"text":"Special","start":3839.55,"end":3839.91},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":3839.91,"end":3840.55},{"text":"Ms.","start":3840.95,"end":3841.19},{"text":"Penelope","start":3841.19,"end":3841.67},{"text":"Ridings,","start":3841.67,"end":3842.23},{"text":"for","start":3842.55,"end":3842.71},{"text":"her","start":3842.71,"end":3842.87},{"text":"valuable","start":3842.87,"end":3843.35},{"text":"work","start":3843.35,"end":3843.67},{"text":"in","start":3843.67,"end":3843.79},{"text":"preparing","start":3843.79,"end":3844.23},{"text":"the","start":3844.23,"end":3844.31},{"text":"first","start":3844.31,"end":3844.59},{"text":"report.","start":3844.59,"end":3844.95}]},{"text":"We appreciate the mapping exercise.","start":3845.59,"end":3847.48,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3845.59,"end":3845.87},{"text":"appreciate","start":3845.87,"end":3846.39},{"text":"the","start":3846.39,"end":3846.55},{"text":"mapping","start":3846.55,"end":3846.95},{"text":"exercise.","start":3846.95,"end":3847.48}]},{"text":"and chronological examination of the concept of due diligence from the late 19th century to the present, as it provides useful context regarding its continued relevance and development in international law.","start":3847.61,"end":3859.45,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":3847.61,"end":3847.81},{"text":"chronological","start":3847.81,"end":3848.57},{"text":"examination","start":3848.57,"end":3849.37},{"text":"of","start":3849.37,"end":3849.45},{"text":"the","start":3849.45,"end":3849.53},{"text":"concept","start":3849.53,"end":3850.01},{"text":"of","start":3850.05,"end":3850.17},{"text":"due","start":3850.17,"end":3850.33},{"text":"diligence","start":3850.33,"end":3850.97},{"text":"from","start":3851.37,"end":3851.61},{"text":"the","start":3851.61,"end":3851.73},{"text":"late","start":3851.73,"end":3851.97},{"text":"19th","start":3851.97,"end":3852.45},{"text":"century","start":3852.45,"end":3852.97},{"text":"to","start":3852.97,"end":3853.09},{"text":"the","start":3853.09,"end":3853.21},{"text":"present,","start":3853.21,"end":3853.61},{"text":"as","start":3853.93,"end":3854.09},{"text":"it","start":3854.09,"end":3854.21},{"text":"provides","start":3854.21,"end":3854.65},{"text":"useful","start":3854.65,"end":3855.05},{"text":"context","start":3855.05,"end":3855.69},{"text":"regarding","start":3855.69,"end":3856.25},{"text":"its","start":3856.25,"end":3856.41},{"text":"continued","start":3856.41,"end":3856.97},{"text":"relevance","start":3856.97,"end":3857.61},{"text":"and","start":3857.61,"end":3857.81},{"text":"development","start":3857.81,"end":3858.41},{"text":"in","start":3858.41,"end":3858.57},{"text":"international","start":3858.57,"end":3859.25},{"text":"law.","start":3859.25,"end":3859.45}]},{"text":"Brunei Darussalam recognizes the merit with regards to the two main conceptions of due diligence obligation as identified in the report, and welcome the debate towards finding common ground.","start":3860.69,"end":3870.97,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Brunei","start":3860.69,"end":3860.89},{"text":"Darussalam","start":3860.89,"end":3861.41},{"text":"recognizes","start":3861.41,"end":3862.09},{"text":"the","start":3862.09,"end":3862.17},{"text":"merit","start":3862.17,"end":3862.49},{"text":"with","start":3862.49,"end":3862.73},{"text":"regards","start":3862.73,"end":3863.05},{"text":"to","start":3863.05,"end":3863.13},{"text":"the","start":3863.13,"end":3863.29},{"text":"two","start":3863.29,"end":3863.61},{"text":"main","start":3863.61,"end":3863.85},{"text":"conceptions","start":3863.85,"end":3864.49},{"text":"of","start":3864.49,"end":3864.65},{"text":"due","start":3864.65,"end":3864.81},{"text":"diligence","start":3864.81,"end":3865.45},{"text":"obligation","start":3865.45,"end":3866.25},{"text":"as","start":3866.57,"end":3866.73},{"text":"identified","start":3866.73,"end":3867.45},{"text":"in","start":3867.45,"end":3867.57},{"text":"the","start":3867.57,"end":3867.69},{"text":"report,","start":3867.69,"end":3868.09},{"text":"and","start":3868.41,"end":3868.61},{"text":"welcome","start":3868.61,"end":3868.97},{"text":"the","start":3868.97,"end":3869.09},{"text":"debate","start":3869.09,"end":3869.57},{"text":"towards","start":3869.57,"end":3869.93},{"text":"finding","start":3869.93,"end":3870.33},{"text":"common","start":3870.33,"end":3870.61},{"text":"ground.","start":3870.61,"end":3870.97}]},{"text":"We support the view that due diligence constitutes an obligation of conduct rather than of result.","start":3871.93,"end":3876.69,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3871.93,"end":3872.09},{"text":"support","start":3872.09,"end":3872.53},{"text":"the","start":3872.53,"end":3872.61},{"text":"view","start":3872.61,"end":3872.81},{"text":"that","start":3872.81,"end":3873.09},{"text":"due","start":3873.09,"end":3873.21},{"text":"diligence","start":3873.21,"end":3873.77},{"text":"constitutes","start":3873.77,"end":3874.41},{"text":"an","start":3874.41,"end":3874.53},{"text":"obligation","start":3874.53,"end":3875.13},{"text":"of","start":3875.13,"end":3875.21},{"text":"conduct","start":3875.21,"end":3875.69},{"text":"rather","start":3875.69,"end":3876.01},{"text":"than","start":3876.01,"end":3876.17},{"text":"of","start":3876.17,"end":3876.25},{"text":"result.","start":3876.25,"end":3876.69}]},{"text":"and that the degree of diligence required may vary depending on the circumstances, such as differing capabilities and the risks involved.","start":3877.21,"end":3885.13,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":3877.21,"end":3877.41},{"text":"that","start":3877.41,"end":3877.61},{"text":"the","start":3877.61,"end":3877.69},{"text":"degree","start":3877.69,"end":3878.09},{"text":"of","start":3878.09,"end":3878.25},{"text":"diligence","start":3878.25,"end":3878.73},{"text":"required","start":3878.73,"end":3879.29},{"text":"may","start":3879.29,"end":3879.45},{"text":"vary","start":3879.45,"end":3880.01},{"text":"depending","start":3880.01,"end":3880.49},{"text":"on","start":3880.49,"end":3880.65},{"text":"the","start":3880.65,"end":3880.73},{"text":"circumstances,","start":3880.73,"end":3881.65},{"text":"such","start":3881.65,"end":3881.97},{"text":"as","start":3881.97,"end":3882.17},{"text":"differing","start":3882.17,"end":3882.65},{"text":"capabilities","start":3882.65,"end":3883.61},{"text":"and","start":3883.85,"end":3884.05},{"text":"the","start":3884.05,"end":3884.13},{"text":"risks","start":3884.13,"end":3884.57},{"text":"involved.","start":3884.57,"end":3885.13}]},{"text":"Ultimately, we emphasize that the study should carefully preserve the balance between state sovereignty and the responsibility of states as members of the international community.","start":3885.93,"end":3895.37,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."},{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3905.29,"end":3905.85},{"text":"without","start":3906.33,"end":3906.57},{"text":"prejudice","start":3906.57,"end":3907.21},{"text":"to","start":3907.21,"end":3907.29},{"text":"the","start":3907.29,"end":3907.41},{"text":"manner","start":3907.41,"end":3907.69},{"text":"in","start":3907.69,"end":3907.81},{"text":"which","start":3907.81,"end":3908.17},{"text":"the","start":3908.17,"end":3908.25},{"text":"discussions","start":3908.25,"end":3908.89},{"text":"may","start":3908.89,"end":3909.05},{"text":"advance,","start":3909.05,"end":3909.69},{"text":"we","start":3909.85,"end":3910.05},{"text":"see","start":3910.05,"end":3910.17},{"text":"merit","start":3910.17,"end":3910.49},{"text":"in","start":3910.49,"end":3910.65},{"text":"the","start":3910.65,"end":3910.73},{"text":"formulation","start":3910.73,"end":3911.37},{"text":"of","start":3911.37,"end":3911.45},{"text":"draft","start":3911.45,"end":3911.81},{"text":"principles","start":3911.81,"end":3912.53},{"text":"which","start":3912.53,"end":3912.81},{"text":"could","start":3912.81,"end":3912.97},{"text":"set","start":3912.97,"end":3913.21},{"text":"out","start":3913.21,"end":3913.37},{"text":"non-binding","start":3913.37,"end":3914.17},{"text":"propositions","start":3914.17,"end":3915.05},{"text":"that","start":3915.37,"end":3915.53},{"text":"are","start":3915.53,"end":3915.61},{"text":"general","start":3915.61,"end":3916.17},{"text":"and","start":3916.17,"end":3916.37},{"text":"adaptable,","start":3916.37,"end":3917.05},{"text":"while","start":3917.41,"end":3917.61},{"text":"providing","start":3917.61,"end":3918.25},{"text":"sufficient","start":3918.25,"end":3918.81},{"text":"structure","start":3918.81,"end":3919.37},{"text":"and","start":3919.37,"end":3919.57},{"text":"clarity","start":3919.57,"end":3920.01},{"text":"to","start":3920.01,"end":3920.13},{"text":"support","start":3920.13,"end":3920.57},{"text":"its","start":3920.57,"end":3920.81},{"text":"practical","start":3920.81,"end":3921.33},{"text":"application.","start":3921.33,"end":3922.01}]},{"text":"Mayor Dar Salam looks forward to the progress on this complex, albeit pertinent, topic and warmly welcome the exchange of views among States, particularly on the issues identified in the report, which will provide valuable guidance to the ILC.","start":3922.85,"end":3935.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mayor","start":3922.85,"end":3923.01},{"text":"Dar","start":3923.01,"end":3923.17},{"text":"Salam","start":3923.17,"end":3923.41},{"text":"looks","start":3923.41,"end":3923.61},{"text":"forward","start":3923.61,"end":3924.01},{"text":"to","start":3924.01,"end":3924.21},{"text":"the","start":3924.21,"end":3924.29},{"text":"progress","start":3924.29,"end":3924.89},{"text":"on","start":3924.89,"end":3924.97},{"text":"this","start":3924.97,"end":3925.17},{"text":"complex,","start":3925.81,"end":3926.37},{"text":"albeit","start":3926.37,"end":3926.77},{"text":"pertinent,","start":3926.77,"end":3927.25},{"text":"topic","start":3927.25,"end":3927.65},{"text":"and","start":3927.93,"end":3928.13},{"text":"warmly","start":3928.13,"end":3928.45},{"text":"welcome","start":3928.45,"end":3928.85},{"text":"the","start":3928.85,"end":3928.97},{"text":"exchange","start":3928.97,"end":3929.37},{"text":"of","start":3929.37,"end":3929.45},{"text":"views","start":3929.45,"end":3929.65},{"text":"among","start":3929.65,"end":3929.97},{"text":"States,","start":3929.97,"end":3930.33},{"text":"particularly","start":3930.53,"end":3931.29},{"text":"on","start":3931.29,"end":3931.41},{"text":"the","start":3931.41,"end":3931.49},{"text":"issues","start":3931.49,"end":3931.89},{"text":"identified","start":3931.89,"end":3932.49},{"text":"in","start":3932.49,"end":3932.61},{"text":"the","start":3932.61,"end":3932.73},{"text":"report,","start":3932.73,"end":3933.17},{"text":"which","start":3933.21,"end":3933.49},{"text":"will","start":3933.49,"end":3933.65},{"text":"provide","start":3933.65,"end":3934.13},{"text":"valuable","start":3934.13,"end":3934.53},{"text":"guidance","start":3934.53,"end":3935.17},{"text":"to","start":3935.17,"end":3935.25},{"text":"the","start":3935.25,"end":3935.33},{"text":"ILC.","start":3935.33,"end":3935.89}]},{"text":"Finally, I will briefly turn to the topic in chapter 12, compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts.","start":3938.13,"end":3945.01,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":3938.13,"end":3938.77},{"text":"I","start":3938.77,"end":3938.93},{"text":"will","start":3938.93,"end":3939.17},{"text":"briefly","start":3939.17,"end":3939.57},{"text":"turn","start":3939.57,"end":3939.81},{"text":"to","start":3939.81,"end":3939.93},{"text":"the","start":3939.93,"end":3940.05},{"text":"topic","start":3940.05,"end":3940.45},{"text":"in","start":3940.45,"end":3940.53},{"text":"chapter","start":3940.53,"end":3940.93},{"text":"12,","start":3940.93,"end":3941.33},{"text":"compensation","start":3941.49,"end":3942.25},{"text":"for","start":3942.25,"end":3942.37},{"text":"the","start":3942.37,"end":3942.49},{"text":"damage","start":3942.49,"end":3942.93},{"text":"caused","start":3942.93,"end":3943.25},{"text":"by","start":3943.25,"end":3943.41},{"text":"internationally","start":3943.41,"end":3944.13},{"text":"wrongful","start":3944.13,"end":3944.53},{"text":"acts.","start":3944.53,"end":3945.01}]},{"text":"Bernardo O'Sullivan congratulates Mr. Martins Pāperinsks on his appointment as Special Rapporteur and thanks him for preparing the first report on the topic.","start":3945.69,"end":3954.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bernardo","start":3945.69,"end":3946.13},{"text":"O'Sullivan","start":3946.13,"end":3946.49},{"text":"congratulates","start":3946.49,"end":3947.21},{"text":"Mr.","start":3947.21,"end":3947.57},{"text":"Martins","start":3947.57,"end":3948.09},{"text":"Pāperinsks","start":3948.09,"end":3948.97},{"text":"on","start":3949.21,"end":3949.33},{"text":"his","start":3949.33,"end":3949.53},{"text":"appointment","start":3949.53,"end":3950.01},{"text":"as","start":3950.01,"end":3950.09},{"text":"Special","start":3950.09,"end":3950.41},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":3950.41,"end":3951.05},{"text":"and","start":3951.05,"end":3951.29},{"text":"thanks","start":3951.29,"end":3951.69},{"text":"him","start":3951.69,"end":3951.93},{"text":"for","start":3951.93,"end":3952.17},{"text":"preparing","start":3952.17,"end":3952.73},{"text":"the","start":3952.73,"end":3952.81},{"text":"first","start":3952.81,"end":3953.13},{"text":"report","start":3953.13,"end":3953.45},{"text":"on","start":3953.45,"end":3953.53},{"text":"the","start":3953.53,"end":3953.69},{"text":"topic.","start":3953.69,"end":3954.09}]},{"text":"We note the undertaking by the ILC to build on its work on responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts, particularly Article 36, which deals with compensation.","start":3954.97,"end":3965.69,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized 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this early stage of the Commission's schedule of work, We appreciate the continued engagement and exchange of views by Member States as my delegation reflects more on this 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thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":3977.21,"end":3979.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3977.21,"end":3977.37},{"text":"thank","start":3977.37,"end":3977.61},{"text":"you,","start":3977.61,"end":3977.69},{"text":"Mr.","start":3978.81,"end":3979.09},{"text":"Chair.","start":3979.09,"end":3979.37}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BRN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Brunei Darussalam"}},{"statement_number":16,"start":3982.97,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=1:06:23","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Brunei Darussalam for her statement.","start":3982.97,"end":3987.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3982.97,"end":3983.13},{"text":"thank","start":3983.13,"end":3983.37},{"text":"the","start":3983.37,"end":3983.45},{"text":"distinguished","start":3983.45,"end":3983.97},{"text":"representative","start":3984.05,"end":3984.89},{"text":"of","start":3984.89,"end":3984.97},{"text":"Brunei","start":3985.05,"end":3985.37},{"text":"Darussalam","start":3985.37,"end":3986.09},{"text":"for","start":3986.09,"end":3986.29},{"text":"her","start":3986.29,"end":3986.41},{"text":"statement.","start":3986.41,"end":3987.21}]},{"text":"And now I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cuba, to be followed by 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practice of signing up to non-legally binding international agreements has increased significantly.","start":4016.09,"end":4022.25,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4070.65,"end":4070.77},{"text":"this","start":4070.77,"end":4070.93},{"text":"regard,","start":4070.93,"end":4071.37},{"text":"it","start":4071.37,"end":4071.45},{"text":"is","start":4071.45,"end":4071.61},{"text":"essential","start":4071.61,"end":4072.17},{"text":"to","start":4072.17,"end":4072.33},{"text":"take","start":4072.37,"end":4072.57},{"text":"account","start":4072.57,"end":4073.05},{"text":"of","start":4073.09,"end":4073.21},{"text":"the","start":4073.21,"end":4073.53},{"text":"will","start":4073.53,"end":4073.93},{"text":"of","start":4073.93,"end":4074.01},{"text":"States","start":4074.01,"end":4074.49},{"text":"that","start":4074.49,"end":4074.73},{"text":"participated","start":4074.73,"end":4075.61},{"text":"in","start":4075.61,"end":4075.85},{"text":"its","start":4075.85,"end":4076.09},{"text":"drafting","start":4076.09,"end":4076.49},{"text":"and","start":4076.49,"end":4076.61},{"text":"adoption,","start":4076.61,"end":4077.21},{"text":"and","start":4077.57,"end":4077.69},{"text":"what’s","start":4077.69,"end":4077.93},{"text":"more,","start":4077.93,"end":4078.09},{"text":"we","start":4078.09,"end":4078.25},{"text":"hope","start":4078.25,"end":4078.49},{"text":"that","start":4078.49,"end":4078.65},{"text":"the","start":4078.69,"end":4078.77},{"text":"ILC","start":4078.77,"end":4079.29},{"text":"will","start":4079.29,"end":4079.77},{"text":"review","start":4079.77,"end":4080.41},{"text":"the","start":4080.65,"end":4080.77},{"text":"possible","start":4080.81,"end":4081.33},{"text":"legal","start":4081.33,"end":4081.61},{"text":"effects","start":4081.61,"end":4082.05},{"text":"of","start":4082.05,"end":4082.13},{"text":"these","start":4082.13,"end":4082.33},{"text":"instruments","start":4082.33,"end":4082.97},{"text":"as","start":4082.97,"end":4083.13},{"text":"well","start":4083.13,"end":4083.45},{"text":"as","start":4083.45,"end":4083.77},{"text":"their","start":4083.77,"end":4084.09},{"text":"implications","start":4084.09,"end":4085.13},{"text":"in","start":4085.29,"end":4085.53},{"text":"the","start":4085.53,"end":4085.69},{"text":"framework","start":4085.69,"end":4086.09},{"text":"of","start":4086.09,"end":4086.17},{"text":"international","start":4086.17,"end":4087.13},{"text":"law.","start":4087.13,"end":4087.21}]},{"text":"Chairman, in terms of the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, Cuba believes that the scope of the term “piracy” must be maintained under the definition established under UNCLOS and the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and other conventions that combat terrorism, given that they are internationally recognized terms.","start":4088.17,"end":4111.13,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairman,","start":4088.17,"end":4088.81},{"text":"in","start":4088.81,"end":4089.05},{"text":"terms","start":4089.05,"end":4089.53},{"text":"of","start":4089.61,"end":4090.01},{"text":"the","start":4090.01,"end":4090.21},{"text":"prevention","start":4090.25,"end":4090.77},{"text":"and","start":4090.77,"end":4090.93},{"text":"repression","start":4090.93,"end":4091.49},{"text":"of","start":4091.49,"end":4091.61},{"text":"piracy","start":4091.61,"end":4092.49},{"text":"and","start":4092.73,"end":4093.05},{"text":"armed","start":4093.05,"end":4093.25},{"text":"robbery","start":4093.25,"end":4093.65},{"text":"at","start":4093.65,"end":4093.73},{"text":"sea,","start":4093.73,"end":4094.29},{"text":"Cuba","start":4095.29,"end":4095.53},{"text":"believes","start":4095.53,"end":4096.01},{"text":"that","start":4096.01,"end":4096.25},{"text":"the","start":4096.25,"end":4096.37},{"text":"scope","start":4096.37,"end":4096.81},{"text":"of","start":4096.81,"end":4096.89},{"text":"the","start":4096.89,"end":4097.01},{"text":"term","start":4097.01,"end":4097.29},{"text":"“piracy”","start":4097.29,"end":4098.01},{"text":"must","start":4098.01,"end":4098.41},{"text":"be","start":4098.41,"end":4098.49},{"text":"maintained","start":4098.49,"end":4099.13},{"text":"under","start":4099.13,"end":4099.45},{"text":"the","start":4099.45,"end":4099.53},{"text":"definition","start":4099.53,"end":4100.25},{"text":"established","start":4100.25,"end":4100.73},{"text":"under","start":4100.73,"end":4100.97},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":4100.97,"end":4101.93},{"text":"and","start":4101.93,"end":4102.17},{"text":"the","start":4102.17,"end":4102.37},{"text":"Convention","start":4102.37,"end":4103.13},{"text":"against","start":4103.13,"end":4103.53},{"text":"Transnational","start":4103.53,"end":4104.21},{"text":"Organized","start":4104.21,"end":4104.57},{"text":"Crime,","start":4104.57,"end":4105.05},{"text":"and","start":4105.57,"end":4105.73},{"text":"other","start":4105.73,"end":4106.01},{"text":"conventions","start":4106.01,"end":4106.65},{"text":"that","start":4106.65,"end":4106.81},{"text":"combat","start":4106.81,"end":4107.37},{"text":"terrorism,","start":4107.37,"end":4108.01},{"text":"given","start":4108.17,"end":4108.57},{"text":"that","start":4108.57,"end":4108.89},{"text":"they","start":4108.89,"end":4109.21},{"text":"are","start":4109.21,"end":4109.45},{"text":"internationally","start":4109.45,"end":4110.09},{"text":"recognized","start":4110.09,"end":4110.57},{"text":"terms.","start":4110.57,"end":4111.13}]},{"text":"Cuban legislation prohibits some of these crimes, and the draft articles are close to the Cuban criminal code, including the 2022 law on terrorism, acts against the security of maritime navigation and against aviation and navigation in our criminal law underscore Cubans' commitment to fight against terrorism and our opposition to terrorism, and we are committed to strengthening international legal frameworks in this regard.","start":4112.09,"end":4149.57,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Cuba reiterates its support to any initiative or proposal that leads to negotiations to adopt a convention on state responsibility for internationally wrongful 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cluster.","start":4284.57,"end":4291.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Brazil","start":4284.57,"end":4284.97},{"text":"thanks","start":4284.97,"end":4285.29},{"text":"the","start":4285.29,"end":4285.37},{"text":"International","start":4285.37,"end":4285.89},{"text":"Law","start":4285.89,"end":4285.97},{"text":"Commission,","start":4285.97,"end":4286.65},{"text":"and","start":4286.73,"end":4286.93},{"text":"especially","start":4286.93,"end":4287.37},{"text":"the","start":4287.37,"end":4287.49},{"text":"Special","start":4287.53,"end":4287.89},{"text":"Rapporteurs,","start":4287.89,"end":4288.73},{"text":"for","start":4289.05,"end":4289.29},{"text":"their","start":4289.29,"end":4289.61},{"text":"work","start":4289.61,"end":4290.01},{"text":"on","start":4290.01,"end":4290.13},{"text":"the","start":4290.13,"end":4290.21},{"text":"topics","start":4290.21,"end":4290.81},{"text":"in","start":4290.81,"end":4290.97},{"text":"this","start":4290.97,"end":4291.13},{"text":"cluster.","start":4291.13,"end":4291.69}]},{"text":"We welcome the provisional adoption of draft conclusions 1 to 5 and their commentaries on non-legally binding international agreements.","start":4292.65,"end":4302.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4292.65,"end":4292.73},{"text":"welcome","start":4292.73,"end":4293.37},{"text":"the","start":4293.45,"end":4293.61},{"text":"provisional","start":4293.61,"end":4294.13},{"text":"adoption","start":4294.13,"end":4294.73},{"text":"of","start":4295.13,"end":4295.37},{"text":"draft","start":4295.37,"end":4295.69},{"text":"conclusions","start":4295.69,"end":4296.49},{"text":"1","start":4296.49,"end":4296.81},{"text":"to","start":4296.81,"end":4296.97},{"text":"5","start":4296.97,"end":4297.53},{"text":"and","start":4297.93,"end":4298.13},{"text":"their","start":4298.13,"end":4298.33},{"text":"commentaries","start":4298.33,"end":4299.29},{"text":"on","start":4299.53,"end":4299.81},{"text":"non-legally","start":4299.81,"end":4300.41},{"text":"binding","start":4300.41,"end":4300.85},{"text":"international","start":4300.85,"end":4301.45},{"text":"agreements.","start":4301.45,"end":4302.09}]},{"text":"Such instruments have become an important feature of international cooperation.","start":4302.97,"end":4307.29,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":4308.17,"end":4308.33},{"text":"allow","start":4308.33,"end":4308.57},{"text":"coordination","start":4308.57,"end":4309.45},{"text":"and","start":4309.53,"end":4309.73},{"text":"timely","start":4309.73,"end":4310.17},{"text":"action","start":4310.17,"end":4310.65},{"text":"on","start":4311.05,"end":4311.21},{"text":"complex","start":4311.21,"end":4311.77},{"text":"challenges","start":4311.77,"end":4312.49},{"text":"like","start":4312.89,"end":4313.13},{"text":"health,","start":4313.13,"end":4313.61},{"text":"artificial","start":4314.17,"end":4314.69},{"text":"intelligence,","start":4314.69,"end":4315.45},{"text":"and","start":4315.69,"end":4315.85},{"text":"climate","start":4315.85,"end":4316.21},{"text":"change.","start":4316.21,"end":4316.73}]},{"text":"The value of non-binding instruments depends, however, on preserving the distinction between political commitments and legal obligations.","start":4317.81,"end":4326.05,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Non-binding","start":4326.77,"end":4327.49},{"text":"instruments","start":4327.49,"end":4328.13},{"text":"cannot","start":4328.29,"end":4328.81},{"text":"be","start":4328.81,"end":4328.93},{"text":"governed","start":4328.93,"end":4329.49},{"text":"by","start":4329.49,"end":4329.69},{"text":"the","start":4329.69,"end":4329.77},{"text":"law","start":4329.77,"end":4329.93},{"text":"of","start":4329.93,"end":4330.05},{"text":"treaties.","start":4330.05,"end":4330.61}]},{"text":"Conduct inconsistent with them does not as such entail international responsibility.","start":4331.17,"end":4336.05,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4347.21,"end":4347.25},{"text":"United","start":4347.25,"end":4347.57},{"text":"Nations","start":4347.57,"end":4347.97},{"text":"Convention","start":4347.97,"end":4348.61},{"text":"on","start":4348.61,"end":4348.73},{"text":"the","start":4348.73,"end":4348.85},{"text":"Law","start":4348.85,"end":4348.97},{"text":"of","start":4348.97,"end":4349.09},{"text":"the","start":4349.09,"end":4349.17},{"text":"Sea","start":4349.17,"end":4349.61},{"text":"remains","start":4349.97,"end":4350.53},{"text":"the","start":4350.53,"end":4350.61},{"text":"cornerstone","start":4350.61,"end":4351.41},{"text":"of","start":4351.41,"end":4351.65},{"text":"the","start":4351.65,"end":4351.73},{"text":"legal","start":4351.73,"end":4352.01},{"text":"framework.","start":4352.01,"end":4352.61}]},{"text":"We note the Special Rapporteur's assurance that the ILC's work does not call into question the balance of the convention.","start":4353.41,"end":4361.33,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":4393.53,"end":4394.17},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":4394.77,"end":4395.89},{"text":"hot","start":4395.89,"end":4396.25},{"text":"pursuit","start":4396.25,"end":4396.89},{"text":"ceases","start":4397.13,"end":4397.77},{"text":"when","start":4398.01,"end":4398.25},{"text":"the","start":4398.25,"end":4398.37},{"text":"ship","start":4398.37,"end":4398.73},{"text":"enters","start":4398.73,"end":4399.13},{"text":"the","start":4399.13,"end":4399.21},{"text":"territorial","start":4399.21,"end":4399.81},{"text":"sea","start":4399.81,"end":4400.25},{"text":"of","start":4400.57,"end":4400.73},{"text":"its","start":4400.73,"end":4400.97},{"text":"own","start":4400.97,"end":4401.21},{"text":"state","start":4401.21,"end":4401.61},{"text":"or","start":4401.61,"end":4401.81},{"text":"of","start":4401.81,"end":4401.89},{"text":"a","start":4401.89,"end":4401.93},{"text":"third","start":4401.93,"end":4402.25},{"text":"state.","start":4402.25,"end":4402.73}]},{"text":"Pursuit into the territorial sea of another state can take place only with that state's express consent, which cannot be presumed.","start":4403.45,"end":4412.09,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Pursuit","start":4403.45,"end":4404.09},{"text":"into","start":4404.09,"end":4404.41},{"text":"the","start":4404.41,"end":4404.49},{"text":"territorial","start":4404.49,"end":4405.09},{"text":"sea","start":4405.09,"end":4405.45},{"text":"of","start":4405.45,"end":4405.61},{"text":"another","start":4405.61,"end":4406.01},{"text":"state","start":4406.01,"end":4406.49},{"text":"can","start":4406.81,"end":4406.93},{"text":"take","start":4406.93,"end":4407.13},{"text":"place","start":4407.13,"end":4407.53},{"text":"only","start":4407.53,"end":4407.93},{"text":"with","start":4407.93,"end":4408.13},{"text":"that","start":4408.13,"end":4408.33},{"text":"state's","start":4408.33,"end":4408.81},{"text":"express","start":4408.81,"end":4409.37},{"text":"consent,","start":4409.37,"end":4410.09},{"text":"which","start":4410.49,"end":4410.89},{"text":"cannot","start":4410.89,"end":4411.29},{"text":"be","start":4411.29,"end":4411.45},{"text":"presumed.","start":4411.45,"end":4412.09}]},{"text":"Similar caution applies to draft article 9. UNCLOS reserves seizure on account of piracy to warships, military aircraft, and clearly marked government ships.","start":4413.37,"end":4424.65,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4608.65,"end":4608.73},{"text":"therefore","start":4608.73,"end":4609.21},{"text":"encourage","start":4609.21,"end":4609.69},{"text":"the","start":4609.69,"end":4609.81},{"text":"Commission","start":4609.81,"end":4610.33},{"text":"to","start":4610.57,"end":4610.69},{"text":"examine","start":4610.69,"end":4611.29},{"text":"closely","start":4611.29,"end":4611.85},{"text":"the","start":4611.85,"end":4612.09},{"text":"role","start":4612.09,"end":4612.37},{"text":"of","start":4612.37,"end":4612.49},{"text":"lex","start":4612.49,"end":4612.85},{"text":"specialis.","start":4612.85,"end":4613.69}]},{"text":"It would be particularly useful to explore how the general law of responsibility interacts with regimes that address damage through dedicated cooperation mechanisms.","start":4614.41,"end":4625.21,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Brazil","start":4638.89,"end":4639.21},{"text":"welcomes","start":4639.21,"end":4639.69},{"text":"the","start":4639.69,"end":4639.77},{"text":"request","start":4639.77,"end":4640.25},{"text":"for","start":4640.25,"end":4640.37},{"text":"a","start":4640.37,"end":4640.41},{"text":"Secretariat","start":4640.41,"end":4641.01},{"text":"Memorandum","start":4641.01,"end":4641.69},{"text":"on","start":4642.01,"end":4642.17},{"text":"the","start":4642.17,"end":4642.25},{"text":"financial","start":4642.25,"end":4642.65},{"text":"capacity","start":4642.65,"end":4643.29},{"text":"of","start":4643.29,"end":4643.45},{"text":"the","start":4643.45,"end":4643.53},{"text":"responsible","start":4643.53,"end":4644.09},{"text":"State.","start":4644.09,"end":4644.57}]},{"text":"This is a question of practical relevance to many developing countries, without departing from the principle of full reparation.","start":4644.97,"end":4651.53,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4652.17,"end":4652.41},{"text":"also","start":4652.41,"end":4652.65},{"text":"see","start":4652.65,"end":4652.81},{"text":"merit","start":4652.81,"end":4653.29},{"text":"in","start":4653.29,"end":4653.45},{"text":"considering","start":4653.45,"end":4654.01},{"text":"compensation","start":4654.01,"end":4654.73},{"text":"owed","start":4655.21,"end":4655.53},{"text":"by","start":4655.53,"end":4655.73},{"text":"international","start":4655.73,"end":4656.21},{"text":"organizations","start":4656.21,"end":4656.97},{"text":"with","start":4657.45,"end":4657.65},{"text":"due","start":4657.65,"end":4657.85},{"text":"regard","start":4657.85,"end":4658.33},{"text":"to","start":4658.49,"end":4658.69},{"text":"their","start":4658.69,"end":4659.05},{"text":"specificities.","start":4659.05,"end":4660.01}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":4660.73,"end":4661.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4660.73,"end":4660.89},{"text":"thank","start":4660.89,"end":4661.13},{"text":"you.","start":4661.13,"end":4661.21}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BRA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Brazil"}},{"statement_number":20,"start":4665.21,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=1:17:46","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Brazil for her statement, and now I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Israel.","start":4665.21,"end":4676.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4665.21,"end":4665.22},{"text":"thank","start":4665.21,"end":4665.41},{"text":"the","start":4665.41,"end":4665.49},{"text":"distinguished","start":4665.49,"end":4666.05},{"text":"representative","start":4666.17,"end":4666.77},{"text":"of","start":4666.77,"end":4666.85},{"text":"Brazil","start":4666.85,"end":4667.37},{"text":"for","start":4667.37,"end":4667.61},{"text":"her","start":4667.61,"end":4667.77},{"text":"statement,","start":4667.77,"end":4668.49},{"text":"and","start":4668.77,"end":4668.93},{"text":"now","start":4668.97,"end":4669.21},{"text":"I","start":4669.21,"end":4669.37},{"text":"would","start":4669.37,"end":4669.49},{"text":"like","start":4669.49,"end":4669.77},{"text":"to","start":4669.77,"end":4669.85},{"text":"give","start":4669.85,"end":4670.01},{"text":"the","start":4670.01,"end":4670.13},{"text":"floor","start":4670.17,"end":4670.57},{"text":"to","start":4670.57,"end":4670.65},{"text":"the","start":4671.29,"end":4671.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":4671.37,"end":4671.97},{"text":"representative","start":4672.49,"end":4673.29},{"text":"of","start":4675.41,"end":4675.61},{"text":"Israel.","start":4675.85,"end":4676.33}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":4677.05,"end":4677.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4677.05,"end":4677.21},{"text":"have","start":4677.21,"end":4677.37},{"text":"the","start":4677.37,"end":4677.45},{"text":"floor.","start":4677.45,"end":4677.69}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":4681.61,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=1:18:02","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":4681.61,"end":4682.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4681.61,"end":4681.81},{"text":"you,","start":4681.81,"end":4681.89},{"text":"Mr.","start":4681.89,"end":4682.17},{"text":"Chair.","start":4682.17,"end":4682.57}]},{"text":"As the State of Israel intends to address all four topics under Cluster III within the time limits set by the Bureau, I will present only a concise summary of our main observations today.","start":4683.93,"end":4694.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4683.93,"end":4684.09},{"text":"the","start":4684.09,"end":4684.21},{"text":"State","start":4684.21,"end":4684.49},{"text":"of","start":4684.49,"end":4684.65},{"text":"Israel","start":4684.65,"end":4685.05},{"text":"intends","start":4685.05,"end":4685.53},{"text":"to","start":4685.53,"end":4685.65},{"text":"address","start":4685.65,"end":4686.17},{"text":"all","start":4686.17,"end":4686.41},{"text":"four","start":4686.41,"end":4686.73},{"text":"topics","start":4686.73,"end":4687.13},{"text":"under","start":4687.13,"end":4687.37},{"text":"Cluster","start":4687.37,"end":4688.09},{"text":"III","start":4688.09,"end":4688.57},{"text":"within","start":4688.57,"end":4688.97},{"text":"the","start":4688.97,"end":4689.05},{"text":"time","start":4689.05,"end":4689.37},{"text":"limits","start":4689.37,"end":4689.81},{"text":"set","start":4689.81,"end":4690.01},{"text":"by","start":4690.01,"end":4690.17},{"text":"the","start":4690.17,"end":4690.29},{"text":"Bureau,","start":4690.29,"end":4690.81},{"text":"I","start":4690.81,"end":4690.89},{"text":"will","start":4690.89,"end":4691.05},{"text":"present","start":4691.05,"end":4691.53},{"text":"only","start":4691.53,"end":4691.85},{"text":"a","start":4691.85,"end":4691.89},{"text":"concise","start":4691.89,"end":4692.53},{"text":"summary","start":4692.53,"end":4692.89},{"text":"of","start":4692.89,"end":4693.05},{"text":"our","start":4693.05,"end":4693.21},{"text":"main","start":4693.21,"end":4693.41},{"text":"observations","start":4693.41,"end":4694.09},{"text":"today.","start":4694.09,"end":4694.49}]},{"text":"The full text of Israel's comments on cluster three containing detailed legal analysis on each agenda item will be submitted to the Secretariat for publication on the Sixth Committee website.","start":4695.73,"end":4704.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4695.73,"end":4695.89},{"text":"full","start":4695.89,"end":4696.21},{"text":"text","start":4696.21,"end":4696.61},{"text":"of","start":4696.61,"end":4696.69},{"text":"Israel's","start":4696.69,"end":4697.17},{"text":"comments","start":4697.17,"end":4697.69},{"text":"on","start":4697.69,"end":4697.81},{"text":"cluster","start":4697.81,"end":4698.21},{"text":"three","start":4698.21,"end":4698.53},{"text":"containing","start":4698.53,"end":4699.01},{"text":"detailed","start":4699.01,"end":4699.29},{"text":"legal","start":4699.29,"end":4699.57},{"text":"analysis","start":4699.57,"end":4700.21},{"text":"on","start":4700.21,"end":4700.37},{"text":"each","start":4700.37,"end":4700.53},{"text":"agenda","start":4700.53,"end":4700.93},{"text":"item","start":4700.93,"end":4701.33},{"text":"will","start":4701.33,"end":4701.49},{"text":"be","start":4701.49,"end":4701.61},{"text":"submitted","start":4701.61,"end":4702.09},{"text":"to","start":4702.09,"end":4702.17},{"text":"the","start":4702.17,"end":4702.29},{"text":"Secretariat","start":4702.29,"end":4702.93},{"text":"for","start":4702.93,"end":4703.05},{"text":"publication","start":4703.05,"end":4703.69},{"text":"on","start":4703.69,"end":4703.77},{"text":"the","start":4703.77,"end":4703.85},{"text":"Sixth","start":4703.85,"end":4704.09},{"text":"Committee","start":4704.09,"end":4704.37},{"text":"website.","start":4704.37,"end":4704.85}]},{"text":"Regarding the topic due diligence in international law, Israel appreciates and closely follows the efforts of the Special Rapporteur in addressing these complex topics.","start":4706.93,"end":4715.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":4706.93,"end":4707.33},{"text":"the","start":4707.33,"end":4707.41},{"text":"topic","start":4707.41,"end":4707.81},{"text":"due","start":4707.81,"end":4708.05},{"text":"diligence","start":4708.05,"end":4708.53},{"text":"in","start":4708.53,"end":4708.61},{"text":"international","start":4708.61,"end":4709.37},{"text":"law,","start":4709.37,"end":4709.45},{"text":"Israel","start":4709.57,"end":4709.93},{"text":"appreciates","start":4709.93,"end":4710.65},{"text":"and","start":4710.69,"end":4710.85},{"text":"closely","start":4710.85,"end":4711.41},{"text":"follows","start":4711.41,"end":4711.89},{"text":"the","start":4711.89,"end":4712.01},{"text":"efforts","start":4712.01,"end":4712.61},{"text":"of","start":4712.61,"end":4712.77},{"text":"the","start":4712.77,"end":4712.89},{"text":"Special","start":4712.89,"end":4713.25},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":4713.25,"end":4713.73},{"text":"in","start":4713.73,"end":4713.85},{"text":"addressing","start":4713.85,"end":4714.29},{"text":"these","start":4714.29,"end":4714.45},{"text":"complex","start":4714.45,"end":4714.89},{"text":"topics.","start":4714.89,"end":4715.33}]},{"text":"The State of Israel is of the view that there is sufficient state practice as an to support the claim that the general obligation of due diligence exists under customary international law independently of specific primary obligations.","start":4716.77,"end":4730.25,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4716.77,"end":4716.89},{"text":"State","start":4716.89,"end":4717.17},{"text":"of","start":4717.17,"end":4717.33},{"text":"Israel","start":4717.33,"end":4717.97},{"text":"is","start":4718.53,"end":4718.69},{"text":"of","start":4718.69,"end":4718.81},{"text":"the","start":4718.81,"end":4718.93},{"text":"view","start":4718.93,"end":4719.37},{"text":"that","start":4719.37,"end":4719.53},{"text":"there","start":4719.53,"end":4719.73},{"text":"is","start":4719.73,"end":4719.81},{"text":"sufficient","start":4719.81,"end":4720.37},{"text":"state","start":4720.37,"end":4720.65},{"text":"practice","start":4720.65,"end":4721.13},{"text":"as","start":4721.13,"end":4721.29},{"text":"an","start":4721.29,"end":4721.37},{"text":"to","start":4721.37,"end":4721.57},{"text":"support","start":4721.85,"end":4722.53},{"text":"the","start":4722.53,"end":4722.61},{"text":"claim","start":4722.61,"end":4723.05},{"text":"that","start":4723.21,"end":4723.37},{"text":"the","start":4723.37,"end":4723.45},{"text":"general","start":4723.45,"end":4723.77},{"text":"obligation","start":4723.77,"end":4724.29},{"text":"of","start":4724.29,"end":4724.41},{"text":"due","start":4724.41,"end":4724.57},{"text":"diligence","start":4724.57,"end":4725.01},{"text":"exists","start":4725.01,"end":4725.45},{"text":"under","start":4725.45,"end":4725.69},{"text":"customary","start":4725.69,"end":4726.13},{"text":"international","start":4726.13,"end":4726.69},{"text":"law","start":4726.69,"end":4726.89},{"text":"independently","start":4726.89,"end":4727.81},{"text":"of","start":4727.81,"end":4727.93},{"text":"specific","start":4727.93,"end":4728.49},{"text":"primary","start":4728.49,"end":4729.13},{"text":"obligations.","start":4729.45,"end":4730.25}]},{"text":"Rather, Israel consider due diligence to be a standard of conduct applicable in the context of certain primary obligation under international law.","start":4731.53,"end":4739.49,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":4731.53,"end":4732.09},{"text":"Israel","start":4732.57,"end":4732.89},{"text":"consider","start":4732.89,"end":4733.37},{"text":"due","start":4733.37,"end":4733.53},{"text":"diligence","start":4733.53,"end":4734.09},{"text":"to","start":4734.09,"end":4734.17},{"text":"be","start":4734.17,"end":4734.45},{"text":"a","start":4734.45,"end":4734.49},{"text":"standard","start":4734.49,"end":4735.05},{"text":"of","start":4735.05,"end":4735.21},{"text":"conduct","start":4735.21,"end":4735.65},{"text":"applicable","start":4735.65,"end":4736.17},{"text":"in","start":4736.17,"end":4736.29},{"text":"the","start":4736.29,"end":4736.37},{"text":"context","start":4736.37,"end":4736.85},{"text":"of","start":4736.85,"end":4737.05},{"text":"certain","start":4737.05,"end":4737.61},{"text":"primary","start":4737.61,"end":4737.97},{"text":"obligation","start":4737.97,"end":4738.57},{"text":"under","start":4738.57,"end":4738.77},{"text":"international","start":4738.77,"end":4739.41},{"text":"law.","start":4739.41,"end":4739.49}]},{"text":"In other words, due diligence constitutes a secondary norm of international law, the maintaining of and content of which may vary across different legal contexts while returning certain common features.","start":4740.49,"end":4753.13,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4740.49,"end":4740.65},{"text":"other","start":4740.65,"end":4740.85},{"text":"words,","start":4740.85,"end":4741.21},{"text":"due","start":4741.21,"end":4741.53},{"text":"diligence","start":4741.53,"end":4741.97},{"text":"constitutes","start":4741.97,"end":4742.53},{"text":"a","start":4742.53,"end":4742.57},{"text":"secondary","start":4742.57,"end":4743.05},{"text":"norm","start":4743.05,"end":4743.37},{"text":"of","start":4743.37,"end":4743.53},{"text":"international","start":4743.53,"end":4744.29},{"text":"law,","start":4744.29,"end":4744.37},{"text":"the","start":4744.41,"end":4744.57},{"text":"maintaining","start":4744.57,"end":4745.29},{"text":"of","start":4745.29,"end":4745.61},{"text":"and","start":4745.61,"end":4746.01},{"text":"content","start":4746.01,"end":4746.61},{"text":"of","start":4746.61,"end":4746.69},{"text":"which","start":4746.69,"end":4747.13},{"text":"may","start":4747.53,"end":4747.77},{"text":"vary","start":4747.77,"end":4748.81},{"text":"across","start":4748.81,"end":4749.13},{"text":"different","start":4749.13,"end":4749.49},{"text":"legal","start":4749.49,"end":4749.69},{"text":"contexts","start":4749.69,"end":4750.25},{"text":"while","start":4750.25,"end":4750.49},{"text":"returning","start":4750.81,"end":4751.45},{"text":"certain","start":4751.77,"end":4752.25},{"text":"common","start":4752.25,"end":4752.57},{"text":"features.","start":4752.65,"end":4753.13}]},{"text":"The state of Israel cautions against attempt to develop an overarching understanding of due diligence.","start":4754.97,"end":4763.21,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4754.97,"end":4755.05},{"text":"state","start":4755.05,"end":4755.29},{"text":"of","start":4755.33,"end":4755.45},{"text":"Israel","start":4755.45,"end":4756.09},{"text":"cautions","start":4756.33,"end":4756.73},{"text":"against","start":4756.73,"end":4757.17},{"text":"attempt","start":4757.17,"end":4757.57},{"text":"to","start":4757.57,"end":4757.65},{"text":"develop","start":4757.65,"end":4758.25},{"text":"an","start":4758.45,"end":4758.57},{"text":"overarching","start":4758.57,"end":4760.57},{"text":"understanding","start":4761.45,"end":4762.25},{"text":"of","start":4762.25,"end":4762.41},{"text":"due","start":4762.41,"end":4762.57},{"text":"diligence.","start":4762.57,"end":4763.21}]},{"text":"Rather, due diligence must be understood in light of the specific primary rules to which it relates, the relevant branch of international law applicable in given case, and the particular domain of state activity in which it operates, including land, air, maritime, cyberspace, and outer space.","start":4764.57,"end":4780.09,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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the topic prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":4782.49,"end":4786.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":4782.49,"end":4782.89},{"text":"the","start":4782.89,"end":4782.97},{"text":"topic","start":4782.97,"end":4783.37},{"text":"prevention","start":4783.37,"end":4783.93},{"text":"and","start":4783.93,"end":4784.05},{"text":"repression","start":4784.05,"end":4784.41},{"text":"of","start":4784.41,"end":4784.49},{"text":"piracy","start":4784.49,"end":4785.05},{"text":"and","start":4785.05,"end":4785.21},{"text":"armed","start":4785.21,"end":4785.45},{"text":"robbery","start":4785.53,"end":4786.09},{"text":"at","start":4786.09,"end":4786.21},{"text":"sea.","start":4786.21,"end":4786.65}]},{"text":"Israel would like to thank the Special Rapporteur on this topic for his comprehensive report and draft articles proposed therein.","start":4787.45,"end":4794.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Israel","start":4787.45,"end":4787.73},{"text":"would","start":4787.73,"end":4787.93},{"text":"like","start":4787.93,"end":4788.25},{"text":"to","start":4788.25,"end":4788.41},{"text":"thank","start":4788.41,"end":4788.73},{"text":"the","start":4788.73,"end":4788.81},{"text":"Special","start":4788.81,"end":4789.09},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":4789.09,"end":4789.49},{"text":"on","start":4789.49,"end":4789.61},{"text":"this","start":4789.61,"end":4789.85},{"text":"topic","start":4789.85,"end":4790.33},{"text":"for","start":4790.33,"end":4790.57},{"text":"his","start":4790.57,"end":4790.89},{"text":"comprehensive","start":4790.89,"end":4791.53},{"text":"report","start":4791.53,"end":4792.01},{"text":"and","start":4792.41,"end":4792.69},{"text":"draft","start":4792.69,"end":4792.97},{"text":"articles","start":4792.97,"end":4793.37},{"text":"proposed","start":4793.37,"end":4793.77},{"text":"therein.","start":4793.77,"end":4794.17}]},{"text":"Israel commends the drafting committee for its skillful restructuring of the draft article, which successfully streamlined the text to focus on core priorities while ensuring a more cohesive and balanced framework.","start":4795.29,"end":4808.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Israel","start":4795.29,"end":4795.69},{"text":"commends","start":4795.69,"end":4796.25},{"text":"the","start":4796.41,"end":4796.53},{"text":"drafting","start":4796.53,"end":4796.97},{"text":"committee","start":4796.97,"end":4797.61},{"text":"for","start":4798.01,"end":4798.41},{"text":"its","start":4798.41,"end":4798.69},{"text":"skillful","start":4798.69,"end":4799.29},{"text":"restructuring","start":4799.29,"end":4800.33},{"text":"of","start":4800.97,"end":4801.13},{"text":"the","start":4801.13,"end":4801.25},{"text":"draft","start":4801.25,"end":4801.53},{"text":"article,","start":4801.53,"end":4801.97},{"text":"which","start":4801.97,"end":4802.17},{"text":"successfully","start":4802.17,"end":4802.89},{"text":"streamlined","start":4802.89,"end":4803.45},{"text":"the","start":4803.45,"end":4803.53},{"text":"text","start":4803.53,"end":4803.89},{"text":"to","start":4803.89,"end":4803.97},{"text":"focus","start":4803.97,"end":4804.45},{"text":"on","start":4804.45,"end":4804.57},{"text":"core","start":4804.57,"end":4804.85},{"text":"priorities","start":4804.85,"end":4805.45},{"text":"while","start":4805.45,"end":4805.61},{"text":"ensuring","start":4805.61,"end":4806.17},{"text":"a","start":4806.25,"end":4806.29},{"text":"more","start":4806.29,"end":4806.45},{"text":"cohesive","start":4806.45,"end":4807.05},{"text":"and","start":4807.05,"end":4807.21},{"text":"balanced","start":4807.21,"end":4807.53},{"text":"framework.","start":4807.53,"end":4808.09}]},{"text":"Israel also welcomes the distinction between armed robbery at sea and piracy, which has been implemented in the work of the Drafting Committee.","start":4808.69,"end":4816.93,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Israel","start":4808.69,"end":4808.93},{"text":"also","start":4808.93,"end":4809.25},{"text":"welcomes","start":4809.25,"end":4809.69},{"text":"the","start":4809.69,"end":4809.81},{"text":"distinction","start":4809.81,"end":4810.61},{"text":"between","start":4810.61,"end":4811.09},{"text":"armed","start":4811.09,"end":4811.37},{"text":"robbery","start":4811.37,"end":4811.89},{"text":"at","start":4811.89,"end":4812.09},{"text":"sea","start":4812.09,"end":4812.53},{"text":"and","start":4813.01,"end":4813.21},{"text":"piracy,","start":4813.21,"end":4813.89},{"text":"which","start":4814.05,"end":4814.37},{"text":"has","start":4814.37,"end":4814.53},{"text":"been","start":4814.53,"end":4814.69},{"text":"implemented","start":4814.69,"end":4815.33},{"text":"in","start":4815.33,"end":4815.49},{"text":"the","start":4815.49,"end":4815.61},{"text":"work","start":4815.61,"end":4815.93},{"text":"of","start":4815.93,"end":4816.01},{"text":"the","start":4816.01,"end":4816.09},{"text":"Drafting","start":4816.09,"end":4816.45},{"text":"Committee.","start":4816.45,"end":4816.93}]},{"text":"With respect to draft article 5, subparagraph 11, subparagraph 1, as provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee, Israel wishes to highlight that the proposed draft departs from the permissive framework of the law of the sea, as reflected in customary international law with regard to piracy by converting what has traditionally been a matter of state discretion, specifically regarding the establishment of jurisdiction into mandatory legal obligation.","start":4819.41,"end":4846.33,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":4819.41,"end":4819.73},{"text":"respect","start":4819.73,"end":4820.17},{"text":"to","start":4820.17,"end":4820.25},{"text":"draft","start":4820.25,"end":4820.53},{"text":"article","start":4820.53,"end":4820.93},{"text":"5,","start":4820.93,"end":4821.29},{"text":"subparagraph","start":4821.29,"end":4821.97},{"text":"11,","start":4821.97,"end":4822.45},{"text":"subparagraph","start":4822.45,"end":4823.01},{"text":"1,","start":4823.09,"end":4823.57},{"text":"as","start":4824.13,"end":4824.45},{"text":"provisionally","start":4824.45,"end":4825.17},{"text":"adopted","start":4825.17,"end":4825.57},{"text":"by","start":4825.57,"end":4825.69},{"text":"the","start":4825.69,"end":4825.77},{"text":"Drafting","start":4825.77,"end":4826.09},{"text":"Committee,","start":4826.09,"end":4826.69},{"text":"Israel","start":4826.85,"end":4827.17},{"text":"wishes","start":4827.17,"end":4827.49},{"text":"to","start":4827.49,"end":4827.65},{"text":"highlight","start":4827.65,"end":4828.09},{"text":"that","start":4828.09,"end":4828.21},{"text":"the","start":4828.21,"end":4828.29},{"text":"proposed","start":4828.29,"end":4828.81},{"text":"draft","start":4828.81,"end":4829.17},{"text":"departs","start":4829.49,"end":4829.97},{"text":"from","start":4829.97,"end":4830.37},{"text":"the","start":4830.37,"end":4830.53},{"text":"permissive","start":4831.49,"end":4832.01},{"text":"framework","start":4832.01,"end":4832.65},{"text":"of","start":4832.65,"end":4832.81},{"text":"the","start":4832.81,"end":4832.89},{"text":"law","start":4832.89,"end":4833.01},{"text":"of","start":4833.01,"end":4833.13},{"text":"the","start":4833.13,"end":4833.25},{"text":"sea,","start":4833.25,"end":4833.61},{"text":"as","start":4833.85,"end":4834.01},{"text":"reflected","start":4834.01,"end":4834.45},{"text":"in","start":4834.45,"end":4834.53},{"text":"customary","start":4834.53,"end":4834.97},{"text":"international","start":4834.97,"end":4835.57},{"text":"law","start":4835.57,"end":4835.85},{"text":"with","start":4836.01,"end":4836.25},{"text":"regard","start":4836.25,"end":4836.53},{"text":"to","start":4836.53,"end":4836.61},{"text":"piracy","start":4836.61,"end":4837.29},{"text":"by","start":4837.45,"end":4837.61},{"text":"converting","start":4837.61,"end":4838.41},{"text":"what","start":4838.41,"end":4838.77},{"text":"has","start":4838.77,"end":4838.89},{"text":"traditionally","start":4838.89,"end":4839.53},{"text":"been","start":4839.53,"end":4839.81},{"text":"a","start":4839.81,"end":4839.85},{"text":"matter","start":4839.85,"end":4840.21},{"text":"of","start":4840.21,"end":4840.41},{"text":"state","start":4840.41,"end":4840.73},{"text":"discretion,","start":4840.73,"end":4841.37},{"text":"specifically","start":4841.85,"end":4842.57},{"text":"regarding","start":4842.57,"end":4843.05},{"text":"the","start":4843.05,"end":4843.13},{"text":"establishment","start":4843.13,"end":4843.77},{"text":"of","start":4843.77,"end":4843.85},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":4843.85,"end":4844.57},{"text":"into","start":4844.57,"end":4844.85},{"text":"mandatory","start":4844.85,"end":4845.45},{"text":"legal","start":4845.45,"end":4845.73},{"text":"obligation.","start":4845.73,"end":4846.33}]},{"text":"In this regard, and more generally, Israel highlights that it is inherent right of state to establish their own jurisdiction in accordance with the national legal system.","start":4848.17,"end":4856.97,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4848.17,"end":4848.29},{"text":"this","start":4848.29,"end":4848.49},{"text":"regard,","start":4848.49,"end":4848.97},{"text":"and","start":4848.97,"end":4849.13},{"text":"more","start":4849.13,"end":4849.29},{"text":"generally,","start":4849.29,"end":4849.93},{"text":"Israel","start":4849.93,"end":4850.33},{"text":"highlights","start":4850.33,"end":4851.05},{"text":"that","start":4851.29,"end":4851.61},{"text":"it","start":4851.61,"end":4851.69},{"text":"is","start":4851.69,"end":4851.85},{"text":"inherent","start":4851.85,"end":4852.45},{"text":"right","start":4852.45,"end":4852.89},{"text":"of","start":4852.97,"end":4853.13},{"text":"state","start":4853.13,"end":4853.57},{"text":"to","start":4853.57,"end":4853.65},{"text":"establish","start":4853.65,"end":4854.13},{"text":"their","start":4854.13,"end":4854.33},{"text":"own","start":4854.33,"end":4854.49},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":4854.49,"end":4855.01},{"text":"in","start":4855.01,"end":4855.13},{"text":"accordance","start":4855.13,"end":4855.53},{"text":"with","start":4855.53,"end":4855.73},{"text":"the","start":4855.73,"end":4855.85},{"text":"national","start":4855.85,"end":4856.25},{"text":"legal","start":4856.25,"end":4856.49},{"text":"system.","start":4856.49,"end":4856.97}]},{"text":"Israel commends the Drafting Committee for successfully reflecting these principles throughout the other proposed draft articles.","start":4858.21,"end":4865.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Israel","start":4858.21,"end":4858.53},{"text":"commends","start":4858.53,"end":4858.93},{"text":"the","start":4858.93,"end":4859.01},{"text":"Drafting","start":4859.01,"end":4859.33},{"text":"Committee","start":4859.33,"end":4859.69},{"text":"for","start":4859.69,"end":4859.81},{"text":"successfully","start":4859.81,"end":4860.37},{"text":"reflecting","start":4860.37,"end":4860.93},{"text":"these","start":4860.93,"end":4861.09},{"text":"principles","start":4861.09,"end":4861.65},{"text":"throughout","start":4861.65,"end":4863.01},{"text":"the","start":4863.09,"end":4863.37},{"text":"other","start":4863.37,"end":4863.81},{"text":"proposed","start":4863.81,"end":4864.25},{"text":"draft","start":4864.25,"end":4864.53},{"text":"articles.","start":4864.53,"end":4865.01}]},{"text":"Regarding the draft article proposed by the Special Rapporteur, Israel acknowledges that these provisions are still at the early stage of discussion and would therefore prefer to reserve its comment for a later stage.","start":4866.29,"end":4877.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":4866.29,"end":4866.65},{"text":"the","start":4866.65,"end":4866.73},{"text":"draft","start":4866.73,"end":4867.01},{"text":"article","start":4867.01,"end":4867.41},{"text":"proposed","start":4867.41,"end":4867.81},{"text":"by","start":4867.81,"end":4867.93},{"text":"the","start":4867.93,"end":4868.05},{"text":"Special","start":4868.05,"end":4868.37},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":4868.37,"end":4868.85},{"text":"Israel","start":4868.85,"end":4869.21},{"text":"acknowledges","start":4869.21,"end":4869.77},{"text":"that","start":4869.77,"end":4869.93},{"text":"these","start":4869.93,"end":4870.09},{"text":"provisions","start":4870.09,"end":4870.61},{"text":"are","start":4870.61,"end":4870.77},{"text":"still","start":4870.77,"end":4871.17},{"text":"at","start":4871.33,"end":4871.45},{"text":"the","start":4871.45,"end":4871.53},{"text":"early","start":4871.53,"end":4871.81},{"text":"stage","start":4871.81,"end":4872.37},{"text":"of","start":4872.53,"end":4872.69},{"text":"discussion","start":4872.85,"end":4873.65},{"text":"and","start":4874.05,"end":4874.25},{"text":"would","start":4874.25,"end":4874.41},{"text":"therefore","start":4874.41,"end":4874.81},{"text":"prefer","start":4874.81,"end":4875.17},{"text":"to","start":4875.17,"end":4875.29},{"text":"reserve","start":4875.29,"end":4875.81},{"text":"its","start":4875.81,"end":4876.01},{"text":"comment","start":4876.01,"end":4876.45},{"text":"for","start":4876.45,"end":4876.57},{"text":"a","start":4876.57,"end":4876.61},{"text":"later","start":4876.61,"end":4876.85},{"text":"stage.","start":4876.85,"end":4877.25}]},{"text":"While the aim to rapidly develop draft article 5 through 22 is clear, the debates in the Commission rightly highlighted that many of these provisions, such as those addressing criminal responsibility of minors, the role of armed security personnel, and statutes of limitation, introduce highly contentious legal issues, touch upon sensitive matters of sovereignty, and lack of grounding in state practice and opinio juris.","start":4879.89,"end":4906.21,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":4879.89,"end":4880.21},{"text":"the","start":4880.21,"end":4880.29},{"text":"aim","start":4880.29,"end":4880.61},{"text":"to","start":4880.61,"end":4880.77},{"text":"rapidly","start":4880.77,"end":4881.41},{"text":"develop","start":4881.41,"end":4881.97},{"text":"draft","start":4881.97,"end":4882.29},{"text":"article","start":4882.29,"end":4882.69},{"text":"5","start":4882.69,"end":4883.01},{"text":"through","start":4883.01,"end":4883.17},{"text":"22","start":4883.17,"end":4884.53},{"text":"is","start":4884.85,"end":4885.09},{"text":"clear,","start":4885.09,"end":4885.57},{"text":"the","start":4885.65,"end":4885.77},{"text":"debates","start":4885.77,"end":4886.37},{"text":"in","start":4886.37,"end":4886.49},{"text":"the","start":4886.49,"end":4886.57},{"text":"Commission","start":4886.57,"end":4887.17},{"text":"rightly","start":4887.81,"end":4888.21},{"text":"highlighted","start":4888.21,"end":4889.09},{"text":"that","start":4889.33,"end":4889.73},{"text":"many","start":4889.89,"end":4890.37},{"text":"of","start":4890.37,"end":4890.53},{"text":"these","start":4890.53,"end":4890.77},{"text":"provisions,","start":4890.77,"end":4891.37},{"text":"such","start":4891.37,"end":4891.73},{"text":"as","start":4891.73,"end":4891.89},{"text":"those","start":4891.89,"end":4892.37},{"text":"addressing","start":4892.37,"end":4892.77},{"text":"criminal","start":4892.77,"end":4893.09},{"text":"responsibility","start":4893.09,"end":4893.69},{"text":"of","start":4893.69,"end":4893.89},{"text":"minors,","start":4893.89,"end":4894.37},{"text":"the","start":4894.53,"end":4894.65},{"text":"role","start":4894.65,"end":4894.85},{"text":"of","start":4894.85,"end":4895.01},{"text":"armed","start":4895.01,"end":4895.25},{"text":"security","start":4895.25,"end":4895.65},{"text":"personnel,","start":4895.65,"end":4896.29},{"text":"and","start":4896.53,"end":4896.73},{"text":"statutes","start":4896.73,"end":4897.25},{"text":"of","start":4897.25,"end":4897.33},{"text":"limitation,","start":4897.33,"end":4898.05},{"text":"introduce","start":4898.21,"end":4898.77},{"text":"highly","start":4899.01,"end":4899.57},{"text":"contentious","start":4899.57,"end":4900.13},{"text":"legal","start":4900.13,"end":4900.45},{"text":"issues,","start":4900.45,"end":4900.93},{"text":"touch","start":4901.17,"end":4901.37},{"text":"upon","start":4901.37,"end":4901.65},{"text":"sensitive","start":4901.65,"end":4902.09},{"text":"matters","start":4902.09,"end":4902.41},{"text":"of","start":4902.41,"end":4902.53},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":4902.53,"end":4903.17},{"text":"and","start":4903.41,"end":4903.57},{"text":"lack","start":4903.57,"end":4903.77},{"text":"of","start":4903.77,"end":4903.89},{"text":"grounding","start":4903.89,"end":4904.37},{"text":"in","start":4904.37,"end":4904.61},{"text":"state","start":4904.61,"end":4904.89},{"text":"practice","start":4904.89,"end":4905.33},{"text":"and","start":4905.33,"end":4905.45},{"text":"opinio","start":4905.45,"end":4905.81},{"text":"juris.","start":4905.81,"end":4906.21}]},{"text":"To maintain a focus of consensus-driven output, it would be prudent at this stage to streamline the text and reserve these complex questions for future consideration.","start":4907.65,"end":4917.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4907.65,"end":4907.81},{"text":"maintain","start":4907.81,"end":4908.21},{"text":"a","start":4908.21,"end":4908.25},{"text":"focus","start":4908.25,"end":4908.73},{"text":"of","start":4908.73,"end":4908.85},{"text":"consensus-driven","start":4908.85,"end":4909.73},{"text":"output,","start":4909.73,"end":4910.29},{"text":"it","start":4910.69,"end":4910.85},{"text":"would","start":4910.85,"end":4911.09},{"text":"be","start":4911.09,"end":4911.41},{"text":"prudent","start":4911.81,"end":4912.37},{"text":"at","start":4912.61,"end":4912.77},{"text":"this","start":4912.77,"end":4912.97},{"text":"stage","start":4912.97,"end":4913.29},{"text":"to","start":4913.29,"end":4913.41},{"text":"streamline","start":4913.41,"end":4913.85},{"text":"the","start":4913.85,"end":4913.93},{"text":"text","start":4913.93,"end":4914.25},{"text":"and","start":4914.25,"end":4914.41},{"text":"reserve","start":4914.41,"end":4914.85},{"text":"these","start":4914.85,"end":4915.01},{"text":"complex","start":4915.01,"end":4915.41},{"text":"questions","start":4915.41,"end":4915.89},{"text":"for","start":4915.89,"end":4916.13},{"text":"future","start":4916.13,"end":4916.45},{"text":"consideration.","start":4916.45,"end":4917.17}]},{"text":"Regarding the topic non-legally binding instruments, Israel thanks the Special Rapporteur for his third report.","start":4919.05,"end":4923.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":4919.05,"end":4919.41},{"text":"the","start":4919.41,"end":4919.49},{"text":"topic","start":4919.49,"end":4919.85},{"text":"non-legally","start":4919.85,"end":4920.41},{"text":"binding","start":4920.41,"end":4920.73},{"text":"instruments,","start":4920.73,"end":4921.37},{"text":"Israel","start":4921.37,"end":4921.65},{"text":"thanks","start":4921.65,"end":4921.97},{"text":"the","start":4921.97,"end":4922.05},{"text":"Special","start":4922.05,"end":4922.29},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":4922.29,"end":4922.65},{"text":"for","start":4922.65,"end":4922.81},{"text":"his","start":4922.81,"end":4923.13},{"text":"third","start":4923.13,"end":4923.37},{"text":"report.","start":4923.37,"end":4923.85}]},{"text":"Israel reiterates that the Commission's final outcome should reflect state practice, remain non-prescriptive, preserve the flexibility of non-legally binding instrument, and make clear that such instrument do not by themselves create legally binding rights or obligations under international law.","start":4924.57,"end":4940.29,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Israel","start":4924.57,"end":4924.93},{"text":"reiterates","start":4924.93,"end":4925.53},{"text":"that","start":4925.53,"end":4925.65},{"text":"the","start":4925.65,"end":4925.73},{"text":"Commission's","start":4925.73,"end":4926.37},{"text":"final","start":4926.37,"end":4926.65},{"text":"outcome","start":4926.65,"end":4927.21},{"text":"should","start":4927.37,"end":4927.65},{"text":"reflect","start":4927.65,"end":4928.09},{"text":"state","start":4928.09,"end":4928.45},{"text":"practice,","start":4928.45,"end":4928.97},{"text":"remain","start":4928.97,"end":4929.37},{"text":"non-prescriptive,","start":4929.61,"end":4930.57},{"text":"preserve","start":4930.77,"end":4931.37},{"text":"the","start":4931.37,"end":4931.49},{"text":"flexibility","start":4931.49,"end":4932.17},{"text":"of","start":4932.17,"end":4932.41},{"text":"non-legally","start":4932.49,"end":4933.13},{"text":"binding","start":4933.13,"end":4933.45},{"text":"instrument,","start":4933.45,"end":4933.97},{"text":"and","start":4933.97,"end":4934.09},{"text":"make","start":4934.09,"end":4934.45},{"text":"clear","start":4934.45,"end":4934.81},{"text":"that","start":4934.97,"end":4935.13},{"text":"such","start":4935.13,"end":4935.45},{"text":"instrument","start":4935.45,"end":4935.89},{"text":"do","start":4935.89,"end":4936.01},{"text":"not","start":4936.01,"end":4936.41},{"text":"by","start":4936.41,"end":4936.57},{"text":"themselves","start":4936.57,"end":4937.05},{"text":"create","start":4937.05,"end":4937.29},{"text":"legally","start":4937.29,"end":4937.57},{"text":"binding","start":4937.57,"end":4937.93},{"text":"rights","start":4937.93,"end":4938.25},{"text":"or","start":4938.41,"end":4938.69},{"text":"obligations","start":4938.69,"end":4939.29},{"text":"under","start":4939.29,"end":4939.49},{"text":"international","start":4939.49,"end":4940.21},{"text":"law.","start":4940.21,"end":4940.29}]},{"text":"First, Israel considered that expressed statement that an international agreement is non-legally binding should be given significant weight.","start":4941.81,"end":4948.61,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4941.81,"end":4942.21},{"text":"Israel","start":4942.21,"end":4942.53},{"text":"considered","start":4942.53,"end":4943.17},{"text":"that","start":4943.17,"end":4943.33},{"text":"expressed","start":4943.33,"end":4943.77},{"text":"statement","start":4943.77,"end":4944.33},{"text":"that","start":4944.33,"end":4944.49},{"text":"an","start":4944.49,"end":4944.57},{"text":"international","start":4944.57,"end":4945.09},{"text":"agreement","start":4945.09,"end":4945.53},{"text":"is","start":4945.53,"end":4945.73},{"text":"non-legally","start":4945.73,"end":4946.21},{"text":"binding","start":4946.21,"end":4946.61},{"text":"should","start":4946.61,"end":4946.81},{"text":"be","start":4946.81,"end":4946.93},{"text":"given","start":4946.93,"end":4947.49},{"text":"significant","start":4947.65,"end":4948.29},{"text":"weight.","start":4948.29,"end":4948.61}]},{"text":"We would favor the formulation, and I quote, \"would generally be sufficient over normally sufficient\" in draft conclusion five, while stressing that the absence of such statements should not by itself indicate that an instrument is legally binding.","start":4949.97,"end":4964.69,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4949.97,"end":4950.13},{"text":"would","start":4950.13,"end":4950.37},{"text":"favor","start":4950.37,"end":4950.93},{"text":"the","start":4951.25,"end":4951.41},{"text":"formulation,","start":4951.41,"end":4952.21},{"text":"and","start":4952.21,"end":4952.41},{"text":"I","start":4952.41,"end":4952.45},{"text":"quote,","start":4952.45,"end":4952.85},{"text":"\"would","start":4952.85,"end":4953.09},{"text":"generally","start":4953.09,"end":4953.73},{"text":"be","start":4953.73,"end":4953.89},{"text":"sufficient","start":4953.89,"end":4954.61},{"text":"over","start":4954.61,"end":4954.85},{"text":"normally","start":4954.85,"end":4955.25},{"text":"sufficient\"","start":4955.25,"end":4955.89},{"text":"in","start":4955.89,"end":4956.01},{"text":"draft","start":4956.01,"end":4956.29},{"text":"conclusion","start":4956.29,"end":4956.77},{"text":"five,","start":4956.77,"end":4957.17},{"text":"while","start":4957.33,"end":4957.57},{"text":"stressing","start":4957.57,"end":4958.13},{"text":"that","start":4958.13,"end":4958.29},{"text":"the","start":4958.29,"end":4958.37},{"text":"absence","start":4958.37,"end":4959.01},{"text":"of","start":4959.81,"end":4959.97},{"text":"such","start":4959.97,"end":4960.29},{"text":"statements","start":4960.29,"end":4960.89},{"text":"should","start":4960.89,"end":4961.13},{"text":"not","start":4961.13,"end":4961.41},{"text":"by","start":4961.41,"end":4961.57},{"text":"itself","start":4961.57,"end":4961.97},{"text":"indicate","start":4961.97,"end":4962.61},{"text":"that","start":4962.93,"end":4963.21},{"text":"an","start":4963.21,"end":4963.33},{"text":"instrument","start":4963.33,"end":4963.89},{"text":"is","start":4963.89,"end":4964.01},{"text":"legally","start":4964.01,"end":4964.29},{"text":"binding.","start":4964.29,"end":4964.69}]},{"text":"Second, Israel does not hold definitive position on whether a non-legally binding agreement may contain legally binding provisions.","start":4965.89,"end":4974.33,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":4965.89,"end":4966.17},{"text":"Israel","start":4966.17,"end":4966.73},{"text":"does","start":4967.61,"end":4967.93},{"text":"not","start":4967.93,"end":4968.25},{"text":"hold","start":4968.25,"end":4968.61},{"text":"definitive","start":4968.61,"end":4969.17},{"text":"position","start":4969.17,"end":4969.77},{"text":"on","start":4970.01,"end":4970.25},{"text":"whether","start":4970.25,"end":4970.61},{"text":"a","start":4970.61,"end":4970.65},{"text":"non-legally","start":4970.65,"end":4971.13},{"text":"binding","start":4971.13,"end":4971.45},{"text":"agreement","start":4971.45,"end":4972.01},{"text":"may","start":4972.25,"end":4972.57},{"text":"contain","start":4972.57,"end":4973.05},{"text":"legally","start":4973.05,"end":4973.29},{"text":"binding","start":4973.29,"end":4973.61},{"text":"provisions.","start":4973.61,"end":4974.33}]},{"text":"We encourage further examination of relevant state practice before reaching conclusion on this issue.","start":4974.49,"end":4979.29,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4974.49,"end":4974.61},{"text":"encourage","start":4974.61,"end":4974.97},{"text":"further","start":4974.97,"end":4975.29},{"text":"examination","start":4975.29,"end":4976.01},{"text":"of","start":4976.01,"end":4976.09},{"text":"relevant","start":4976.09,"end":4976.49},{"text":"state","start":4976.49,"end":4976.77},{"text":"practice","start":4976.77,"end":4977.17},{"text":"before","start":4977.17,"end":4977.73},{"text":"reaching","start":4977.73,"end":4978.05},{"text":"conclusion","start":4978.05,"end":4978.61},{"text":"on","start":4978.61,"end":4978.73},{"text":"this","start":4978.73,"end":4978.89},{"text":"issue.","start":4978.89,"end":4979.29}]},{"text":"Third, subsequent practice may be relevant in determining the participants' original intention, but should be given weight only where it's clear, mutual, and consistent.","start":4980.49,"end":4991.93,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":4980.49,"end":4980.97},{"text":"subsequent","start":4981.21,"end":4981.81},{"text":"practice","start":4981.81,"end":4982.65},{"text":"may","start":4982.65,"end":4982.89},{"text":"be","start":4982.89,"end":4983.05},{"text":"relevant","start":4983.05,"end":4983.61},{"text":"in","start":4983.61,"end":4983.73},{"text":"determining","start":4983.73,"end":4984.41},{"text":"the","start":4986.01,"end":4986.17},{"text":"participants'","start":4986.17,"end":4986.81},{"text":"original","start":4986.81,"end":4987.21},{"text":"intention,","start":4987.21,"end":4987.85},{"text":"but","start":4987.93,"end":4988.13},{"text":"should","start":4988.13,"end":4988.29},{"text":"be","start":4988.29,"end":4988.41},{"text":"given","start":4988.41,"end":4988.81},{"text":"weight","start":4988.81,"end":4989.21},{"text":"only","start":4989.21,"end":4989.57},{"text":"where","start":4989.57,"end":4989.77},{"text":"it's","start":4989.77,"end":4990.01},{"text":"clear,","start":4990.01,"end":4990.41},{"text":"mutual,","start":4990.49,"end":4991.05},{"text":"and","start":4991.05,"end":4991.21},{"text":"consistent.","start":4991.21,"end":4991.93}]},{"text":"It should not, by itself, override a clear statement of non-binding intent or transform of a non-binding instrument into a treaty, and any list of relevant indicators should remain illustrative and non-presumptive.","start":4993.21,"end":5005.25,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4993.21,"end":4993.37},{"text":"should","start":4993.37,"end":4993.57},{"text":"not,","start":4993.57,"end":4993.81},{"text":"by","start":4993.81,"end":4993.97},{"text":"itself,","start":4993.97,"end":4994.37},{"text":"override","start":4994.37,"end":4994.93},{"text":"a","start":4995.01,"end":4995.05},{"text":"clear","start":4995.05,"end":4995.33},{"text":"statement","start":4995.33,"end":4995.89},{"text":"of","start":4995.89,"end":4996.05},{"text":"non-binding","start":4996.05,"end":4996.53},{"text":"intent","start":4996.53,"end":4997.09},{"text":"or","start":4997.09,"end":4997.33},{"text":"transform","start":4997.33,"end":4997.81},{"text":"of","start":4997.81,"end":4998.05},{"text":"a","start":4998.05,"end":4998.09},{"text":"non-binding","start":4998.09,"end":4998.77},{"text":"instrument","start":4998.77,"end":4999.29},{"text":"into","start":4999.49,"end":4999.73},{"text":"a","start":4999.73,"end":4999.77},{"text":"treaty,","start":4999.77,"end":5000.29},{"text":"and","start":5000.61,"end":5000.85},{"text":"any","start":5000.85,"end":5001.29},{"text":"list","start":5001.29,"end":5001.49},{"text":"of","start":5001.53,"end":5001.65},{"text":"relevant","start":5001.65,"end":5002.05},{"text":"indicators","start":5002.05,"end":5002.77},{"text":"should","start":5002.77,"end":5002.89},{"text":"remain","start":5002.89,"end":5003.25},{"text":"illustrative","start":5003.25,"end":5004.05},{"text":"and","start":5004.21,"end":5004.41},{"text":"non-presumptive.","start":5004.41,"end":5005.25}]},{"text":"Fourth, Israeli questions whether separate consideration of non-legally binding agreements in the identification of customary international law is necessary, given the existing framework for assessing state practice and opinion juris.","start":5007.01,"end":5021.49,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":5007.01,"end":5007.37},{"text":"Israeli","start":5008.21,"end":5008.69},{"text":"questions","start":5008.69,"end":5009.21},{"text":"whether","start":5009.21,"end":5009.57},{"text":"separate","start":5009.57,"end":5010.13},{"text":"consideration","start":5010.29,"end":5011.09},{"text":"of","start":5011.09,"end":5011.17},{"text":"non-legally","start":5011.17,"end":5011.65},{"text":"binding","start":5011.65,"end":5012.01},{"text":"agreements","start":5012.01,"end":5012.53},{"text":"in","start":5012.77,"end":5013.09},{"text":"the","start":5013.17,"end":5013.41},{"text":"identification","start":5013.41,"end":5014.85},{"text":"of","start":5014.85,"end":5014.93},{"text":"customary","start":5014.93,"end":5015.33},{"text":"international","start":5015.33,"end":5015.97},{"text":"law","start":5015.97,"end":5016.05},{"text":"is","start":5016.05,"end":5016.21},{"text":"necessary,","start":5016.21,"end":5016.85},{"text":"given","start":5017.01,"end":5017.25},{"text":"the","start":5017.25,"end":5017.41},{"text":"existing","start":5017.49,"end":5018.29},{"text":"framework","start":5018.29,"end":5018.77},{"text":"for","start":5018.77,"end":5018.93},{"text":"assessing","start":5018.93,"end":5019.49},{"text":"state","start":5019.97,"end":5020.29},{"text":"practice","start":5020.29,"end":5020.69},{"text":"and","start":5020.69,"end":5020.81},{"text":"opinion","start":5020.81,"end":5021.13},{"text":"juris.","start":5021.13,"end":5021.49}]},{"text":"Israel agrees, however, that such instrument may in certain cases be relevant to treaty interpretation, provided that such relevance derives from the applicable rules of treaty interpretation and is not used to create non-obligations or amend a treaty.","start":5023.09,"end":5038.45,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Israel","start":5023.09,"end":5023.41},{"text":"agrees,","start":5023.41,"end":5023.81},{"text":"however,","start":5023.81,"end":5024.37},{"text":"that","start":5024.45,"end":5024.61},{"text":"such","start":5024.61,"end":5024.85},{"text":"instrument","start":5024.85,"end":5025.41},{"text":"may","start":5025.41,"end":5025.65},{"text":"in","start":5025.65,"end":5025.81},{"text":"certain","start":5025.81,"end":5026.17},{"text":"cases","start":5026.17,"end":5026.53},{"text":"be","start":5026.53,"end":5026.69},{"text":"relevant","start":5026.69,"end":5027.13},{"text":"to","start":5027.13,"end":5027.21},{"text":"treaty","start":5027.21,"end":5027.45},{"text":"interpretation,","start":5027.45,"end":5028.21},{"text":"provided","start":5028.21,"end":5028.77},{"text":"that","start":5029.01,"end":5029.17},{"text":"such","start":5029.17,"end":5029.49},{"text":"relevance","start":5029.49,"end":5029.93},{"text":"derives","start":5029.93,"end":5030.53},{"text":"from","start":5030.53,"end":5030.73},{"text":"the","start":5030.73,"end":5030.81},{"text":"applicable","start":5030.81,"end":5031.33},{"text":"rules","start":5031.33,"end":5031.65},{"text":"of","start":5031.69,"end":5031.81},{"text":"treaty","start":5031.81,"end":5032.17},{"text":"interpretation","start":5032.17,"end":5032.93},{"text":"and","start":5033.09,"end":5033.25},{"text":"is","start":5033.25,"end":5033.41},{"text":"not","start":5033.41,"end":5033.61},{"text":"used","start":5033.61,"end":5033.85},{"text":"to","start":5033.85,"end":5033.93},{"text":"create","start":5033.93,"end":5034.21},{"text":"non-obligations","start":5034.21,"end":5035.61},{"text":"or","start":5036.69,"end":5037.25},{"text":"amend","start":5037.65,"end":5038.01},{"text":"a","start":5038.01,"end":5038.05},{"text":"treaty.","start":5038.05,"end":5038.45}]},{"text":"Israel looks forward to the continuation of constructive discussion on this topic and remains committed to engaging actively in this process.","start":5039.65,"end":5048.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Israel","start":5039.65,"end":5040.13},{"text":"looks","start":5040.21,"end":5040.69},{"text":"forward","start":5040.69,"end":5041.17},{"text":"to","start":5041.73,"end":5042.45},{"text":"the","start":5042.45,"end":5042.57},{"text":"continuation","start":5042.77,"end":5043.81},{"text":"of","start":5043.89,"end":5044.13},{"text":"constructive","start":5044.13,"end":5044.73},{"text":"discussion","start":5044.73,"end":5045.17},{"text":"on","start":5045.17,"end":5045.25},{"text":"this","start":5045.25,"end":5045.41},{"text":"topic","start":5045.41,"end":5045.81},{"text":"and","start":5045.81,"end":5045.97},{"text":"remains","start":5045.97,"end":5046.21},{"text":"committed","start":5046.21,"end":5046.69},{"text":"to","start":5046.69,"end":5046.81},{"text":"engaging","start":5046.81,"end":5047.41},{"text":"actively","start":5047.41,"end":5047.89},{"text":"in","start":5047.89,"end":5047.97},{"text":"this","start":5047.97,"end":5048.17},{"text":"process.","start":5048.17,"end":5048.53}]},{"text":"Regarding the topic compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful act, Israel thanks the Special Rapporteur for his detailed and thoughtful first report.","start":5050.81,"end":5058.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":5050.81,"end":5051.13},{"text":"the","start":5051.13,"end":5051.21},{"text":"topic","start":5051.21,"end":5051.57},{"text":"compensation","start":5051.57,"end":5052.29},{"text":"for","start":5052.29,"end":5052.45},{"text":"the","start":5052.45,"end":5052.53},{"text":"damage","start":5052.53,"end":5052.93},{"text":"caused","start":5052.93,"end":5053.25},{"text":"by","start":5053.25,"end":5053.33},{"text":"internationally","start":5053.33,"end":5053.93},{"text":"wrongful","start":5053.93,"end":5054.29},{"text":"act,","start":5054.29,"end":5054.61},{"text":"Israel","start":5054.85,"end":5055.25},{"text":"thanks","start":5055.25,"end":5055.53},{"text":"the","start":5055.53,"end":5055.61},{"text":"Special","start":5055.61,"end":5055.85},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":5055.85,"end":5056.25},{"text":"for","start":5056.25,"end":5056.37},{"text":"his","start":5056.37,"end":5056.61},{"text":"detailed","start":5056.61,"end":5057.09},{"text":"and","start":5057.09,"end":5057.29},{"text":"thoughtful","start":5057.29,"end":5057.73},{"text":"first","start":5057.73,"end":5057.97},{"text":"report.","start":5057.97,"end":5058.45}]},{"text":"Israel attaches importance to this topic and wishes to address several key issues beginning with the critical need to maintain a well-defined scope.","start":5059.73,"end":5067.49,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Israel","start":5059.73,"end":5060.01},{"text":"attaches","start":5060.01,"end":5060.45},{"text":"importance","start":5060.45,"end":5060.89},{"text":"to","start":5060.89,"end":5061.01},{"text":"this","start":5061.01,"end":5061.17},{"text":"topic","start":5061.17,"end":5061.57},{"text":"and","start":5061.57,"end":5061.73},{"text":"wishes","start":5061.73,"end":5062.21},{"text":"to","start":5062.21,"end":5062.37},{"text":"address","start":5062.37,"end":5062.89},{"text":"several","start":5062.89,"end":5063.25},{"text":"key","start":5063.25,"end":5063.49},{"text":"issues","start":5063.49,"end":5063.81},{"text":"beginning","start":5063.81,"end":5064.37},{"text":"with","start":5064.69,"end":5065.05},{"text":"the","start":5065.05,"end":5065.13},{"text":"critical","start":5065.13,"end":5065.57},{"text":"need","start":5065.57,"end":5065.77},{"text":"to","start":5065.77,"end":5065.89},{"text":"maintain","start":5065.89,"end":5066.41},{"text":"a","start":5066.41,"end":5066.45},{"text":"well-defined","start":5066.45,"end":5067.05},{"text":"scope.","start":5067.05,"end":5067.49}]},{"text":"First, regarding the scope of the topic, Israel believes that the Commission should focus on practical evaluation methodologies for standard interstate disputes.","start":5068.13,"end":5076.29,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5141.65,"end":5141.73},{"text":"support","start":5141.73,"end":5142.13},{"text":"the","start":5142.13,"end":5142.25},{"text":"Commission","start":5142.25,"end":5142.77},{"text":"and","start":5142.77,"end":5142.89},{"text":"its","start":5142.89,"end":5143.01},{"text":"fundamental","start":5143.01,"end":5143.45},{"text":"approach","start":5143.45,"end":5143.73},{"text":"toward","start":5143.73,"end":5144.01},{"text":"this","start":5144.01,"end":5144.21},{"text":"topic.","start":5144.21,"end":5144.69}]},{"text":"It's important not to allow the emergence of a special international legal regime under which non-binding arrangements would take on some sort of binding consequences.","start":5145.25,"end":5154.41,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":5145.25,"end":5145.45},{"text":"important","start":5145.45,"end":5145.81},{"text":"not","start":5145.81,"end":5146.01},{"text":"to","start":5146.01,"end":5146.09},{"text":"allow","start":5146.09,"end":5146.33},{"text":"the","start":5146.33,"end":5146.45},{"text":"emergence","start":5146.45,"end":5146.81},{"text":"of","start":5146.81,"end":5146.89},{"text":"a","start":5146.89,"end":5146.97},{"text":"special","start":5146.97,"end":5147.33},{"text":"international","start":5147.33,"end":5147.93},{"text":"legal","start":5147.93,"end":5148.17},{"text":"regime","start":5148.17,"end":5148.61},{"text":"under","start":5148.61,"end":5148.81},{"text":"which","start":5148.81,"end":5149.13},{"text":"non-binding","start":5149.45,"end":5150.33},{"text":"arrangements","start":5150.33,"end":5151.13},{"text":"would","start":5151.45,"end":5151.77},{"text":"take","start":5151.77,"end":5152.09},{"text":"on","start":5152.09,"end":5152.33},{"text":"some","start":5152.33,"end":5152.57},{"text":"sort","start":5152.57,"end":5152.85},{"text":"of","start":5152.85,"end":5152.97},{"text":"binding","start":5152.97,"end":5153.41},{"text":"consequences.","start":5153.41,"end":5154.41}]},{"text":"We agree as well that the goal is to assist jurists and practitioners, but without affecting the domestic rules of states when it comes to drafting and signing non-treaty instruments.","start":5154.57,"end":5166.89,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5167.49,"end":5167.57},{"text":"the","start":5167.57,"end":5167.69},{"text":"same","start":5167.69,"end":5168.01},{"text":"time,","start":5168.01,"end":5168.25},{"text":"a","start":5168.25,"end":5168.33},{"text":"number","start":5168.33,"end":5168.81},{"text":"of","start":5168.81,"end":5169.05},{"text":"conclusions","start":5169.05,"end":5169.85},{"text":"of","start":5169.85,"end":5169.93},{"text":"the","start":5169.93,"end":5170.05},{"text":"Commission,","start":5170.09,"end":5170.65},{"text":"some","start":5170.69,"end":5170.85},{"text":"of","start":5170.85,"end":5170.93},{"text":"the","start":5170.93,"end":5171.05},{"text":"reasoning","start":5171.05,"end":5171.41},{"text":"of","start":5171.41,"end":5171.53},{"text":"the","start":5171.53,"end":5171.61},{"text":"Commission","start":5171.61,"end":5172.17},{"text":"contained","start":5172.17,"end":5172.81},{"text":"in","start":5172.81,"end":5172.89},{"text":"the","start":5172.89,"end":5172.97},{"text":"draft","start":5172.97,"end":5173.33},{"text":"conclusions","start":5173.33,"end":5173.89},{"text":"and","start":5173.89,"end":5174.01},{"text":"commentaries","start":5174.01,"end":5174.89},{"text":"lead","start":5175.21,"end":5175.53},{"text":"to","start":5175.53,"end":5175.73},{"text":"questions.","start":5175.73,"end":5176.41}]},{"text":"Will you continue to believe that the term used by the Commission, that is, term, that is, agreements, should not be used?","start":5176.73,"end":5182.97,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5183.57,"end":5183.73},{"text":"the","start":5183.81,"end":5184.01},{"text":"topic","start":5184.13,"end":5184.85},{"text":"itself","start":5184.85,"end":5185.33},{"text":"and","start":5185.33,"end":5185.65},{"text":"in","start":5185.65,"end":5185.89},{"text":"the","start":5185.89,"end":5185.97},{"text":"draft","start":5185.97,"end":5186.53},{"text":"conclusion,","start":5186.53,"end":5187.41},{"text":"it","start":5187.49,"end":5187.69},{"text":"is","start":5187.69,"end":5187.81},{"text":"well","start":5187.81,"end":5188.01},{"text":"defined","start":5188.01,"end":5188.33},{"text":"in","start":5188.33,"end":5188.41},{"text":"international","start":5188.41,"end":5189.17},{"text":"law","start":5189.17,"end":5189.29},{"text":"and","start":5189.29,"end":5189.41},{"text":"practice","start":5189.41,"end":5189.93},{"text":"in","start":5189.93,"end":5190.05},{"text":"a","start":5190.05,"end":5190.09},{"text":"certain","start":5190.09,"end":5190.37},{"text":"context.","start":5190.37,"end":5190.97}]},{"text":"The innovative approach of the special rapporteur and the commission can hardly be supported.","start":5191.25,"end":5194.93,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5191.25,"end":5191.37},{"text":"innovative","start":5191.37,"end":5191.77},{"text":"approach","start":5191.77,"end":5192.13},{"text":"of","start":5192.13,"end":5192.37},{"text":"the","start":5192.37,"end":5192.49},{"text":"special","start":5192.49,"end":5192.73},{"text":"rapporteur","start":5192.73,"end":5193.17},{"text":"and","start":5193.17,"end":5193.29},{"text":"the","start":5193.29,"end":5193.37},{"text":"commission","start":5193.37,"end":5193.85},{"text":"can","start":5193.85,"end":5193.97},{"text":"hardly","start":5193.97,"end":5194.25},{"text":"be","start":5194.25,"end":5194.37},{"text":"supported.","start":5194.37,"end":5194.93}]},{"text":"For example, paragraph 15 of the commentary to draft conclusion 3, here in the first sentence, the word \"agreement\" is used to refer to non-binding arrangements, and in the second sentence, it refers to treaties, and in the third, to obligations as well as to non-binding instruments, and this creates confusion when reading.","start":5195.17,"end":5217.45,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Russia","start":5259.41,"end":5259.73},{"text":"believes","start":5259.73,"end":5260.13},{"text":"that","start":5260.13,"end":5260.37},{"text":"this","start":5260.37,"end":5260.53},{"text":"kind","start":5260.53,"end":5260.85},{"text":"of","start":5260.85,"end":5260.93},{"text":"document","start":5260.93,"end":5261.57},{"text":"should","start":5261.81,"end":5262.05},{"text":"not","start":5262.05,"end":5262.45},{"text":"fall","start":5262.53,"end":5262.85},{"text":"under","start":5262.85,"end":5263.09},{"text":"the","start":5263.09,"end":5263.17},{"text":"scope","start":5263.17,"end":5263.57},{"text":"of","start":5263.57,"end":5263.81},{"text":"the","start":5263.81,"end":5263.93},{"text":"draft","start":5263.93,"end":5264.25},{"text":"conclusions.","start":5264.25,"end":5264.73}]},{"text":"This does not have any added value for seeking criteria under which an international treaty can be distinguished from a non-treaty instrument.","start":5264.73,"end":5273.25,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5264.73,"end":5264.89},{"text":"does","start":5264.89,"end":5265.01},{"text":"not","start":5265.01,"end":5265.41},{"text":"have","start":5265.65,"end":5265.89},{"text":"any","start":5265.89,"end":5266.05},{"text":"added","start":5266.05,"end":5266.37},{"text":"value","start":5266.37,"end":5266.85},{"text":"for","start":5266.85,"end":5267.17},{"text":"seeking","start":5267.17,"end":5267.49},{"text":"criteria","start":5267.49,"end":5268.29},{"text":"under","start":5268.61,"end":5268.85},{"text":"which","start":5268.85,"end":5269.13},{"text":"an","start":5269.13,"end":5269.25},{"text":"international","start":5269.25,"end":5269.89},{"text":"treaty","start":5269.89,"end":5270.13},{"text":"can","start":5270.13,"end":5270.29},{"text":"be","start":5270.29,"end":5270.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":5270.37,"end":5271.01},{"text":"from","start":5271.01,"end":5271.29},{"text":"a","start":5271.29,"end":5271.33},{"text":"non-treaty","start":5271.33,"end":5272.53},{"text":"instrument.","start":5272.53,"end":5273.25}]},{"text":"After all, arrangements of sub-State entities by definition cannot be international agreements or treaties, therefore there is no need to waste resources on studying them, especially because this aspect was the topic of serious debate in the Sixth Committee.","start":5273.73,"end":5287.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"After","start":5273.73,"end":5273.97},{"text":"all,","start":5273.97,"end":5274.13},{"text":"arrangements","start":5274.13,"end":5274.69},{"text":"of","start":5274.73,"end":5274.85},{"text":"sub-State","start":5274.85,"end":5275.57},{"text":"entities","start":5275.57,"end":5276.05},{"text":"by","start":5276.05,"end":5276.21},{"text":"definition","start":5276.21,"end":5276.77},{"text":"cannot","start":5276.77,"end":5277.25},{"text":"be","start":5277.25,"end":5277.33},{"text":"international","start":5277.33,"end":5278.13},{"text":"agreements","start":5278.37,"end":5279.01},{"text":"or","start":5279.01,"end":5279.09},{"text":"treaties,","start":5279.09,"end":5279.49},{"text":"therefore","start":5279.49,"end":5279.77},{"text":"there","start":5279.77,"end":5279.89},{"text":"is","start":5279.89,"end":5279.97},{"text":"no","start":5279.97,"end":5280.13},{"text":"need","start":5280.13,"end":5280.25},{"text":"to","start":5280.25,"end":5280.33},{"text":"waste","start":5280.33,"end":5280.61},{"text":"resources","start":5280.61,"end":5281.01},{"text":"on","start":5281.05,"end":5281.13},{"text":"studying","start":5281.13,"end":5281.49},{"text":"them,","start":5281.49,"end":5281.73},{"text":"especially","start":5282.13,"end":5282.49},{"text":"because","start":5282.49,"end":5282.73},{"text":"this","start":5282.73,"end":5283.01},{"text":"aspect","start":5283.01,"end":5283.73},{"text":"was","start":5284.37,"end":5284.69},{"text":"the","start":5284.69,"end":5284.89},{"text":"topic","start":5284.89,"end":5285.33},{"text":"of","start":5285.33,"end":5285.49},{"text":"serious","start":5285.49,"end":5285.85},{"text":"debate","start":5285.85,"end":5286.21},{"text":"in","start":5286.21,"end":5286.33},{"text":"the","start":5286.33,"end":5286.41},{"text":"Sixth","start":5286.41,"end":5286.65},{"text":"Committee.","start":5286.65,"end":5287.09}]},{"text":"We are almost certain that at the end, the Commission’s conclusions regarding non-treaty instruments of central authorities of States will be fully applicable to arrangements of other entities.","start":5287.17,"end":5299.01,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5287.17,"end":5287.29},{"text":"are","start":5287.29,"end":5287.37},{"text":"almost","start":5287.37,"end":5287.61},{"text":"certain","start":5287.61,"end":5287.97},{"text":"that","start":5287.97,"end":5288.29},{"text":"at","start":5288.53,"end":5288.69},{"text":"the","start":5288.69,"end":5288.81},{"text":"end,","start":5288.85,"end":5289.17},{"text":"the","start":5289.49,"end":5289.57},{"text":"Commission’s","start":5289.57,"end":5290.21},{"text":"conclusions","start":5290.21,"end":5291.09},{"text":"regarding","start":5291.41,"end":5291.97},{"text":"non-treaty","start":5291.97,"end":5293.01},{"text":"instruments","start":5293.01,"end":5293.65},{"text":"of","start":5293.65,"end":5293.73},{"text":"central","start":5293.73,"end":5294.25},{"text":"authorities","start":5294.25,"end":5294.81},{"text":"of","start":5294.81,"end":5294.93},{"text":"States","start":5294.93,"end":5295.25},{"text":"will","start":5295.25,"end":5295.37},{"text":"be","start":5295.37,"end":5295.49},{"text":"fully","start":5295.49,"end":5295.81},{"text":"applicable","start":5295.81,"end":5296.37},{"text":"to","start":5296.37,"end":5296.69},{"text":"arrangements","start":5296.85,"end":5297.49},{"text":"of","start":5297.49,"end":5297.73},{"text":"other","start":5297.89,"end":5298.21},{"text":"entities.","start":5298.45,"end":5299.01}]},{"text":"We have read with great interest draft conclusion number four.","start":5299.53,"end":5301.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5299.53,"end":5299.57},{"text":"have","start":5299.57,"end":5299.69},{"text":"read","start":5299.69,"end":5299.81},{"text":"with","start":5299.81,"end":5299.93},{"text":"great","start":5299.93,"end":5300.09},{"text":"interest","start":5300.09,"end":5300.49},{"text":"draft","start":5300.49,"end":5300.77},{"text":"conclusion","start":5300.77,"end":5301.21},{"text":"number","start":5301.21,"end":5301.49},{"text":"four.","start":5301.49,"end":5301.81}]},{"text":"We support the idea that when distinguishing between treaties and non-treaty instruments, the main criteria should be the intentions of the parties to be legally bound or not.","start":5301.81,"end":5312.69,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5301.81,"end":5302.29},{"text":"support","start":5302.29,"end":5302.69},{"text":"the","start":5302.69,"end":5302.81},{"text":"idea","start":5302.81,"end":5303.25},{"text":"that","start":5303.25,"end":5303.57},{"text":"when","start":5303.81,"end":5304.09},{"text":"distinguishing","start":5304.09,"end":5304.77},{"text":"between","start":5305.97,"end":5306.45},{"text":"treaties","start":5306.45,"end":5306.97},{"text":"and","start":5306.97,"end":5307.09},{"text":"non-treaty","start":5307.09,"end":5307.73},{"text":"instruments,","start":5307.73,"end":5308.37},{"text":"the","start":5308.37,"end":5308.49},{"text":"main","start":5308.49,"end":5308.69},{"text":"criteria","start":5308.69,"end":5309.33},{"text":"should","start":5309.33,"end":5309.57},{"text":"be","start":5309.57,"end":5309.73},{"text":"the","start":5309.73,"end":5309.85},{"text":"intentions","start":5309.89,"end":5310.65},{"text":"of","start":5310.65,"end":5310.73},{"text":"the","start":5310.73,"end":5310.85},{"text":"parties","start":5310.85,"end":5311.25},{"text":"to","start":5311.25,"end":5311.37},{"text":"be","start":5311.37,"end":5311.49},{"text":"legally","start":5311.49,"end":5311.89},{"text":"bound","start":5311.89,"end":5312.13},{"text":"or","start":5312.13,"end":5312.29},{"text":"not.","start":5312.29,"end":5312.69}]},{"text":"In paragraph one of draft conclusion number four, the conclusion goes even further and declares that the lack, in the absence of an intention of the parties to be legally bound, the arrangement should be viewed as non-binding.","start":5313.01,"end":5326.37,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5313.01,"end":5313.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":5313.13,"end":5313.49},{"text":"one","start":5313.49,"end":5313.89},{"text":"of","start":5313.97,"end":5314.21},{"text":"draft","start":5314.29,"end":5314.49},{"text":"conclusion","start":5314.49,"end":5314.89},{"text":"number","start":5314.89,"end":5315.17},{"text":"four,","start":5315.17,"end":5315.49},{"text":"the","start":5315.89,"end":5315.97},{"text":"conclusion","start":5315.97,"end":5316.85},{"text":"goes","start":5317.13,"end":5317.33},{"text":"even","start":5317.33,"end":5317.65},{"text":"further","start":5317.65,"end":5318.13},{"text":"and","start":5318.13,"end":5318.41},{"text":"declares","start":5318.41,"end":5318.77},{"text":"that","start":5318.77,"end":5318.89},{"text":"the","start":5318.89,"end":5318.97},{"text":"lack,","start":5318.97,"end":5319.49},{"text":"in","start":5319.65,"end":5319.81},{"text":"the","start":5319.81,"end":5319.89},{"text":"absence","start":5319.89,"end":5320.25},{"text":"of","start":5320.29,"end":5320.37},{"text":"an","start":5320.37,"end":5320.45},{"text":"intention","start":5320.45,"end":5321.21},{"text":"of","start":5321.21,"end":5321.29},{"text":"the","start":5321.29,"end":5321.41},{"text":"parties","start":5321.41,"end":5321.81},{"text":"to","start":5321.81,"end":5322.05},{"text":"be","start":5322.13,"end":5322.37},{"text":"legally","start":5322.37,"end":5322.93},{"text":"bound,","start":5322.93,"end":5323.33},{"text":"the","start":5323.73,"end":5323.93},{"text":"arrangement","start":5324.13,"end":5324.69},{"text":"should","start":5324.69,"end":5324.85},{"text":"be","start":5324.85,"end":5325.01},{"text":"viewed","start":5325.01,"end":5325.33},{"text":"as","start":5325.33,"end":5325.49},{"text":"non-binding.","start":5325.49,"end":5326.37}]},{"text":"This is tantamount to a presumption of the binding nature of written arrangements.","start":5326.53,"end":5332.05,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5326.53,"end":5326.65},{"text":"is","start":5326.65,"end":5326.73},{"text":"tantamount","start":5326.73,"end":5327.41},{"text":"to","start":5327.41,"end":5327.49},{"text":"a","start":5327.49,"end":5327.57},{"text":"presumption","start":5327.89,"end":5328.61},{"text":"of","start":5328.61,"end":5328.85},{"text":"the","start":5329.09,"end":5329.21},{"text":"binding","start":5329.57,"end":5329.89},{"text":"nature","start":5329.89,"end":5330.37},{"text":"of","start":5330.37,"end":5330.53},{"text":"written","start":5330.53,"end":5330.93},{"text":"arrangements.","start":5331.33,"end":5332.05}]},{"text":"At first glance, it seems that we could agree with this presumption, but on this issue in particular, there already is specific practice in this regard.","start":5332.37,"end":5341.33,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5332.37,"end":5332.53},{"text":"first","start":5332.53,"end":5332.77},{"text":"glance,","start":5332.77,"end":5333.25},{"text":"it","start":5333.53,"end":5333.61},{"text":"seems","start":5333.61,"end":5333.77},{"text":"that","start":5333.77,"end":5333.89},{"text":"we","start":5333.89,"end":5333.97},{"text":"could","start":5333.97,"end":5334.13},{"text":"agree","start":5334.21,"end":5334.61},{"text":"with","start":5335.01,"end":5335.25},{"text":"this","start":5335.25,"end":5335.49},{"text":"presumption,","start":5335.49,"end":5336.13},{"text":"but","start":5336.13,"end":5336.49},{"text":"on","start":5336.49,"end":5336.69},{"text":"this","start":5337.09,"end":5337.41},{"text":"issue","start":5337.41,"end":5337.53},{"text":"in","start":5337.53,"end":5337.61},{"text":"particular,","start":5337.61,"end":5338.29},{"text":"there","start":5338.69,"end":5338.93},{"text":"already","start":5338.93,"end":5339.33},{"text":"is","start":5339.33,"end":5339.49},{"text":"specific","start":5339.49,"end":5339.89},{"text":"practice","start":5339.89,"end":5340.53},{"text":"in","start":5340.53,"end":5340.65},{"text":"this","start":5340.65,"end":5340.85},{"text":"regard.","start":5340.85,"end":5341.33}]},{"text":"In non-treaty instruments, states often specify that this memorandum is not an international treaty.","start":5341.49,"end":5348.13,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5341.49,"end":5341.77},{"text":"non-treaty","start":5341.77,"end":5342.37},{"text":"instruments,","start":5342.37,"end":5343.09},{"text":"states","start":5343.41,"end":5343.81},{"text":"often","start":5343.81,"end":5344.37},{"text":"specify","start":5344.85,"end":5345.41},{"text":"that","start":5345.41,"end":5345.57},{"text":"this","start":5345.65,"end":5345.97},{"text":"memorandum","start":5345.97,"end":5346.53},{"text":"is","start":5346.53,"end":5346.69},{"text":"not","start":5346.69,"end":5346.89},{"text":"an","start":5346.89,"end":5347.01},{"text":"international","start":5347.01,"end":5347.73},{"text":"treaty.","start":5347.73,"end":5348.13}]},{"text":"In treaties, it's very rare for Even when they're actually entitled memorandum or protocol, it's very rare for explicit citation to state that this memorandum is a treaty.","start":5348.45,"end":5358.77,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5348.45,"end":5348.61},{"text":"treaties,","start":5348.61,"end":5348.89},{"text":"it's","start":5348.89,"end":5349.13},{"text":"very","start":5349.13,"end":5349.41},{"text":"rare","start":5349.45,"end":5349.81},{"text":"for","start":5349.81,"end":5350.21},{"text":"Even","start":5351.13,"end":5351.25},{"text":"when","start":5351.29,"end":5351.53},{"text":"they're","start":5351.53,"end":5351.77},{"text":"actually","start":5351.81,"end":5352.09},{"text":"entitled","start":5352.09,"end":5352.61},{"text":"memorandum","start":5352.61,"end":5353.41},{"text":"or","start":5353.57,"end":5353.73},{"text":"protocol,","start":5353.73,"end":5354.21},{"text":"it's","start":5354.21,"end":5354.57},{"text":"very","start":5354.57,"end":5354.77},{"text":"rare","start":5354.77,"end":5354.93},{"text":"for","start":5355.33,"end":5355.49},{"text":"explicit","start":5355.49,"end":5355.93},{"text":"citation","start":5355.93,"end":5356.37},{"text":"to","start":5356.37,"end":5356.49},{"text":"state","start":5356.49,"end":5356.85},{"text":"that","start":5356.85,"end":5357.09},{"text":"this","start":5357.09,"end":5357.33},{"text":"memorandum","start":5357.33,"end":5357.89},{"text":"is","start":5357.97,"end":5358.29},{"text":"a","start":5358.29,"end":5358.37},{"text":"treaty.","start":5358.37,"end":5358.77}]},{"text":"And this means that the states in practice proceed from the presumption of the nature of the document that is signed and the need to specify that it is non-binding.","start":5359.09,"end":5370.05,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5359.09,"end":5359.21},{"text":"this","start":5359.21,"end":5359.41},{"text":"means","start":5359.41,"end":5359.57},{"text":"that","start":5359.57,"end":5359.69},{"text":"the","start":5359.69,"end":5359.77},{"text":"states","start":5359.77,"end":5360.13},{"text":"in","start":5360.13,"end":5360.29},{"text":"practice","start":5360.29,"end":5360.93},{"text":"proceed","start":5361.25,"end":5361.65},{"text":"from","start":5361.65,"end":5361.89},{"text":"the","start":5361.89,"end":5362.01},{"text":"presumption","start":5362.01,"end":5362.69},{"text":"of","start":5362.97,"end":5363.17},{"text":"the","start":5363.17,"end":5363.37},{"text":"nature","start":5364.29,"end":5364.93},{"text":"of","start":5365.09,"end":5365.33},{"text":"the","start":5365.41,"end":5365.53},{"text":"document","start":5366.21,"end":5366.69},{"text":"that","start":5366.69,"end":5366.81},{"text":"is","start":5366.81,"end":5366.89},{"text":"signed","start":5366.89,"end":5367.33},{"text":"and","start":5367.33,"end":5367.57},{"text":"the","start":5367.57,"end":5367.65},{"text":"need","start":5367.65,"end":5367.97},{"text":"to","start":5367.97,"end":5368.13},{"text":"specify","start":5368.13,"end":5368.77},{"text":"that","start":5368.77,"end":5368.93},{"text":"it","start":5368.93,"end":5369.05},{"text":"is","start":5369.05,"end":5369.17},{"text":"non-binding.","start":5369.17,"end":5370.05}]},{"text":"And we're looking forward to hearing about the other states in this regard.","start":5371.57,"end":5375.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5371.57,"end":5371.73},{"text":"we're","start":5372.17,"end":5372.45},{"text":"looking","start":5372.57,"end":5372.81},{"text":"forward","start":5372.81,"end":5373.09},{"text":"to","start":5373.09,"end":5373.17},{"text":"hearing","start":5373.17,"end":5373.41},{"text":"about","start":5373.41,"end":5373.57},{"text":"the","start":5373.57,"end":5373.77},{"text":"other","start":5373.85,"end":5374.01},{"text":"states","start":5374.01,"end":5374.29},{"text":"in","start":5374.29,"end":5374.37},{"text":"this","start":5374.37,"end":5374.57},{"text":"regard.","start":5374.57,"end":5375.05}]},{"text":"In this context, we ought to additionally assess whether it is necessary in paragraphs 2 and 3, paragraph inclusion number 4, to speak about the potential intentions of the state to be legally bound.","start":5375.37,"end":5386.81,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5375.37,"end":5375.45},{"text":"this","start":5375.45,"end":5375.69},{"text":"context,","start":5375.69,"end":5376.25},{"text":"we","start":5376.33,"end":5376.49},{"text":"ought","start":5376.49,"end":5376.77},{"text":"to","start":5376.77,"end":5376.85},{"text":"additionally","start":5377.21,"end":5377.73},{"text":"assess","start":5377.73,"end":5378.17},{"text":"whether","start":5378.17,"end":5378.57},{"text":"it","start":5378.57,"end":5378.69},{"text":"is","start":5378.69,"end":5378.81},{"text":"necessary","start":5378.81,"end":5379.25},{"text":"in","start":5379.25,"end":5379.33},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5379.33,"end":5379.81},{"text":"2","start":5379.81,"end":5380.09},{"text":"and","start":5380.09,"end":5380.29},{"text":"3,","start":5380.29,"end":5380.57},{"text":"paragraph","start":5380.69,"end":5381.01},{"text":"inclusion","start":5381.01,"end":5381.33},{"text":"number","start":5381.33,"end":5381.61},{"text":"4,","start":5381.61,"end":5382.01},{"text":"to","start":5382.17,"end":5382.29},{"text":"speak","start":5382.29,"end":5382.57},{"text":"about","start":5382.57,"end":5382.89},{"text":"the","start":5382.89,"end":5383.01},{"text":"potential","start":5383.45,"end":5384.01},{"text":"intentions","start":5384.01,"end":5384.73},{"text":"of","start":5384.73,"end":5384.97},{"text":"the","start":5384.97,"end":5385.09},{"text":"state","start":5385.09,"end":5385.53},{"text":"to","start":5385.69,"end":5385.85},{"text":"be","start":5385.85,"end":5386.01},{"text":"legally","start":5386.01,"end":5386.41},{"text":"bound.","start":5386.41,"end":5386.81}]},{"text":"Here, the Commission.","start":5387.05,"end":5388.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Here,","start":5387.05,"end":5387.29},{"text":"the","start":5387.29,"end":5387.41},{"text":"Commission.","start":5387.45,"end":5388.09}]},{"text":"essentially is referring not only to non-binding arrangements, but also treaties.","start":5388.61,"end":5393.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"essentially","start":5388.61,"end":5389.09},{"text":"is","start":5389.09,"end":5389.21},{"text":"referring","start":5389.21,"end":5389.61},{"text":"not","start":5389.61,"end":5389.81},{"text":"only","start":5389.81,"end":5390.13},{"text":"to","start":5390.13,"end":5390.53},{"text":"non-binding","start":5390.93,"end":5391.73},{"text":"arrangements,","start":5391.73,"end":5392.21},{"text":"but","start":5392.21,"end":5392.33},{"text":"also","start":5392.33,"end":5392.53},{"text":"treaties.","start":5392.53,"end":5393.09}]},{"text":"We would not like the study of non-treaty instruments to be turned into recommendations on drafting treaties.","start":5393.25,"end":5399.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5393.25,"end":5393.37},{"text":"would","start":5393.37,"end":5393.49},{"text":"not","start":5393.49,"end":5393.61},{"text":"like","start":5393.61,"end":5393.73},{"text":"the","start":5393.73,"end":5393.81},{"text":"study","start":5393.81,"end":5394.21},{"text":"of","start":5394.21,"end":5394.53},{"text":"non-treaty","start":5394.69,"end":5395.41},{"text":"instruments","start":5395.41,"end":5395.97},{"text":"to","start":5395.97,"end":5396.17},{"text":"be","start":5396.21,"end":5396.37},{"text":"turned","start":5396.37,"end":5396.77},{"text":"into","start":5396.77,"end":5397.09},{"text":"recommendations","start":5397.09,"end":5397.97},{"text":"on","start":5397.97,"end":5398.05},{"text":"drafting","start":5398.05,"end":5398.61},{"text":"treaties.","start":5398.61,"end":5399.09}]},{"text":"In any case, we see that We see a general agreement with the fact that the intention of the parties is the main factor determining whether the international instrument is binding or not.","start":5399.33,"end":5410.73,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5399.33,"end":5399.57},{"text":"any","start":5399.57,"end":5399.81},{"text":"case,","start":5399.81,"end":5400.13},{"text":"we","start":5400.53,"end":5400.77},{"text":"see","start":5400.85,"end":5401.17},{"text":"that","start":5401.17,"end":5401.49},{"text":"We","start":5402.33,"end":5402.49},{"text":"see","start":5402.81,"end":5403.01},{"text":"a","start":5403.01,"end":5403.05},{"text":"general","start":5403.05,"end":5403.37},{"text":"agreement","start":5403.37,"end":5403.89},{"text":"with","start":5403.89,"end":5404.05},{"text":"the","start":5404.05,"end":5404.13},{"text":"fact","start":5404.13,"end":5404.41},{"text":"that","start":5404.41,"end":5404.57},{"text":"the","start":5404.57,"end":5404.65},{"text":"intention","start":5404.65,"end":5405.17},{"text":"of","start":5405.17,"end":5405.25},{"text":"the","start":5405.25,"end":5405.37},{"text":"parties","start":5405.37,"end":5405.77},{"text":"is","start":5405.77,"end":5405.93},{"text":"the","start":5405.93,"end":5406.05},{"text":"main","start":5406.05,"end":5406.33},{"text":"factor","start":5406.33,"end":5406.73},{"text":"determining","start":5406.73,"end":5407.25},{"text":"whether","start":5407.25,"end":5407.77},{"text":"the","start":5407.77,"end":5407.89},{"text":"international","start":5407.89,"end":5408.57},{"text":"instrument","start":5408.97,"end":5409.61},{"text":"is","start":5409.69,"end":5409.85},{"text":"binding","start":5409.85,"end":5410.33},{"text":"or","start":5410.33,"end":5410.41},{"text":"not.","start":5410.41,"end":5410.73}]},{"text":"This agreement is reflected in draft conclusion number 5.","start":5410.97,"end":5414.29,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5410.97,"end":5411.29},{"text":"agreement","start":5411.29,"end":5411.85},{"text":"is","start":5411.85,"end":5411.93},{"text":"reflected","start":5411.93,"end":5412.41},{"text":"in","start":5412.41,"end":5412.81},{"text":"draft","start":5412.81,"end":5413.13},{"text":"conclusion","start":5413.29,"end":5413.69},{"text":"number","start":5413.69,"end":5413.93},{"text":"5.","start":5413.93,"end":5414.29}]},{"text":"At the same time, it's rather strange to see the word \"normally\" used in it.","start":5414.29,"end":5417.89,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5414.29,"end":5414.41},{"text":"the","start":5414.41,"end":5414.49},{"text":"same","start":5414.49,"end":5414.81},{"text":"time,","start":5414.81,"end":5415.13},{"text":"it's","start":5415.41,"end":5415.65},{"text":"rather","start":5415.65,"end":5415.85},{"text":"strange","start":5415.85,"end":5416.17},{"text":"to","start":5416.17,"end":5416.29},{"text":"see","start":5416.29,"end":5416.41},{"text":"the","start":5416.41,"end":5416.49},{"text":"word","start":5416.49,"end":5416.81},{"text":"\"normally\"","start":5416.81,"end":5417.45},{"text":"used","start":5417.45,"end":5417.69},{"text":"in","start":5417.69,"end":5417.81},{"text":"it.","start":5417.81,"end":5417.89}]},{"text":"It allows a situation in which the clearly expressed intention of the parties could be called into question.","start":5417.89,"end":5424.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5417.89,"end":5417.97},{"text":"allows","start":5418.17,"end":5418.45},{"text":"a","start":5418.45,"end":5418.49},{"text":"situation","start":5418.49,"end":5419.13},{"text":"in","start":5419.13,"end":5419.29},{"text":"which","start":5419.29,"end":5419.69},{"text":"the","start":5420.01,"end":5420.25},{"text":"clearly","start":5420.69,"end":5421.05},{"text":"expressed","start":5421.09,"end":5421.69},{"text":"intention","start":5421.69,"end":5422.13},{"text":"of","start":5422.13,"end":5422.21},{"text":"the","start":5422.21,"end":5422.33},{"text":"parties","start":5422.33,"end":5422.73},{"text":"could","start":5422.73,"end":5422.89},{"text":"be","start":5422.89,"end":5423.01},{"text":"called","start":5423.01,"end":5423.29},{"text":"into","start":5423.29,"end":5423.45},{"text":"question.","start":5423.45,"end":5424.09}]},{"text":"In other words, arrangements that contain an explicit declaration of its non-binding nature could be reclassified as a treaty, and this approach is inappropriate in principle because it might be equivalent to reclassifying the document without the consent of the very parties who signed it.","start":5424.17,"end":5443.85,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5424.17,"end":5424.33},{"text":"other","start":5424.33,"end":5424.53},{"text":"words,","start":5424.53,"end":5424.89},{"text":"arrangements","start":5424.89,"end":5425.53},{"text":"that","start":5425.53,"end":5425.77},{"text":"contain","start":5426.09,"end":5426.37},{"text":"an","start":5426.37,"end":5426.49},{"text":"explicit","start":5426.49,"end":5427.37},{"text":"declaration","start":5427.53,"end":5429.13},{"text":"of","start":5429.13,"end":5429.21},{"text":"its","start":5429.21,"end":5429.45},{"text":"non-binding","start":5429.45,"end":5430.25},{"text":"nature","start":5430.25,"end":5430.89},{"text":"could","start":5430.89,"end":5431.49},{"text":"be","start":5431.49,"end":5431.69},{"text":"reclassified","start":5431.69,"end":5432.21},{"text":"as","start":5432.41,"end":5432.53},{"text":"a","start":5432.53,"end":5432.57},{"text":"treaty,","start":5432.57,"end":5433.05},{"text":"and","start":5433.37,"end":5433.53},{"text":"this","start":5433.53,"end":5433.73},{"text":"approach","start":5433.73,"end":5434.17},{"text":"is","start":5434.17,"end":5434.33},{"text":"inappropriate","start":5434.41,"end":5435.21},{"text":"in","start":5435.21,"end":5435.37},{"text":"principle","start":5435.37,"end":5435.85},{"text":"because","start":5435.85,"end":5436.25},{"text":"it","start":5436.25,"end":5436.37},{"text":"might","start":5436.37,"end":5436.73},{"text":"be","start":5437.21,"end":5437.45},{"text":"equivalent","start":5437.45,"end":5438.09},{"text":"to","start":5438.45,"end":5438.65},{"text":"reclassifying","start":5438.73,"end":5439.69},{"text":"the","start":5439.77,"end":5439.97},{"text":"document","start":5440.65,"end":5441.21},{"text":"without","start":5441.21,"end":5441.53},{"text":"the","start":5441.53,"end":5441.61},{"text":"consent","start":5441.61,"end":5442.09},{"text":"of","start":5442.09,"end":5442.33},{"text":"the","start":5442.33,"end":5442.45},{"text":"very","start":5442.49,"end":5442.81},{"text":"parties","start":5442.81,"end":5443.29},{"text":"who","start":5443.29,"end":5443.37},{"text":"signed","start":5443.37,"end":5443.73},{"text":"it.","start":5443.73,"end":5443.85}]},{"text":"In addition, according to the Special Rapporteur’s report, this idea is based on the practice of a single state, and that can hardly be supported.","start":5444.09,"end":5450.01,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5444.09,"end":5444.21},{"text":"addition,","start":5444.21,"end":5444.81},{"text":"according","start":5445.13,"end":5445.41},{"text":"to","start":5445.41,"end":5445.49},{"text":"the","start":5445.49,"end":5445.57},{"text":"Special","start":5445.57,"end":5445.81},{"text":"Rapporteur’s","start":5445.81,"end":5446.17},{"text":"report,","start":5446.17,"end":5446.49},{"text":"this","start":5446.49,"end":5446.73},{"text":"idea","start":5446.73,"end":5446.93},{"text":"is","start":5446.93,"end":5447.01},{"text":"based","start":5447.01,"end":5447.17},{"text":"on","start":5447.17,"end":5447.25},{"text":"the","start":5447.25,"end":5447.33},{"text":"practice","start":5447.33,"end":5447.61},{"text":"of","start":5447.61,"end":5447.69},{"text":"a","start":5447.69,"end":5447.73},{"text":"single","start":5447.73,"end":5448.09},{"text":"state,","start":5448.09,"end":5448.49},{"text":"and","start":5448.69,"end":5448.85},{"text":"that","start":5448.85,"end":5449.01},{"text":"can","start":5449.01,"end":5449.13},{"text":"hardly","start":5449.13,"end":5449.41},{"text":"be","start":5449.41,"end":5449.49},{"text":"supported.","start":5449.49,"end":5450.01}]},{"text":"Lastly, we have to note paragraph 15 of the commentary to draft conclusion number 3.","start":5450.49,"end":5455.21,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":5450.49,"end":5451.13},{"text":"we","start":5451.13,"end":5451.37},{"text":"have","start":5451.61,"end":5451.85},{"text":"to","start":5451.85,"end":5451.93},{"text":"note","start":5451.93,"end":5452.33},{"text":"paragraph","start":5452.33,"end":5452.85},{"text":"15","start":5452.85,"end":5453.21},{"text":"of","start":5453.21,"end":5453.29},{"text":"the","start":5453.29,"end":5453.37},{"text":"commentary","start":5453.37,"end":5453.93},{"text":"to","start":5453.93,"end":5454.05},{"text":"draft","start":5454.05,"end":5454.25},{"text":"conclusion","start":5454.25,"end":5454.61},{"text":"number","start":5454.61,"end":5454.89},{"text":"3.","start":5454.89,"end":5455.21}]},{"text":"It seems to imply that agreements on establishment of borders are declarative, and depending on the situation, they may be legally binding or not.","start":5456.01,"end":5465.13,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5456.01,"end":5456.09},{"text":"seems","start":5456.09,"end":5456.41},{"text":"to","start":5456.41,"end":5456.53},{"text":"imply","start":5456.53,"end":5457.05},{"text":"that","start":5457.05,"end":5457.53},{"text":"agreements","start":5457.85,"end":5458.57},{"text":"on","start":5458.57,"end":5458.97},{"text":"establishment","start":5459.05,"end":5459.65},{"text":"of","start":5459.65,"end":5459.77},{"text":"borders","start":5459.77,"end":5460.33},{"text":"are","start":5460.57,"end":5460.73},{"text":"declarative,","start":5460.73,"end":5461.77},{"text":"and","start":5462.09,"end":5462.21},{"text":"depending","start":5462.21,"end":5462.57},{"text":"on","start":5462.57,"end":5462.65},{"text":"the","start":5462.65,"end":5462.77},{"text":"situation,","start":5462.77,"end":5463.37},{"text":"they","start":5463.37,"end":5463.53},{"text":"may","start":5463.53,"end":5463.77},{"text":"be","start":5463.77,"end":5463.89},{"text":"legally","start":5463.89,"end":5464.17},{"text":"binding","start":5464.17,"end":5464.53},{"text":"or","start":5464.53,"end":5464.73},{"text":"not.","start":5464.73,"end":5465.13}]},{"text":"Perhaps we're seeing an imprecision of terminology or translation, but the Commission would do better to avoid assertions concerning the very foundations of state sovereignty.","start":5466.41,"end":5476.17,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":5526.69,"end":5526.73},{"text":"this","start":5526.73,"end":5527.01},{"text":"date,","start":5527.01,"end":5527.49},{"text":"we","start":5527.49,"end":5527.73},{"text":"have","start":5527.73,"end":5527.89},{"text":"not","start":5527.89,"end":5528.13},{"text":"had","start":5528.13,"end":5528.25},{"text":"a","start":5528.25,"end":5528.29},{"text":"detailed","start":5528.29,"end":5529.01},{"text":"discussion","start":5529.41,"end":5530.21},{"text":"of","start":5530.21,"end":5530.45},{"text":"the","start":5530.45,"end":5530.57},{"text":"key","start":5530.57,"end":5530.85},{"text":"issue","start":5530.85,"end":5531.21},{"text":"of","start":5531.21,"end":5531.41},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":5531.49,"end":5532.61},{"text":"for","start":5532.77,"end":5533.17},{"text":"detaining","start":5533.17,"end":5533.89},{"text":"ships","start":5533.89,"end":5534.37},{"text":"on","start":5534.69,"end":5534.85},{"text":"suspicion","start":5534.85,"end":5535.49},{"text":"of","start":5535.57,"end":5535.65},{"text":"armed","start":5535.65,"end":5535.89},{"text":"robbery","start":5535.89,"end":5536.37},{"text":"in","start":5536.37,"end":5536.45},{"text":"territorial","start":5536.45,"end":5537.01},{"text":"waters.","start":5537.01,"end":5537.49}]},{"text":"We believe it would be useful, first and foremost, to focus upon those topics.","start":5537.61,"end":5540.85,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5553.01,"end":5553.09},{"text":"particular,","start":5553.09,"end":5553.57},{"text":"the","start":5553.57,"end":5553.65},{"text":"Commission","start":5553.69,"end":5554.41},{"text":"welcomes","start":5554.97,"end":5555.37},{"text":"the","start":5555.37,"end":5555.45},{"text":"inclusion","start":5555.45,"end":5556.25},{"text":"of","start":5556.29,"end":5556.37},{"text":"an","start":5556.37,"end":5556.49},{"text":"article","start":5556.49,"end":5556.97},{"text":"on","start":5556.97,"end":5557.29},{"text":"attacks","start":5557.29,"end":5557.97},{"text":"using","start":5557.97,"end":5558.25},{"text":"drones","start":5558.25,"end":5558.89},{"text":"and","start":5558.89,"end":5559.09},{"text":"information","start":5559.09,"end":5559.61},{"text":"technologies.","start":5559.61,"end":5560.41}]},{"text":"However, as we repeatedly stated, such attacks will be very difficult to classify as piracy under Article 101 of UNCLOS.","start":5560.65,"end":5570.49,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5560.65,"end":5561.13},{"text":"as","start":5561.13,"end":5561.25},{"text":"we","start":5561.25,"end":5561.33},{"text":"repeatedly","start":5561.37,"end":5561.89},{"text":"stated,","start":5561.89,"end":5562.41},{"text":"such","start":5562.53,"end":5562.73},{"text":"attacks","start":5562.73,"end":5563.29},{"text":"will","start":5563.69,"end":5563.81},{"text":"be","start":5563.85,"end":5563.93},{"text":"very","start":5563.93,"end":5564.17},{"text":"difficult","start":5564.17,"end":5565.01},{"text":"to","start":5565.01,"end":5565.29},{"text":"classify","start":5565.37,"end":5566.09},{"text":"as","start":5566.09,"end":5566.33},{"text":"piracy","start":5566.33,"end":5567.05},{"text":"under","start":5567.13,"end":5567.53},{"text":"Article","start":5568.09,"end":5568.57},{"text":"101","start":5568.57,"end":5569.21},{"text":"of","start":5569.25,"end":5569.45},{"text":"UNCLOS.","start":5569.45,"end":5570.49}]},{"text":"In addition, attacks in the Red Sea, which the Commission refers to, do not at all fall under the definition of piracy because they are not carried out for private ends.","start":5570.73,"end":5578.97,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5570.73,"end":5570.85},{"text":"addition,","start":5570.85,"end":5571.37},{"text":"attacks","start":5571.37,"end":5571.65},{"text":"in","start":5571.85,"end":5572.01},{"text":"the","start":5572.01,"end":5572.21},{"text":"Red","start":5572.25,"end":5572.53},{"text":"Sea,","start":5572.53,"end":5572.97},{"text":"which","start":5572.97,"end":5573.29},{"text":"the","start":5573.29,"end":5573.41},{"text":"Commission","start":5573.41,"end":5573.85},{"text":"refers","start":5573.85,"end":5574.25},{"text":"to,","start":5574.25,"end":5574.49},{"text":"do","start":5574.49,"end":5574.61},{"text":"not","start":5574.61,"end":5574.85},{"text":"at","start":5574.85,"end":5574.97},{"text":"all","start":5574.97,"end":5575.13},{"text":"fall","start":5575.13,"end":5575.45},{"text":"under","start":5575.45,"end":5575.65},{"text":"the","start":5575.65,"end":5575.73},{"text":"definition","start":5575.73,"end":5576.09},{"text":"of","start":5576.09,"end":5576.17},{"text":"piracy","start":5576.17,"end":5576.81},{"text":"because","start":5576.81,"end":5577.21},{"text":"they","start":5577.21,"end":5577.37},{"text":"are","start":5577.37,"end":5577.45},{"text":"not","start":5577.45,"end":5577.65},{"text":"carried","start":5577.65,"end":5577.93},{"text":"out","start":5577.93,"end":5578.01},{"text":"for","start":5578.01,"end":5578.17},{"text":"private","start":5578.17,"end":5578.57},{"text":"ends.","start":5578.57,"end":5578.97}]},{"text":"We believe that the Rapporteur’s conclusions that the right to innocent passage and freedom of navigation apply to autonomous warships are premature.","start":5579.61,"end":5590.73,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5579.61,"end":5579.73},{"text":"believe","start":5579.73,"end":5580.01},{"text":"that","start":5580.01,"end":5580.13},{"text":"the","start":5580.13,"end":5580.21},{"text":"Rapporteur’s","start":5580.65,"end":5581.21},{"text":"conclusions","start":5581.21,"end":5582.17},{"text":"that","start":5583.53,"end":5583.93},{"text":"the","start":5584.57,"end":5584.69},{"text":"right","start":5584.69,"end":5585.09},{"text":"to","start":5585.09,"end":5585.17},{"text":"innocent","start":5585.17,"end":5585.57},{"text":"passage","start":5585.57,"end":5586.01},{"text":"and","start":5586.09,"end":5586.49},{"text":"freedom","start":5586.73,"end":5586.97},{"text":"of","start":5586.97,"end":5587.05},{"text":"navigation","start":5587.05,"end":5587.69},{"text":"apply","start":5587.69,"end":5588.09},{"text":"to","start":5588.09,"end":5588.29},{"text":"autonomous","start":5588.29,"end":5588.89},{"text":"warships","start":5588.89,"end":5589.53},{"text":"are","start":5589.85,"end":5590.09},{"text":"premature.","start":5590.09,"end":5590.73}]},{"text":"In our view, this topic is not related to the theme under consideration.","start":5590.73,"end":5595.21,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5590.73,"end":5590.89},{"text":"our","start":5590.89,"end":5591.05},{"text":"view,","start":5591.05,"end":5591.29},{"text":"this","start":5591.29,"end":5591.61},{"text":"topic","start":5591.85,"end":5592.41},{"text":"is","start":5592.65,"end":5592.77},{"text":"not","start":5592.77,"end":5592.89},{"text":"related","start":5592.89,"end":5593.21},{"text":"to","start":5593.21,"end":5593.45},{"text":"the","start":5593.45,"end":5593.53},{"text":"theme","start":5594.09,"end":5594.21},{"text":"under","start":5594.21,"end":5594.41},{"text":"consideration.","start":5594.41,"end":5595.21}]},{"text":"The definition of maritime cybercrime is unlikely to achieve consensus among states, even in the future.","start":5595.89,"end":5603.77,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5595.89,"end":5595.97},{"text":"definition","start":5596.01,"end":5596.57},{"text":"of","start":5596.61,"end":5597.05},{"text":"maritime","start":5597.93,"end":5598.57},{"text":"cybercrime","start":5598.57,"end":5599.37},{"text":"is","start":5599.53,"end":5599.65},{"text":"unlikely","start":5599.65,"end":5600.25},{"text":"to","start":5600.25,"end":5600.53},{"text":"achieve","start":5601.37,"end":5601.77},{"text":"consensus","start":5601.77,"end":5602.17},{"text":"among","start":5602.21,"end":5602.41},{"text":"states,","start":5602.41,"end":5602.81},{"text":"even","start":5602.81,"end":5603.05},{"text":"in","start":5603.05,"end":5603.13},{"text":"the","start":5603.13,"end":5603.29},{"text":"future.","start":5603.29,"end":5603.77}]},{"text":"As rapporteur himself notes, even the text of the UN Convention against Cybercrime does not define this term.","start":5603.77,"end":5609.45,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5603.77,"end":5603.89},{"text":"rapporteur","start":5603.89,"end":5604.21},{"text":"himself","start":5604.21,"end":5604.57},{"text":"notes,","start":5604.57,"end":5604.97},{"text":"even","start":5604.97,"end":5605.21},{"text":"the","start":5605.21,"end":5605.29},{"text":"text","start":5605.29,"end":5605.69},{"text":"of","start":5605.69,"end":5605.93},{"text":"the","start":5606.33,"end":5606.45},{"text":"UN","start":5606.49,"end":5606.73},{"text":"Convention","start":5606.73,"end":5607.13},{"text":"against","start":5607.13,"end":5607.41},{"text":"Cybercrime","start":5607.41,"end":5607.81},{"text":"does","start":5607.81,"end":5607.93},{"text":"not","start":5607.93,"end":5608.25},{"text":"define","start":5608.41,"end":5608.89},{"text":"this","start":5608.89,"end":5609.09},{"text":"term.","start":5609.09,"end":5609.45}]},{"text":"So conflating these legal regimes in the draft articles would only create legal uncertainty.","start":5609.61,"end":5613.53,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5609.61,"end":5609.77},{"text":"conflating","start":5609.77,"end":5610.25},{"text":"these","start":5610.25,"end":5610.37},{"text":"legal","start":5610.37,"end":5610.65},{"text":"regimes","start":5610.65,"end":5611.05},{"text":"in","start":5611.05,"end":5611.13},{"text":"the","start":5611.13,"end":5611.25},{"text":"draft","start":5611.25,"end":5611.61},{"text":"articles","start":5611.61,"end":5612.05},{"text":"would","start":5612.05,"end":5612.17},{"text":"only","start":5612.17,"end":5612.41},{"text":"create","start":5612.41,"end":5612.65},{"text":"legal","start":5612.65,"end":5612.85},{"text":"uncertainty.","start":5612.85,"end":5613.53}]},{"text":"We'd like to reaffirm that the 1982 The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea ought to be the main point of reference and foundation for the ILC's work on this topic.","start":5613.73,"end":5622.05,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We'd","start":5613.73,"end":5613.97},{"text":"like","start":5613.97,"end":5614.09},{"text":"to","start":5614.09,"end":5614.21},{"text":"reaffirm","start":5614.21,"end":5614.65},{"text":"that","start":5614.65,"end":5614.77},{"text":"the","start":5614.77,"end":5614.85},{"text":"1982","start":5614.85,"end":5615.93},{"text":"The","start":5616.49,"end":5616.53},{"text":"UN","start":5616.53,"end":5616.69},{"text":"Convention","start":5616.69,"end":5617.05},{"text":"on","start":5617.05,"end":5617.13},{"text":"the","start":5617.13,"end":5617.21},{"text":"Law","start":5617.21,"end":5617.29},{"text":"of","start":5617.29,"end":5617.37},{"text":"the","start":5617.37,"end":5617.45},{"text":"Sea","start":5617.45,"end":5617.85},{"text":"ought","start":5618.13,"end":5618.33},{"text":"to","start":5618.33,"end":5618.41},{"text":"be","start":5618.41,"end":5618.53},{"text":"the","start":5618.53,"end":5618.61},{"text":"main","start":5618.61,"end":5618.93},{"text":"point","start":5618.93,"end":5619.13},{"text":"of","start":5619.13,"end":5619.25},{"text":"reference","start":5619.25,"end":5619.73},{"text":"and","start":5619.73,"end":5619.89},{"text":"foundation","start":5619.89,"end":5620.41},{"text":"for","start":5620.41,"end":5620.53},{"text":"the","start":5620.53,"end":5620.61},{"text":"ILC's","start":5620.61,"end":5621.09},{"text":"work","start":5621.09,"end":5621.33},{"text":"on","start":5621.33,"end":5621.41},{"text":"this","start":5621.41,"end":5621.57},{"text":"topic.","start":5621.57,"end":5622.05}]},{"text":"The ILC's final product on this issue must in no way run counter to UNCLOS when it comes to acts that are defined as piracy.","start":5622.05,"end":5629.49,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5622.05,"end":5622.17},{"text":"ILC's","start":5622.17,"end":5622.69},{"text":"final","start":5622.69,"end":5623.01},{"text":"product","start":5623.01,"end":5623.33},{"text":"on","start":5623.33,"end":5623.41},{"text":"this","start":5623.41,"end":5623.57},{"text":"issue","start":5623.73,"end":5624.13},{"text":"must","start":5624.13,"end":5624.37},{"text":"in","start":5624.37,"end":5624.57},{"text":"no","start":5624.57,"end":5624.85},{"text":"way","start":5624.85,"end":5625.17},{"text":"run","start":5625.49,"end":5625.65},{"text":"counter","start":5625.65,"end":5626.05},{"text":"to","start":5626.05,"end":5626.13},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":5626.13,"end":5627.05},{"text":"when","start":5627.05,"end":5627.21},{"text":"it","start":5627.21,"end":5627.29},{"text":"comes","start":5627.29,"end":5627.49},{"text":"to","start":5627.49,"end":5627.69},{"text":"acts","start":5627.73,"end":5628.05},{"text":"that","start":5628.05,"end":5628.25},{"text":"are","start":5628.25,"end":5628.37},{"text":"defined","start":5628.37,"end":5628.69},{"text":"as","start":5628.69,"end":5628.77},{"text":"piracy.","start":5628.77,"end":5629.49}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, we have taken note with interest of the first report on the topic of due diligence in international law and the relevant section of the Commission’s report.","start":5630.81,"end":5637.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5630.81,"end":5630.97},{"text":"Chair,","start":5630.97,"end":5631.09},{"text":"we","start":5631.09,"end":5631.17},{"text":"have","start":5631.17,"end":5631.29},{"text":"taken","start":5631.29,"end":5631.65},{"text":"note","start":5631.65,"end":5631.97},{"text":"with","start":5631.97,"end":5632.21},{"text":"interest","start":5632.21,"end":5632.61},{"text":"of","start":5632.61,"end":5632.69},{"text":"the","start":5632.69,"end":5632.77},{"text":"first","start":5632.77,"end":5633.09},{"text":"report","start":5633.09,"end":5633.45},{"text":"on","start":5633.45,"end":5633.53},{"text":"the","start":5633.53,"end":5633.61},{"text":"topic","start":5633.61,"end":5633.93},{"text":"of","start":5633.93,"end":5634.05},{"text":"due","start":5634.05,"end":5634.21},{"text":"diligence","start":5634.21,"end":5634.65},{"text":"in","start":5634.65,"end":5634.73},{"text":"international","start":5634.73,"end":5635.37},{"text":"law","start":5635.37,"end":5635.57},{"text":"and","start":5635.57,"end":5635.69},{"text":"the","start":5635.69,"end":5635.77},{"text":"relevant","start":5635.77,"end":5636.13},{"text":"section","start":5636.13,"end":5636.53},{"text":"of","start":5636.53,"end":5636.85},{"text":"the","start":5636.85,"end":5636.97},{"text":"Commission’s","start":5637.01,"end":5637.49},{"text":"report.","start":5637.49,"end":5637.89}]},{"text":"As noted correctly in these documents, state practice and opinio juris in this area diverge, and there is no common understanding of the legal nature or substance of the concept of due diligence.","start":5638.29,"end":5649.01,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5649.01,"end":5649.13},{"text":"reports","start":5649.13,"end":5649.57},{"text":"identify","start":5649.57,"end":5650.05},{"text":"two","start":5650.05,"end":5650.29},{"text":"different","start":5650.29,"end":5650.61},{"text":"concepts","start":5650.61,"end":5651.09},{"text":"of","start":5651.09,"end":5651.33},{"text":"due","start":5651.33,"end":5651.57},{"text":"diligence:","start":5651.57,"end":5652.13},{"text":"one","start":5652.13,"end":5652.33},{"text":"as","start":5652.33,"end":5652.41},{"text":"a","start":5652.41,"end":5652.45},{"text":"standard","start":5652.45,"end":5652.77},{"text":"of","start":5652.77,"end":5652.85},{"text":"conduct","start":5652.85,"end":5653.41},{"text":"and","start":5653.41,"end":5653.61},{"text":"one","start":5653.61,"end":5653.97},{"text":"as","start":5653.97,"end":5654.21},{"text":"an","start":5654.21,"end":5654.29},{"text":"independent","start":5654.29,"end":5655.01},{"text":"obligation.","start":5655.25,"end":5656.05}]},{"text":"As a standard of conduct, this concept is widely recognized in international law.","start":5656.37,"end":5660.73,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5656.37,"end":5656.49},{"text":"a","start":5656.49,"end":5656.53},{"text":"standard","start":5656.53,"end":5656.93},{"text":"of","start":5656.93,"end":5657.01},{"text":"conduct,","start":5657.01,"end":5657.57},{"text":"this","start":5657.57,"end":5657.81},{"text":"concept","start":5657.81,"end":5658.45},{"text":"is","start":5658.45,"end":5658.61},{"text":"widely","start":5658.61,"end":5658.85},{"text":"recognized","start":5658.85,"end":5659.49},{"text":"in","start":5659.65,"end":5659.73},{"text":"international","start":5659.73,"end":5660.61},{"text":"law.","start":5660.61,"end":5660.73}]},{"text":"And it entails an obligation on the part of states in the context of fulfilling certain primary obligations to take reasonable measures to prevent harm to other states, to private entities, or to the environment.","start":5661.21,"end":5672.21,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5661.21,"end":5661.37},{"text":"it","start":5661.37,"end":5661.45},{"text":"entails","start":5661.45,"end":5661.85},{"text":"an","start":5661.85,"end":5661.93},{"text":"obligation","start":5661.93,"end":5662.37},{"text":"on","start":5662.37,"end":5662.45},{"text":"the","start":5662.45,"end":5662.53},{"text":"part","start":5662.53,"end":5662.93},{"text":"of","start":5662.93,"end":5663.17},{"text":"states","start":5663.17,"end":5663.73},{"text":"in","start":5663.73,"end":5663.81},{"text":"the","start":5663.81,"end":5663.89},{"text":"context","start":5663.89,"end":5664.49},{"text":"of","start":5664.49,"end":5664.61},{"text":"fulfilling","start":5664.61,"end":5665.25},{"text":"certain","start":5665.49,"end":5665.89},{"text":"primary","start":5665.89,"end":5666.33},{"text":"obligations","start":5666.33,"end":5666.89},{"text":"to","start":5666.89,"end":5667.05},{"text":"take","start":5667.05,"end":5667.25},{"text":"reasonable","start":5667.25,"end":5667.81},{"text":"measures","start":5667.81,"end":5668.13},{"text":"to","start":5668.13,"end":5668.21},{"text":"prevent","start":5668.21,"end":5668.57},{"text":"harm","start":5668.57,"end":5668.85},{"text":"to","start":5668.85,"end":5668.97},{"text":"other","start":5668.97,"end":5669.17},{"text":"states,","start":5669.17,"end":5669.57},{"text":"to","start":5669.57,"end":5669.65},{"text":"private","start":5669.65,"end":5670.05},{"text":"entities,","start":5670.05,"end":5670.53},{"text":"or","start":5670.53,"end":5670.77},{"text":"to","start":5670.77,"end":5670.93},{"text":"the","start":5671.01,"end":5671.21},{"text":"environment.","start":5671.21,"end":5672.21}]},{"text":"In this context, due diligence.","start":5672.93,"end":5674.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5672.93,"end":5673.05},{"text":"this","start":5673.05,"end":5673.25},{"text":"context,","start":5673.25,"end":5673.81},{"text":"due","start":5673.81,"end":5673.97},{"text":"diligence.","start":5673.97,"end":5674.61}]},{"text":"refers to a delicate balance between the principles of sovereignty and responsibility.","start":5675.37,"end":5680.25,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"refers","start":5675.37,"end":5675.93},{"text":"to","start":5675.93,"end":5676.09},{"text":"a","start":5676.09,"end":5676.13},{"text":"delicate","start":5676.13,"end":5676.49},{"text":"balance","start":5676.49,"end":5676.93},{"text":"between","start":5676.93,"end":5677.29},{"text":"the","start":5677.29,"end":5677.37},{"text":"principles","start":5677.37,"end":5677.85},{"text":"of","start":5677.85,"end":5678.01},{"text":"sovereignty","start":5678.01,"end":5678.73},{"text":"and","start":5679.05,"end":5679.37},{"text":"responsibility.","start":5679.37,"end":5680.25}]},{"text":"As for the existence of due diligence as an independent obligation under international law, we consider this to be highly controversial.","start":5680.49,"end":5687.69,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5680.49,"end":5680.81},{"text":"for","start":5680.81,"end":5681.29},{"text":"the","start":5681.53,"end":5681.65},{"text":"existence","start":5681.65,"end":5682.17},{"text":"of","start":5682.21,"end":5682.33},{"text":"due","start":5682.33,"end":5682.49},{"text":"diligence","start":5682.49,"end":5683.05},{"text":"as","start":5683.05,"end":5683.17},{"text":"an","start":5683.17,"end":5683.29},{"text":"independent","start":5683.29,"end":5683.93},{"text":"obligation","start":5683.93,"end":5684.33},{"text":"under","start":5684.33,"end":5684.53},{"text":"international","start":5684.53,"end":5685.05},{"text":"law,","start":5685.05,"end":5685.13},{"text":"we","start":5685.13,"end":5685.25},{"text":"consider","start":5685.25,"end":5685.61},{"text":"this","start":5685.61,"end":5685.85},{"text":"to","start":5685.85,"end":5686.09},{"text":"be","start":5686.09,"end":5686.49},{"text":"highly","start":5686.49,"end":5686.81},{"text":"controversial.","start":5686.81,"end":5687.69}]},{"text":"We believe that if there is such a primary substantive rule, then it would not merely be widely known, but also would be one of the fundamental principles of international law.","start":5687.93,"end":5697.53,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5687.93,"end":5688.05},{"text":"believe","start":5688.05,"end":5688.41},{"text":"that","start":5688.41,"end":5688.73},{"text":"if","start":5688.97,"end":5689.21},{"text":"there","start":5689.21,"end":5689.45},{"text":"is","start":5689.45,"end":5689.61},{"text":"such","start":5689.61,"end":5689.85},{"text":"a","start":5689.85,"end":5689.89},{"text":"primary","start":5689.89,"end":5690.49},{"text":"substantive","start":5690.49,"end":5691.21},{"text":"rule,","start":5691.21,"end":5691.69},{"text":"then","start":5692.01,"end":5692.17},{"text":"it","start":5692.17,"end":5692.25},{"text":"would","start":5692.25,"end":5692.49},{"text":"not","start":5692.57,"end":5692.89},{"text":"merely","start":5692.89,"end":5693.21},{"text":"be","start":5693.21,"end":5693.45},{"text":"widely","start":5693.45,"end":5694.09},{"text":"known,","start":5694.33,"end":5694.65},{"text":"but","start":5694.65,"end":5694.77},{"text":"also","start":5694.77,"end":5695.01},{"text":"would","start":5695.01,"end":5695.13},{"text":"be","start":5695.13,"end":5695.21},{"text":"one","start":5695.21,"end":5695.37},{"text":"of","start":5695.37,"end":5695.45},{"text":"the","start":5695.45,"end":5695.53},{"text":"fundamental","start":5695.53,"end":5696.05},{"text":"principles","start":5696.05,"end":5696.57},{"text":"of","start":5696.57,"end":5696.73},{"text":"international","start":5696.73,"end":5697.33},{"text":"law.","start":5697.33,"end":5697.53}]},{"text":"In fact, everyone in this room would know about its existence from university or from school textbooks.","start":5698.37,"end":5704.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5698.37,"end":5698.49},{"text":"fact,","start":5698.49,"end":5698.73},{"text":"everyone","start":5698.73,"end":5699.21},{"text":"in","start":5699.21,"end":5699.29},{"text":"this","start":5699.29,"end":5699.45},{"text":"room","start":5699.45,"end":5699.69},{"text":"would","start":5699.69,"end":5699.85},{"text":"know","start":5699.85,"end":5700.09},{"text":"about","start":5700.09,"end":5700.37},{"text":"its","start":5700.37,"end":5700.49},{"text":"existence","start":5700.49,"end":5701.13},{"text":"from","start":5701.13,"end":5701.61},{"text":"university","start":5701.69,"end":5702.73},{"text":"or","start":5702.73,"end":5702.89},{"text":"from","start":5702.89,"end":5703.13},{"text":"school","start":5703.21,"end":5703.61},{"text":"textbooks.","start":5703.61,"end":5704.25}]},{"text":"The very fact that the Commission is questioning whether this general obligation actually exists demonstrates that no such obligation does exist at present.","start":5705.13,"end":5712.93,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5705.13,"end":5705.17},{"text":"very","start":5705.17,"end":5705.41},{"text":"fact","start":5705.41,"end":5705.65},{"text":"that","start":5705.65,"end":5705.77},{"text":"the","start":5705.77,"end":5705.85},{"text":"Commission","start":5705.85,"end":5706.33},{"text":"is","start":5706.33,"end":5706.45},{"text":"questioning","start":5706.45,"end":5706.97},{"text":"whether","start":5706.97,"end":5707.33},{"text":"this","start":5707.57,"end":5707.73},{"text":"general","start":5707.73,"end":5708.29},{"text":"obligation","start":5708.29,"end":5708.93},{"text":"actually","start":5708.93,"end":5709.29},{"text":"exists","start":5709.29,"end":5709.73},{"text":"demonstrates","start":5709.73,"end":5710.21},{"text":"that","start":5710.21,"end":5710.37},{"text":"no","start":5710.37,"end":5710.61},{"text":"such","start":5710.61,"end":5710.77},{"text":"obligation","start":5710.77,"end":5711.41},{"text":"does","start":5711.41,"end":5711.57},{"text":"exist","start":5711.57,"end":5712.29},{"text":"at","start":5712.37,"end":5712.49},{"text":"present.","start":5712.49,"end":5712.93}]},{"text":"This obligation might perhaps exist in certain branches of international law.","start":5713.33,"end":5716.93,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5713.33,"end":5713.57},{"text":"obligation","start":5713.57,"end":5714.21},{"text":"might","start":5714.21,"end":5714.45},{"text":"perhaps","start":5714.45,"end":5714.93},{"text":"exist","start":5714.93,"end":5715.33},{"text":"in","start":5715.33,"end":5715.49},{"text":"certain","start":5715.49,"end":5715.77},{"text":"branches","start":5715.77,"end":5716.09},{"text":"of","start":5716.09,"end":5716.17},{"text":"international","start":5716.17,"end":5716.81},{"text":"law.","start":5716.81,"end":5716.93}]},{"text":"However, the examples that are cited by the Special Rapporteur do not convince us.","start":5717.25,"end":5721.17,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5717.25,"end":5717.89},{"text":"the","start":5718.13,"end":5718.25},{"text":"examples","start":5718.25,"end":5718.73},{"text":"that","start":5718.73,"end":5718.93},{"text":"are","start":5718.93,"end":5719.09},{"text":"cited","start":5719.09,"end":5719.49},{"text":"by","start":5719.49,"end":5719.65},{"text":"the","start":5719.65,"end":5719.73},{"text":"Special","start":5719.73,"end":5719.97},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":5719.97,"end":5720.29},{"text":"do","start":5720.29,"end":5720.37},{"text":"not","start":5720.37,"end":5720.49},{"text":"convince","start":5720.49,"end":5720.93},{"text":"us.","start":5720.93,"end":5721.17}]},{"text":"For example, International environmental law recognizes the principle of preventing significant transboundary harm, but this principle is not synonymous with due diligence.","start":5721.57,"end":5730.41,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":5721.57,"end":5721.81},{"text":"example,","start":5721.81,"end":5722.53},{"text":"International","start":5723.17,"end":5723.61},{"text":"environmental","start":5723.61,"end":5724.29},{"text":"law","start":5724.29,"end":5724.37},{"text":"recognizes","start":5724.37,"end":5724.77},{"text":"the","start":5724.77,"end":5724.89},{"text":"principle","start":5724.89,"end":5725.37},{"text":"of","start":5725.37,"end":5725.61},{"text":"preventing","start":5725.61,"end":5726.25},{"text":"significant","start":5726.25,"end":5726.69},{"text":"transboundary","start":5726.69,"end":5727.21},{"text":"harm,","start":5727.21,"end":5727.53},{"text":"but","start":5727.57,"end":5727.69},{"text":"this","start":5727.77,"end":5727.89},{"text":"principle","start":5727.93,"end":5728.33},{"text":"is","start":5728.33,"end":5728.65},{"text":"not","start":5728.65,"end":5728.89},{"text":"synonymous","start":5728.89,"end":5729.45},{"text":"with","start":5729.45,"end":5729.61},{"text":"due","start":5729.61,"end":5729.77},{"text":"diligence.","start":5729.77,"end":5730.41}]},{"text":"In the well-known 2025 advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice distinguished between these concepts.","start":5730.49,"end":5736.05,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5730.49,"end":5730.73},{"text":"the","start":5730.73,"end":5730.85},{"text":"well-known","start":5730.85,"end":5731.13},{"text":"2025","start":5731.13,"end":5731.69},{"text":"advisory","start":5731.69,"end":5732.21},{"text":"opinion,","start":5732.21,"end":5732.69},{"text":"the","start":5732.69,"end":5732.77},{"text":"International","start":5732.77,"end":5733.25},{"text":"Court","start":5733.25,"end":5733.45},{"text":"of","start":5733.45,"end":5733.53},{"text":"Justice","start":5733.53,"end":5733.93},{"text":"distinguished","start":5734.21,"end":5734.69},{"text":"between","start":5734.69,"end":5735.05},{"text":"these","start":5735.21,"end":5735.53},{"text":"concepts.","start":5735.53,"end":5736.05}]},{"text":"The court confirmed the existence of a customary international law obligation to prevent significant harm to the environment in the context of climate change.","start":5736.57,"end":5744.41,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5736.57,"end":5736.69},{"text":"court","start":5736.81,"end":5737.13},{"text":"confirmed","start":5737.13,"end":5737.61},{"text":"the","start":5737.61,"end":5737.69},{"text":"existence","start":5737.69,"end":5738.05},{"text":"of","start":5738.05,"end":5738.17},{"text":"a","start":5738.25,"end":5738.29},{"text":"customary","start":5738.29,"end":5738.85},{"text":"international","start":5738.85,"end":5740.01},{"text":"law","start":5740.13,"end":5740.21},{"text":"obligation","start":5740.21,"end":5740.89},{"text":"to","start":5740.89,"end":5740.97},{"text":"prevent","start":5740.97,"end":5741.37},{"text":"significant","start":5741.37,"end":5741.81},{"text":"harm","start":5741.81,"end":5742.01},{"text":"to","start":5742.01,"end":5742.09},{"text":"the","start":5742.09,"end":5742.21},{"text":"environment","start":5742.21,"end":5742.81},{"text":"in","start":5743.05,"end":5743.25},{"text":"the","start":5743.25,"end":5743.33},{"text":"context","start":5743.33,"end":5743.65},{"text":"of","start":5743.65,"end":5743.73},{"text":"climate","start":5743.73,"end":5744.01},{"text":"change.","start":5744.01,"end":5744.41}]},{"text":"It used the idea of due diligence, by contrast, as a standard of conduct for states in fulfilling their climate obligations.","start":5744.73,"end":5751.61,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5744.73,"end":5744.97},{"text":"used","start":5744.97,"end":5745.29},{"text":"the","start":5745.29,"end":5745.41},{"text":"idea","start":5745.61,"end":5746.09},{"text":"of","start":5746.09,"end":5746.17},{"text":"due","start":5746.17,"end":5746.41},{"text":"diligence,","start":5746.41,"end":5747.09},{"text":"by","start":5747.09,"end":5747.21},{"text":"contrast,","start":5747.21,"end":5747.77},{"text":"as","start":5747.77,"end":5747.93},{"text":"a","start":5747.93,"end":5747.97},{"text":"standard","start":5747.97,"end":5748.45},{"text":"of","start":5748.45,"end":5748.57},{"text":"conduct","start":5748.57,"end":5749.17},{"text":"for","start":5749.17,"end":5749.29},{"text":"states","start":5749.29,"end":5749.61},{"text":"in","start":5749.61,"end":5749.69},{"text":"fulfilling","start":5749.69,"end":5750.25},{"text":"their","start":5750.25,"end":5750.41},{"text":"climate","start":5750.41,"end":5750.85},{"text":"obligations.","start":5750.85,"end":5751.61}]},{"text":"The court also emphasize that the standard of due diligence is not a fixed one.","start":5751.93,"end":5756.25,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5805.77,"end":5805.93},{"text":"it","start":5805.93,"end":5806.01},{"text":"includes","start":5806.01,"end":5806.33},{"text":"several","start":5806.33,"end":5806.85},{"text":"elements","start":5806.93,"end":5807.37},{"text":"dictated","start":5807.37,"end":5807.81},{"text":"by","start":5807.81,"end":5807.97},{"text":"the","start":5807.97,"end":5808.05},{"text":"specific","start":5808.05,"end":5808.53},{"text":"nature","start":5808.53,"end":5808.89},{"text":"of","start":5808.89,"end":5809.01},{"text":"space","start":5809.01,"end":5809.29},{"text":"activities.","start":5809.29,"end":5809.89}]},{"text":"What's important is that due regard as an independent obligation or a set of obligations of treaty-based nature, the analysis and clarification of its content should be taken, carried out by specialized forums, including the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.","start":5810.21,"end":5825.73,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Even","start":5841.85,"end":5842.05},{"text":"in","start":5842.05,"end":5842.13},{"text":"this","start":5842.13,"end":5842.25},{"text":"context,","start":5842.25,"end":5842.77},{"text":"we","start":5842.77,"end":5842.85},{"text":"would","start":5842.85,"end":5842.97},{"text":"caution","start":5842.97,"end":5843.37},{"text":"the","start":5843.37,"end":5843.45},{"text":"ILC","start":5843.45,"end":5843.93},{"text":"against","start":5843.93,"end":5844.33},{"text":"an","start":5844.45,"end":5844.53},{"text":"excessively","start":5844.53,"end":5845.01},{"text":"innovative","start":5845.05,"end":5845.45},{"text":"approach","start":5845.45,"end":5845.85},{"text":"that","start":5845.85,"end":5845.97},{"text":"could","start":5845.97,"end":5846.09},{"text":"result","start":5846.09,"end":5846.37},{"text":"in","start":5846.37,"end":5846.45},{"text":"states","start":5846.45,"end":5846.73},{"text":"being","start":5846.81,"end":5847.05},{"text":"assigned","start":5847.45,"end":5847.85},{"text":"obligations","start":5847.85,"end":5848.25},{"text":"they","start":5848.25,"end":5848.33},{"text":"did","start":5848.33,"end":5848.45},{"text":"not","start":5848.45,"end":5848.73},{"text":"take","start":5849.13,"end":5849.29},{"text":"upon","start":5849.29,"end":5849.57},{"text":"themselves.","start":5849.57,"end":5850.09}]},{"text":"There's a temptation to classify all obligations of a certain kind as due diligence.","start":5850.33,"end":5855.73,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"An","start":5903.09,"end":5903.37},{"text":"analytical","start":5903.45,"end":5904.01},{"text":"report,","start":5904.01,"end":5904.49},{"text":"we","start":5904.49,"end":5904.65},{"text":"believe,","start":5904.65,"end":5904.89},{"text":"would","start":5904.89,"end":5905.05},{"text":"be","start":5905.05,"end":5905.21},{"text":"a","start":5905.21,"end":5905.25},{"text":"preferable","start":5905.25,"end":5905.77},{"text":"form","start":5905.77,"end":5906.01},{"text":"of","start":5906.01,"end":5906.09},{"text":"final","start":5906.09,"end":5906.49},{"text":"product.","start":5906.49,"end":5906.97}]},{"text":"Chair, let me make a few comments on topic of compensation for damage caused by internationally wrongful acts.","start":5907.45,"end":5914.09,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5907.45,"end":5907.85},{"text":"let","start":5908.09,"end":5908.21},{"text":"me","start":5908.33,"end":5908.49},{"text":"make","start":5908.49,"end":5908.61},{"text":"a","start":5908.61,"end":5908.65},{"text":"few","start":5908.65,"end":5908.89},{"text":"comments","start":5908.89,"end":5909.37},{"text":"on","start":5909.37,"end":5909.61},{"text":"topic","start":5909.61,"end":5909.93},{"text":"of","start":5909.93,"end":5910.05},{"text":"compensation","start":5910.05,"end":5910.89},{"text":"for","start":5910.89,"end":5911.37},{"text":"damage","start":5911.45,"end":5911.85},{"text":"caused","start":5911.85,"end":5912.25},{"text":"by","start":5912.25,"end":5912.37},{"text":"internationally","start":5912.37,"end":5913.13},{"text":"wrongful","start":5913.13,"end":5913.69},{"text":"acts.","start":5913.69,"end":5914.09}]},{"text":"The Russian Federation supports the rapporteur's intention to adhere to the conceptual framework set out by the Commission in its previous work, especially with regard to the draft article on responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts.","start":5914.45,"end":5925.69,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5914.45,"end":5914.53},{"text":"Russian","start":5914.53,"end":5914.73},{"text":"Federation","start":5914.73,"end":5915.29},{"text":"supports","start":5915.29,"end":5915.77},{"text":"the","start":5915.77,"end":5915.85},{"text":"rapporteur's","start":5915.85,"end":5916.41},{"text":"intention","start":5916.41,"end":5917.05},{"text":"to","start":5917.05,"end":5917.25},{"text":"adhere","start":5917.77,"end":5918.01},{"text":"to","start":5918.01,"end":5918.17},{"text":"the","start":5918.17,"end":5918.25},{"text":"conceptual","start":5918.25,"end":5918.73},{"text":"framework","start":5918.73,"end":5919.45},{"text":"set","start":5919.69,"end":5919.93},{"text":"out","start":5919.93,"end":5920.09},{"text":"by","start":5920.09,"end":5920.25},{"text":"the","start":5920.25,"end":5920.37},{"text":"Commission","start":5920.37,"end":5920.85},{"text":"in","start":5920.85,"end":5920.93},{"text":"its","start":5920.93,"end":5921.05},{"text":"previous","start":5921.05,"end":5921.61},{"text":"work,","start":5921.61,"end":5921.85},{"text":"especially","start":5921.85,"end":5922.21},{"text":"with","start":5922.21,"end":5922.33},{"text":"regard","start":5922.33,"end":5922.73},{"text":"to","start":5922.73,"end":5922.81},{"text":"the","start":5922.81,"end":5922.89},{"text":"draft","start":5922.89,"end":5923.13},{"text":"article","start":5923.13,"end":5923.41},{"text":"on","start":5923.41,"end":5923.49},{"text":"responsibility","start":5923.49,"end":5924.09},{"text":"of","start":5924.09,"end":5924.17},{"text":"states","start":5924.17,"end":5924.53},{"text":"for","start":5924.53,"end":5924.65},{"text":"internationally","start":5924.65,"end":5925.17},{"text":"wrongful","start":5925.17,"end":5925.45},{"text":"acts.","start":5925.45,"end":5925.69}]},{"text":"We also agree that the scope of the topic should include issues relating to compensation for wrongful acts committed by international organizations.","start":5925.93,"end":5933.93,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5925.93,"end":5926.09},{"text":"also","start":5926.09,"end":5926.29},{"text":"agree","start":5926.29,"end":5926.49},{"text":"that","start":5926.49,"end":5926.65},{"text":"the","start":5926.65,"end":5926.85},{"text":"scope","start":5926.85,"end":5927.01},{"text":"of","start":5927.01,"end":5927.09},{"text":"the","start":5927.09,"end":5927.17},{"text":"topic","start":5927.17,"end":5927.49},{"text":"should","start":5927.49,"end":5927.61},{"text":"include","start":5927.61,"end":5928.09},{"text":"issues","start":5928.17,"end":5928.53},{"text":"relating","start":5928.53,"end":5928.89},{"text":"to","start":5928.89,"end":5929.13},{"text":"compensation","start":5929.93,"end":5930.65},{"text":"for","start":5930.65,"end":5931.09},{"text":"wrongful","start":5931.09,"end":5931.37},{"text":"acts","start":5931.37,"end":5931.69},{"text":"committed","start":5931.69,"end":5932.25},{"text":"by","start":5932.41,"end":5932.69},{"text":"international","start":5932.69,"end":5933.17},{"text":"organizations.","start":5933.17,"end":5933.93}]},{"text":"We believe that the understanding, we believe that the obligation to make reparations for damage caused by a breach of obligations is an inherent element of the international legal personality of international organizations.","start":5934.33,"end":5946.09,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5934.33,"end":5934.65},{"text":"believe","start":5934.85,"end":5935.17},{"text":"that","start":5935.17,"end":5935.29},{"text":"the","start":5935.29,"end":5935.41},{"text":"understanding,","start":5935.41,"end":5936.17},{"text":"we","start":5936.81,"end":5936.93},{"text":"believe","start":5936.93,"end":5937.29},{"text":"that","start":5937.29,"end":5937.49},{"text":"the","start":5937.49,"end":5937.57},{"text":"obligation","start":5937.57,"end":5938.09},{"text":"to","start":5938.09,"end":5938.21},{"text":"make","start":5938.21,"end":5938.37},{"text":"reparations","start":5938.37,"end":5938.93},{"text":"for","start":5938.93,"end":5939.05},{"text":"damage","start":5939.05,"end":5939.53},{"text":"caused","start":5939.69,"end":5939.93},{"text":"by","start":5939.93,"end":5940.17},{"text":"a","start":5940.17,"end":5940.21},{"text":"breach","start":5940.21,"end":5940.57},{"text":"of","start":5940.57,"end":5940.97},{"text":"obligations","start":5941.21,"end":5941.93},{"text":"is","start":5941.93,"end":5942.01},{"text":"an","start":5942.01,"end":5942.09},{"text":"inherent","start":5942.09,"end":5942.49},{"text":"element","start":5942.49,"end":5942.93},{"text":"of","start":5942.93,"end":5943.01},{"text":"the","start":5943.01,"end":5943.09},{"text":"international","start":5943.09,"end":5943.57},{"text":"legal","start":5943.57,"end":5944.01},{"text":"personality","start":5944.25,"end":5945.01},{"text":"of","start":5945.01,"end":5945.09},{"text":"international","start":5945.09,"end":5945.57},{"text":"organizations.","start":5945.57,"end":5946.09}]},{"text":"We agree with the rapporteur that the Commission's work on this topic should not address issues relating to the implementation of responsibility or the institutional arrangements of compensation mechanisms.","start":5946.25,"end":5956.69,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5946.25,"end":5946.37},{"text":"agree","start":5946.37,"end":5946.53},{"text":"with","start":5946.53,"end":5946.65},{"text":"the","start":5946.65,"end":5946.73},{"text":"rapporteur","start":5946.73,"end":5947.21},{"text":"that","start":5947.21,"end":5947.37},{"text":"the","start":5947.37,"end":5947.49},{"text":"Commission's","start":5947.49,"end":5947.93},{"text":"work","start":5947.93,"end":5948.09},{"text":"on","start":5948.09,"end":5948.17},{"text":"this","start":5948.17,"end":5948.33},{"text":"topic","start":5948.33,"end":5948.65},{"text":"should","start":5948.65,"end":5948.85},{"text":"not","start":5948.85,"end":5949.21},{"text":"address","start":5949.21,"end":5949.61},{"text":"issues","start":5949.93,"end":5950.65},{"text":"relating","start":5950.73,"end":5951.01},{"text":"to","start":5951.01,"end":5951.13},{"text":"the","start":5951.13,"end":5951.25},{"text":"implementation","start":5951.25,"end":5951.93},{"text":"of","start":5951.93,"end":5952.01},{"text":"responsibility","start":5952.01,"end":5952.73},{"text":"or","start":5952.81,"end":5952.97},{"text":"the","start":5952.97,"end":5953.05},{"text":"institutional","start":5953.05,"end":5953.53},{"text":"arrangements","start":5953.53,"end":5954.25},{"text":"of","start":5954.61,"end":5954.66},{"text":"compensation","start":5955.33,"end":5956.05},{"text":"mechanisms.","start":5956.05,"end":5956.69}]},{"text":"We see no added value in separately examining questions on compensation for breaches of erga omnes obligations or obligations arising from peremptory norms of international law.","start":5956.69,"end":5966.69,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5956.69,"end":5956.85},{"text":"see","start":5956.85,"end":5956.97},{"text":"no","start":5956.97,"end":5957.13},{"text":"added","start":5957.13,"end":5957.41},{"text":"value","start":5957.41,"end":5957.81},{"text":"in","start":5957.81,"end":5958.13},{"text":"separately","start":5958.13,"end":5958.65},{"text":"examining","start":5958.65,"end":5959.17},{"text":"questions","start":5959.17,"end":5959.81},{"text":"on","start":5960.21,"end":5960.53},{"text":"compensation","start":5960.53,"end":5961.37},{"text":"for","start":5961.37,"end":5961.49},{"text":"breaches","start":5961.49,"end":5962.05},{"text":"of","start":5962.09,"end":5962.29},{"text":"erga","start":5962.61,"end":5962.81},{"text":"omnes","start":5962.81,"end":5963.09},{"text":"obligations","start":5963.09,"end":5963.73},{"text":"or","start":5963.73,"end":5963.85},{"text":"obligations","start":5963.85,"end":5964.53},{"text":"arising","start":5964.53,"end":5964.85},{"text":"from","start":5964.85,"end":5965.17},{"text":"peremptory","start":5965.17,"end":5965.73},{"text":"norms","start":5965.73,"end":5966.01},{"text":"of","start":5966.01,"end":5966.09},{"text":"international","start":5966.09,"end":5966.57},{"text":"law.","start":5966.57,"end":5966.69}]},{"text":"It's clear that only the entity that has suffered damage as a result of an international wrongful act is entitled to receive any compensation.","start":5967.01,"end":5973.65,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":5967.01,"end":5967.25},{"text":"clear","start":5967.25,"end":5967.49},{"text":"that","start":5967.49,"end":5967.73},{"text":"only","start":5967.73,"end":5967.97},{"text":"the","start":5967.97,"end":5968.09},{"text":"entity","start":5968.09,"end":5968.41},{"text":"that","start":5968.41,"end":5968.57},{"text":"has","start":5968.57,"end":5968.69},{"text":"suffered","start":5968.69,"end":5969.05},{"text":"damage","start":5969.05,"end":5969.41},{"text":"as","start":5969.41,"end":5969.49},{"text":"a","start":5969.49,"end":5969.53},{"text":"result","start":5969.53,"end":5969.93},{"text":"of","start":5969.93,"end":5970.01},{"text":"an","start":5970.01,"end":5970.09},{"text":"international","start":5970.09,"end":5970.57},{"text":"wrongful","start":5970.57,"end":5970.93},{"text":"act","start":5971.01,"end":5971.33},{"text":"is","start":5971.57,"end":5971.73},{"text":"entitled","start":5971.73,"end":5972.09},{"text":"to","start":5972.09,"end":5972.17},{"text":"receive","start":5972.17,"end":5972.45},{"text":"any","start":5972.45,"end":5972.61},{"text":"compensation.","start":5972.61,"end":5973.65}]},{"text":"The damage and its calculations do not depend on the nature of the norms that have been breached.","start":5973.81,"end":5978.21,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5973.81,"end":5973.93},{"text":"damage","start":5973.93,"end":5974.37},{"text":"and","start":5974.37,"end":5974.49},{"text":"its","start":5974.49,"end":5974.61},{"text":"calculations","start":5974.61,"end":5975.41},{"text":"do","start":5975.41,"end":5975.57},{"text":"not","start":5975.57,"end":5975.89},{"text":"depend","start":5975.89,"end":5976.29},{"text":"on","start":5976.29,"end":5976.37},{"text":"the","start":5976.37,"end":5976.45},{"text":"nature","start":5976.45,"end":5976.77},{"text":"of","start":5976.77,"end":5976.85},{"text":"the","start":5976.85,"end":5976.93},{"text":"norms","start":5976.93,"end":5977.17},{"text":"that","start":5977.17,"end":5977.33},{"text":"have","start":5977.33,"end":5977.57},{"text":"been","start":5977.57,"end":5977.77},{"text":"breached.","start":5977.77,"end":5978.21}]},{"text":"We welcome Special Rapporteur's intention to examine the issue of excessively large compensation claims.","start":5978.41,"end":5983.09,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5978.41,"end":5978.49},{"text":"welcome","start":5978.49,"end":5978.73},{"text":"Special","start":5978.73,"end":5978.97},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":5978.97,"end":5979.45},{"text":"intention","start":5979.45,"end":5979.89},{"text":"to","start":5979.89,"end":5980.09},{"text":"examine","start":5980.09,"end":5980.53},{"text":"the","start":5980.53,"end":5980.65},{"text":"issue","start":5980.77,"end":5981.13},{"text":"of","start":5981.13,"end":5981.21},{"text":"excessively","start":5981.21,"end":5981.65},{"text":"large","start":5981.65,"end":5981.97},{"text":"compensation","start":5981.97,"end":5982.65},{"text":"claims.","start":5982.65,"end":5983.09}]},{"text":"In certain cases, such claims are just one element of the contemporary phenomenon known as lawfare, in which the true goal is not the conscientious settlement of the dispute or the implementation of any international legal responsibility, but rather the exertion of political pressure under pseudo-legal pretensions.","start":5983.09,"end":6002.93,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5983.09,"end":5983.21},{"text":"certain","start":5983.21,"end":5983.45},{"text":"cases,","start":5983.45,"end":5983.77},{"text":"such","start":5983.77,"end":5983.89},{"text":"claims","start":5983.89,"end":5984.21},{"text":"are","start":5984.21,"end":5984.45},{"text":"just","start":5984.45,"end":5984.61},{"text":"one","start":5984.77,"end":5985.01},{"text":"element","start":5985.01,"end":5985.41},{"text":"of","start":5985.41,"end":5985.49},{"text":"the","start":5985.49,"end":5985.57},{"text":"contemporary","start":5985.57,"end":5986.29},{"text":"phenomenon","start":5986.61,"end":5987.25},{"text":"known","start":5987.57,"end":5987.81},{"text":"as","start":5987.89,"end":5988.13},{"text":"lawfare,","start":5988.37,"end":5989.33},{"text":"in","start":5990.13,"end":5990.29},{"text":"which","start":5990.29,"end":5990.61},{"text":"the","start":5990.61,"end":5990.81},{"text":"true","start":5990.93,"end":5991.33},{"text":"goal","start":5991.33,"end":5991.53},{"text":"is","start":5991.53,"end":5991.65},{"text":"not","start":5991.65,"end":5992.21},{"text":"the","start":5992.61,"end":5992.73},{"text":"conscientious","start":5992.85,"end":5993.37},{"text":"settlement","start":5993.37,"end":5993.81},{"text":"of","start":5993.81,"end":5994.13},{"text":"the","start":5994.13,"end":5994.21},{"text":"dispute","start":5994.21,"end":5994.77},{"text":"or","start":5994.77,"end":5995.09},{"text":"the","start":5995.09,"end":5995.21},{"text":"implementation","start":5995.21,"end":5996.05},{"text":"of","start":5996.09,"end":5996.37},{"text":"any","start":5996.37,"end":5996.49},{"text":"international","start":5996.49,"end":5996.97},{"text":"legal","start":5996.97,"end":5997.17},{"text":"responsibility,","start":5997.17,"end":5997.73},{"text":"but","start":5997.73,"end":5997.89},{"text":"rather","start":5997.89,"end":5998.21},{"text":"the","start":5998.33,"end":5998.41},{"text":"exertion","start":5998.41,"end":5998.73},{"text":"of","start":5998.73,"end":5998.81},{"text":"political","start":5998.81,"end":5999.17},{"text":"pressure","start":5999.17,"end":5999.57},{"text":"under","start":5999.57,"end":5999.97},{"text":"pseudo-legal","start":6001.25,"end":6002.13},{"text":"pretensions.","start":6002.21,"end":6002.93}]},{"text":"For the same reason, we believe it's important for the Commission to carefully approach the practice of various compensation mechanisms.","start":6003.01,"end":6008.05,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":6003.01,"end":6003.13},{"text":"the","start":6003.13,"end":6003.21},{"text":"same","start":6003.21,"end":6003.41},{"text":"reason,","start":6003.41,"end":6003.69},{"text":"we","start":6003.69,"end":6003.77},{"text":"believe","start":6003.77,"end":6003.97},{"text":"it's","start":6003.97,"end":6004.21},{"text":"important","start":6004.21,"end":6004.61},{"text":"for","start":6004.61,"end":6004.73},{"text":"the","start":6004.73,"end":6004.81},{"text":"Commission","start":6004.81,"end":6005.09},{"text":"to","start":6005.09,"end":6005.17},{"text":"carefully","start":6005.17,"end":6005.53},{"text":"approach","start":6005.53,"end":6005.81},{"text":"the","start":6005.81,"end":6006.01},{"text":"practice","start":6006.05,"end":6006.41},{"text":"of","start":6006.41,"end":6006.49},{"text":"various","start":6006.49,"end":6006.77},{"text":"compensation","start":6006.77,"end":6007.53},{"text":"mechanisms.","start":6007.53,"end":6008.05}]},{"text":"Many of them were established not to uphold justice, but rather as political tools, and therefore are inherently biased and cannot be a reliable source of international practice.","start":6008.05,"end":6017.09,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":6008.05,"end":6008.25},{"text":"of","start":6008.25,"end":6008.33},{"text":"them","start":6008.33,"end":6008.45},{"text":"were","start":6008.45,"end":6008.57},{"text":"established","start":6008.57,"end":6009.09},{"text":"not","start":6009.09,"end":6009.29},{"text":"to","start":6009.29,"end":6009.37},{"text":"uphold","start":6009.37,"end":6009.69},{"text":"justice,","start":6009.69,"end":6009.97},{"text":"but","start":6009.97,"end":6010.13},{"text":"rather","start":6010.13,"end":6010.45},{"text":"as","start":6010.69,"end":6010.85},{"text":"political","start":6010.85,"end":6011.25},{"text":"tools,","start":6011.25,"end":6011.65},{"text":"and","start":6011.73,"end":6012.01},{"text":"therefore","start":6012.01,"end":6012.37},{"text":"are","start":6012.37,"end":6012.53},{"text":"inherently","start":6012.53,"end":6013.01},{"text":"biased","start":6013.01,"end":6013.53},{"text":"and","start":6013.53,"end":6013.65},{"text":"cannot","start":6013.65,"end":6014.13},{"text":"be","start":6014.37,"end":6014.53},{"text":"a","start":6014.53,"end":6014.57},{"text":"reliable","start":6014.57,"end":6015.01},{"text":"source","start":6015.01,"end":6015.25},{"text":"of","start":6015.25,"end":6015.33},{"text":"international","start":6015.33,"end":6016.29},{"text":"practice.","start":6016.61,"end":6017.09}]},{"text":"With regard to the proposed methodology on this topic, we agree that it’s necessary to carry out thorough analysis not only of the decisions of international courts, but also of the practice of states, including extrajudicial practice.","start":6017.61,"end":6029.85,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6017.61,"end":6017.73},{"text":"regard","start":6017.73,"end":6018.05},{"text":"to","start":6018.05,"end":6018.37},{"text":"the","start":6018.45,"end":6018.65},{"text":"proposed","start":6018.65,"end":6019.13},{"text":"methodology","start":6019.13,"end":6020.13},{"text":"on","start":6020.29,"end":6020.41},{"text":"this","start":6020.41,"end":6020.57},{"text":"topic,","start":6020.61,"end":6020.93},{"text":"we","start":6020.93,"end":6021.01},{"text":"agree","start":6021.29,"end":6021.57},{"text":"that","start":6021.57,"end":6021.73},{"text":"it’s","start":6021.73,"end":6021.89},{"text":"necessary","start":6021.89,"end":6022.37},{"text":"to","start":6022.37,"end":6022.77},{"text":"carry","start":6022.93,"end":6023.25},{"text":"out","start":6023.25,"end":6023.41},{"text":"thorough","start":6023.41,"end":6023.61},{"text":"analysis","start":6023.61,"end":6024.21},{"text":"not","start":6024.21,"end":6024.37},{"text":"only","start":6024.37,"end":6024.61},{"text":"of","start":6024.61,"end":6024.69},{"text":"the","start":6024.69,"end":6024.81},{"text":"decisions","start":6024.81,"end":6025.21},{"text":"of","start":6025.21,"end":6025.29},{"text":"international","start":6025.29,"end":6025.81},{"text":"courts,","start":6025.81,"end":6026.13},{"text":"but","start":6026.13,"end":6026.29},{"text":"also","start":6026.29,"end":6026.61},{"text":"of","start":6026.61,"end":6026.85},{"text":"the","start":6027.09,"end":6027.17},{"text":"practice","start":6027.17,"end":6027.61},{"text":"of","start":6027.61,"end":6027.69},{"text":"states,","start":6027.69,"end":6028.13},{"text":"including","start":6028.29,"end":6028.77},{"text":"extrajudicial","start":6028.77,"end":6029.33},{"text":"practice.","start":6029.33,"end":6029.85}]},{"text":"At the same time, we believe it’s crucial to ensure that the materials examined are representative and balanced.","start":6029.85,"end":6034.05,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6029.85,"end":6029.93},{"text":"the","start":6029.93,"end":6030.01},{"text":"same","start":6030.01,"end":6030.21},{"text":"time,","start":6030.21,"end":6030.41},{"text":"we","start":6030.41,"end":6030.49},{"text":"believe","start":6030.49,"end":6030.69},{"text":"it’s","start":6030.69,"end":6030.81},{"text":"crucial","start":6030.81,"end":6031.17},{"text":"to","start":6031.17,"end":6031.25},{"text":"ensure","start":6031.25,"end":6031.45},{"text":"that","start":6031.45,"end":6031.57},{"text":"the","start":6031.57,"end":6031.65},{"text":"materials","start":6031.65,"end":6032.01},{"text":"examined","start":6032.01,"end":6032.37},{"text":"are","start":6032.37,"end":6032.57},{"text":"representative","start":6032.57,"end":6033.25},{"text":"and","start":6033.25,"end":6033.53},{"text":"balanced.","start":6033.53,"end":6034.05}]},{"text":"It may be useful to examine the question of ex gratia payments, that is to say, voluntary payments that are made to an injured party without admission of responsibility.","start":6034.73,"end":6043.73,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":6062.05,"end":6062.29},{"text":"unlikely","start":6062.29,"end":6062.57},{"text":"there's","start":6062.57,"end":6062.85},{"text":"likely","start":6062.85,"end":6063.05},{"text":"to","start":6063.05,"end":6063.13},{"text":"be","start":6063.13,"end":6063.33},{"text":"any","start":6063.33,"end":6063.65},{"text":"need","start":6063.97,"end":6064.37},{"text":"to","start":6064.37,"end":6064.45},{"text":"derive","start":6064.45,"end":6064.65},{"text":"uniform","start":6064.85,"end":6065.25},{"text":"rules","start":6065.25,"end":6065.41},{"text":"for","start":6065.41,"end":6065.53},{"text":"calculating","start":6065.53,"end":6065.97},{"text":"compensation","start":6065.97,"end":6066.41},{"text":"on","start":6066.41,"end":6066.49},{"text":"the","start":6066.49,"end":6066.57},{"text":"basis","start":6066.57,"end":6066.85},{"text":"of","start":6066.89,"end":6067.09},{"text":"certain","start":6067.21,"end":6067.49},{"text":"methodologies","start":6067.49,"end":6068.13},{"text":"used","start":6068.13,"end":6068.33},{"text":"in","start":6068.33,"end":6068.41},{"text":"specialized","start":6068.41,"end":6068.85},{"text":"fields","start":6068.85,"end":6069.09},{"text":"such","start":6069.09,"end":6069.25},{"text":"as","start":6069.25,"end":6069.33},{"text":"international","start":6069.33,"end":6069.85},{"text":"environmental","start":6069.85,"end":6070.49},{"text":"law,","start":6070.49,"end":6070.57},{"text":"investment","start":6070.57,"end":6071.01},{"text":"law,","start":6071.01,"end":6071.17},{"text":"law","start":6071.17,"end":6071.37},{"text":"of","start":6071.37,"end":6071.45},{"text":"the","start":6071.45,"end":6071.53},{"text":"sea,","start":6071.53,"end":6071.81},{"text":"or","start":6072.05,"end":6072.21},{"text":"international","start":6072.21,"end":6072.85},{"text":"human","start":6072.85,"end":6073.25},{"text":"rights","start":6073.25,"end":6073.49},{"text":"law.","start":6073.49,"end":6073.73}]},{"text":"As for the form of the Commission's final product on this topic, we tentatively prefer draft principles.","start":6074.13,"end":6081.45,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6074.13,"end":6074.29},{"text":"for","start":6074.29,"end":6074.41},{"text":"the","start":6074.41,"end":6074.49},{"text":"form","start":6074.53,"end":6074.93},{"text":"of","start":6074.93,"end":6075.17},{"text":"the","start":6075.17,"end":6075.29},{"text":"Commission's","start":6075.49,"end":6076.01},{"text":"final","start":6076.01,"end":6076.21},{"text":"product","start":6076.21,"end":6076.49},{"text":"on","start":6076.49,"end":6076.57},{"text":"this","start":6076.57,"end":6076.69},{"text":"topic,","start":6076.69,"end":6077.17},{"text":"we","start":6077.49,"end":6077.97},{"text":"tentatively","start":6079.01,"end":6079.81},{"text":"prefer","start":6079.81,"end":6080.29},{"text":"draft","start":6080.29,"end":6080.69},{"text":"principles.","start":6080.69,"end":6081.45}]},{"text":"In our view, this format would be the most appropriate balance between codification and progressive development of international law in this area.","start":6081.45,"end":6088.21,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized 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you.","start":6088.21,"end":6088.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6088.21,"end":6088.45},{"text":"you.","start":6088.45,"end":6088.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"RUS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Russian Federation"}},{"statement_number":24,"start":6092.93,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=1:41:33","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I must remind the representative of Russia that the recommended speaking time is seven minutes.","start":6092.93,"end":6099.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6092.93,"end":6092.94},{"text":"must","start":6092.93,"end":6093.25},{"text":"remind","start":6093.25,"end":6093.73},{"text":"the","start":6094.37,"end":6094.53},{"text":"representative","start":6094.77,"end":6095.41},{"text":"of","start":6095.41,"end":6095.49},{"text":"Russia","start":6095.49,"end":6095.89},{"text":"that","start":6095.89,"end":6096.21},{"text":"the","start":6096.45,"end":6096.61},{"text":"recommended","start":6096.61,"end":6097.13},{"text":"speaking","start":6097.13,"end":6097.49},{"text":"time","start":6097.49,"end":6097.97},{"text":"is","start":6098.93,"end":6099.05},{"text":"seven","start":6099.05,"end":6099.45},{"text":"minutes.","start":6099.45,"end":6099.97}]},{"text":"You have exceeded that limit by more than twofold.","start":6100.13,"end":6102.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":6100.13,"end":6100.37},{"text":"have","start":6100.37,"end":6100.49},{"text":"exceeded","start":6100.49,"end":6100.89},{"text":"that","start":6100.89,"end":6101.17},{"text":"limit","start":6101.17,"end":6101.49},{"text":"by","start":6101.49,"end":6101.73},{"text":"more","start":6101.73,"end":6101.97},{"text":"than","start":6101.97,"end":6102.13},{"text":"twofold.","start":6102.13,"end":6102.69}]},{"text":"I must ask you to respect the time allocated to other delegations.","start":6103.17,"end":6108.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6103.17,"end":6103.33},{"text":"must","start":6103.33,"end":6103.73},{"text":"ask","start":6103.97,"end":6104.29},{"text":"you","start":6104.29,"end":6104.37},{"text":"to","start":6104.69,"end":6104.81},{"text":"respect","start":6104.81,"end":6105.25},{"text":"the","start":6105.25,"end":6105.33},{"text":"time","start":6105.33,"end":6105.81},{"text":"allocated","start":6106.89,"end":6107.41},{"text":"to","start":6107.41,"end":6107.53},{"text":"other","start":6107.53,"end":6107.89},{"text":"delegations.","start":6107.97,"end":6108.69}]},{"text":"And now I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Japan, to be followed by Eritrea.","start":6109.29,"end":6116.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6109.29,"end":6109.41},{"text":"now","start":6109.41,"end":6109.65},{"text":"I","start":6109.65,"end":6109.69},{"text":"would","start":6109.69,"end":6109.81},{"text":"like","start":6109.81,"end":6110.05},{"text":"to","start":6110.05,"end":6110.13},{"text":"give","start":6110.13,"end":6110.29},{"text":"the","start":6110.29,"end":6110.41},{"text":"floor","start":6110.41,"end":6110.85},{"text":"to","start":6111.09,"end":6111.21},{"text":"the","start":6111.21,"end":6111.29},{"text":"distinguished","start":6111.29,"end":6111.89},{"text":"representative","start":6111.89,"end":6112.53},{"text":"of","start":6112.61,"end":6112.93},{"text":"Japan,","start":6113.89,"end":6114.69},{"text":"to","start":6114.93,"end":6115.09},{"text":"be","start":6115.09,"end":6115.25},{"text":"followed","start":6115.25,"end":6115.69},{"text":"by","start":6115.69,"end":6115.97},{"text":"Eritrea.","start":6115.97,"end":6116.53}]},{"text":"The 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afterwards.","start":6121.29,"end":6131.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6121.29,"end":6121.41},{"text":"behalf","start":6121.45,"end":6121.77},{"text":"of","start":6121.77,"end":6121.85},{"text":"the","start":6121.85,"end":6121.97},{"text":"delegation","start":6121.97,"end":6122.41},{"text":"of","start":6122.41,"end":6122.49},{"text":"Japan,","start":6122.49,"end":6122.81},{"text":"I","start":6122.81,"end":6122.93},{"text":"would","start":6122.93,"end":6123.13},{"text":"like","start":6123.13,"end":6123.37},{"text":"to","start":6123.37,"end":6123.57},{"text":"deliver","start":6123.77,"end":6124.25},{"text":"the","start":6124.25,"end":6124.41},{"text":"abridged","start":6124.49,"end":6124.97},{"text":"version","start":6124.97,"end":6125.33},{"text":"of","start":6125.33,"end":6125.45},{"text":"statement","start":6125.45,"end":6126.09},{"text":"on","start":6126.09,"end":6126.25},{"text":"the","start":6126.25,"end":6126.37},{"text":"topics","start":6126.37,"end":6126.81},{"text":"under","start":6126.81,"end":6127.21},{"text":"cluster","start":6127.21,"end":6127.69},{"text":"three,","start":6127.69,"end":6128.09},{"text":"and","start":6128.49,"end":6128.77},{"text":"the","start":6128.77,"end":6128.89},{"text":"full","start":6128.89,"end":6129.21},{"text":"statement","start":6129.21,"end":6129.69},{"text":"will","start":6129.69,"end":6129.85},{"text":"be","start":6129.85,"end":6130.09},{"text":"provided","start":6130.09,"end":6130.57},{"text":"online","start":6130.57,"end":6131.01},{"text":"afterwards.","start":6131.01,"end":6131.61}]},{"text":"On the topic of non-legally binding international agreements, Japan greatly appreciates the Commission's continued caution not to limit the freedom of states or international organizations to utilize non-legally binding agreements in the course of discussions.","start":6132.49,"end":6147.93,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6132.49,"end":6132.69},{"text":"the","start":6132.69,"end":6132.81},{"text":"topic","start":6132.81,"end":6133.21},{"text":"of","start":6133.21,"end":6133.45},{"text":"non-legally","start":6133.45,"end":6134.05},{"text":"binding","start":6134.05,"end":6134.45},{"text":"international","start":6134.45,"end":6134.93},{"text":"agreements,","start":6134.93,"end":6135.53},{"text":"Japan","start":6135.77,"end":6136.21},{"text":"greatly","start":6136.21,"end":6136.65},{"text":"appreciates","start":6136.65,"end":6137.17},{"text":"the","start":6137.17,"end":6137.25},{"text":"Commission's","start":6137.25,"end":6137.93},{"text":"continued","start":6138.25,"end":6138.89},{"text":"caution","start":6139.53,"end":6140.05},{"text":"not","start":6140.05,"end":6140.29},{"text":"to","start":6140.29,"end":6140.41},{"text":"limit","start":6140.89,"end":6141.17},{"text":"the","start":6141.17,"end":6141.29},{"text":"freedom","start":6141.29,"end":6141.69},{"text":"of","start":6141.69,"end":6141.93},{"text":"states","start":6141.93,"end":6142.49},{"text":"or","start":6142.49,"end":6142.73},{"text":"international","start":6142.73,"end":6143.25},{"text":"organizations","start":6143.25,"end":6143.93},{"text":"to","start":6143.93,"end":6144.13},{"text":"utilize","start":6144.13,"end":6144.57},{"text":"non-legally","start":6144.57,"end":6145.29},{"text":"binding","start":6145.29,"end":6145.65},{"text":"agreements","start":6145.65,"end":6146.41},{"text":"in","start":6146.41,"end":6146.57},{"text":"the","start":6146.57,"end":6146.65},{"text":"course","start":6146.65,"end":6146.97},{"text":"of","start":6146.97,"end":6147.13},{"text":"discussions.","start":6147.13,"end":6147.93}]},{"text":"It is extremely important for the Commission to ensure that draft conclusion be not overly prescriptive or detailed as those non-legally binding international agreements are being utilized as flexible tools to address new challenges.","start":6149.93,"end":6164.53,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6149.93,"end":6149.97},{"text":"is","start":6149.97,"end":6150.05},{"text":"extremely","start":6150.05,"end":6150.41},{"text":"important","start":6150.41,"end":6150.85},{"text":"for","start":6150.85,"end":6151.01},{"text":"the","start":6151.01,"end":6151.13},{"text":"Commission","start":6151.13,"end":6151.73},{"text":"to","start":6151.81,"end":6152.17},{"text":"ensure","start":6152.21,"end":6152.61},{"text":"that","start":6152.61,"end":6152.93},{"text":"draft","start":6153.17,"end":6153.57},{"text":"conclusion","start":6153.57,"end":6154.29},{"text":"be","start":6154.29,"end":6154.61},{"text":"not","start":6154.61,"end":6154.93},{"text":"overly","start":6154.93,"end":6155.45},{"text":"prescriptive","start":6155.45,"end":6156.29},{"text":"or","start":6156.61,"end":6156.89},{"text":"detailed","start":6156.89,"end":6157.33},{"text":"as","start":6157.33,"end":6157.57},{"text":"those","start":6157.61,"end":6157.89},{"text":"non-legally","start":6157.89,"end":6158.53},{"text":"binding","start":6158.53,"end":6158.93},{"text":"international","start":6158.93,"end":6159.45},{"text":"agreements","start":6159.45,"end":6160.05},{"text":"are","start":6160.45,"end":6160.57},{"text":"being","start":6160.57,"end":6160.93},{"text":"utilized","start":6160.93,"end":6161.61},{"text":"as","start":6161.77,"end":6161.97},{"text":"flexible","start":6162.13,"end":6162.65},{"text":"tools","start":6162.65,"end":6163.01},{"text":"to","start":6163.01,"end":6163.13},{"text":"address","start":6163.13,"end":6163.49},{"text":"new","start":6163.49,"end":6163.73},{"text":"challenges.","start":6163.73,"end":6164.53}]},{"text":"Regarding the draft conclusions four and five, Japan strongly believes that whether a document is legally binding or not should not be determined solely based on an expressed indication by the participants.","start":6165.57,"end":6180.45,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6165.57,"end":6166.05},{"text":"the","start":6166.05,"end":6166.13},{"text":"draft","start":6166.53,"end":6166.85},{"text":"conclusions","start":6166.85,"end":6167.45},{"text":"four","start":6167.45,"end":6167.77},{"text":"and","start":6167.77,"end":6167.89},{"text":"five,","start":6167.89,"end":6168.45},{"text":"Japan","start":6168.93,"end":6169.25},{"text":"strongly","start":6169.25,"end":6169.65},{"text":"believes","start":6169.65,"end":6170.21},{"text":"that","start":6170.41,"end":6170.61},{"text":"whether","start":6170.61,"end":6171.17},{"text":"a","start":6171.17,"end":6171.25},{"text":"document","start":6171.25,"end":6171.73},{"text":"is","start":6171.73,"end":6172.05},{"text":"legally","start":6172.05,"end":6172.45},{"text":"binding","start":6172.45,"end":6172.93},{"text":"or","start":6172.93,"end":6173.09},{"text":"not","start":6173.09,"end":6173.57},{"text":"should","start":6173.65,"end":6173.97},{"text":"not","start":6173.97,"end":6174.29},{"text":"be","start":6174.29,"end":6174.45},{"text":"determined","start":6174.45,"end":6174.93},{"text":"solely","start":6174.93,"end":6175.57},{"text":"based","start":6176.05,"end":6176.53},{"text":"on","start":6176.53,"end":6177.17},{"text":"an","start":6177.21,"end":6177.49},{"text":"expressed","start":6178.49,"end":6178.89},{"text":"indication","start":6178.89,"end":6179.53},{"text":"by","start":6179.53,"end":6179.69},{"text":"the","start":6179.69,"end":6179.81},{"text":"participants.","start":6179.81,"end":6180.45}]},{"text":"Japan would like to reiterate that it is crucial to assess all the relevant elements, such as terms used in the document, its formal structure, types of provisions it contains, and the circumstances in which such document was formulated, regardless of any expressed indication when determining whether a document is legally binding or not.","start":6181.77,"end":6207.13,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":6181.77,"end":6182.09},{"text":"would","start":6182.09,"end":6182.25},{"text":"like","start":6182.25,"end":6182.49},{"text":"to","start":6182.49,"end":6182.65},{"text":"reiterate","start":6182.65,"end":6183.37},{"text":"that","start":6183.61,"end":6183.85},{"text":"it","start":6183.85,"end":6184.09},{"text":"is","start":6184.09,"end":6184.49},{"text":"crucial","start":6185.13,"end":6185.69},{"text":"to","start":6186.65,"end":6187.49},{"text":"assess","start":6187.49,"end":6187.93},{"text":"all","start":6188.01,"end":6188.09},{"text":"the","start":6188.09,"end":6188.21},{"text":"relevant","start":6188.41,"end":6189.21},{"text":"elements,","start":6189.93,"end":6190.49},{"text":"such","start":6190.49,"end":6190.73},{"text":"as","start":6190.73,"end":6190.89},{"text":"terms","start":6190.89,"end":6191.37},{"text":"used","start":6191.45,"end":6191.77},{"text":"in","start":6191.77,"end":6191.85},{"text":"the","start":6191.85,"end":6191.93},{"text":"document,","start":6191.93,"end":6192.49},{"text":"its","start":6192.73,"end":6192.97},{"text":"formal","start":6192.97,"end":6193.37},{"text":"structure,","start":6193.37,"end":6194.01},{"text":"types","start":6194.65,"end":6195.01},{"text":"of","start":6195.01,"end":6195.21},{"text":"provisions","start":6195.21,"end":6195.77},{"text":"it","start":6195.77,"end":6195.85},{"text":"contains,","start":6195.85,"end":6196.57},{"text":"and","start":6196.89,"end":6197.17},{"text":"the","start":6197.17,"end":6197.25},{"text":"circumstances","start":6197.25,"end":6198.09},{"text":"in","start":6198.09,"end":6198.21},{"text":"which","start":6198.21,"end":6198.49},{"text":"such","start":6198.49,"end":6198.81},{"text":"document","start":6198.81,"end":6199.21},{"text":"was","start":6199.21,"end":6199.37},{"text":"formulated,","start":6199.37,"end":6200.17},{"text":"regardless","start":6200.57,"end":6201.17},{"text":"of","start":6201.17,"end":6201.29},{"text":"any","start":6201.37,"end":6201.57},{"text":"expressed","start":6201.57,"end":6202.05},{"text":"indication","start":6202.05,"end":6202.81},{"text":"when","start":6202.89,"end":6203.53},{"text":"determining","start":6204.01,"end":6204.65},{"text":"whether","start":6204.73,"end":6205.25},{"text":"a","start":6205.25,"end":6205.29},{"text":"document","start":6205.29,"end":6205.77},{"text":"is","start":6205.77,"end":6205.85},{"text":"legally","start":6205.85,"end":6206.25},{"text":"binding","start":6206.25,"end":6206.57},{"text":"or","start":6206.57,"end":6206.69},{"text":"not.","start":6206.69,"end":6207.13}]},{"text":"Turning to the topic of prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, Japan would like to express its support for the Commission’s approach of maintaining the legal norms on piracy established in UNCLOS and continuing to work toward formulating draft provisions.","start":6208.73,"end":6226.25,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":6208.73,"end":6209.05},{"text":"to","start":6209.05,"end":6209.21},{"text":"the","start":6209.21,"end":6209.33},{"text":"topic","start":6209.45,"end":6210.01},{"text":"of","start":6210.01,"end":6210.33},{"text":"prevention","start":6210.33,"end":6211.21},{"text":"and","start":6211.21,"end":6211.33},{"text":"repression","start":6211.33,"end":6211.77},{"text":"of","start":6211.77,"end":6211.85},{"text":"piracy","start":6211.85,"end":6212.29},{"text":"and","start":6212.29,"end":6212.49},{"text":"armed","start":6212.49,"end":6212.77},{"text":"robbery","start":6212.81,"end":6213.21},{"text":"at","start":6213.25,"end":6213.37},{"text":"sea,","start":6213.37,"end":6213.85},{"text":"Japan","start":6213.93,"end":6214.33},{"text":"would","start":6214.33,"end":6214.49},{"text":"like","start":6214.49,"end":6214.73},{"text":"to","start":6214.73,"end":6214.93},{"text":"express","start":6214.97,"end":6215.37},{"text":"its","start":6215.37,"end":6215.57},{"text":"support","start":6215.57,"end":6216.01},{"text":"for","start":6216.01,"end":6216.13},{"text":"the","start":6216.13,"end":6216.25},{"text":"Commission’s","start":6216.25,"end":6216.69},{"text":"approach","start":6216.69,"end":6217.29},{"text":"of","start":6217.57,"end":6217.69},{"text":"maintaining","start":6217.69,"end":6218.29},{"text":"the","start":6218.29,"end":6218.41},{"text":"legal","start":6218.41,"end":6218.73},{"text":"norms","start":6218.73,"end":6219.13},{"text":"on","start":6219.13,"end":6219.21},{"text":"piracy","start":6219.21,"end":6219.69},{"text":"established","start":6219.69,"end":6220.29},{"text":"in","start":6220.29,"end":6220.45},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":6220.45,"end":6221.37},{"text":"and","start":6221.37,"end":6221.61},{"text":"continuing","start":6221.61,"end":6222.25},{"text":"to","start":6222.25,"end":6222.37},{"text":"work","start":6222.37,"end":6222.65},{"text":"toward","start":6222.65,"end":6223.05},{"text":"formulating","start":6223.05,"end":6223.77},{"text":"draft","start":6224.81,"end":6225.37},{"text":"provisions.","start":6225.53,"end":6226.25}]},{"text":"In addition, we stress that the Current provisions of UNCLOS should be a starting point to preserve legal stability.","start":6226.85,"end":6237.97,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6226.85,"end":6226.93},{"text":"addition,","start":6226.93,"end":6227.53},{"text":"we","start":6228.25,"end":6228.49},{"text":"stress","start":6228.49,"end":6228.89},{"text":"that","start":6230.01,"end":6230.57},{"text":"the","start":6231.65,"end":6231.73},{"text":"Current","start":6232.97,"end":6233.25},{"text":"provisions","start":6233.25,"end":6233.65},{"text":"of","start":6233.65,"end":6233.73},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":6233.73,"end":6234.65},{"text":"should","start":6234.65,"end":6234.77},{"text":"be","start":6234.77,"end":6234.97},{"text":"a","start":6234.97,"end":6235.01},{"text":"starting","start":6235.01,"end":6235.49},{"text":"point","start":6235.49,"end":6235.93},{"text":"to","start":6235.97,"end":6236.13},{"text":"preserve","start":6236.13,"end":6236.61},{"text":"legal","start":6236.97,"end":6237.25},{"text":"stability.","start":6237.25,"end":6237.97}]},{"text":"Now I would like to move on to the topic of compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts.","start":6239.33,"end":6246.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":6239.33,"end":6239.53},{"text":"I","start":6239.65,"end":6239.81},{"text":"would","start":6239.81,"end":6239.93},{"text":"like","start":6239.93,"end":6240.17},{"text":"to","start":6240.17,"end":6240.37},{"text":"move","start":6240.37,"end":6240.65},{"text":"on","start":6240.65,"end":6240.85},{"text":"to","start":6240.85,"end":6241.01},{"text":"the","start":6241.01,"end":6241.13},{"text":"topic","start":6241.17,"end":6241.73},{"text":"of","start":6241.73,"end":6242.05},{"text":"compensation","start":6242.29,"end":6243.01},{"text":"for","start":6243.01,"end":6243.21},{"text":"the","start":6243.21,"end":6243.29},{"text":"damage","start":6243.29,"end":6243.81},{"text":"caused","start":6243.81,"end":6244.13},{"text":"by","start":6244.13,"end":6244.45},{"text":"internationally","start":6244.45,"end":6245.25},{"text":"wrongful","start":6245.25,"end":6245.73},{"text":"acts.","start":6245.77,"end":6246.01}]},{"text":"Japan recognizes the importance of this topic and commends the Special Rapporteur's efforts to clarify its legal nature, scope, and content.","start":6246.77,"end":6255.01,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":6246.77,"end":6247.09},{"text":"recognizes","start":6247.09,"end":6247.57},{"text":"the","start":6247.57,"end":6247.65},{"text":"importance","start":6247.65,"end":6248.17},{"text":"of","start":6248.17,"end":6248.29},{"text":"this","start":6248.29,"end":6248.49},{"text":"topic","start":6248.49,"end":6249.09},{"text":"and","start":6249.09,"end":6249.33},{"text":"commends","start":6249.33,"end":6249.97},{"text":"the","start":6250.37,"end":6250.49},{"text":"Special","start":6250.49,"end":6250.81},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":6250.81,"end":6251.41},{"text":"efforts","start":6251.41,"end":6251.81},{"text":"to","start":6251.81,"end":6251.89},{"text":"clarify","start":6251.89,"end":6252.45},{"text":"its","start":6252.45,"end":6252.69},{"text":"legal","start":6252.69,"end":6253.01},{"text":"nature,","start":6253.01,"end":6253.57},{"text":"scope,","start":6253.81,"end":6254.21},{"text":"and","start":6254.37,"end":6254.53},{"text":"content.","start":6254.53,"end":6255.01}]},{"text":"At this early stage, Japan wishes to offer several observations.","start":6255.61,"end":6259.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6255.61,"end":6255.73},{"text":"this","start":6255.73,"end":6255.97},{"text":"early","start":6255.97,"end":6256.21},{"text":"stage,","start":6256.21,"end":6256.77},{"text":"Japan","start":6256.85,"end":6257.17},{"text":"wishes","start":6257.17,"end":6257.49},{"text":"to","start":6257.49,"end":6257.65},{"text":"offer","start":6257.65,"end":6258.21},{"text":"several","start":6258.21,"end":6258.61},{"text":"observations.","start":6258.61,"end":6259.33}]},{"text":"First, Japan supports an approach grounded in ISWA and informed by practice across diverse states and legal traditions.","start":6260.09,"end":6268.61,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":6260.09,"end":6260.53},{"text":"Japan","start":6260.53,"end":6261.17},{"text":"supports","start":6261.57,"end":6261.97},{"text":"an","start":6261.97,"end":6262.05},{"text":"approach","start":6262.05,"end":6262.53},{"text":"grounded","start":6262.53,"end":6262.93},{"text":"in","start":6262.93,"end":6263.13},{"text":"ISWA","start":6263.13,"end":6263.85},{"text":"and","start":6264.45,"end":6264.73},{"text":"informed","start":6264.77,"end":6265.25},{"text":"by","start":6265.25,"end":6265.45},{"text":"practice","start":6265.45,"end":6265.97},{"text":"across","start":6265.97,"end":6266.53},{"text":"diverse","start":6266.53,"end":6267.05},{"text":"states","start":6267.05,"end":6267.37},{"text":"and","start":6267.37,"end":6267.57},{"text":"legal","start":6267.57,"end":6267.89},{"text":"traditions.","start":6267.89,"end":6268.61}]},{"text":"Japan appreciates the special rapporteur's observation that the legal relations that arise from the commission by a state of an international wrongful act including in terms of compensation for any injury done, are assumed to have a general character that does not vary with the nature of underlying primary rules in question.","start":6269.17,"end":6292.01,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":6269.17,"end":6269.53},{"text":"appreciates","start":6269.53,"end":6270.05},{"text":"the","start":6270.05,"end":6270.21},{"text":"special","start":6270.29,"end":6270.73},{"text":"rapporteur's","start":6270.73,"end":6271.41},{"text":"observation","start":6272.05,"end":6272.77},{"text":"that","start":6273.17,"end":6273.49},{"text":"the","start":6273.49,"end":6273.65},{"text":"legal","start":6273.65,"end":6274.13},{"text":"relations","start":6274.13,"end":6274.69},{"text":"that","start":6274.69,"end":6274.85},{"text":"arise","start":6274.85,"end":6275.29},{"text":"from","start":6275.29,"end":6275.73},{"text":"the","start":6276.05,"end":6276.17},{"text":"commission","start":6276.21,"end":6276.69},{"text":"by","start":6276.69,"end":6276.93},{"text":"a","start":6276.93,"end":6276.97},{"text":"state","start":6276.97,"end":6277.49},{"text":"of","start":6277.57,"end":6277.69},{"text":"an","start":6277.69,"end":6277.81},{"text":"international","start":6277.81,"end":6278.37},{"text":"wrongful","start":6278.37,"end":6278.73},{"text":"act","start":6278.73,"end":6279.09},{"text":"including","start":6280.05,"end":6280.49},{"text":"in","start":6280.49,"end":6280.65},{"text":"terms","start":6280.65,"end":6280.93},{"text":"of","start":6280.93,"end":6281.05},{"text":"compensation","start":6281.05,"end":6281.85},{"text":"for","start":6281.85,"end":6282.09},{"text":"any","start":6282.09,"end":6282.41},{"text":"injury","start":6282.41,"end":6282.81},{"text":"done,","start":6282.81,"end":6283.29},{"text":"are","start":6283.53,"end":6283.77},{"text":"assumed","start":6283.77,"end":6284.17},{"text":"to","start":6284.17,"end":6284.29},{"text":"have","start":6284.29,"end":6284.73},{"text":"a","start":6284.97,"end":6285.01},{"text":"general","start":6285.01,"end":6285.61},{"text":"character","start":6285.69,"end":6286.57},{"text":"that","start":6286.89,"end":6287.05},{"text":"does","start":6287.05,"end":6287.29},{"text":"not","start":6287.29,"end":6287.45},{"text":"vary","start":6287.45,"end":6287.85},{"text":"with","start":6287.85,"end":6288.05},{"text":"the","start":6288.05,"end":6288.13},{"text":"nature","start":6288.13,"end":6288.57},{"text":"of","start":6288.57,"end":6288.73},{"text":"underlying","start":6288.73,"end":6289.53},{"text":"primary","start":6289.53,"end":6290.17},{"text":"rules","start":6290.81,"end":6291.21},{"text":"in","start":6291.21,"end":6291.45},{"text":"question.","start":6291.45,"end":6292.01}]},{"text":"At the same time, we should bear in mind that awards of investment arbitral tribunals and the case law of human rights courts, including in climate change-related cases, arise in distinct contexts and involve specific considerations.","start":6293.61,"end":6308.25,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6293.61,"end":6293.69},{"text":"the","start":6293.69,"end":6293.77},{"text":"same","start":6293.77,"end":6294.01},{"text":"time,","start":6294.01,"end":6294.41},{"text":"we","start":6294.41,"end":6294.57},{"text":"should","start":6294.57,"end":6294.81},{"text":"bear","start":6294.81,"end":6295.01},{"text":"in","start":6295.01,"end":6295.09},{"text":"mind","start":6295.09,"end":6295.69},{"text":"that","start":6295.69,"end":6295.93},{"text":"awards","start":6295.93,"end":6296.41},{"text":"of","start":6296.41,"end":6296.65},{"text":"investment","start":6296.65,"end":6297.37},{"text":"arbitral","start":6297.45,"end":6297.89},{"text":"tribunals","start":6297.89,"end":6298.57},{"text":"and","start":6298.57,"end":6298.77},{"text":"the","start":6298.77,"end":6298.85},{"text":"case","start":6298.85,"end":6299.13},{"text":"law","start":6299.13,"end":6299.49},{"text":"of","start":6299.49,"end":6299.57},{"text":"human","start":6299.57,"end":6299.89},{"text":"rights","start":6299.89,"end":6300.25},{"text":"courts,","start":6300.25,"end":6300.65},{"text":"including","start":6300.89,"end":6301.45},{"text":"in","start":6301.45,"end":6301.61},{"text":"climate","start":6301.61,"end":6302.01},{"text":"change-related","start":6302.01,"end":6302.81},{"text":"cases,","start":6302.81,"end":6303.45},{"text":"arise","start":6303.69,"end":6304.09},{"text":"in","start":6304.09,"end":6304.25},{"text":"distinct","start":6304.25,"end":6304.73},{"text":"contexts","start":6304.73,"end":6305.37},{"text":"and","start":6305.69,"end":6305.85},{"text":"involve","start":6305.85,"end":6306.41},{"text":"specific","start":6306.73,"end":6307.33},{"text":"considerations.","start":6307.33,"end":6308.25}]},{"text":"We should therefore avoid drawing overly broad generalizations from them.","start":6309.05,"end":6313.85,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6309.05,"end":6309.13},{"text":"should","start":6309.13,"end":6309.29},{"text":"therefore","start":6309.29,"end":6309.77},{"text":"avoid","start":6309.93,"end":6310.45},{"text":"drawing","start":6310.45,"end":6310.81},{"text":"overly","start":6310.89,"end":6311.37},{"text":"broad","start":6311.37,"end":6311.77},{"text":"generalizations","start":6312.01,"end":6313.13},{"text":"from","start":6313.13,"end":6313.45},{"text":"them.","start":6313.45,"end":6313.85}]},{"text":"Second, compensation specifically determined by primary rules, such as compensation for lawful expropriation, rests on a different legal basis from compensation for damage caused by international wrongful acts.","start":6314.33,"end":6329.81,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":6314.33,"end":6314.97},{"text":"compensation","start":6315.21,"end":6315.85},{"text":"specifically","start":6315.85,"end":6317.53},{"text":"determined","start":6317.85,"end":6318.33},{"text":"by","start":6318.33,"end":6318.49},{"text":"primary","start":6318.57,"end":6319.09},{"text":"rules,","start":6319.09,"end":6319.45},{"text":"such","start":6319.57,"end":6319.85},{"text":"as","start":6319.89,"end":6320.09},{"text":"compensation","start":6320.09,"end":6320.73},{"text":"for","start":6320.73,"end":6320.97},{"text":"lawful","start":6320.97,"end":6321.53},{"text":"expropriation,","start":6321.53,"end":6322.57},{"text":"rests","start":6323.13,"end":6323.45},{"text":"on","start":6323.45,"end":6323.65},{"text":"a","start":6323.65,"end":6323.69},{"text":"different","start":6323.69,"end":6324.25},{"text":"legal","start":6324.89,"end":6325.21},{"text":"basis","start":6325.21,"end":6325.77},{"text":"from","start":6325.77,"end":6326.01},{"text":"compensation","start":6326.01,"end":6326.77},{"text":"for","start":6326.77,"end":6326.93},{"text":"damage","start":6326.93,"end":6327.37},{"text":"caused","start":6327.37,"end":6327.69},{"text":"by","start":6327.69,"end":6327.85},{"text":"international","start":6327.85,"end":6329.17},{"text":"wrongful","start":6329.17,"end":6329.53},{"text":"acts.","start":6329.53,"end":6329.81}]},{"text":"The standards for assessing compensation should therefore not be assumed to be the same.","start":6330.49,"end":6336.01,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6330.49,"end":6330.57},{"text":"standards","start":6330.57,"end":6331.13},{"text":"for","start":6331.13,"end":6331.45},{"text":"assessing","start":6331.45,"end":6331.85},{"text":"compensation","start":6331.85,"end":6332.89},{"text":"should","start":6333.29,"end":6333.53},{"text":"therefore","start":6333.53,"end":6334.01},{"text":"not","start":6334.09,"end":6334.33},{"text":"be","start":6334.33,"end":6334.45},{"text":"assumed","start":6334.45,"end":6335.05},{"text":"to","start":6335.29,"end":6335.41},{"text":"be","start":6335.41,"end":6335.53},{"text":"the","start":6335.53,"end":6335.61},{"text":"same.","start":6335.61,"end":6336.01}]},{"text":"In human rights cases, compensation for moral or non-material injury requires a causal link to the violation.","start":6337.61,"end":6343.85,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":6360.65,"end":6360.97},{"text":"on","start":6361.05,"end":6361.21},{"text":"the","start":6361.21,"end":6361.29},{"text":"topic","start":6361.29,"end":6361.77},{"text":"of","start":6361.77,"end":6361.89},{"text":"due","start":6361.89,"end":6362.09},{"text":"diligence","start":6362.09,"end":6362.65},{"text":"in","start":6362.65,"end":6362.77},{"text":"international","start":6362.77,"end":6363.57},{"text":"law,","start":6363.57,"end":6363.65},{"text":"Japan","start":6363.85,"end":6364.29},{"text":"knows","start":6364.29,"end":6364.49},{"text":"that","start":6364.49,"end":6364.89},{"text":"Commission's","start":6365.93,"end":6366.41},{"text":"first","start":6366.41,"end":6366.73},{"text":"consideration","start":6366.73,"end":6367.61},{"text":"based","start":6367.61,"end":6368.01},{"text":"on","start":6368.01,"end":6368.25},{"text":"the","start":6368.25,"end":6368.37},{"text":"Special","start":6368.49,"end":6368.81},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":6368.81,"end":6369.37},{"text":"first","start":6369.37,"end":6369.69},{"text":"report","start":6369.69,"end":6370.17},{"text":"laid","start":6370.65,"end":6370.85},{"text":"the","start":6370.85,"end":6370.97},{"text":"foundation","start":6370.97,"end":6371.53},{"text":"for","start":6371.53,"end":6371.69},{"text":"the","start":6371.69,"end":6371.77},{"text":"future","start":6371.77,"end":6372.17},{"text":"work","start":6372.17,"end":6372.57},{"text":"of","start":6372.65,"end":6372.73},{"text":"the","start":6372.73,"end":6372.89},{"text":"Commission.","start":6372.89,"end":6373.45}]},{"text":"We express our respect for the Special Rapporteur's sensible and constructive handling of the proceedings.","start":6374.25,"end":6380.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6374.25,"end":6374.37},{"text":"express","start":6374.37,"end":6374.81},{"text":"our","start":6374.81,"end":6375.17},{"text":"respect","start":6375.17,"end":6375.61},{"text":"for","start":6375.61,"end":6375.77},{"text":"the","start":6375.77,"end":6375.85},{"text":"Special","start":6375.85,"end":6376.17},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":6376.17,"end":6376.81},{"text":"sensible","start":6376.81,"end":6377.37},{"text":"and","start":6377.37,"end":6377.53},{"text":"constructive","start":6377.53,"end":6378.17},{"text":"handling","start":6378.17,"end":6378.73},{"text":"of","start":6378.93,"end":6379.13},{"text":"the","start":6379.13,"end":6379.25},{"text":"proceedings.","start":6379.29,"end":6380.17}]},{"text":"Furthermore, there has been debate regarding the two conceptions of due diligence, namely, duty of due diligence as a required standard of conduct and due diligence as a general obligation.","start":6381.05,"end":6395.57,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":6381.05,"end":6381.77},{"text":"there","start":6382.17,"end":6382.41},{"text":"has","start":6382.41,"end":6382.65},{"text":"been","start":6382.65,"end":6383.37},{"text":"debate","start":6383.37,"end":6383.93},{"text":"regarding","start":6383.93,"end":6384.57},{"text":"the","start":6384.57,"end":6384.69},{"text":"two","start":6385.37,"end":6385.61},{"text":"conceptions","start":6385.61,"end":6386.25},{"text":"of","start":6386.25,"end":6386.41},{"text":"due","start":6386.41,"end":6386.57},{"text":"diligence,","start":6386.57,"end":6387.21},{"text":"namely,","start":6387.53,"end":6388.09},{"text":"duty","start":6388.49,"end":6388.81},{"text":"of","start":6388.81,"end":6388.89},{"text":"due","start":6388.89,"end":6389.05},{"text":"diligence","start":6389.05,"end":6389.69},{"text":"as","start":6390.09,"end":6390.33},{"text":"a","start":6390.33,"end":6390.37},{"text":"required","start":6390.37,"end":6390.89},{"text":"standard","start":6390.89,"end":6391.37},{"text":"of","start":6391.37,"end":6391.45},{"text":"conduct","start":6391.45,"end":6392.01},{"text":"and","start":6392.61,"end":6392.85},{"text":"due","start":6393.25,"end":6393.41},{"text":"diligence","start":6393.41,"end":6393.89},{"text":"as","start":6393.97,"end":6394.21},{"text":"a","start":6394.21,"end":6394.29},{"text":"general","start":6394.29,"end":6394.69},{"text":"obligation.","start":6394.85,"end":6395.57}]},{"text":"The Alabama Arbitral Tribunal and the International Court of Justice in the Bosnian genocide case used the term of due diligence in the former sense.","start":6395.97,"end":6405.49,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6395.97,"end":6396.09},{"text":"Alabama","start":6396.13,"end":6396.85},{"text":"Arbitral","start":6397.17,"end":6397.73},{"text":"Tribunal","start":6397.73,"end":6398.45},{"text":"and","start":6398.49,"end":6398.65},{"text":"the","start":6398.65,"end":6398.73},{"text":"International","start":6398.73,"end":6399.25},{"text":"Court","start":6399.25,"end":6399.41},{"text":"of","start":6399.41,"end":6399.57},{"text":"Justice","start":6399.57,"end":6400.05},{"text":"in","start":6400.05,"end":6400.17},{"text":"the","start":6400.17,"end":6400.25},{"text":"Bosnian","start":6400.25,"end":6400.77},{"text":"genocide","start":6400.93,"end":6401.37},{"text":"case","start":6401.37,"end":6401.89},{"text":"used","start":6402.69,"end":6403.05},{"text":"the","start":6403.05,"end":6403.13},{"text":"term","start":6403.17,"end":6403.57},{"text":"of","start":6403.61,"end":6403.73},{"text":"due","start":6403.73,"end":6403.89},{"text":"diligence","start":6403.89,"end":6404.53},{"text":"in","start":6404.53,"end":6404.77},{"text":"the","start":6404.77,"end":6404.85},{"text":"former","start":6404.85,"end":6405.17},{"text":"sense.","start":6405.17,"end":6405.49}]},{"text":"The obligations discussed in these cases were states' obligations with regard to the activities or persons or entities who do not constitute the organs of states and whose activities are not under the effective control of the state.","start":6406.13,"end":6421.73,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6406.13,"end":6406.25},{"text":"obligations","start":6406.25,"end":6406.85},{"text":"discussed","start":6406.85,"end":6407.33},{"text":"in","start":6407.33,"end":6407.49},{"text":"these","start":6407.49,"end":6407.73},{"text":"cases","start":6407.73,"end":6408.37},{"text":"were","start":6408.37,"end":6408.61},{"text":"states'","start":6408.61,"end":6408.97},{"text":"obligations","start":6408.97,"end":6409.65},{"text":"with","start":6409.65,"end":6409.89},{"text":"regard","start":6409.89,"end":6410.21},{"text":"to","start":6410.21,"end":6410.41},{"text":"the","start":6410.45,"end":6410.53},{"text":"activities","start":6410.77,"end":6411.41},{"text":"or","start":6411.41,"end":6411.53},{"text":"persons","start":6411.53,"end":6412.05},{"text":"or","start":6412.05,"end":6412.41},{"text":"entities","start":6412.41,"end":6413.01},{"text":"who","start":6413.49,"end":6413.73},{"text":"do","start":6413.73,"end":6413.81},{"text":"not","start":6413.81,"end":6414.13},{"text":"constitute","start":6414.13,"end":6414.93},{"text":"the","start":6415.33,"end":6415.57},{"text":"organs","start":6416.29,"end":6416.69},{"text":"of","start":6416.69,"end":6416.85},{"text":"states","start":6416.85,"end":6417.33},{"text":"and","start":6417.49,"end":6417.73},{"text":"whose","start":6417.73,"end":6418.05},{"text":"activities","start":6418.05,"end":6418.69},{"text":"are","start":6418.69,"end":6418.77},{"text":"not","start":6418.77,"end":6419.01},{"text":"under","start":6419.01,"end":6419.49},{"text":"the","start":6419.81,"end":6419.97},{"text":"effective","start":6420.21,"end":6420.69},{"text":"control","start":6420.69,"end":6421.17},{"text":"of","start":6421.17,"end":6421.25},{"text":"the","start":6421.25,"end":6421.33},{"text":"state.","start":6421.33,"end":6421.73}]},{"text":"As obligations for states regarding such activities, they are likely to have some similarities.","start":6422.61,"end":6427.85,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6422.61,"end":6422.73},{"text":"obligations","start":6422.77,"end":6423.37},{"text":"for","start":6423.37,"end":6423.57},{"text":"states","start":6423.57,"end":6423.93},{"text":"regarding","start":6423.93,"end":6424.33},{"text":"such","start":6424.33,"end":6424.57},{"text":"activities,","start":6424.57,"end":6425.37},{"text":"they","start":6425.69,"end":6425.93},{"text":"are","start":6425.93,"end":6426.01},{"text":"likely","start":6426.01,"end":6426.41},{"text":"to","start":6426.41,"end":6426.53},{"text":"have","start":6426.53,"end":6426.81},{"text":"some","start":6426.81,"end":6427.05},{"text":"similarities.","start":6427.05,"end":6427.85}]},{"text":"Therefore, Japan hopes that the Commission's further discussion on this former conception will clarify such similarities.","start":6428.25,"end":6435.77,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":6428.25,"end":6428.85},{"text":"Japan","start":6429.29,"end":6429.61},{"text":"hopes","start":6429.61,"end":6429.93},{"text":"that","start":6429.93,"end":6430.09},{"text":"the","start":6430.09,"end":6430.17},{"text":"Commission's","start":6430.17,"end":6430.77},{"text":"further","start":6430.77,"end":6431.21},{"text":"discussion","start":6431.29,"end":6432.25},{"text":"on","start":6432.33,"end":6432.41},{"text":"this","start":6432.41,"end":6432.73},{"text":"former","start":6432.73,"end":6433.21},{"text":"conception","start":6433.21,"end":6433.93},{"text":"will","start":6433.93,"end":6434.17},{"text":"clarify","start":6434.17,"end":6434.65},{"text":"such","start":6434.65,"end":6434.89},{"text":"similarities.","start":6434.89,"end":6435.77}]},{"text":"With regard to the latter conception, in basic position of the Government of Japan on international law applicable to cyber operations in 2021, Japan referred to it as due diligence obligation.","start":6436.49,"end":6449.93,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6436.49,"end":6436.73},{"text":"regard","start":6436.73,"end":6437.01},{"text":"to","start":6437.01,"end":6437.17},{"text":"the","start":6437.17,"end":6437.45},{"text":"latter","start":6437.53,"end":6437.93},{"text":"conception,","start":6437.93,"end":6438.65},{"text":"in","start":6439.05,"end":6439.21},{"text":"basic","start":6439.21,"end":6439.61},{"text":"position","start":6439.61,"end":6440.09},{"text":"of","start":6440.09,"end":6440.17},{"text":"the","start":6440.17,"end":6440.29},{"text":"Government","start":6440.29,"end":6440.69},{"text":"of","start":6440.69,"end":6440.81},{"text":"Japan","start":6440.81,"end":6441.17},{"text":"on","start":6441.17,"end":6441.37},{"text":"international","start":6441.41,"end":6442.37},{"text":"law","start":6442.37,"end":6442.45},{"text":"applicable","start":6442.45,"end":6442.97},{"text":"to","start":6442.97,"end":6443.09},{"text":"cyber","start":6443.13,"end":6443.57},{"text":"operations","start":6443.57,"end":6444.25},{"text":"in","start":6444.25,"end":6444.49},{"text":"2021,","start":6444.49,"end":6445.37},{"text":"Japan","start":6445.77,"end":6446.81},{"text":"referred","start":6446.81,"end":6447.49},{"text":"to","start":6447.49,"end":6447.65},{"text":"it","start":6447.65,"end":6447.85},{"text":"as","start":6447.97,"end":6448.25},{"text":"due","start":6448.45,"end":6448.65},{"text":"diligence","start":6448.65,"end":6449.21},{"text":"obligation.","start":6449.25,"end":6449.93}]},{"text":"In the Corfu Channel judgment, the ICJ recognized every state's obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other states.","start":6450.93,"end":6460.93,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6450.93,"end":6450.97},{"text":"the","start":6450.97,"end":6451.05},{"text":"Corfu","start":6451.05,"end":6451.33},{"text":"Channel","start":6451.33,"end":6451.73},{"text":"judgment,","start":6451.73,"end":6452.29},{"text":"the","start":6452.77,"end":6452.97},{"text":"ICJ","start":6453.01,"end":6453.53},{"text":"recognized","start":6453.53,"end":6454.13},{"text":"every","start":6454.13,"end":6454.45},{"text":"state's","start":6454.45,"end":6455.01},{"text":"obligation","start":6455.09,"end":6455.77},{"text":"not","start":6455.77,"end":6456.01},{"text":"to","start":6456.01,"end":6456.09},{"text":"allow","start":6456.13,"end":6456.33},{"text":"knowingly","start":6456.53,"end":6457.29},{"text":"its","start":6457.29,"end":6457.41},{"text":"territory","start":6457.41,"end":6457.97},{"text":"to","start":6457.97,"end":6458.13},{"text":"be","start":6458.13,"end":6458.25},{"text":"used","start":6458.25,"end":6458.53},{"text":"for","start":6458.53,"end":6458.77},{"text":"acts","start":6458.77,"end":6459.09},{"text":"contrary","start":6459.09,"end":6459.53},{"text":"to","start":6459.53,"end":6459.65},{"text":"the","start":6459.65,"end":6459.73},{"text":"rights","start":6459.73,"end":6460.13},{"text":"of","start":6460.17,"end":6460.29},{"text":"other","start":6460.29,"end":6460.53},{"text":"states.","start":6460.53,"end":6460.93}]},{"text":"In our view, this obligation originates from the territorial sovereignty.","start":6461.81,"end":6466.45,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6461.81,"end":6462.13},{"text":"our","start":6462.13,"end":6462.21},{"text":"view,","start":6462.21,"end":6462.61},{"text":"this","start":6463.17,"end":6463.37},{"text":"obligation","start":6463.37,"end":6464.05},{"text":"originates","start":6464.05,"end":6464.61},{"text":"from","start":6464.61,"end":6464.85},{"text":"the","start":6464.85,"end":6464.93},{"text":"territorial","start":6464.93,"end":6465.73},{"text":"sovereignty.","start":6465.73,"end":6466.45}]},{"text":"Judge Max Huber wrote in the Island of Palmas Arbitral Award, quote, \"Territorial sovereignty involves the exclusive right to display the activities of a state.","start":6467.09,"end":6478.85,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Judge","start":6467.09,"end":6467.33},{"text":"Max","start":6467.33,"end":6467.65},{"text":"Huber","start":6467.65,"end":6468.13},{"text":"wrote","start":6468.13,"end":6468.29},{"text":"in","start":6468.29,"end":6468.53},{"text":"the","start":6468.53,"end":6468.73},{"text":"Island","start":6468.93,"end":6469.33},{"text":"of","start":6469.33,"end":6469.41},{"text":"Palmas","start":6469.41,"end":6469.81},{"text":"Arbitral","start":6469.89,"end":6470.49},{"text":"Award,","start":6470.49,"end":6470.85},{"text":"quote,","start":6471.33,"end":6471.73},{"text":"\"Territorial","start":6472.13,"end":6472.69},{"text":"sovereignty","start":6472.69,"end":6473.49},{"text":"involves","start":6474.13,"end":6474.69},{"text":"the","start":6474.69,"end":6474.89},{"text":"exclusive","start":6475.25,"end":6475.89},{"text":"right","start":6475.89,"end":6476.17},{"text":"to","start":6476.17,"end":6476.25},{"text":"display","start":6476.25,"end":6476.77},{"text":"the","start":6477.33,"end":6477.53},{"text":"activities","start":6477.53,"end":6478.13},{"text":"of","start":6478.13,"end":6478.29},{"text":"a","start":6478.29,"end":6478.37},{"text":"state.","start":6478.37,"end":6478.85}]},{"text":"This right as a corollary, a duty, the obligation to protect within the territory the rights of other states, end of quote.","start":6479.41,"end":6487.81,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6479.41,"end":6479.57},{"text":"right","start":6479.57,"end":6479.89},{"text":"as","start":6479.89,"end":6480.05},{"text":"a","start":6480.05,"end":6480.21},{"text":"corollary,","start":6480.45,"end":6481.09},{"text":"a","start":6481.25,"end":6481.33},{"text":"duty,","start":6481.33,"end":6481.81},{"text":"the","start":6482.37,"end":6482.49},{"text":"obligation","start":6482.49,"end":6483.09},{"text":"to","start":6483.09,"end":6483.29},{"text":"protect","start":6483.33,"end":6483.89},{"text":"within","start":6483.89,"end":6484.49},{"text":"the","start":6484.49,"end":6484.57},{"text":"territory","start":6484.77,"end":6485.49},{"text":"the","start":6485.57,"end":6485.77},{"text":"rights","start":6485.77,"end":6486.09},{"text":"of","start":6486.09,"end":6486.21},{"text":"other","start":6486.21,"end":6486.45},{"text":"states,","start":6486.45,"end":6486.89},{"text":"end","start":6487.13,"end":6487.33},{"text":"of","start":6487.33,"end":6487.41},{"text":"quote.","start":6487.41,"end":6487.81}]},{"text":"Whereas there was no term of due diligence per se in this judgment and award, the obligation mentioned in the Korfu Channel concerned obligation for a state with regard to such activities.","start":6488.49,"end":6501.01,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Whereas","start":6488.49,"end":6488.93},{"text":"there","start":6488.93,"end":6489.17},{"text":"was","start":6489.17,"end":6489.49},{"text":"no","start":6489.57,"end":6489.81},{"text":"term","start":6489.81,"end":6490.21},{"text":"of","start":6490.21,"end":6490.37},{"text":"due","start":6490.37,"end":6490.53},{"text":"diligence","start":6490.53,"end":6491.01},{"text":"per","start":6491.01,"end":6491.17},{"text":"se","start":6491.17,"end":6491.41},{"text":"in","start":6491.49,"end":6491.73},{"text":"this","start":6491.73,"end":6492.21},{"text":"judgment","start":6492.21,"end":6492.69},{"text":"and","start":6492.69,"end":6492.85},{"text":"award,","start":6492.85,"end":6493.33},{"text":"the","start":6493.65,"end":6493.77},{"text":"obligation","start":6493.77,"end":6494.33},{"text":"mentioned","start":6494.33,"end":6494.77},{"text":"in","start":6494.77,"end":6494.93},{"text":"the","start":6494.93,"end":6495.01},{"text":"Korfu","start":6495.01,"end":6495.41},{"text":"Channel","start":6495.41,"end":6495.81},{"text":"concerned","start":6495.81,"end":6496.61},{"text":"obligation","start":6497.05,"end":6497.65},{"text":"for","start":6497.65,"end":6497.85},{"text":"a","start":6497.85,"end":6497.89},{"text":"state","start":6497.89,"end":6498.45},{"text":"with","start":6498.45,"end":6498.69},{"text":"regard","start":6498.69,"end":6499.05},{"text":"to","start":6499.05,"end":6499.29},{"text":"such","start":6499.97,"end":6500.25},{"text":"activities.","start":6500.25,"end":6501.01}]},{"text":"Therefore, if it exists, It should also have similarity with duty of due diligence as a required standard of conduct.","start":6503.09,"end":6511.37,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6529.33,"end":6529.37},{"text":"obligation","start":6529.37,"end":6529.85},{"text":"mentioned","start":6529.85,"end":6530.21},{"text":"in","start":6530.21,"end":6530.29},{"text":"the","start":6530.29,"end":6530.41},{"text":"Korfu","start":6530.41,"end":6530.69},{"text":"Channel","start":6530.69,"end":6531.09},{"text":"judgment","start":6531.09,"end":6531.65},{"text":"is","start":6531.73,"end":6532.13},{"text":"admittedly","start":6532.13,"end":6532.85},{"text":"rather","start":6532.85,"end":6533.49},{"text":"ambiguous","start":6533.77,"end":6534.53},{"text":"and","start":6534.69,"end":6535.01},{"text":"therefore","start":6535.01,"end":6535.57},{"text":"likely","start":6535.65,"end":6536.05},{"text":"to","start":6536.05,"end":6536.17},{"text":"be","start":6536.17,"end":6536.29},{"text":"relatively","start":6536.29,"end":6537.01},{"text":"weak.","start":6537.01,"end":6537.41}]},{"text":"On the other hand, its ambiguity and weakness do not necessarily mean its non-existence, even in extreme cases such as when a state knowingly supports acts by non-state actors within its territory that seriously harm the rights or interests of other states.","start":6538.09,"end":6556.37,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required 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thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":6573.05,"end":6574.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6573.05,"end":6573.21},{"text":"thank","start":6573.21,"end":6573.53},{"text":"you,","start":6573.53,"end":6573.61},{"text":"Mr.","start":6573.61,"end":6573.93},{"text":"Chair.","start":6573.93,"end":6574.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"JPN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Japan"}},{"statement_number":26,"start":6577.77,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=1:49:38","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Japan for his statement.","start":6577.77,"end":6582.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6577.77,"end":6577.93},{"text":"thank","start":6577.93,"end":6578.17},{"text":"the","start":6578.17,"end":6578.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":6578.25,"end":6578.81},{"text":"representative","start":6578.97,"end":6579.61},{"text":"of","start":6579.61,"end":6579.69},{"text":"Japan","start":6579.69,"end":6580.25},{"text":"for","start":6580.25,"end":6580.57},{"text":"his","start":6580.57,"end":6580.81},{"text":"statement.","start":6580.81,"end":6582.01}]},{"text":"The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Eritrea, to be followed by Greece.","start":6582.81,"end":6590.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6582.81,"end":6582.85},{"text":"next","start":6582.85,"end":6583.17},{"text":"speaker","start":6583.17,"end":6583.61},{"text":"on","start":6583.61,"end":6583.69},{"text":"my","start":6583.69,"end":6583.85},{"text":"list","start":6583.85,"end":6584.25},{"text":"is","start":6584.25,"end":6584.45},{"text":"the","start":6584.45,"end":6584.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":6584.53,"end":6585.13},{"text":"representative","start":6585.37,"end":6585.93},{"text":"of","start":6585.93,"end":6586.01},{"text":"Eritrea,","start":6586.01,"end":6586.65},{"text":"to","start":6587.69,"end":6587.85},{"text":"be","start":6587.85,"end":6588.17},{"text":"followed","start":6588.65,"end":6589.29},{"text":"by","start":6589.45,"end":6589.93},{"text":"Greece.","start":6590.17,"end":6590.65}]},{"text":"Please, the floor is yours.","start":6591.45,"end":6592.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please,","start":6591.45,"end":6591.85},{"text":"the","start":6591.85,"end":6591.93},{"text":"floor","start":6591.93,"end":6592.25},{"text":"is","start":6592.25,"end":6592.33},{"text":"yours.","start":6592.33,"end":6592.65}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":6595.29,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=1:49:56","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":6595.29,"end":6596.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6595.29,"end":6595.53},{"text":"you,","start":6595.53,"end":6595.61},{"text":"Mr.","start":6595.61,"end":6595.93},{"text":"Chair.","start":6595.93,"end":6596.25}]},{"text":"I would like to share the following brief remarks concerning chapter 10 of the ILC report on the topic of prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":6596.81,"end":6605.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6596.81,"end":6596.89},{"text":"would","start":6596.89,"end":6597.01},{"text":"like","start":6597.01,"end":6597.13},{"text":"to","start":6597.13,"end":6597.25},{"text":"share","start":6597.25,"end":6597.53},{"text":"the","start":6597.53,"end":6597.61},{"text":"following","start":6597.61,"end":6598.01},{"text":"brief","start":6598.01,"end":6598.25},{"text":"remarks","start":6598.25,"end":6598.73},{"text":"concerning","start":6598.73,"end":6599.29},{"text":"chapter","start":6599.29,"end":6599.69},{"text":"10","start":6599.69,"end":6599.93},{"text":"of","start":6599.93,"end":6600.09},{"text":"the","start":6600.09,"end":6600.21},{"text":"ILC","start":6600.25,"end":6600.65},{"text":"report","start":6600.65,"end":6601.05},{"text":"on","start":6601.05,"end":6601.21},{"text":"the","start":6601.21,"end":6601.29},{"text":"topic","start":6601.29,"end":6601.69},{"text":"of","start":6601.69,"end":6601.85},{"text":"prevention","start":6601.85,"end":6602.49},{"text":"and","start":6602.81,"end":6602.97},{"text":"repression","start":6602.97,"end":6603.41},{"text":"of","start":6603.41,"end":6603.49},{"text":"piracy","start":6603.49,"end":6604.09},{"text":"and","start":6604.09,"end":6604.25},{"text":"armed","start":6604.25,"end":6604.53},{"text":"robbery","start":6604.53,"end":6604.81},{"text":"at","start":6604.81,"end":6604.93},{"text":"sea.","start":6604.93,"end":6605.29}]},{"text":"Eritrea would like to express its deep appreciation to former Special Rapporteur, Mr. Yacob Assef, for his efforts and initiative in proposing the topic as well as leading the work of the open-ended working 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thank Mr. Cissé for his first and second reports in this respect.","start":6619.25,"end":6622.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6619.25,"end":6619.33},{"text":"thank","start":6619.33,"end":6619.57},{"text":"Mr.","start":6619.57,"end":6619.89},{"text":"Cissé","start":6619.89,"end":6620.21},{"text":"for","start":6620.21,"end":6620.37},{"text":"his","start":6620.37,"end":6620.61},{"text":"first","start":6620.61,"end":6620.93},{"text":"and","start":6620.93,"end":6621.13},{"text":"second","start":6621.13,"end":6621.41},{"text":"reports","start":6621.41,"end":6621.81},{"text":"in","start":6621.81,"end":6621.89},{"text":"this","start":6621.89,"end":6622.05},{"text":"respect.","start":6622.05,"end":6622.53}]},{"text":"A/CHEA wishes to commend Mr. Louis Badogo, the current Special Rapporteur, for his work.","start":6623.17,"end":6629.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A/CHEA","start":6623.17,"end":6623.57},{"text":"wishes","start":6623.57,"end":6624.05},{"text":"to","start":6624.05,"end":6624.17},{"text":"commend","start":6624.17,"end":6624.69},{"text":"Mr.","start":6624.93,"end":6625.49},{"text":"Louis","start":6625.89,"end":6626.45},{"text":"Badogo,","start":6626.61,"end":6627.33},{"text":"the","start":6627.49,"end":6627.65},{"text":"current","start":6627.65,"end":6628.09},{"text":"Special","start":6628.09,"end":6628.45},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":6628.45,"end":6629.17},{"text":"for","start":6629.25,"end":6629.49},{"text":"his","start":6629.49,"end":6629.65},{"text":"work.","start":6629.65,"end":6629.97}]},{"text":"We take note of the draft articles that the Special Rapporteur proposed in the first report.","start":6630.21,"end":6636.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6630.21,"end":6630.33},{"text":"take","start":6630.33,"end":6630.53},{"text":"note","start":6630.53,"end":6630.93},{"text":"of","start":6630.93,"end":6631.09},{"text":"the","start":6631.09,"end":6631.21},{"text":"draft","start":6631.33,"end":6631.89},{"text":"articles","start":6631.89,"end":6632.53},{"text":"that","start":6633.09,"end":6633.33},{"text":"the","start":6633.33,"end":6633.45},{"text":"Special","start":6633.45,"end":6633.77},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":6633.77,"end":6634.21},{"text":"proposed","start":6634.21,"end":6634.81},{"text":"in","start":6634.93,"end":6635.25},{"text":"the","start":6635.25,"end":6635.41},{"text":"first","start":6635.41,"end":6635.73},{"text":"report.","start":6635.73,"end":6636.21}]},{"text":"The report was referred to the referred to the drafting committee, and we would like to reiterate Eritrea’s long-standing view that in the course of the study of the topic, the aim of the Commission should be to identify issues of common concern.","start":6637.49,"end":6652.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6637.49,"end":6637.57},{"text":"report","start":6637.57,"end":6637.97},{"text":"was","start":6637.97,"end":6638.29},{"text":"referred","start":6638.37,"end":6638.85},{"text":"to","start":6638.85,"end":6638.97},{"text":"the","start":6638.97,"end":6639.09},{"text":"referred","start":6640.01,"end":6640.29},{"text":"to","start":6640.29,"end":6640.45},{"text":"the","start":6640.81,"end":6640.89},{"text":"drafting","start":6640.89,"end":6641.37},{"text":"committee,","start":6641.37,"end":6641.85},{"text":"and","start":6642.17,"end":6642.45},{"text":"we","start":6642.45,"end":6642.65},{"text":"would","start":6642.65,"end":6642.77},{"text":"like","start":6642.77,"end":6643.05},{"text":"to","start":6643.05,"end":6643.29},{"text":"reiterate","start":6643.53,"end":6644.33},{"text":"Eritrea’s","start":6644.33,"end":6644.73},{"text":"long-standing","start":6644.73,"end":6645.29},{"text":"view","start":6645.29,"end":6645.69},{"text":"that","start":6645.93,"end":6646.17},{"text":"in","start":6646.17,"end":6646.25},{"text":"the","start":6646.25,"end":6646.33},{"text":"course","start":6646.33,"end":6646.73},{"text":"of","start":6646.73,"end":6646.81},{"text":"the","start":6646.81,"end":6646.89},{"text":"study","start":6646.89,"end":6647.29},{"text":"of","start":6647.29,"end":6647.37},{"text":"the","start":6647.37,"end":6647.49},{"text":"topic,","start":6647.49,"end":6648.01},{"text":"the","start":6648.41,"end":6648.53},{"text":"aim","start":6648.53,"end":6648.81},{"text":"of","start":6648.81,"end":6648.97},{"text":"the","start":6648.97,"end":6649.05},{"text":"Commission","start":6649.05,"end":6649.61},{"text":"should","start":6649.61,"end":6649.85},{"text":"be","start":6649.85,"end":6650.01},{"text":"to","start":6650.09,"end":6650.17},{"text":"identify","start":6650.17,"end":6650.89},{"text":"issues","start":6651.05,"end":6651.49},{"text":"of","start":6651.49,"end":6651.61},{"text":"common","start":6651.61,"end":6651.93},{"text":"concern.","start":6651.93,"end":6652.41}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, while there is a decline in activities in Africa, particularly in the vast area spanning Somali waters, where there has been an astonishing turnaround in the last decade, piracy and armed robbery stills still seriously affect the stability of international waterways.","start":6653.77,"end":6673.45,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6653.77,"end":6654.09},{"text":"Chair,","start":6654.09,"end":6654.49},{"text":"while","start":6655.09,"end":6655.37},{"text":"there","start":6655.37,"end":6655.53},{"text":"is","start":6655.53,"end":6655.73},{"text":"a","start":6655.73,"end":6655.77},{"text":"decline","start":6655.77,"end":6656.33},{"text":"in","start":6656.33,"end":6656.41},{"text":"activities","start":6656.41,"end":6657.05},{"text":"in","start":6657.05,"end":6657.21},{"text":"Africa,","start":6657.21,"end":6657.77},{"text":"particularly","start":6658.73,"end":6659.45},{"text":"in","start":6659.45,"end":6659.53},{"text":"the","start":6659.53,"end":6659.61},{"text":"vast","start":6659.61,"end":6660.01},{"text":"area","start":6660.01,"end":6660.33},{"text":"spanning","start":6660.33,"end":6660.81},{"text":"Somali","start":6660.81,"end":6661.29},{"text":"waters,","start":6661.29,"end":6661.85},{"text":"where","start":6662.21,"end":6662.65},{"text":"there","start":6662.65,"end":6662.89},{"text":"has","start":6662.89,"end":6663.13},{"text":"been","start":6663.13,"end":6663.45},{"text":"an","start":6663.53,"end":6663.69},{"text":"astonishing","start":6663.69,"end":6664.25},{"text":"turnaround","start":6664.25,"end":6664.81},{"text":"in","start":6664.81,"end":6664.93},{"text":"the","start":6664.93,"end":6665.05},{"text":"last","start":6665.05,"end":6665.45},{"text":"decade,","start":6666.09,"end":6666.57},{"text":"piracy","start":6666.73,"end":6667.21},{"text":"and","start":6667.21,"end":6667.45},{"text":"armed","start":6667.45,"end":6667.69},{"text":"robbery","start":6667.69,"end":6668.09},{"text":"stills","start":6668.09,"end":6668.49},{"text":"still","start":6668.89,"end":6669.45},{"text":"seriously","start":6669.53,"end":6671.01},{"text":"affect","start":6671.01,"end":6671.37},{"text":"the","start":6671.37,"end":6671.45},{"text":"stability","start":6671.45,"end":6672.09},{"text":"of","start":6672.09,"end":6672.25},{"text":"international","start":6672.25,"end":6672.85},{"text":"waterways.","start":6672.85,"end":6673.45}]},{"text":"Acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea pose a great risk to life and endanger the safety of international navigation and trade.","start":6674.33,"end":6681.93,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Acts","start":6674.33,"end":6674.65},{"text":"of","start":6674.65,"end":6674.81},{"text":"piracy","start":6674.81,"end":6675.29},{"text":"and","start":6675.29,"end":6675.49},{"text":"armed","start":6675.49,"end":6675.77},{"text":"robbery","start":6675.77,"end":6676.09},{"text":"at","start":6676.09,"end":6676.25},{"text":"sea","start":6676.25,"end":6676.49},{"text":"pose","start":6676.49,"end":6676.81},{"text":"a","start":6676.81,"end":6676.85},{"text":"great","start":6676.85,"end":6677.13},{"text":"risk","start":6677.13,"end":6677.53},{"text":"to","start":6677.53,"end":6677.65},{"text":"life","start":6677.65,"end":6678.01},{"text":"and","start":6678.41,"end":6678.61},{"text":"endanger","start":6678.61,"end":6679.13},{"text":"the","start":6679.13,"end":6679.25},{"text":"safety","start":6679.25,"end":6679.73},{"text":"of","start":6679.73,"end":6679.85},{"text":"international","start":6679.85,"end":6680.49},{"text":"navigation","start":6680.49,"end":6681.21},{"text":"and","start":6681.37,"end":6681.57},{"text":"trade.","start":6681.57,"end":6681.93}]},{"text":"Therefore, my delegation welcomes the ILC's consideration of the topic on the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":6682.33,"end":6690.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":6682.33,"end":6682.73},{"text":"my","start":6682.73,"end":6682.81},{"text":"delegation","start":6682.81,"end":6683.37},{"text":"welcomes","start":6683.37,"end":6683.73},{"text":"the","start":6683.73,"end":6683.81},{"text":"ILC's","start":6683.81,"end":6684.29},{"text":"consideration","start":6684.29,"end":6684.97},{"text":"of","start":6685.01,"end":6685.13},{"text":"the","start":6685.13,"end":6685.21},{"text":"topic","start":6685.21,"end":6685.69},{"text":"on","start":6685.69,"end":6685.85},{"text":"the","start":6685.85,"end":6685.93},{"text":"prevention","start":6685.93,"end":6686.57},{"text":"and","start":6686.57,"end":6686.81},{"text":"repression","start":6687.05,"end":6687.61},{"text":"of","start":6687.61,"end":6687.93},{"text":"piracy","start":6688.01,"end":6688.65},{"text":"and","start":6688.85,"end":6689.01},{"text":"armed","start":6689.01,"end":6689.21},{"text":"robbery","start":6689.21,"end":6689.69},{"text":"at","start":6689.69,"end":6689.85},{"text":"sea.","start":6689.85,"end":6690.17}]},{"text":"However, Eritrea would like to reiterate that Any codification of progressive development on the topic should be read as part of an approach that prevents and represses piracy and armed robbery in a comprehensive manner, bearing in mind the root cause of maritime insecurity.","start":6690.73,"end":6706.97,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6708.41,"end":6708.49},{"text":"believe","start":6708.49,"end":6708.81},{"text":"that","start":6708.81,"end":6709.05},{"text":"the","start":6709.05,"end":6709.13},{"text":"fight","start":6709.13,"end":6709.45},{"text":"against","start":6709.45,"end":6709.81},{"text":"piracy","start":6709.81,"end":6710.41},{"text":"and","start":6710.41,"end":6710.61},{"text":"armed","start":6710.61,"end":6710.85},{"text":"robbery","start":6710.85,"end":6711.29},{"text":"at","start":6711.29,"end":6711.45},{"text":"sea","start":6711.45,"end":6711.77},{"text":"can","start":6711.77,"end":6711.97},{"text":"be","start":6711.97,"end":6712.09},{"text":"rendered","start":6712.09,"end":6712.57},{"text":"more","start":6712.57,"end":6712.81},{"text":"effective","start":6712.81,"end":6713.45},{"text":"through","start":6713.85,"end":6714.09},{"text":"collective","start":6714.09,"end":6714.57},{"text":"action","start":6714.57,"end":6714.97},{"text":"in","start":6714.97,"end":6715.09},{"text":"developing","start":6715.09,"end":6715.77},{"text":"the","start":6715.77,"end":6715.85},{"text":"capacity","start":6715.85,"end":6716.41},{"text":"building","start":6716.41,"end":6716.81},{"text":"of","start":6716.81,"end":6716.89},{"text":"coastal","start":6716.89,"end":6717.29},{"text":"states,","start":6717.29,"end":6717.77},{"text":"such","start":6718.01,"end":6718.25},{"text":"as","start":6718.25,"end":6718.49},{"text":"efforts","start":6718.49,"end":6718.89},{"text":"undertaken","start":6719.09,"end":6719.85},{"text":"by","start":6719.85,"end":6719.97},{"text":"regional","start":6719.97,"end":6720.49},{"text":"and","start":6720.49,"end":6720.65},{"text":"sub-regional","start":6720.65,"end":6721.21},{"text":"bodies,","start":6721.21,"end":6721.77},{"text":"particularly","start":6722.09,"end":6722.89},{"text":"on","start":6722.89,"end":6723.13},{"text":"the","start":6723.13,"end":6723.25},{"text":"African","start":6723.25,"end":6723.69},{"text":"continent.","start":6723.69,"end":6724.33}]},{"text":"The root causes of the crimes of piracy and armed robbery at sea can often be traced to socio-economic factors.","start":6724.73,"end":6731.93,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Illegal,","start":6732.49,"end":6732.93},{"text":"unreported,","start":6732.93,"end":6733.65},{"text":"and","start":6733.65,"end":6733.85},{"text":"unregulated","start":6733.85,"end":6734.49},{"text":"fishing","start":6734.49,"end":6734.89},{"text":"deprives","start":6734.89,"end":6735.33},{"text":"coastal","start":6735.33,"end":6735.73},{"text":"populations","start":6735.73,"end":6736.61},{"text":"of","start":6736.89,"end":6737.05},{"text":"their","start":6737.05,"end":6737.25},{"text":"means","start":6737.25,"end":6737.61},{"text":"of","start":6737.61,"end":6737.73},{"text":"food","start":6737.73,"end":6738.05},{"text":"and","start":6738.05,"end":6738.21},{"text":"livelihood.","start":6738.21,"end":6738.77}]},{"text":"We therefore think it is necessary to support coastal countries in strengthening their domestic legal framework for the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":6739.17,"end":6749.41,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6739.17,"end":6739.33},{"text":"therefore","start":6739.33,"end":6739.73},{"text":"think","start":6739.73,"end":6740.05},{"text":"it","start":6740.05,"end":6740.13},{"text":"is","start":6740.13,"end":6740.53},{"text":"necessary","start":6740.77,"end":6741.33},{"text":"to","start":6741.33,"end":6741.45},{"text":"support","start":6741.45,"end":6741.89},{"text":"coastal","start":6741.89,"end":6742.29},{"text":"countries","start":6742.29,"end":6742.85},{"text":"in","start":6742.85,"end":6743.09},{"text":"strengthening","start":6743.09,"end":6743.73},{"text":"their","start":6743.97,"end":6744.21},{"text":"domestic","start":6744.21,"end":6744.69},{"text":"legal","start":6744.69,"end":6745.09},{"text":"framework","start":6745.09,"end":6745.65},{"text":"for","start":6745.65,"end":6745.89},{"text":"the","start":6745.89,"end":6745.97},{"text":"prevention","start":6745.97,"end":6746.53},{"text":"and","start":6746.53,"end":6746.69},{"text":"repression","start":6746.69,"end":6747.13},{"text":"of","start":6747.13,"end":6747.25},{"text":"piracy","start":6747.25,"end":6747.89},{"text":"and","start":6748.13,"end":6748.29},{"text":"armed","start":6748.29,"end":6748.61},{"text":"robbery","start":6748.61,"end":6748.89},{"text":"at","start":6748.89,"end":6748.97},{"text":"sea.","start":6748.97,"end":6749.41}]},{"text":"Furthermore, the possible expansion of the regulatory framework on the topic should illustrate the multifaceted nature of the evolution of offenses at sea.","start":6750.05,"end":6761.33,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":6750.05,"end":6750.77},{"text":"the","start":6751.01,"end":6751.17},{"text":"possible","start":6751.17,"end":6751.81},{"text":"expansion","start":6751.81,"end":6752.45},{"text":"of","start":6752.45,"end":6752.61},{"text":"the","start":6752.61,"end":6752.69},{"text":"regulatory","start":6752.69,"end":6753.25},{"text":"framework","start":6753.25,"end":6754.05},{"text":"on","start":6754.37,"end":6754.53},{"text":"the","start":6754.53,"end":6754.65},{"text":"topic","start":6754.65,"end":6755.09},{"text":"should","start":6755.09,"end":6755.25},{"text":"illustrate","start":6755.25,"end":6755.81},{"text":"the","start":6755.81,"end":6756.01},{"text":"multifaceted","start":6756.01,"end":6757.69},{"text":"nature","start":6757.69,"end":6758.21},{"text":"of","start":6758.77,"end":6758.93},{"text":"the","start":6758.93,"end":6759.01},{"text":"evolution","start":6759.09,"end":6759.89},{"text":"of","start":6760.01,"end":6760.21},{"text":"offenses","start":6760.29,"end":6760.81},{"text":"at","start":6760.81,"end":6760.89},{"text":"sea.","start":6760.89,"end":6761.33}]},{"text":"Air Traffic therefore welcomes the Commission's approach to new forms of illegal activity using information technology or autonomous maritime or aerial vehicles.","start":6762.73,"end":6772.73,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Air","start":6762.73,"end":6762.89},{"text":"Traffic","start":6762.89,"end":6763.13},{"text":"therefore","start":6763.13,"end":6763.69},{"text":"welcomes","start":6763.69,"end":6764.17},{"text":"the","start":6764.17,"end":6764.29},{"text":"Commission's","start":6764.29,"end":6764.85},{"text":"approach","start":6764.85,"end":6765.21},{"text":"to","start":6765.21,"end":6765.41},{"text":"new","start":6765.41,"end":6765.77},{"text":"forms","start":6766.25,"end":6766.69},{"text":"of","start":6766.69,"end":6766.81},{"text":"illegal","start":6766.81,"end":6767.29},{"text":"activity","start":6767.29,"end":6767.93},{"text":"using","start":6768.09,"end":6768.57},{"text":"information","start":6768.57,"end":6769.29},{"text":"technology","start":6769.29,"end":6769.93},{"text":"or","start":6770.17,"end":6770.37},{"text":"autonomous","start":6770.37,"end":6770.89},{"text":"maritime","start":6770.89,"end":6771.45},{"text":"or","start":6771.45,"end":6771.69},{"text":"aerial","start":6771.69,"end":6772.09},{"text":"vehicles.","start":6772.09,"end":6772.73}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, The ILC reflected in its 77th report on changing circumstances.","start":6773.61,"end":6779.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6773.61,"end":6773.93},{"text":"Chair,","start":6773.93,"end":6774.25},{"text":"The","start":6774.81,"end":6774.85},{"text":"ILC","start":6774.85,"end":6775.37},{"text":"reflected","start":6775.37,"end":6775.93},{"text":"in","start":6775.93,"end":6776.01},{"text":"its","start":6776.01,"end":6776.13},{"text":"77th","start":6776.13,"end":6776.89},{"text":"report","start":6776.97,"end":6777.69},{"text":"on","start":6777.69,"end":6778.01},{"text":"changing","start":6778.25,"end":6778.73},{"text":"circumstances.","start":6778.73,"end":6779.69}]},{"text":"Over the past 10 years, 80% of the illegal acts of violence, detention or depredation committed against ships have taken place in territorial seas or internal waters.","start":6779.93,"end":6791.69,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":6779.93,"end":6780.33},{"text":"the","start":6780.57,"end":6780.69},{"text":"past","start":6780.69,"end":6781.17},{"text":"10","start":6781.17,"end":6781.37},{"text":"years,","start":6781.37,"end":6781.77},{"text":"80%","start":6782.73,"end":6782.77},{"text":"of","start":6782.77,"end":6782.89},{"text":"the","start":6782.89,"end":6783.01},{"text":"illegal","start":6783.01,"end":6783.53},{"text":"acts","start":6783.53,"end":6783.89},{"text":"of","start":6783.89,"end":6784.05},{"text":"violence,","start":6784.05,"end":6784.57},{"text":"detention","start":6784.89,"end":6785.69},{"text":"or","start":6785.77,"end":6786.01},{"text":"depredation","start":6786.01,"end":6786.81},{"text":"committed","start":6787.05,"end":6787.49},{"text":"against","start":6787.49,"end":6787.85},{"text":"ships","start":6787.85,"end":6788.25},{"text":"have","start":6788.25,"end":6788.49},{"text":"taken","start":6788.49,"end":6788.77},{"text":"place","start":6788.77,"end":6789.05},{"text":"in","start":6789.05,"end":6789.21},{"text":"territorial","start":6789.21,"end":6789.77},{"text":"seas","start":6789.77,"end":6790.25},{"text":"or","start":6790.49,"end":6790.65},{"text":"internal","start":6790.65,"end":6791.13},{"text":"waters.","start":6791.13,"end":6791.69}]},{"text":"Therefore, with regard to the draft article presented, my delegation is of the view that the scope should safeguard the principles of sovereignty of coastal States.","start":6792.25,"end":6801.69,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":6792.25,"end":6792.81},{"text":"with","start":6792.81,"end":6793.05},{"text":"regard","start":6793.05,"end":6793.41},{"text":"to","start":6793.41,"end":6793.65},{"text":"the","start":6793.69,"end":6793.81},{"text":"draft","start":6794.41,"end":6794.77},{"text":"article","start":6794.77,"end":6795.13},{"text":"presented,","start":6795.13,"end":6795.69},{"text":"my","start":6795.69,"end":6795.85},{"text":"delegation","start":6795.85,"end":6796.41},{"text":"is","start":6796.41,"end":6796.57},{"text":"of","start":6796.57,"end":6796.73},{"text":"the","start":6796.73,"end":6796.81},{"text":"view","start":6796.81,"end":6797.29},{"text":"that","start":6797.53,"end":6797.85},{"text":"the","start":6797.85,"end":6797.93},{"text":"scope","start":6797.93,"end":6798.41},{"text":"should","start":6798.41,"end":6798.65},{"text":"safeguard","start":6798.65,"end":6799.29},{"text":"the","start":6799.29,"end":6799.37},{"text":"principles","start":6799.37,"end":6799.93},{"text":"of","start":6799.93,"end":6800.01},{"text":"sovereignty","start":6800.01,"end":6800.69},{"text":"of","start":6800.69,"end":6800.81},{"text":"coastal","start":6800.81,"end":6801.21},{"text":"States.","start":6801.21,"end":6801.69}]},{"text":"Littoral States have a vital and indispensable role in securing and promoting a sustainable and stable maritime ecosystem.","start":6803.45,"end":6811.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Littoral","start":6803.45,"end":6803.77},{"text":"States","start":6803.77,"end":6804.25},{"text":"have","start":6804.25,"end":6804.53},{"text":"a","start":6804.53,"end":6804.57},{"text":"vital","start":6804.61,"end":6805.05},{"text":"and","start":6805.05,"end":6805.21},{"text":"indispensable","start":6805.21,"end":6805.93},{"text":"role","start":6805.93,"end":6806.25},{"text":"in","start":6806.25,"end":6806.41},{"text":"securing","start":6806.41,"end":6806.97},{"text":"and","start":6806.97,"end":6807.09},{"text":"promoting","start":6807.09,"end":6807.69},{"text":"a","start":6807.69,"end":6807.77},{"text":"sustainable","start":6807.77,"end":6808.49},{"text":"and","start":6809.69,"end":6809.97},{"text":"stable","start":6809.97,"end":6810.33},{"text":"maritime","start":6810.33,"end":6810.73},{"text":"ecosystem.","start":6810.73,"end":6811.53}]},{"text":"When it comes to the scope of piracy, my delegation stresses that the position of non-parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea should be reflected on the draft articles, either by expressing that the UNCLOS provision on privacy, piracy reflects customary international law or through a reference to, without prejudice to non-state parties to the Convention.","start":6812.25,"end":6839.29,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":6812.25,"end":6812.41},{"text":"it","start":6812.41,"end":6812.49},{"text":"comes","start":6812.49,"end":6812.81},{"text":"to","start":6812.81,"end":6812.97},{"text":"the","start":6812.97,"end":6813.05},{"text":"scope","start":6813.05,"end":6813.45},{"text":"of","start":6813.49,"end":6813.69},{"text":"piracy,","start":6813.69,"end":6814.41},{"text":"my","start":6814.65,"end":6814.81},{"text":"delegation","start":6814.81,"end":6815.29},{"text":"stresses","start":6815.29,"end":6815.93},{"text":"that","start":6815.93,"end":6816.25},{"text":"the","start":6816.89,"end":6817.13},{"text":"position","start":6817.13,"end":6817.69},{"text":"of","start":6817.69,"end":6817.93},{"text":"non-parties","start":6817.93,"end":6818.89},{"text":"to","start":6819.13,"end":6819.33},{"text":"the","start":6819.37,"end":6819.49},{"text":"United","start":6819.49,"end":6819.93},{"text":"Nations","start":6819.93,"end":6820.41},{"text":"Convention","start":6820.41,"end":6821.05},{"text":"on","start":6821.05,"end":6821.21},{"text":"the","start":6821.21,"end":6821.33},{"text":"Law","start":6821.33,"end":6821.65},{"text":"of","start":6821.65,"end":6821.77},{"text":"the","start":6821.77,"end":6821.89},{"text":"Sea","start":6821.89,"end":6822.41},{"text":"should","start":6822.65,"end":6822.97},{"text":"be","start":6822.97,"end":6823.09},{"text":"reflected","start":6823.09,"end":6823.61},{"text":"on","start":6823.61,"end":6823.77},{"text":"the","start":6823.77,"end":6823.85},{"text":"draft","start":6823.85,"end":6824.17},{"text":"articles,","start":6824.17,"end":6824.81},{"text":"either","start":6825.41,"end":6825.69},{"text":"by","start":6825.69,"end":6825.81},{"text":"expressing","start":6825.81,"end":6826.53},{"text":"that","start":6826.53,"end":6826.65},{"text":"the","start":6826.65,"end":6826.73},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":6826.73,"end":6827.65},{"text":"provision","start":6827.65,"end":6828.17},{"text":"on","start":6828.17,"end":6828.33},{"text":"privacy,","start":6828.33,"end":6829.05},{"text":"piracy","start":6829.85,"end":6830.49},{"text":"reflects","start":6830.73,"end":6831.37},{"text":"customary","start":6831.69,"end":6832.21},{"text":"international","start":6832.21,"end":6833.09},{"text":"law","start":6833.09,"end":6833.17},{"text":"or","start":6833.37,"end":6833.69},{"text":"through","start":6833.69,"end":6834.17},{"text":"a","start":6834.53,"end":6834.57},{"text":"reference","start":6834.65,"end":6835.53},{"text":"to,","start":6835.53,"end":6835.65},{"text":"without","start":6835.77,"end":6836.25},{"text":"prejudice","start":6836.25,"end":6836.73},{"text":"to","start":6836.73,"end":6836.89},{"text":"non-state","start":6836.89,"end":6837.45},{"text":"parties","start":6837.45,"end":6838.01},{"text":"to","start":6838.25,"end":6838.41},{"text":"the","start":6838.49,"end":6838.57},{"text":"Convention.","start":6838.57,"end":6839.29}]},{"text":"Regarding piracy and the different maritime spaces in which different rights and obligations apply, we would like to share our concern about the intersection of maritime zones, for example, when the crime of piracy is committed within the sovereignty of a state as well as on the high seas.","start":6840.25,"end":6858.97,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6840.25,"end":6840.73},{"text":"piracy","start":6840.73,"end":6841.45},{"text":"and","start":6841.45,"end":6841.81},{"text":"the","start":6841.81,"end":6841.89},{"text":"different","start":6842.41,"end":6842.85},{"text":"maritime","start":6842.85,"end":6843.45},{"text":"spaces","start":6843.45,"end":6843.93},{"text":"in","start":6843.93,"end":6844.05},{"text":"which","start":6844.05,"end":6844.25},{"text":"different","start":6844.25,"end":6844.65},{"text":"rights","start":6844.65,"end":6844.93},{"text":"and","start":6844.93,"end":6845.05},{"text":"obligations","start":6845.05,"end":6845.61},{"text":"apply,","start":6845.61,"end":6845.97},{"text":"we","start":6845.97,"end":6846.09},{"text":"would","start":6846.49,"end":6846.69},{"text":"like","start":6846.69,"end":6846.89},{"text":"to","start":6846.89,"end":6847.01},{"text":"share","start":6847.01,"end":6847.37},{"text":"our","start":6847.37,"end":6847.53},{"text":"concern","start":6847.53,"end":6848.09},{"text":"about","start":6848.09,"end":6848.45},{"text":"the","start":6848.45,"end":6848.53},{"text":"intersection","start":6848.53,"end":6849.21},{"text":"of","start":6849.21,"end":6849.45},{"text":"maritime","start":6849.45,"end":6849.93},{"text":"zones,","start":6849.93,"end":6850.41},{"text":"for","start":6851.13,"end":6851.29},{"text":"example,","start":6851.29,"end":6851.89},{"text":"when","start":6851.89,"end":6852.09},{"text":"the","start":6852.09,"end":6852.17},{"text":"crime","start":6852.17,"end":6852.57},{"text":"of","start":6852.61,"end":6852.73},{"text":"piracy","start":6852.73,"end":6853.45},{"text":"is","start":6853.45,"end":6853.61},{"text":"committed","start":6853.61,"end":6854.05},{"text":"within","start":6854.05,"end":6854.41},{"text":"the","start":6854.41,"end":6854.49},{"text":"sovereignty","start":6854.49,"end":6855.29},{"text":"of","start":6856.25,"end":6856.41},{"text":"a","start":6856.41,"end":6856.45},{"text":"state","start":6856.45,"end":6856.89},{"text":"as","start":6856.89,"end":6857.05},{"text":"well","start":6857.05,"end":6857.29},{"text":"as","start":6857.29,"end":6857.53},{"text":"on","start":6857.93,"end":6858.17},{"text":"the","start":6858.17,"end":6858.25},{"text":"high","start":6858.25,"end":6858.49},{"text":"seas.","start":6858.49,"end":6858.97}]},{"text":"This overlap could potentially reflect a conflict as to who has jurisdiction over the crime.","start":6860.25,"end":6866.37,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6860.25,"end":6860.57},{"text":"overlap","start":6860.57,"end":6861.13},{"text":"could","start":6861.13,"end":6861.37},{"text":"potentially","start":6861.37,"end":6861.93},{"text":"reflect","start":6861.93,"end":6862.49},{"text":"a","start":6862.81,"end":6862.85},{"text":"conflict","start":6862.85,"end":6863.45},{"text":"as","start":6863.45,"end":6863.61},{"text":"to","start":6863.61,"end":6863.81},{"text":"who","start":6863.81,"end":6864.17},{"text":"has","start":6864.17,"end":6864.53},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":6864.53,"end":6865.37},{"text":"over","start":6865.69,"end":6865.93},{"text":"the","start":6865.93,"end":6866.05},{"text":"crime.","start":6866.05,"end":6866.37}]},{"text":"My delegation is of the view that it is for the coastal States to take the necessary measures for their repression of acts committed in maritime zones subject to its sovereignty.","start":6866.73,"end":6878.57,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity 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Chair, in closing, my delegation reiterates its appreciation to the Commission for its work on prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery, and we look forward to the Special Rapporteur’s 2027 report, including not only the comments made by the members of the Commission, but also those of Member 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Chair.","start":6927.21,"end":6929.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6927.21,"end":6928.09},{"text":"Chair.","start":6928.97,"end":6929.37}]},{"text":"Greece welcomes the progress accomplished this year by the Commission on Non-binding International Agreements and would like to thank the Special Rapporteur, Professor Matthias Forto, for his outstanding work and for the excellent quality of his second and third reports.","start":6930.13,"end":6944.89,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7058.21,"end":7058.33},{"text":"Convention","start":7058.33,"end":7058.85},{"text":"provides","start":7058.85,"end":7059.33},{"text":"a","start":7059.33,"end":7059.37},{"text":"carefully","start":7059.37,"end":7059.93},{"text":"balanced","start":7059.93,"end":7060.53},{"text":"legal","start":7060.53,"end":7060.81},{"text":"regime","start":7060.81,"end":7061.29},{"text":"for","start":7061.29,"end":7061.41},{"text":"the","start":7061.41,"end":7061.53},{"text":"activities","start":7061.53,"end":7062.01},{"text":"at","start":7062.01,"end":7062.09},{"text":"sea","start":7062.09,"end":7062.53},{"text":"whose","start":7062.69,"end":7062.97},{"text":"integrity","start":7062.97,"end":7063.57},{"text":"needs","start":7063.57,"end":7063.85},{"text":"to","start":7063.85,"end":7063.97},{"text":"be","start":7063.97,"end":7064.09},{"text":"always","start":7064.09,"end":7064.45},{"text":"maintained.","start":7064.45,"end":7065.17}]},{"text":"With regard to draft article 5, we agree that acts of piracy or armed robbery at sea, as defined in articles 2 and 3 respectively, may also be committed using uncrewed aircraft or vessels or through acts of maritime cybercrime, provided that there is consistency with the notion of piracy as provided in the UNCLOS.","start":7065.77,"end":7086.9,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Draft","start":7119.33,"end":7119.57},{"text":"Article","start":7119.57,"end":7119.97},{"text":"7","start":7119.97,"end":7120.37},{"text":"on","start":7120.37,"end":7120.45},{"text":"the","start":7120.45,"end":7120.57},{"text":"right","start":7120.57,"end":7120.93},{"text":"of","start":7120.93,"end":7121.01},{"text":"hot","start":7121.01,"end":7121.25},{"text":"pursuit","start":7121.25,"end":7121.73},{"text":"into","start":7121.73,"end":7122.05},{"text":"the","start":7122.05,"end":7122.17},{"text":"territorial","start":7122.17,"end":7122.73},{"text":"sea","start":7122.73,"end":7123.09},{"text":"of","start":7123.09,"end":7123.25},{"text":"the","start":7123.25,"end":7123.33},{"text":"third","start":7123.33,"end":7123.65},{"text":"state","start":7123.65,"end":7124.05},{"text":"with","start":7124.05,"end":7124.37},{"text":"its","start":7124.37,"end":7124.53},{"text":"consent,","start":7124.53,"end":7125.17},{"text":"which","start":7125.45,"end":7125.65},{"text":"goes","start":7125.65,"end":7125.97},{"text":"beyond","start":7125.97,"end":7126.37},{"text":"the","start":7126.37,"end":7126.45},{"text":"relevant","start":7126.45,"end":7126.81},{"text":"provision","start":7126.81,"end":7127.25},{"text":"of","start":7127.25,"end":7127.33},{"text":"the","start":7127.33,"end":7127.45},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":7127.45,"end":7128.41},{"text":"may","start":7128.41,"end":7128.49},{"text":"raise","start":7128.49,"end":7128.61},{"text":"the","start":7128.61,"end":7128.69},{"text":"concern","start":7128.69,"end":7129.25},{"text":"that","start":7129.25,"end":7129.49},{"text":"in","start":7129.49,"end":7129.65},{"text":"practice,","start":7129.65,"end":7130.17},{"text":"the","start":7130.21,"end":7130.29},{"text":"coastal","start":7130.29,"end":7130.69},{"text":"state's","start":7130.69,"end":7131.21},{"text":"sovereignty","start":7131.21,"end":7131.65},{"text":"may","start":7131.65,"end":7131.89},{"text":"be","start":7131.89,"end":7132.01},{"text":"affected.","start":7132.01,"end":7132.61}]},{"text":"Concerning Draft Article 8 on the issue of seizure of a pirate ship, we would like to observe that regarding piracy, the relevant provisions of the UNCLOS, Articles 105 and 106, apply as such and not mutatis mutandis.","start":7133.01,"end":7147.97,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Concerning","start":7133.01,"end":7133.65},{"text":"Draft","start":7133.65,"end":7134.05},{"text":"Article","start":7134.05,"end":7134.45},{"text":"8","start":7134.45,"end":7134.85},{"text":"on","start":7134.85,"end":7135.09},{"text":"the","start":7135.09,"end":7135.21},{"text":"issue","start":7135.21,"end":7135.37},{"text":"of","start":7135.37,"end":7135.49},{"text":"seizure","start":7135.49,"end":7136.13},{"text":"of","start":7136.29,"end":7136.41},{"text":"a","start":7136.41,"end":7136.45},{"text":"pirate","start":7136.45,"end":7137.17},{"text":"ship,","start":7137.17,"end":7137.57},{"text":"we","start":7137.81,"end":7138.05},{"text":"would","start":7138.05,"end":7138.21},{"text":"like","start":7138.21,"end":7138.53},{"text":"to","start":7138.53,"end":7138.65},{"text":"observe","start":7138.65,"end":7139.09},{"text":"that","start":7139.09,"end":7139.33},{"text":"regarding","start":7139.33,"end":7139.85},{"text":"piracy,","start":7139.85,"end":7140.45},{"text":"the","start":7140.45,"end":7140.53},{"text":"relevant","start":7140.53,"end":7140.89},{"text":"provisions","start":7140.89,"end":7141.41},{"text":"of","start":7141.41,"end":7141.49},{"text":"the","start":7141.49,"end":7141.57},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":7141.57,"end":7142.49},{"text":"Articles","start":7142.49,"end":7142.93},{"text":"105","start":7142.93,"end":7143.81},{"text":"and","start":7143.81,"end":7144.05},{"text":"106,","start":7144.05,"end":7144.85},{"text":"apply","start":7144.93,"end":7145.33},{"text":"as","start":7145.33,"end":7145.45},{"text":"such","start":7145.45,"end":7145.89},{"text":"and","start":7146.05,"end":7146.33},{"text":"not","start":7146.33,"end":7146.69},{"text":"mutatis","start":7146.77,"end":7147.33},{"text":"mutandis.","start":7147.33,"end":7147.97}]},{"text":"Concerning finally the relationship of the draft articles with the UNCLOS and other relevant legal instruments, as provided in draft article 22, it would be necessary, in our view, to focus on the UNCLOS, particularly stressing that the draft articles shall be interpreted and applied in the context of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.","start":7148.73,"end":7168.29,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7210.49,"end":7210.73},{"text":"being","start":7210.73,"end":7210.97},{"text":"said,","start":7210.97,"end":7211.37},{"text":"compensation","start":7211.69,"end":7212.57},{"text":"practices","start":7212.57,"end":7213.13},{"text":"developed","start":7213.13,"end":7213.69},{"text":"in","start":7213.69,"end":7213.81},{"text":"the","start":7213.81,"end":7213.93},{"text":"context","start":7213.93,"end":7214.37},{"text":"of","start":7214.37,"end":7214.49},{"text":"compensation","start":7214.49,"end":7215.21},{"text":"institutions,","start":7215.21,"end":7215.93},{"text":"such","start":7216.09,"end":7216.41},{"text":"as","start":7216.41,"end":7216.49},{"text":"the","start":7216.49,"end":7216.61},{"text":"mass","start":7216.61,"end":7216.89},{"text":"claims","start":7216.89,"end":7217.29},{"text":"processes","start":7217.29,"end":7218.41},{"text":"of","start":7218.73,"end":7218.89},{"text":"the","start":7218.89,"end":7219.01},{"text":"UN","start":7219.01,"end":7219.29},{"text":"Compensation","start":7219.29,"end":7220.05},{"text":"Commission,","start":7220.05,"end":7220.65},{"text":"should","start":7220.81,"end":7220.97},{"text":"be","start":7220.97,"end":7221.13},{"text":"taken","start":7221.13,"end":7221.61},{"text":"into","start":7221.61,"end":7221.89},{"text":"account","start":7221.89,"end":7222.33},{"text":"insofar","start":7222.33,"end":7223.29},{"text":"they","start":7223.45,"end":7223.57},{"text":"can","start":7223.57,"end":7223.85},{"text":"influence","start":7223.85,"end":7224.29},{"text":"the","start":7224.29,"end":7224.37},{"text":"standard","start":7224.41,"end":7224.97},{"text":"of","start":7224.97,"end":7225.05},{"text":"proof,","start":7225.05,"end":7225.53},{"text":"the","start":7225.61,"end":7225.73},{"text":"calculation","start":7225.73,"end":7226.65},{"text":"of","start":7226.73,"end":7226.89},{"text":"the","start":7226.89,"end":7226.97},{"text":"incurred","start":7226.97,"end":7227.49},{"text":"damages,","start":7227.49,"end":7228.09},{"text":"or","start":7228.41,"end":7228.65},{"text":"the","start":7228.65,"end":7228.73},{"text":"determination","start":7228.73,"end":7229.49},{"text":"of","start":7229.49,"end":7229.61},{"text":"the","start":7229.61,"end":7229.69},{"text":"quantum","start":7229.69,"end":7230.17},{"text":"of","start":7230.25,"end":7230.41},{"text":"compensation","start":7230.41,"end":7231.17},{"text":"allocated","start":7231.17,"end":7231.73},{"text":"to","start":7231.73,"end":7231.85},{"text":"each","start":7231.85,"end":7232.17},{"text":"of","start":7232.17,"end":7232.33},{"text":"the","start":7232.33,"end":7232.45},{"text":"injured","start":7232.49,"end":7232.97},{"text":"persons.","start":7232.97,"end":7233.61}]},{"text":"In concluding, Mr. Chairman, climate change-related damage raises the delicate question whether the plurality of responsible actors or of actors injured may affect the question of the causal nexus between the wrongful act and the incurred damages or the method of allocation of compensation.","start":7234.45,"end":7253.73,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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Thank you, Mr. Chairman.","start":7286.89,"end":7289.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7286.89,"end":7287.13},{"text":"you,","start":7287.13,"end":7287.21},{"text":"Chairman.","start":7287.21,"end":7287.69},{"text":"Thank","start":7288.33,"end":7288.45},{"text":"you,","start":7288.45,"end":7288.53},{"text":"Mr.","start":7288.53,"end":7288.77},{"text":"Chairman.","start":7288.77,"end":7289.01}]},{"text":"I will begin by referring to non-legally binding international agreements.","start":7289.01,"end":7294.69,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7289.01,"end":7289.05},{"text":"will","start":7289.05,"end":7289.17},{"text":"begin","start":7289.17,"end":7289.73},{"text":"by","start":7289.73,"end":7290.13},{"text":"referring","start":7290.13,"end":7290.93},{"text":"to","start":7290.93,"end":7291.49},{"text":"non-legally","start":7292.29,"end":7292.93},{"text":"binding","start":7292.93,"end":7293.25},{"text":"international","start":7293.25,"end":7293.89},{"text":"agreements.","start":7293.89,"end":7294.69}]},{"text":"First of all, Colombia thanks the Commission and the Special Rapporteur for their efforts in developing this topic, and we believe that the draft conclusions are a useful contribution to providing clarity to the nature and use of non-legally binding international agreements.","start":7296.05,"end":7316.57,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7335.61,"end":7335.85},{"text":"is","start":7335.85,"end":7335.93},{"text":"especially","start":7335.93,"end":7336.41},{"text":"important","start":7336.41,"end":7337.09},{"text":"given","start":7337.09,"end":7337.53},{"text":"that","start":7337.53,"end":7337.77},{"text":"one","start":7337.77,"end":7338.09},{"text":"of","start":7338.09,"end":7338.25},{"text":"the","start":7338.25,"end":7338.33},{"text":"main","start":7338.33,"end":7338.73},{"text":"reasons","start":7338.73,"end":7339.41},{"text":"states","start":7339.41,"end":7340.09},{"text":"and","start":7340.09,"end":7340.41},{"text":"international","start":7340.81,"end":7341.49},{"text":"organizations","start":7341.49,"end":7342.41},{"text":"resort","start":7342.41,"end":7343.01},{"text":"to","start":7343.01,"end":7343.09},{"text":"to","start":7343.85,"end":7344.17},{"text":"these","start":7344.17,"end":7344.49},{"text":"instruments","start":7344.49,"end":7345.21},{"text":"is","start":7346.09,"end":7346.41},{"text":"precisely","start":7346.41,"end":7347.13},{"text":"the","start":7347.13,"end":7347.21},{"text":"flexibility","start":7347.21,"end":7347.93},{"text":"that","start":7347.93,"end":7348.05},{"text":"they","start":7348.05,"end":7348.25},{"text":"offer.","start":7348.25,"end":7348.65}]},{"text":"Furthermore, Colombia, just like other states, regularly uses instruments of this nature to express understandings, intentions, and political or programmatic commitments without generating legal obligations under international law.","start":7349.69,"end":7366.25,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7367.29,"end":7367.49},{"text":"experience","start":7367.49,"end":7368.25},{"text":"has","start":7368.25,"end":7368.53},{"text":"enabled","start":7368.53,"end":7368.93},{"text":"it","start":7368.93,"end":7369.09},{"text":"to","start":7369.09,"end":7369.17},{"text":"develop","start":7369.17,"end":7369.69},{"text":"criteria","start":7369.69,"end":7370.65},{"text":"and","start":7370.65,"end":7370.81},{"text":"tools","start":7370.89,"end":7371.53},{"text":"to","start":7372.13,"end":7372.17},{"text":"guide","start":7372.17,"end":7372.41},{"text":"their","start":7372.41,"end":7372.57},{"text":"preparation","start":7372.57,"end":7373.41},{"text":"and","start":7373.41,"end":7373.57},{"text":"distinguish","start":7373.57,"end":7374.09},{"text":"them","start":7374.09,"end":7374.41},{"text":"from","start":7374.41,"end":7374.73},{"text":"legally","start":7374.81,"end":7375.29},{"text":"binding","start":7375.29,"end":7375.69},{"text":"instruments,","start":7375.69,"end":7376.41},{"text":"including","start":7377.05,"end":7377.85},{"text":"the","start":7377.85,"end":7378.01},{"text":"previously","start":7378.01,"end":7378.57},{"text":"mentioned","start":7378.57,"end":7379.25},{"text":"legal","start":7380.73,"end":7381.21},{"text":"guide","start":7381.21,"end":7381.49},{"text":"to","start":7381.49,"end":7381.73},{"text":"treaties","start":7381.73,"end":7382.49},{"text":"and","start":7382.49,"end":7382.81},{"text":"other","start":7382.81,"end":7383.13},{"text":"international","start":7383.13,"end":7383.65},{"text":"instruments","start":7383.65,"end":7384.21},{"text":"that's","start":7384.21,"end":7384.49},{"text":"been","start":7384.49,"end":7384.65},{"text":"mentioned","start":7384.65,"end":7385.09},{"text":"during","start":7385.09,"end":7385.37},{"text":"other","start":7385.37,"end":7385.53},{"text":"sessions.","start":7385.53,"end":7386.17}]},{"text":"Now, in light of these considerations, we would like to make several comments regarding the draft conclusions.","start":7386.57,"end":7392.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":7386.57,"end":7386.81},{"text":"in","start":7387.05,"end":7387.21},{"text":"light","start":7387.21,"end":7387.37},{"text":"of","start":7387.37,"end":7387.45},{"text":"these","start":7387.45,"end":7387.61},{"text":"considerations,","start":7387.61,"end":7388.29},{"text":"we","start":7388.29,"end":7388.37},{"text":"would","start":7388.37,"end":7388.49},{"text":"like","start":7388.49,"end":7388.69},{"text":"to","start":7388.69,"end":7388.85},{"text":"make","start":7388.85,"end":7389.01},{"text":"several","start":7389.01,"end":7390.17},{"text":"comments","start":7390.57,"end":7391.21},{"text":"regarding","start":7391.29,"end":7391.69},{"text":"the","start":7391.69,"end":7391.77},{"text":"draft","start":7391.77,"end":7392.01},{"text":"conclusions.","start":7392.01,"end":7392.81}]},{"text":"On draft conclusion 1, Colombia believes that it's relevant that the outcome of the Commission's work take the shape of draft conclusions.","start":7393.93,"end":7402.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7393.93,"end":7394.01},{"text":"draft","start":7394.01,"end":7394.25},{"text":"conclusion","start":7394.25,"end":7394.65},{"text":"1,","start":7394.65,"end":7395.21},{"text":"Colombia","start":7395.53,"end":7396.09},{"text":"believes","start":7396.09,"end":7396.49},{"text":"that","start":7396.49,"end":7396.61},{"text":"it's","start":7396.61,"end":7396.85},{"text":"relevant","start":7396.85,"end":7397.25},{"text":"that","start":7397.25,"end":7397.37},{"text":"the","start":7397.37,"end":7397.45},{"text":"outcome","start":7397.45,"end":7397.81},{"text":"of","start":7397.81,"end":7397.89},{"text":"the","start":7397.89,"end":7398.01},{"text":"Commission's","start":7398.01,"end":7398.49},{"text":"work","start":7398.49,"end":7398.65},{"text":"take","start":7398.65,"end":7399.05},{"text":"the","start":7399.69,"end":7399.89},{"text":"shape","start":7400.01,"end":7400.49},{"text":"of","start":7400.53,"end":7400.81},{"text":"draft","start":7400.81,"end":7401.17},{"text":"conclusions.","start":7401.17,"end":7402.09}]},{"text":"We believe that that is positive.","start":7402.81,"end":7405.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7402.81,"end":7402.97},{"text":"believe","start":7402.97,"end":7403.29},{"text":"that","start":7403.29,"end":7403.45},{"text":"that","start":7403.45,"end":7403.77},{"text":"is","start":7403.77,"end":7404.25},{"text":"positive.","start":7404.73,"end":7405.29}]},{"text":"This format makes it possible to provide useful clarification for states and international organizations without purporting to establish a standalone legal regime or a detailed set of rules governing the drafting and use of non-legally binding international instruments.","start":7405.29,"end":7420.17,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7405.29,"end":7405.53},{"text":"format","start":7405.53,"end":7406.01},{"text":"makes","start":7406.01,"end":7406.33},{"text":"it","start":7406.33,"end":7406.49},{"text":"possible","start":7406.49,"end":7406.97},{"text":"to","start":7406.97,"end":7407.13},{"text":"provide","start":7407.21,"end":7407.57},{"text":"useful","start":7407.57,"end":7407.93},{"text":"clarification","start":7407.93,"end":7408.57},{"text":"for","start":7408.57,"end":7408.69},{"text":"states","start":7408.69,"end":7409.13},{"text":"and","start":7409.29,"end":7409.49},{"text":"international","start":7409.49,"end":7409.97},{"text":"organizations","start":7409.97,"end":7410.57},{"text":"without","start":7410.57,"end":7410.81},{"text":"purporting","start":7410.81,"end":7411.29},{"text":"to","start":7411.29,"end":7411.41},{"text":"establish","start":7411.41,"end":7411.93},{"text":"a","start":7412.89,"end":7412.97},{"text":"standalone","start":7412.97,"end":7413.85},{"text":"legal","start":7413.85,"end":7414.25},{"text":"regime","start":7414.25,"end":7414.97},{"text":"or","start":7414.97,"end":7415.17},{"text":"a","start":7415.17,"end":7415.21},{"text":"detailed","start":7415.21,"end":7415.69},{"text":"set","start":7415.69,"end":7415.93},{"text":"of","start":7415.93,"end":7416.09},{"text":"rules","start":7416.09,"end":7416.41},{"text":"governing","start":7416.41,"end":7416.81},{"text":"the","start":7416.81,"end":7416.93},{"text":"drafting","start":7416.93,"end":7417.41},{"text":"and","start":7417.41,"end":7417.57},{"text":"use","start":7417.57,"end":7417.85},{"text":"of","start":7417.89,"end":7418.01},{"text":"non-legally","start":7418.01,"end":7418.53},{"text":"binding","start":7418.53,"end":7418.81},{"text":"international","start":7418.81,"end":7419.45},{"text":"instruments.","start":7419.45,"end":7420.17}]},{"text":"As for draft conclusion 2, Colombia agrees on the need to establish that the draft conclusions do not affect the rules or procedures followed by States in relation to the drafting and adoption of such instruments, and Colombia would also reiterate the importance of preserving the flexibility that characterizes these instruments.","start":7423.13,"end":7444.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7423.13,"end":7423.29},{"text":"for","start":7423.29,"end":7423.41},{"text":"draft","start":7423.41,"end":7423.69},{"text":"conclusion","start":7423.69,"end":7424.41},{"text":"2,","start":7424.41,"end":7424.89},{"text":"Colombia","start":7424.89,"end":7425.41},{"text":"agrees","start":7425.41,"end":7425.89},{"text":"on","start":7425.89,"end":7426.01},{"text":"the","start":7426.01,"end":7426.09},{"text":"need","start":7426.09,"end":7426.25},{"text":"to","start":7426.25,"end":7426.37},{"text":"establish","start":7426.37,"end":7426.89},{"text":"that","start":7426.89,"end":7427.05},{"text":"the","start":7427.05,"end":7427.13},{"text":"draft","start":7427.13,"end":7427.37},{"text":"conclusions","start":7427.37,"end":7428.09},{"text":"do","start":7428.09,"end":7428.25},{"text":"not","start":7428.25,"end":7428.53},{"text":"affect","start":7428.53,"end":7428.97},{"text":"the","start":7428.97,"end":7429.13},{"text":"rules","start":7429.13,"end":7429.53},{"text":"or","start":7429.53,"end":7429.69},{"text":"procedures","start":7429.69,"end":7430.41},{"text":"followed","start":7430.41,"end":7430.81},{"text":"by","start":7430.81,"end":7431.05},{"text":"States","start":7431.05,"end":7431.69},{"text":"in","start":7434.17,"end":7434.61},{"text":"relation","start":7434.61,"end":7435.05},{"text":"to","start":7435.05,"end":7435.13},{"text":"the","start":7435.13,"end":7435.21},{"text":"drafting","start":7435.21,"end":7435.53},{"text":"and","start":7435.53,"end":7435.65},{"text":"adoption","start":7435.65,"end":7436.05},{"text":"of","start":7436.05,"end":7436.17},{"text":"such","start":7436.17,"end":7436.49},{"text":"instruments,","start":7436.49,"end":7437.13},{"text":"and","start":7437.13,"end":7437.29},{"text":"Colombia","start":7437.29,"end":7437.93},{"text":"would","start":7439.53,"end":7439.77},{"text":"also","start":7439.77,"end":7440.09},{"text":"reiterate","start":7440.09,"end":7440.57},{"text":"the","start":7440.57,"end":7440.69},{"text":"importance","start":7440.69,"end":7441.09},{"text":"of","start":7441.09,"end":7441.17},{"text":"preserving","start":7441.17,"end":7441.53},{"text":"the","start":7441.53,"end":7441.65},{"text":"flexibility","start":7441.65,"end":7442.25},{"text":"that","start":7442.25,"end":7442.41},{"text":"characterizes","start":7442.41,"end":7443.13},{"text":"these","start":7443.13,"end":7443.37},{"text":"instruments.","start":7443.37,"end":7444.09}]},{"text":"It's appropriate to avoid extending the scope of the draft conclusions to other internal rules or procedures relating to the interpretation and application or to their possible legal effects.","start":7444.73,"end":7456.81,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":7444.73,"end":7444.97},{"text":"appropriate","start":7444.97,"end":7445.45},{"text":"to","start":7445.45,"end":7445.53},{"text":"avoid","start":7445.53,"end":7445.85},{"text":"extending","start":7445.85,"end":7446.33},{"text":"the","start":7446.33,"end":7446.41},{"text":"scope","start":7446.41,"end":7446.81},{"text":"of","start":7446.81,"end":7446.89},{"text":"the","start":7446.89,"end":7446.97},{"text":"draft","start":7446.97,"end":7447.21},{"text":"conclusions","start":7447.21,"end":7448.33},{"text":"to","start":7449.61,"end":7449.77},{"text":"other","start":7449.77,"end":7450.21},{"text":"internal","start":7450.21,"end":7451.13},{"text":"rules","start":7451.13,"end":7451.53},{"text":"or","start":7451.53,"end":7451.65},{"text":"procedures","start":7451.69,"end":7452.37},{"text":"relating","start":7452.37,"end":7452.81},{"text":"to","start":7452.81,"end":7452.93},{"text":"the","start":7452.93,"end":7453.01},{"text":"interpretation","start":7453.01,"end":7453.93},{"text":"and","start":7453.93,"end":7454.05},{"text":"application","start":7454.05,"end":7455.21},{"text":"or","start":7455.21,"end":7455.37},{"text":"to","start":7455.37,"end":7455.49},{"text":"their","start":7455.49,"end":7455.61},{"text":"possible","start":7455.61,"end":7456.05},{"text":"legal","start":7456.05,"end":7456.25},{"text":"effects.","start":7456.25,"end":7456.81}]},{"text":"On draft conclusion 3, Colombia recognizes that the Commission has sought to accommodate the different views expressed by States concerning the use of the term \"agreement.\"","start":7458.49,"end":7467.61,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7458.49,"end":7458.61},{"text":"draft","start":7458.61,"end":7458.81},{"text":"conclusion","start":7458.81,"end":7459.29},{"text":"3,","start":7459.29,"end":7459.69},{"text":"Colombia","start":7460.33,"end":7460.77},{"text":"recognizes","start":7460.77,"end":7461.45},{"text":"that","start":7461.45,"end":7461.69},{"text":"the","start":7461.69,"end":7461.85},{"text":"Commission","start":7461.85,"end":7462.41},{"text":"has","start":7462.41,"end":7462.69},{"text":"sought","start":7462.69,"end":7462.93},{"text":"to","start":7462.93,"end":7463.01},{"text":"accommodate","start":7463.01,"end":7463.49},{"text":"the","start":7463.49,"end":7463.57},{"text":"different","start":7463.57,"end":7463.93},{"text":"views","start":7463.93,"end":7464.17},{"text":"expressed","start":7464.17,"end":7464.61},{"text":"by","start":7464.61,"end":7464.73},{"text":"States","start":7464.73,"end":7465.13},{"text":"concerning","start":7465.13,"end":7465.69},{"text":"the","start":7465.69,"end":7465.77},{"text":"use","start":7465.77,"end":7465.97},{"text":"of","start":7465.97,"end":7466.05},{"text":"the","start":7466.05,"end":7466.17},{"text":"term","start":7466.17,"end":7466.65},{"text":"\"agreement.\"","start":7466.81,"end":7467.61}]},{"text":"However, we reiterate our preference for the term \"instrument.\"","start":7468.57,"end":7472.89,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7468.57,"end":7469.21},{"text":"we","start":7469.85,"end":7470.09},{"text":"reiterate","start":7470.09,"end":7470.81},{"text":"our","start":7470.81,"end":7470.93},{"text":"preference","start":7470.93,"end":7471.41},{"text":"for","start":7471.41,"end":7471.53},{"text":"the","start":7471.53,"end":7471.61},{"text":"term","start":7471.61,"end":7471.93},{"text":"\"instrument.\"","start":7472.01,"end":7472.89}]},{"text":"since this term, in our view, makes it possible to refer to documents whose legal nature must be determined on the basis of their characteristics and circumstances, without prejudging their effects.","start":7473.69,"end":7485.53,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"since","start":7473.69,"end":7473.93},{"text":"this","start":7473.93,"end":7474.17},{"text":"term,","start":7474.17,"end":7474.65},{"text":"in","start":7474.73,"end":7474.97},{"text":"our","start":7474.97,"end":7475.05},{"text":"view,","start":7475.05,"end":7475.37},{"text":"makes","start":7475.37,"end":7475.69},{"text":"it","start":7475.69,"end":7475.77},{"text":"possible","start":7475.77,"end":7476.25},{"text":"to","start":7476.25,"end":7476.37},{"text":"refer","start":7476.37,"end":7476.61},{"text":"to","start":7476.61,"end":7476.77},{"text":"documents","start":7476.77,"end":7477.21},{"text":"whose","start":7477.21,"end":7477.37},{"text":"legal","start":7477.37,"end":7477.65},{"text":"nature","start":7477.65,"end":7478.09},{"text":"must","start":7478.09,"end":7478.33},{"text":"be","start":7478.33,"end":7478.49},{"text":"determined","start":7478.49,"end":7479.01},{"text":"on","start":7479.01,"end":7479.09},{"text":"the","start":7479.09,"end":7479.17},{"text":"basis","start":7479.17,"end":7479.53},{"text":"of","start":7479.53,"end":7479.61},{"text":"their","start":7479.61,"end":7479.77},{"text":"characteristics","start":7479.77,"end":7480.49},{"text":"and","start":7480.49,"end":7480.61},{"text":"circumstances,","start":7480.61,"end":7481.69},{"text":"without","start":7483.13,"end":7483.61},{"text":"prejudging","start":7483.77,"end":7484.57},{"text":"their","start":7484.57,"end":7484.73},{"text":"effects.","start":7484.89,"end":7485.53}]},{"text":"Additionally, on paragraph 2 of this draft conclusion, for us, it's appropriate to clarify that the possibility for State entities to adopt non-legally binding instruments should be understood within the framework of the powers assigned to them under the relevant domestic legal order.","start":7487.61,"end":7504.33,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":7487.61,"end":7488.41},{"text":"on","start":7488.49,"end":7488.61},{"text":"paragraph","start":7488.73,"end":7489.29},{"text":"2","start":7489.29,"end":7490.17},{"text":"of","start":7490.57,"end":7490.65},{"text":"this","start":7490.65,"end":7490.85},{"text":"draft","start":7490.85,"end":7491.05},{"text":"conclusion,","start":7491.05,"end":7491.93},{"text":"for","start":7491.93,"end":7492.17},{"text":"us,","start":7492.17,"end":7492.25},{"text":"it's","start":7492.25,"end":7492.49},{"text":"appropriate","start":7492.49,"end":7493.01},{"text":"to","start":7493.01,"end":7493.09},{"text":"clarify","start":7493.13,"end":7493.69},{"text":"that","start":7493.69,"end":7493.85},{"text":"the","start":7493.85,"end":7493.93},{"text":"possibility","start":7493.93,"end":7494.57},{"text":"for","start":7494.57,"end":7494.69},{"text":"State","start":7494.69,"end":7494.97},{"text":"entities","start":7494.97,"end":7495.37},{"text":"to","start":7495.37,"end":7495.49},{"text":"adopt","start":7495.49,"end":7495.77},{"text":"non-legally","start":7495.77,"end":7496.41},{"text":"binding","start":7496.41,"end":7496.97},{"text":"instruments","start":7496.97,"end":7497.69},{"text":"should","start":7498.01,"end":7498.29},{"text":"be","start":7498.29,"end":7498.41},{"text":"understood","start":7498.41,"end":7498.97},{"text":"within","start":7498.97,"end":7499.21},{"text":"the","start":7499.21,"end":7499.33},{"text":"framework","start":7499.33,"end":7499.77},{"text":"of","start":7499.77,"end":7499.85},{"text":"the","start":7499.85,"end":7499.97},{"text":"powers","start":7499.97,"end":7500.41},{"text":"assigned","start":7500.41,"end":7500.97},{"text":"to","start":7500.97,"end":7501.21},{"text":"them","start":7501.21,"end":7501.61},{"text":"under","start":7502.21,"end":7502.41},{"text":"the","start":7502.41,"end":7502.49},{"text":"relevant","start":7502.49,"end":7503.17},{"text":"domestic","start":7503.17,"end":7503.69},{"text":"legal","start":7503.69,"end":7503.97},{"text":"order.","start":7503.97,"end":7504.33}]},{"text":"In this regard, Colombia agrees with commentary 27.","start":7504.33,"end":7507.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7504.33,"end":7504.45},{"text":"this","start":7505.09,"end":7505.33},{"text":"regard,","start":7505.33,"end":7505.65},{"text":"Colombia","start":7505.65,"end":7506.01},{"text":"agrees","start":7506.01,"end":7506.37},{"text":"with","start":7506.37,"end":7506.49},{"text":"commentary","start":7506.49,"end":7506.93},{"text":"27.","start":7506.93,"end":7507.89}]},{"text":"Moving on now to draft conclusion 4, Colombia considers it is particularly important to retain the reference that the relevant elements for determining the participant’s intent must be assessed as a whole and on a case-by-case basis.","start":7509.89,"end":7524.13,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Moving","start":7509.89,"end":7510.29},{"text":"on","start":7510.29,"end":7510.41},{"text":"now","start":7510.41,"end":7510.61},{"text":"to","start":7510.61,"end":7510.73},{"text":"draft","start":7510.73,"end":7511.05},{"text":"conclusion","start":7511.05,"end":7511.49},{"text":"4,","start":7511.49,"end":7511.97},{"text":"Colombia","start":7512.37,"end":7512.77},{"text":"considers","start":7512.77,"end":7513.25},{"text":"it","start":7513.25,"end":7513.33},{"text":"is","start":7513.33,"end":7513.41},{"text":"particularly","start":7513.41,"end":7513.97},{"text":"important","start":7513.97,"end":7514.37},{"text":"to","start":7514.37,"end":7514.45},{"text":"retain","start":7514.45,"end":7514.77},{"text":"the","start":7514.77,"end":7514.89},{"text":"reference","start":7514.89,"end":7515.73},{"text":"that","start":7517.49,"end":7517.89},{"text":"the","start":7517.89,"end":7518.01},{"text":"relevant","start":7518.01,"end":7518.49},{"text":"elements","start":7518.49,"end":7519.25},{"text":"for","start":7519.25,"end":7519.37},{"text":"determining","start":7519.37,"end":7519.89},{"text":"the","start":7519.89,"end":7519.97},{"text":"participant’s","start":7519.97,"end":7520.61},{"text":"intent","start":7520.61,"end":7521.01},{"text":"must","start":7521.01,"end":7521.25},{"text":"be","start":7521.25,"end":7521.37},{"text":"assessed","start":7521.37,"end":7521.73},{"text":"as","start":7521.73,"end":7521.85},{"text":"a","start":7521.85,"end":7521.89},{"text":"whole","start":7521.89,"end":7522.45},{"text":"and","start":7522.45,"end":7522.73},{"text":"on","start":7522.73,"end":7522.85},{"text":"a","start":7522.85,"end":7522.89},{"text":"case-by-case","start":7522.89,"end":7523.57},{"text":"basis.","start":7523.57,"end":7524.13}]},{"text":"Finally, on draft conclusion 5, Colombia believes that in light of commentary for that the Commission's work could later be complemented by practical guidance containing best practices, commonly used terms, and model clauses.","start":7524.93,"end":7544.49,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":7524.93,"end":7525.57},{"text":"on","start":7525.89,"end":7526.01},{"text":"draft","start":7526.01,"end":7526.25},{"text":"conclusion","start":7526.25,"end":7526.77},{"text":"5,","start":7526.77,"end":7527.25},{"text":"Colombia","start":7527.57,"end":7528.05},{"text":"believes","start":7528.05,"end":7528.53},{"text":"that","start":7528.53,"end":7528.77},{"text":"in","start":7528.77,"end":7528.85},{"text":"light","start":7528.85,"end":7529.17},{"text":"of","start":7529.37,"end":7529.57},{"text":"commentary","start":7531.93,"end":7532.89},{"text":"for","start":7533.61,"end":7534.57},{"text":"that","start":7537.37,"end":7537.69},{"text":"the","start":7537.69,"end":7537.77},{"text":"Commission's","start":7537.77,"end":7538.33},{"text":"work","start":7538.33,"end":7538.69},{"text":"could","start":7538.69,"end":7538.89},{"text":"later","start":7538.89,"end":7539.21},{"text":"be","start":7539.21,"end":7539.37},{"text":"complemented","start":7539.37,"end":7539.93},{"text":"by","start":7539.93,"end":7540.05},{"text":"practical","start":7540.05,"end":7540.57},{"text":"guidance","start":7540.57,"end":7540.97},{"text":"containing","start":7540.97,"end":7541.37},{"text":"best","start":7541.37,"end":7541.61},{"text":"practices,","start":7541.61,"end":7542.17},{"text":"commonly","start":7542.17,"end":7542.57},{"text":"used","start":7542.57,"end":7542.93},{"text":"terms,","start":7542.93,"end":7543.33},{"text":"and","start":7543.33,"end":7543.45},{"text":"model","start":7543.45,"end":7543.77},{"text":"clauses.","start":7543.77,"end":7544.49}]},{"text":"Chair, I'd now like to move on to the topic of prevention and suppression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":7547.05,"end":7554.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7547.05,"end":7547.45},{"text":"I'd","start":7547.77,"end":7548.21},{"text":"now","start":7548.21,"end":7548.41},{"text":"like","start":7548.41,"end":7548.61},{"text":"to","start":7548.61,"end":7548.77},{"text":"move","start":7548.77,"end":7549.05},{"text":"on","start":7549.05,"end":7549.53},{"text":"to","start":7549.61,"end":7550.01},{"text":"the","start":7550.33,"end":7550.65},{"text":"topic","start":7550.65,"end":7551.29},{"text":"of","start":7551.29,"end":7551.69},{"text":"prevention","start":7551.69,"end":7552.41},{"text":"and","start":7552.41,"end":7552.57},{"text":"suppression","start":7552.57,"end":7553.13},{"text":"of","start":7553.13,"end":7553.21},{"text":"piracy","start":7553.21,"end":7553.81},{"text":"and","start":7553.81,"end":7553.93},{"text":"armed","start":7553.93,"end":7554.09},{"text":"robbery","start":7554.09,"end":7554.53},{"text":"at","start":7554.53,"end":7554.61},{"text":"sea.","start":7554.61,"end":7554.97}]},{"text":"Colombia thanks the Special Rapporteur for his first report and recognizes the progress made in examining new forms of maritime crime, particularly those involving the use of emerging technology.","start":7556.69,"end":7568.29,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Colombia","start":7556.69,"end":7557.09},{"text":"thanks","start":7557.09,"end":7557.41},{"text":"the","start":7557.41,"end":7557.53},{"text":"Special","start":7557.53,"end":7557.93},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":7557.93,"end":7558.53},{"text":"for","start":7558.53,"end":7558.77},{"text":"his","start":7558.77,"end":7558.93},{"text":"first","start":7558.93,"end":7559.17},{"text":"report","start":7559.17,"end":7559.65},{"text":"and","start":7559.65,"end":7559.77},{"text":"recognizes","start":7559.77,"end":7560.57},{"text":"the","start":7560.57,"end":7560.69},{"text":"progress","start":7560.69,"end":7561.17},{"text":"made","start":7561.17,"end":7561.49},{"text":"in","start":7561.49,"end":7561.57},{"text":"examining","start":7561.57,"end":7562.21},{"text":"new","start":7562.21,"end":7562.45},{"text":"forms","start":7562.45,"end":7562.85},{"text":"of","start":7562.85,"end":7562.93},{"text":"maritime","start":7562.93,"end":7563.49},{"text":"crime,","start":7563.49,"end":7564.29},{"text":"particularly","start":7565.49,"end":7566.01},{"text":"those","start":7566.01,"end":7566.25},{"text":"involving","start":7566.25,"end":7566.69},{"text":"the","start":7566.69,"end":7566.77},{"text":"use","start":7566.77,"end":7566.97},{"text":"of","start":7566.97,"end":7567.09},{"text":"emerging","start":7567.09,"end":7567.49},{"text":"technology.","start":7567.49,"end":7568.29}]},{"text":"My delegation considers it essential that the work remain consistent with existing international law in force, and in particular with the law of the sea.","start":7571.09,"end":7581.77,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":7571.09,"end":7571.25},{"text":"delegation","start":7571.25,"end":7572.13},{"text":"considers","start":7572.21,"end":7572.69},{"text":"it","start":7572.69,"end":7572.85},{"text":"essential","start":7572.85,"end":7573.41},{"text":"that","start":7573.41,"end":7573.53},{"text":"the","start":7573.53,"end":7573.61},{"text":"work","start":7573.61,"end":7574.05},{"text":"remain","start":7574.13,"end":7574.53},{"text":"consistent","start":7574.53,"end":7575.25},{"text":"with","start":7575.25,"end":7575.57},{"text":"existing","start":7577.05,"end":7577.61},{"text":"international","start":7577.61,"end":7578.13},{"text":"law","start":7578.13,"end":7578.21},{"text":"in","start":7578.21,"end":7578.49},{"text":"force,","start":7578.49,"end":7578.97},{"text":"and","start":7579.13,"end":7579.49},{"text":"in","start":7579.49,"end":7579.57},{"text":"particular","start":7579.57,"end":7580.13},{"text":"with","start":7580.13,"end":7580.37},{"text":"the","start":7580.37,"end":7580.49},{"text":"law","start":7580.49,"end":7580.69},{"text":"of","start":7580.69,"end":7580.89},{"text":"the","start":7580.89,"end":7581.01},{"text":"sea.","start":7581.01,"end":7581.77}]},{"text":"In this regard, we reiterate the importance of distinguishing between piracy, which occurs on the high seas and in the exclusive economic zones, and on robbery at sea, which occurs in areas subject to the sovereignty of coastal States.","start":7582.09,"end":7594.25,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7582.09,"end":7582.21},{"text":"this","start":7582.21,"end":7582.37},{"text":"regard,","start":7582.37,"end":7582.65},{"text":"we","start":7582.65,"end":7582.81},{"text":"reiterate","start":7582.81,"end":7583.29},{"text":"the","start":7583.29,"end":7583.37},{"text":"importance","start":7583.37,"end":7583.77},{"text":"of","start":7583.77,"end":7583.85},{"text":"distinguishing","start":7583.85,"end":7584.41},{"text":"between","start":7584.41,"end":7584.81},{"text":"piracy,","start":7584.81,"end":7585.45},{"text":"which","start":7585.45,"end":7585.61},{"text":"occurs","start":7585.61,"end":7585.89},{"text":"on","start":7585.89,"end":7585.97},{"text":"the","start":7585.97,"end":7586.05},{"text":"high","start":7586.05,"end":7586.25},{"text":"seas","start":7586.25,"end":7586.69},{"text":"and","start":7586.69,"end":7586.89},{"text":"in","start":7586.89,"end":7587.13},{"text":"the","start":7587.13,"end":7587.33},{"text":"exclusive","start":7587.61,"end":7588.05},{"text":"economic","start":7588.05,"end":7588.45},{"text":"zones,","start":7588.45,"end":7589.13},{"text":"and","start":7589.45,"end":7589.69},{"text":"on","start":7589.69,"end":7589.85},{"text":"robbery","start":7589.85,"end":7590.21},{"text":"at","start":7590.21,"end":7590.29},{"text":"sea,","start":7590.29,"end":7590.73},{"text":"which","start":7591.01,"end":7591.25},{"text":"occurs","start":7591.25,"end":7591.53},{"text":"in","start":7591.53,"end":7591.61},{"text":"areas","start":7591.61,"end":7592.17},{"text":"subject","start":7592.17,"end":7592.61},{"text":"to","start":7592.61,"end":7592.69},{"text":"the","start":7592.73,"end":7592.81},{"text":"sovereignty","start":7592.81,"end":7593.25},{"text":"of","start":7593.25,"end":7593.33},{"text":"coastal","start":7593.33,"end":7593.69},{"text":"States.","start":7593.69,"end":7594.25}]},{"text":"This distinction should be reflected in provisions relating to jurisdiction, cooperation and the exercise of law enforcement powers.","start":7595.05,"end":7600.73,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7595.05,"end":7595.29},{"text":"distinction","start":7595.29,"end":7595.77},{"text":"should","start":7595.77,"end":7595.97},{"text":"be","start":7595.97,"end":7596.13},{"text":"reflected","start":7596.13,"end":7596.49},{"text":"in","start":7596.49,"end":7596.61},{"text":"provisions","start":7596.61,"end":7597.05},{"text":"relating","start":7597.05,"end":7597.45},{"text":"to","start":7597.45,"end":7597.53},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":7597.53,"end":7598.13},{"text":"cooperation","start":7598.13,"end":7598.65},{"text":"and","start":7598.65,"end":7598.77},{"text":"the","start":7598.77,"end":7598.85},{"text":"exercise","start":7598.85,"end":7599.29},{"text":"of","start":7599.29,"end":7599.37},{"text":"law","start":7599.37,"end":7599.57},{"text":"enforcement","start":7599.57,"end":7600.13},{"text":"powers.","start":7600.13,"end":7600.73}]},{"text":"Colombia appreciates that the report examines the use of drones autonomous vessels and technological means to facilitate the commission of these crimes, however, we believe it's necessary to adopt a technologically neutral approach and avoid that these proposals indirectly broaden the definitions of piracy and armed robbery at sea or extend the scope of the project beyond its purpose.","start":7602.09,"end":7627.13,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Colombia","start":7602.09,"end":7602.45},{"text":"appreciates","start":7602.45,"end":7603.05},{"text":"that","start":7603.05,"end":7603.17},{"text":"the","start":7603.17,"end":7603.25},{"text":"report","start":7603.25,"end":7603.57},{"text":"examines","start":7603.57,"end":7604.17},{"text":"the","start":7604.17,"end":7604.25},{"text":"use","start":7604.25,"end":7604.41},{"text":"of","start":7604.41,"end":7604.49},{"text":"drones","start":7604.49,"end":7605.21},{"text":"autonomous","start":7607.05,"end":7607.61},{"text":"vessels","start":7607.61,"end":7608.33},{"text":"and","start":7608.33,"end":7608.81},{"text":"technological","start":7608.81,"end":7609.77},{"text":"means","start":7609.77,"end":7610.01},{"text":"to","start":7610.01,"end":7610.09},{"text":"facilitate","start":7610.09,"end":7610.61},{"text":"the","start":7610.61,"end":7610.69},{"text":"commission","start":7610.69,"end":7611.01},{"text":"of","start":7611.01,"end":7611.09},{"text":"these","start":7611.09,"end":7611.21},{"text":"crimes,","start":7611.21,"end":7611.85},{"text":"however,","start":7611.85,"end":7612.21},{"text":"we","start":7612.21,"end":7612.45},{"text":"believe","start":7612.45,"end":7612.65},{"text":"it's","start":7612.65,"end":7612.89},{"text":"necessary","start":7612.89,"end":7613.29},{"text":"to","start":7613.29,"end":7613.41},{"text":"adopt","start":7613.41,"end":7613.93},{"text":"a","start":7614.97,"end":7615.01},{"text":"technologically","start":7615.01,"end":7615.85},{"text":"neutral","start":7615.85,"end":7616.33},{"text":"approach","start":7616.33,"end":7616.77},{"text":"and","start":7616.77,"end":7616.89},{"text":"avoid","start":7616.89,"end":7617.45},{"text":"that","start":7617.45,"end":7617.61},{"text":"these","start":7617.61,"end":7617.81},{"text":"proposals","start":7617.81,"end":7618.65},{"text":"indirectly","start":7618.81,"end":7620.01},{"text":"broaden","start":7620.49,"end":7621.13},{"text":"the","start":7621.13,"end":7621.29},{"text":"definitions","start":7621.29,"end":7621.93},{"text":"of","start":7621.93,"end":7622.01},{"text":"piracy","start":7622.01,"end":7622.45},{"text":"and","start":7622.45,"end":7622.57},{"text":"armed","start":7622.57,"end":7622.73},{"text":"robbery","start":7622.73,"end":7623.05},{"text":"at","start":7623.05,"end":7623.13},{"text":"sea","start":7623.13,"end":7623.37},{"text":"or","start":7623.77,"end":7623.89},{"text":"extend","start":7623.89,"end":7624.25},{"text":"the","start":7624.25,"end":7624.33},{"text":"scope","start":7624.33,"end":7624.65},{"text":"of","start":7624.69,"end":7624.77},{"text":"the","start":7624.77,"end":7624.89},{"text":"project","start":7624.89,"end":7625.53},{"text":"beyond","start":7625.61,"end":7626.09},{"text":"its","start":7626.09,"end":7626.41},{"text":"purpose.","start":7626.41,"end":7627.13}]},{"text":"We also reiterate the need to proceed with caution regarding proposals for for the seizure, pursuit in the territorial sea and the exercise of law enforcement powers.","start":7628.73,"end":7640.49,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7628.73,"end":7628.97},{"text":"also","start":7628.97,"end":7629.17},{"text":"reiterate","start":7629.17,"end":7629.61},{"text":"the","start":7629.61,"end":7629.73},{"text":"need","start":7629.73,"end":7629.89},{"text":"to","start":7629.89,"end":7630.33},{"text":"proceed","start":7630.33,"end":7630.81},{"text":"with","start":7630.81,"end":7631.05},{"text":"caution","start":7631.37,"end":7632.17},{"text":"regarding","start":7632.97,"end":7633.77},{"text":"proposals","start":7633.93,"end":7634.81},{"text":"for","start":7635.61,"end":7635.73},{"text":"for","start":7635.85,"end":7636.01},{"text":"the","start":7636.01,"end":7636.13},{"text":"seizure,","start":7636.25,"end":7636.85},{"text":"pursuit","start":7636.85,"end":7637.37},{"text":"in","start":7637.37,"end":7637.45},{"text":"the","start":7637.45,"end":7637.53},{"text":"territorial","start":7637.53,"end":7638.09},{"text":"sea","start":7638.09,"end":7638.25},{"text":"and","start":7638.25,"end":7638.37},{"text":"the","start":7638.37,"end":7638.45},{"text":"exercise","start":7638.45,"end":7638.93},{"text":"of","start":7638.93,"end":7639.05},{"text":"law","start":7639.05,"end":7639.25},{"text":"enforcement","start":7639.25,"end":7639.93},{"text":"powers.","start":7639.93,"end":7640.49}]},{"text":"In terms of criminal jurisdiction, we believe that it's necessary to distinguish between the jurisdictional basis applicable to each offence.","start":7642.09,"end":7652.81,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7642.09,"end":7642.25},{"text":"terms","start":7642.25,"end":7642.65},{"text":"of","start":7642.65,"end":7642.89},{"text":"criminal","start":7644.25,"end":7644.89},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":7644.89,"end":7645.93},{"text":"we","start":7646.73,"end":7646.89},{"text":"believe","start":7646.89,"end":7647.21},{"text":"that","start":7647.21,"end":7647.45},{"text":"it's","start":7647.45,"end":7647.69},{"text":"necessary","start":7647.69,"end":7648.09},{"text":"to","start":7648.09,"end":7648.17},{"text":"distinguish","start":7648.17,"end":7648.85},{"text":"between","start":7648.89,"end":7649.29},{"text":"the","start":7649.29,"end":7649.45},{"text":"jurisdictional","start":7649.45,"end":7650.09},{"text":"basis","start":7650.09,"end":7650.73},{"text":"applicable","start":7651.49,"end":7651.93},{"text":"to","start":7651.93,"end":7652.01},{"text":"each","start":7652.01,"end":7652.17},{"text":"offence.","start":7652.17,"end":7652.81}]},{"text":"The regime applicable to piracy should not automatically be extended to armed robbery at sea, nor should general obligations to extradite or prosecute established without any sufficient clear legal basis.","start":7653.45,"end":7667.37,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7653.45,"end":7653.57},{"text":"regime","start":7653.57,"end":7653.97},{"text":"applicable","start":7653.97,"end":7654.41},{"text":"to","start":7654.41,"end":7654.53},{"text":"piracy","start":7654.57,"end":7655.05},{"text":"should","start":7655.05,"end":7655.17},{"text":"not","start":7655.17,"end":7655.37},{"text":"automatically","start":7655.37,"end":7656.17},{"text":"be","start":7656.17,"end":7656.29},{"text":"extended","start":7656.29,"end":7656.85},{"text":"to","start":7656.85,"end":7656.97},{"text":"armed","start":7656.97,"end":7657.21},{"text":"robbery","start":7657.21,"end":7657.53},{"text":"at","start":7657.53,"end":7657.61},{"text":"sea,","start":7657.61,"end":7658.09},{"text":"nor","start":7658.33,"end":7658.57},{"text":"should","start":7658.57,"end":7658.73},{"text":"general","start":7658.73,"end":7659.09},{"text":"obligations","start":7659.09,"end":7659.73},{"text":"to","start":7659.73,"end":7659.81},{"text":"extradite","start":7659.81,"end":7660.33},{"text":"or","start":7660.33,"end":7660.41},{"text":"prosecute","start":7660.41,"end":7661.77},{"text":"established","start":7663.45,"end":7664.01},{"text":"without","start":7664.01,"end":7664.33},{"text":"any","start":7664.33,"end":7664.81},{"text":"sufficient","start":7665.21,"end":7665.89},{"text":"clear","start":7665.89,"end":7666.21},{"text":"legal","start":7666.21,"end":7666.49},{"text":"basis.","start":7666.49,"end":7667.37}]},{"text":"Chairman, I'll now move on to due diligence in international law.","start":7669.13,"end":7675.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chairman,","start":7669.13,"end":7669.69},{"text":"I'll","start":7669.93,"end":7670.33},{"text":"now","start":7670.33,"end":7670.81},{"text":"move","start":7670.97,"end":7671.37},{"text":"on","start":7671.37,"end":7671.77},{"text":"to","start":7671.77,"end":7672.05},{"text":"due","start":7672.05,"end":7672.65},{"text":"diligence","start":7673.69,"end":7674.25},{"text":"in","start":7674.25,"end":7674.33},{"text":"international","start":7674.33,"end":7675.33},{"text":"law.","start":7675.33,"end":7675.41}]},{"text":"First of all, we thank the Special Rapporteur for her report and highlight the methodological approach which identifies two conceptions of due diligence.","start":7676.01,"end":7688.33,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"First","start":7676.01,"end":7676.37},{"text":"of","start":7676.37,"end":7676.49},{"text":"all,","start":7676.49,"end":7676.81},{"text":"we","start":7677.29,"end":7677.53},{"text":"thank","start":7677.53,"end":7677.77},{"text":"the","start":7677.77,"end":7677.85},{"text":"Special","start":7677.85,"end":7678.21},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":7678.21,"end":7678.65},{"text":"for","start":7678.65,"end":7678.89},{"text":"her","start":7678.89,"end":7679.01},{"text":"report","start":7679.01,"end":7679.77},{"text":"and","start":7681.21,"end":7681.69},{"text":"highlight","start":7681.77,"end":7682.57},{"text":"the","start":7682.57,"end":7682.81},{"text":"methodological","start":7683.45,"end":7684.41},{"text":"approach","start":7684.41,"end":7685.01},{"text":"which","start":7685.01,"end":7685.37},{"text":"identifies","start":7685.37,"end":7686.01},{"text":"two","start":7686.01,"end":7686.57},{"text":"conceptions","start":7686.57,"end":7687.29},{"text":"of","start":7687.29,"end":7687.41},{"text":"due","start":7687.41,"end":7687.61},{"text":"diligence.","start":7687.61,"end":7688.33}]},{"text":"Colombia believes that it is necessary to preserve both perspectives at this preliminary stage, taking into account the diversity of practice, jurisprudence and doctrine in different areas of international law, and we believe that no classification or definition should be adopted prematurely.","start":7689.85,"end":7713.41,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7715.57,"end":7715.73},{"text":"believe","start":7715.73,"end":7716.05},{"text":"that","start":7716.05,"end":7716.25},{"text":"drafting","start":7716.25,"end":7716.77},{"text":"principles","start":7717.17,"end":7717.93},{"text":"could","start":7717.93,"end":7718.05},{"text":"provide","start":7718.05,"end":7718.61},{"text":"general","start":7718.77,"end":7719.17},{"text":"guidance","start":7719.17,"end":7719.97},{"text":"on","start":7720.45,"end":7720.53},{"text":"the","start":7720.53,"end":7720.61},{"text":"current","start":7720.61,"end":7720.93},{"text":"state","start":7720.93,"end":7721.13},{"text":"of","start":7721.13,"end":7721.21},{"text":"the","start":7721.21,"end":7721.33},{"text":"subject,","start":7721.33,"end":7721.97},{"text":"while","start":7722.33,"end":7722.57},{"text":"reflecting","start":7722.57,"end":7723.13},{"text":"the","start":7723.13,"end":7723.21},{"text":"diversity","start":7723.21,"end":7723.77},{"text":"of","start":7723.77,"end":7723.85},{"text":"existing","start":7723.85,"end":7724.29},{"text":"positions.","start":7724.29,"end":7724.97}]},{"text":"This appears particularly appropriate because the nature, content, and scope of due diligence depend on the context in which it is applied.","start":7725.85,"end":7738.01,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8027.09,"end":8027.29},{"text":"applicability","start":8027.29,"end":8028.13},{"text":"of","start":8028.13,"end":8028.25},{"text":"the","start":8028.25,"end":8028.37},{"text":"principle","start":8028.37,"end":8028.85},{"text":"of","start":8028.85,"end":8029.01},{"text":"good","start":8029.01,"end":8029.17},{"text":"faith","start":8029.17,"end":8029.57},{"text":"and","start":8029.57,"end":8029.73},{"text":"the","start":8029.73,"end":8029.81},{"text":"principle","start":8029.81,"end":8030.33},{"text":"of","start":8030.33,"end":8030.45},{"text":"due","start":8030.45,"end":8030.61},{"text":"diligence","start":8030.61,"end":8031.25},{"text":"in","start":8031.25,"end":8031.41},{"text":"relation","start":8031.41,"end":8031.97},{"text":"to","start":8031.97,"end":8032.17},{"text":"those","start":8032.17,"end":8032.45},{"text":"agreements","start":8032.45,"end":8033.09},{"text":"deserve","start":8033.41,"end":8033.89},{"text":"further","start":8033.89,"end":8034.21},{"text":"consideration.","start":8034.21,"end":8035.17}]},{"text":"I believe that in further work, the Commission will also address the issue of breaches of those agreements and their consequences, and in particular, whether under what circumstances their violations or non-compliance might produce certain legal consequences.","start":8035.89,"end":8055.97,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8035.89,"end":8036.05},{"text":"believe","start":8036.05,"end":8036.41},{"text":"that","start":8036.41,"end":8036.85},{"text":"in","start":8036.85,"end":8037.01},{"text":"further","start":8037.65,"end":8038.09},{"text":"work,","start":8038.09,"end":8038.45},{"text":"the","start":8038.77,"end":8038.97},{"text":"Commission","start":8038.97,"end":8039.45},{"text":"will","start":8039.45,"end":8039.65},{"text":"also","start":8039.65,"end":8040.01},{"text":"address","start":8040.01,"end":8040.37},{"text":"the","start":8040.37,"end":8040.57},{"text":"issue","start":8040.57,"end":8040.89},{"text":"of","start":8040.89,"end":8041.09},{"text":"breaches","start":8041.09,"end":8041.65},{"text":"of","start":8041.65,"end":8041.81},{"text":"those","start":8041.81,"end":8042.09},{"text":"agreements","start":8042.09,"end":8042.73},{"text":"and","start":8042.73,"end":8042.89},{"text":"their","start":8042.89,"end":8043.09},{"text":"consequences,","start":8043.09,"end":8044.13},{"text":"and","start":8044.45,"end":8044.69},{"text":"in","start":8044.69,"end":8044.89},{"text":"particular,","start":8044.89,"end":8045.65},{"text":"whether","start":8045.97,"end":8046.45},{"text":"under","start":8046.45,"end":8046.85},{"text":"what","start":8047.21,"end":8047.73},{"text":"circumstances","start":8048.61,"end":8049.65},{"text":"their","start":8049.89,"end":8050.29},{"text":"violations","start":8050.29,"end":8051.17},{"text":"or","start":8051.41,"end":8051.73},{"text":"non-compliance","start":8051.73,"end":8052.85},{"text":"might","start":8052.85,"end":8053.21},{"text":"produce","start":8053.21,"end":8053.97},{"text":"certain","start":8054.13,"end":8054.61},{"text":"legal","start":8054.61,"end":8054.93},{"text":"consequences.","start":8054.93,"end":8055.97}]},{"text":"All of those issues are very delicate and deserve careful examination.","start":8056.85,"end":8061.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"All","start":8056.85,"end":8057.09},{"text":"of","start":8057.09,"end":8057.17},{"text":"those","start":8057.17,"end":8057.49},{"text":"issues","start":8057.49,"end":8058.05},{"text":"are","start":8058.05,"end":8058.29},{"text":"very","start":8058.29,"end":8058.57},{"text":"delicate","start":8058.57,"end":8059.25},{"text":"and","start":8059.25,"end":8059.45},{"text":"deserve","start":8059.45,"end":8059.97},{"text":"careful","start":8060.13,"end":8060.69},{"text":"examination.","start":8060.69,"end":8061.65}]},{"text":"concerning the preservation and repression of piracy and the armed robbery at sea.","start":8063.73,"end":8068.53,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"concerning","start":8063.73,"end":8064.29},{"text":"the","start":8064.29,"end":8064.41},{"text":"preservation","start":8064.41,"end":8065.25},{"text":"and","start":8065.25,"end":8065.49},{"text":"repression","start":8065.49,"end":8066.09},{"text":"of","start":8066.09,"end":8066.21},{"text":"piracy","start":8066.21,"end":8066.81},{"text":"and","start":8066.81,"end":8066.97},{"text":"the","start":8066.97,"end":8067.09},{"text":"armed","start":8067.09,"end":8067.41},{"text":"robbery","start":8067.41,"end":8067.93},{"text":"at","start":8067.93,"end":8068.05},{"text":"sea.","start":8068.09,"end":8068.53}]},{"text":"Those are issues of particular importance, and as in many other cases, it seems that the International Law Commission must be more clear as to whether its work concerns codification or identification of the issues relating to progressive development.","start":8069.45,"end":8085.57,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":8069.45,"end":8069.81},{"text":"are","start":8069.81,"end":8069.97},{"text":"issues","start":8069.97,"end":8070.37},{"text":"of","start":8070.37,"end":8070.49},{"text":"particular","start":8070.49,"end":8071.09},{"text":"importance,","start":8071.09,"end":8071.73},{"text":"and","start":8071.73,"end":8072.21},{"text":"as","start":8072.85,"end":8073.09},{"text":"in","start":8073.09,"end":8073.21},{"text":"many","start":8073.21,"end":8073.57},{"text":"other","start":8073.57,"end":8073.81},{"text":"cases,","start":8073.81,"end":8074.37},{"text":"it","start":8074.37,"end":8074.57},{"text":"seems","start":8074.57,"end":8074.85},{"text":"that","start":8074.85,"end":8074.97},{"text":"the","start":8074.97,"end":8075.05},{"text":"International","start":8075.05,"end":8075.73},{"text":"Law","start":8075.73,"end":8075.81},{"text":"Commission","start":8075.81,"end":8076.45},{"text":"must","start":8076.69,"end":8076.93},{"text":"be","start":8076.93,"end":8077.09},{"text":"more","start":8077.09,"end":8077.41},{"text":"clear","start":8077.41,"end":8077.89},{"text":"as","start":8078.45,"end":8078.61},{"text":"to","start":8078.61,"end":8078.73},{"text":"whether","start":8078.73,"end":8079.17},{"text":"its","start":8079.17,"end":8079.41},{"text":"work","start":8079.41,"end":8079.81},{"text":"concerns","start":8080.21,"end":8080.85},{"text":"codification","start":8080.85,"end":8081.81},{"text":"or","start":8081.81,"end":8082.05},{"text":"identification","start":8082.05,"end":8083.05},{"text":"of","start":8083.05,"end":8083.17},{"text":"the","start":8083.17,"end":8083.29},{"text":"issues","start":8083.29,"end":8083.65},{"text":"relating","start":8083.65,"end":8084.13},{"text":"to","start":8084.13,"end":8084.29},{"text":"progressive","start":8084.29,"end":8084.81},{"text":"development.","start":8084.81,"end":8085.57}]},{"text":"Such work must be in line with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the established practice of cooperation in criminal matters.","start":8086.17,"end":8095.05,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":8086.17,"end":8086.49},{"text":"work","start":8086.49,"end":8086.81},{"text":"must","start":8086.81,"end":8087.09},{"text":"be","start":8087.09,"end":8087.25},{"text":"in","start":8087.25,"end":8087.37},{"text":"line","start":8087.37,"end":8087.69},{"text":"with","start":8087.69,"end":8087.81},{"text":"the","start":8087.81,"end":8087.89},{"text":"United","start":8087.89,"end":8088.37},{"text":"Nations","start":8088.37,"end":8088.73},{"text":"Convention","start":8088.73,"end":8090.45},{"text":"on","start":8090.45,"end":8090.57},{"text":"the","start":8090.57,"end":8090.65},{"text":"Law","start":8090.65,"end":8090.77},{"text":"of","start":8090.77,"end":8090.97},{"text":"the","start":8090.97,"end":8091.05},{"text":"Sea","start":8091.05,"end":8091.45},{"text":"and","start":8091.77,"end":8091.97},{"text":"the","start":8091.97,"end":8092.05},{"text":"established","start":8092.05,"end":8092.57},{"text":"practice","start":8092.57,"end":8093.05},{"text":"of","start":8093.05,"end":8093.13},{"text":"cooperation","start":8093.13,"end":8093.85},{"text":"in","start":8093.85,"end":8093.93},{"text":"criminal","start":8093.93,"end":8094.41},{"text":"matters.","start":8094.41,"end":8095.05}]},{"text":"I would like to support the idea that it should be the task of the International Law Commission to prepare a set of draft articles that could potentially serve as the basis for a future convention.","start":8095.77,"end":8108.57,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8110.33,"end":8110.49},{"text":"Commission","start":8110.49,"end":8110.97},{"text":"is","start":8110.97,"end":8111.13},{"text":"also","start":8111.13,"end":8111.41},{"text":"involved","start":8111.41,"end":8111.85},{"text":"in","start":8111.85,"end":8111.93},{"text":"the","start":8111.93,"end":8112.05},{"text":"discussion","start":8112.05,"end":8112.81},{"text":"of","start":8112.81,"end":8113.05},{"text":"due","start":8113.05,"end":8113.29},{"text":"diligence","start":8113.29,"end":8113.93},{"text":"in","start":8113.93,"end":8114.09},{"text":"international","start":8114.09,"end":8115.05},{"text":"law.","start":8115.05,"end":8115.13}]},{"text":"an evergreen topic of international law.","start":8115.73,"end":8118.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"an","start":8115.73,"end":8115.93},{"text":"evergreen","start":8115.93,"end":8116.49},{"text":"topic","start":8116.49,"end":8116.89},{"text":"of","start":8116.89,"end":8117.05},{"text":"international","start":8117.05,"end":8118.01},{"text":"law.","start":8118.49,"end":8118.57}]},{"text":"I will provide just a few remarks.","start":8118.57,"end":8120.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8118.57,"end":8118.69},{"text":"will","start":8118.69,"end":8118.89},{"text":"provide","start":8118.89,"end":8119.29},{"text":"just","start":8119.29,"end":8119.61},{"text":"a","start":8119.61,"end":8119.69},{"text":"few","start":8119.69,"end":8119.85},{"text":"remarks.","start":8119.85,"end":8120.65}]},{"text":"First, we are of the opinion that the scope of the topic should not be restricted to the obligations of states, but should also cover those of international organizations, particularly supranational organizations.","start":8121.13,"end":8133.85,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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the report cannot serve as a basis for any definitive conclusion, it seems obvious that this is one of the most demanding topics, one that might cause 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you for your attention.","start":8218.89,"end":8220.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8218.89,"end":8219.13},{"text":"you","start":8219.13,"end":8219.21},{"text":"for","start":8219.21,"end":8219.41},{"text":"your","start":8219.41,"end":8219.53},{"text":"attention.","start":8219.53,"end":8220.17}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SRB","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Serbia"}},{"statement_number":34,"start":8224.69,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=2:17:05","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Serbia for his statement, and now I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Bangladesh, to be followed by 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Mr. Chair, the four topics in this cluster are young, but each touches the daily life of states more directly than many older ones.","start":8240.09,"end":8249.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.","start":8240.09,"end":8241.25},{"text":"Mr.","start":8241.93,"end":8242.21},{"text":"Chair,","start":8242.21,"end":8242.61},{"text":"the","start":8243.33,"end":8243.45},{"text":"four","start":8243.49,"end":8243.69},{"text":"topics","start":8243.69,"end":8244.13},{"text":"in","start":8244.13,"end":8244.21},{"text":"this","start":8244.21,"end":8244.45},{"text":"cluster","start":8244.45,"end":8244.93},{"text":"are","start":8244.93,"end":8245.01},{"text":"young,","start":8245.01,"end":8245.33},{"text":"but","start":8245.93,"end":8246.05},{"text":"each","start":8246.13,"end":8246.45},{"text":"touches","start":8246.45,"end":8246.85},{"text":"the","start":8246.85,"end":8246.93},{"text":"daily","start":8246.93,"end":8247.25},{"text":"life","start":8247.25,"end":8247.49},{"text":"of","start":8247.49,"end":8247.57},{"text":"states","start":8247.57,"end":8247.97},{"text":"more","start":8247.97,"end":8248.21},{"text":"directly","start":8248.21,"end":8248.61},{"text":"than","start":8248.61,"end":8248.81},{"text":"many","start":8248.81,"end":8249.09},{"text":"older","start":8249.09,"end":8249.33},{"text":"ones.","start":8249.33,"end":8249.73}]},{"text":"I will take them in turn.","start":8250.33,"end":8252.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8250.33,"end":8250.45},{"text":"will","start":8250.45,"end":8250.65},{"text":"take","start":8250.65,"end":8250.97},{"text":"them","start":8251.13,"end":8251.53},{"text":"in","start":8251.53,"end":8251.77},{"text":"turn.","start":8251.77,"end":8252.17}]},{"text":"Chair, the non-legally binding international agreements, we thank the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Mathias, for two and welcome the provisional adoption of draft conclusions 1 to 5.","start":8253.13,"end":8265.85,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":8253.13,"end":8253.61},{"text":"the","start":8254.25,"end":8254.41},{"text":"non-legally","start":8254.41,"end":8254.97},{"text":"binding","start":8254.97,"end":8255.33},{"text":"international","start":8255.33,"end":8256.01},{"text":"agreements,","start":8256.01,"end":8256.65},{"text":"we","start":8257.29,"end":8257.53},{"text":"thank","start":8257.53,"end":8258.01},{"text":"the","start":8258.33,"end":8258.53},{"text":"Special","start":8258.57,"end":8259.01},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":8259.01,"end":8259.41},{"text":"Mr.","start":8259.41,"end":8259.85},{"text":"Mathias,","start":8260.29,"end":8260.81},{"text":"for","start":8260.81,"end":8260.97},{"text":"two","start":8260.97,"end":8261.29},{"text":"and","start":8262.17,"end":8262.37},{"text":"welcome","start":8262.37,"end":8262.73},{"text":"the","start":8262.73,"end":8262.85},{"text":"provisional","start":8262.85,"end":8263.37},{"text":"adoption","start":8263.37,"end":8263.81},{"text":"of","start":8263.81,"end":8263.93},{"text":"draft","start":8263.93,"end":8264.21},{"text":"conclusions","start":8264.21,"end":8264.97},{"text":"1","start":8264.97,"end":8265.29},{"text":"to","start":8265.29,"end":8265.45},{"text":"5.","start":8265.45,"end":8265.85}]},{"text":"We agree with draft conclusion 4 that whether an agreement is binding depends on the intention of the participants, assessed case by case.","start":8266.33,"end":8276.41,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8266.33,"end":8266.61},{"text":"agree","start":8266.61,"end":8266.89},{"text":"with","start":8266.89,"end":8267.09},{"text":"draft","start":8267.09,"end":8267.37},{"text":"conclusion","start":8267.37,"end":8267.85},{"text":"4","start":8267.85,"end":8268.25},{"text":"that","start":8268.25,"end":8268.65},{"text":"whether","start":8269.01,"end":8269.53},{"text":"an","start":8269.53,"end":8269.85},{"text":"agreement","start":8270.25,"end":8270.89},{"text":"is","start":8270.89,"end":8271.05},{"text":"binding","start":8271.05,"end":8271.53},{"text":"depends","start":8271.53,"end":8272.17},{"text":"on","start":8272.57,"end":8272.65},{"text":"the","start":8272.65,"end":8272.77},{"text":"intention","start":8272.77,"end":8273.29},{"text":"of","start":8273.29,"end":8273.37},{"text":"the","start":8273.37,"end":8273.49},{"text":"participants,","start":8273.49,"end":8274.33},{"text":"assessed","start":8274.89,"end":8275.45},{"text":"case","start":8275.45,"end":8275.77},{"text":"by","start":8275.77,"end":8275.93},{"text":"case.","start":8275.93,"end":8276.41}]},{"text":"We also welcome draft conclusion 3, which recognizes that such agreements are concluded not only by governments, but by their agencies and territorial units.","start":8276.65,"end":8287.21,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8276.65,"end":8276.85},{"text":"also","start":8276.85,"end":8277.17},{"text":"welcome","start":8277.17,"end":8277.49},{"text":"draft","start":8277.49,"end":8277.73},{"text":"conclusion","start":8277.73,"end":8278.25},{"text":"3,","start":8278.25,"end":8278.65},{"text":"which","start":8278.93,"end":8279.21},{"text":"recognizes","start":8279.21,"end":8279.85},{"text":"that","start":8279.85,"end":8280.17},{"text":"such","start":8280.81,"end":8281.17},{"text":"agreements","start":8281.17,"end":8281.85},{"text":"are","start":8281.97,"end":8282.09},{"text":"concluded","start":8282.09,"end":8282.73},{"text":"not","start":8282.81,"end":8283.13},{"text":"only","start":8283.13,"end":8283.37},{"text":"by","start":8283.37,"end":8283.53},{"text":"governments,","start":8283.53,"end":8284.09},{"text":"but","start":8284.57,"end":8284.73},{"text":"by","start":8284.73,"end":8284.89},{"text":"their","start":8284.89,"end":8285.13},{"text":"agencies","start":8285.13,"end":8285.85},{"text":"and","start":8285.97,"end":8286.13},{"text":"territorial","start":8286.13,"end":8286.65},{"text":"units.","start":8286.65,"end":8287.21}]},{"text":"In practice, that is where most of them are made.","start":8287.61,"end":8290.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8287.61,"end":8287.81},{"text":"practice,","start":8287.81,"end":8288.49},{"text":"that","start":8288.73,"end":8288.97},{"text":"is","start":8288.97,"end":8289.13},{"text":"where","start":8289.13,"end":8289.37},{"text":"most","start":8289.37,"end":8289.65},{"text":"of","start":8289.65,"end":8289.77},{"text":"them","start":8289.77,"end":8289.93},{"text":"are","start":8289.93,"end":8290.01},{"text":"made.","start":8290.01,"end":8290.41}]},{"text":"Bangladesh would ask the Commission to keep one kind of instrument in view.","start":8290.97,"end":8295.05,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh","start":8290.97,"end":8291.45},{"text":"would","start":8291.45,"end":8291.69},{"text":"ask","start":8291.69,"end":8291.93},{"text":"the","start":8291.93,"end":8292.05},{"text":"Commission","start":8292.05,"end":8292.49},{"text":"to","start":8292.49,"end":8292.57},{"text":"keep","start":8292.57,"end":8292.89},{"text":"one","start":8293.45,"end":8293.77},{"text":"kind","start":8293.77,"end":8293.97},{"text":"of","start":8293.97,"end":8294.05},{"text":"instrument","start":8294.05,"end":8294.57},{"text":"in","start":8294.57,"end":8294.73},{"text":"view.","start":8294.73,"end":8295.05}]},{"text":"Many countries that send workers abroad, Bangladesh among them, rely on bilateral memorandums of understanding to govern the recruitment, employment, and protection of the nationals.","start":8295.37,"end":8305.61,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":8331.17,"end":8331.41},{"text":"terminology,","start":8331.41,"end":8332.21},{"text":"we","start":8332.21,"end":8332.33},{"text":"are","start":8332.33,"end":8332.45},{"text":"flexible.","start":8332.45,"end":8333.01}]},{"text":"Whether the Commission speaks of agreements or instruments, the test should remain the intention of the participants.","start":8333.29,"end":8339.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Whether","start":8333.29,"end":8333.65},{"text":"the","start":8333.65,"end":8333.77},{"text":"Commission","start":8333.77,"end":8334.21},{"text":"speaks","start":8334.21,"end":8334.49},{"text":"of","start":8334.49,"end":8334.61},{"text":"agreements","start":8334.61,"end":8335.05},{"text":"or","start":8335.05,"end":8335.13},{"text":"instruments,","start":8335.13,"end":8335.81},{"text":"the","start":8336.13,"end":8336.29},{"text":"test","start":8336.29,"end":8336.61},{"text":"should","start":8336.61,"end":8336.89},{"text":"remain","start":8336.89,"end":8337.33},{"text":"the","start":8337.33,"end":8337.45},{"text":"intention","start":8337.45,"end":8338.09},{"text":"of","start":8338.09,"end":8338.21},{"text":"the","start":8338.21,"end":8338.29},{"text":"participants.","start":8338.29,"end":8339.09}]},{"text":"Non-binding does not mean without consequences.","start":8339.65,"end":8342.61,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Non-binding","start":8339.65,"end":8340.53},{"text":"does","start":8340.53,"end":8340.77},{"text":"not","start":8340.77,"end":8341.01},{"text":"mean","start":8341.01,"end":8341.33},{"text":"without","start":8341.33,"end":8341.65},{"text":"consequences.","start":8341.65,"end":8342.61}]},{"text":"That is why we particularly welcome the Commission's request for information on the possible legal implications of these agreements, which may prove the most useful part of the topic.","start":8343.09,"end":8353.73,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":8343.09,"end":8343.33},{"text":"is","start":8343.33,"end":8343.49},{"text":"why","start":8343.49,"end":8343.73},{"text":"we","start":8343.73,"end":8343.85},{"text":"particularly","start":8343.85,"end":8344.45},{"text":"welcome","start":8344.45,"end":8344.77},{"text":"the","start":8344.77,"end":8344.89},{"text":"Commission's","start":8344.89,"end":8345.41},{"text":"request","start":8345.41,"end":8345.97},{"text":"for","start":8346.21,"end":8346.37},{"text":"information","start":8346.37,"end":8347.01},{"text":"on","start":8347.01,"end":8347.09},{"text":"the","start":8347.09,"end":8347.21},{"text":"possible","start":8347.21,"end":8347.69},{"text":"legal","start":8347.69,"end":8347.97},{"text":"implications","start":8347.97,"end":8348.77},{"text":"of","start":8349.33,"end":8349.57},{"text":"these","start":8349.57,"end":8349.81},{"text":"agreements,","start":8349.81,"end":8350.53},{"text":"which","start":8350.69,"end":8351.01},{"text":"may","start":8351.01,"end":8351.09},{"text":"prove","start":8351.09,"end":8351.57},{"text":"the","start":8351.57,"end":8351.73},{"text":"most","start":8351.73,"end":8352.05},{"text":"useful","start":8352.05,"end":8352.61},{"text":"part","start":8352.61,"end":8352.93},{"text":"of","start":8352.93,"end":8353.09},{"text":"the","start":8353.09,"end":8353.25},{"text":"topic.","start":8353.25,"end":8353.73}]},{"text":"Bangladesh intends to share information on its practice as soon as practicable.","start":8354.61,"end":8359.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh","start":8354.61,"end":8355.13},{"text":"intends","start":8355.13,"end":8355.49},{"text":"to","start":8355.49,"end":8355.61},{"text":"share","start":8355.61,"end":8355.97},{"text":"information","start":8355.97,"end":8356.69},{"text":"on","start":8357.09,"end":8357.25},{"text":"its","start":8357.25,"end":8357.41},{"text":"practice","start":8357.41,"end":8357.97},{"text":"as","start":8357.97,"end":8358.09},{"text":"soon","start":8358.09,"end":8358.33},{"text":"as","start":8358.33,"end":8358.45},{"text":"practicable.","start":8358.45,"end":8359.01}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, on piracy and armed robbery at sea, we thank the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Luis Sabadogo, for his first report.","start":8359.61,"end":8368.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8359.61,"end":8359.89},{"text":"Chair,","start":8359.89,"end":8360.25},{"text":"on","start":8360.61,"end":8360.81},{"text":"piracy","start":8360.81,"end":8361.29},{"text":"and","start":8361.29,"end":8361.45},{"text":"armed","start":8361.45,"end":8361.73},{"text":"robbery","start":8361.73,"end":8362.13},{"text":"at","start":8362.13,"end":8362.21},{"text":"sea,","start":8362.21,"end":8362.65},{"text":"we","start":8362.97,"end":8363.13},{"text":"thank","start":8363.13,"end":8363.37},{"text":"the","start":8363.37,"end":8363.53},{"text":"Special","start":8363.53,"end":8363.85},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":8363.85,"end":8364.25},{"text":"Mr.","start":8364.25,"end":8364.57},{"text":"Luis","start":8364.57,"end":8365.05},{"text":"Sabadogo,","start":8365.45,"end":8366.17},{"text":"for","start":8366.73,"end":8367.05},{"text":"his","start":8367.05,"end":8367.21},{"text":"first","start":8367.21,"end":8367.53},{"text":"report.","start":8367.53,"end":8368.01}]},{"text":"For Bangladesh, the topic has a name.","start":8368.49,"end":8370.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8368.49,"end":8368.73},{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":8368.73,"end":8369.17},{"text":"the","start":8369.21,"end":8369.33},{"text":"topic","start":8369.33,"end":8369.69},{"text":"has","start":8369.69,"end":8369.81},{"text":"a","start":8369.81,"end":8369.85},{"text":"name.","start":8369.85,"end":8370.25}]},{"text":"In March 2024, the Bangladesh-flagged MV Abdullah was hijacked, and its 23 crew were held for more than a month.","start":8370.41,"end":8381.13,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8370.41,"end":8370.61},{"text":"March","start":8370.61,"end":8370.89},{"text":"2024,","start":8370.89,"end":8371.77},{"text":"the","start":8372.25,"end":8372.45},{"text":"Bangladesh-flagged","start":8372.45,"end":8373.29},{"text":"MV","start":8373.37,"end":8373.69},{"text":"Abdullah","start":8373.69,"end":8374.25},{"text":"was","start":8374.73,"end":8374.97},{"text":"hijacked,","start":8374.97,"end":8375.61},{"text":"and","start":8376.01,"end":8376.33},{"text":"its","start":8376.33,"end":8376.65},{"text":"23","start":8376.65,"end":8377.69},{"text":"crew","start":8377.69,"end":8378.33},{"text":"were","start":8378.65,"end":8379.13},{"text":"held","start":8379.21,"end":8379.69},{"text":"for","start":8380.01,"end":8380.33},{"text":"more","start":8380.33,"end":8380.49},{"text":"than","start":8380.49,"end":8380.69},{"text":"a","start":8380.69,"end":8380.73},{"text":"month.","start":8380.73,"end":8381.13}]},{"text":"We hope that the drafting articles will give practical content to the duty of all States to cooperate to the fullest possible extent in the prosecution of suspects and will treat seafarers held hostage as victims, with attention to their release, their wages during captivity, and their return home.","start":8381.61,"end":8402.21,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8434.41,"end":8434.57},{"text":"thank","start":8434.57,"end":8434.81},{"text":"the","start":8434.81,"end":8434.97},{"text":"Special","start":8434.97,"end":8435.33},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":8435.33,"end":8435.69},{"text":"Ms.","start":8435.69,"end":8436.01},{"text":"Penelope","start":8436.13,"end":8436.73},{"text":"Ridings,","start":8436.73,"end":8437.37},{"text":"for","start":8437.69,"end":8437.89},{"text":"a","start":8437.89,"end":8437.93},{"text":"careful","start":8437.93,"end":8438.57},{"text":"first","start":8438.81,"end":8439.13},{"text":"report,","start":8439.13,"end":8439.53},{"text":"the","start":8440.09,"end":8440.25},{"text":"ICJ,","start":8440.25,"end":8440.89},{"text":"in","start":8440.89,"end":8441.05},{"text":"its","start":8441.05,"end":8441.21},{"text":"advisory","start":8441.21,"end":8441.73},{"text":"opinion","start":8441.73,"end":8442.17},{"text":"on","start":8442.25,"end":8442.49},{"text":"the","start":8442.49,"end":8442.61},{"text":"climate","start":8442.73,"end":8443.21},{"text":"change,","start":8443.21,"end":8443.69},{"text":"held","start":8444.13,"end":8444.49},{"text":"that","start":8444.49,"end":8444.77},{"text":"the","start":8445.09,"end":8445.29},{"text":"standard","start":8445.29,"end":8445.89},{"text":"of","start":8445.89,"end":8446.01},{"text":"due","start":8446.01,"end":8446.21},{"text":"diligence","start":8446.21,"end":8446.77},{"text":"for","start":8446.77,"end":8446.93},{"text":"preventing","start":8446.93,"end":8447.41},{"text":"significant","start":8447.41,"end":8448.05},{"text":"harm","start":8448.05,"end":8448.29},{"text":"to","start":8448.29,"end":8448.37},{"text":"climate","start":8448.37,"end":8448.81},{"text":"system","start":8448.85,"end":8449.49},{"text":"is","start":8450.21,"end":8450.37},{"text":"stringent","start":8450.37,"end":8451.17},{"text":"and","start":8451.49,"end":8451.77},{"text":"that","start":8451.77,"end":8452.05},{"text":"this","start":8452.05,"end":8452.33},{"text":"standard","start":8452.33,"end":8452.77},{"text":"varies","start":8452.77,"end":8453.17},{"text":"depending","start":8453.17,"end":8453.81},{"text":"on","start":8453.81,"end":8454.13},{"text":"the","start":8454.13,"end":8454.25},{"text":"range","start":8454.25,"end":8454.77},{"text":"of","start":8455.09,"end":8455.25},{"text":"factors.","start":8455.25,"end":8455.97}]},{"text":"Both statements matter.","start":8456.13,"end":8457.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Both","start":8456.13,"end":8456.37},{"text":"statements","start":8456.37,"end":8456.93},{"text":"matter.","start":8456.93,"end":8457.41}]},{"text":"The first raises the bar, and the second recognizes that states differ in their circumstances and capacities.","start":8457.97,"end":8464.93,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8457.97,"end":8458.17},{"text":"first","start":8458.17,"end":8458.53},{"text":"raises","start":8458.53,"end":8458.93},{"text":"the","start":8458.93,"end":8459.01},{"text":"bar,","start":8459.01,"end":8459.49},{"text":"and","start":8459.81,"end":8459.93},{"text":"the","start":8459.93,"end":8460.05},{"text":"second","start":8460.05,"end":8460.45},{"text":"recognizes","start":8460.45,"end":8461.17},{"text":"that","start":8461.17,"end":8461.41},{"text":"states","start":8461.41,"end":8461.89},{"text":"differ","start":8461.89,"end":8462.37},{"text":"in","start":8462.37,"end":8462.53},{"text":"their","start":8462.53,"end":8462.69},{"text":"circumstances","start":8462.69,"end":8463.85},{"text":"and","start":8463.85,"end":8463.97},{"text":"capacities.","start":8464.13,"end":8464.93}]},{"text":"We agree with the Commission's plan to examine first how due diligence operates within specific primary obligations, across different fields of law, before turning to the harder question of whether a general or separate obligation of due diligence exists.","start":8465.57,"end":8481.37,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8465.57,"end":8465.81},{"text":"agree","start":8465.81,"end":8466.13},{"text":"with","start":8466.13,"end":8466.29},{"text":"the","start":8466.29,"end":8466.37},{"text":"Commission's","start":8466.37,"end":8467.01},{"text":"plan","start":8467.01,"end":8467.41},{"text":"to","start":8467.73,"end":8467.85},{"text":"examine","start":8467.85,"end":8468.37},{"text":"first","start":8468.37,"end":8468.85},{"text":"how","start":8469.01,"end":8469.25},{"text":"due","start":8469.25,"end":8469.81},{"text":"diligence","start":8469.81,"end":8470.37},{"text":"operates","start":8470.37,"end":8470.85},{"text":"within","start":8470.85,"end":8471.09},{"text":"specific","start":8471.09,"end":8471.61},{"text":"primary","start":8471.61,"end":8472.05},{"text":"obligations,","start":8472.05,"end":8472.77},{"text":"across","start":8473.21,"end":8473.61},{"text":"different","start":8473.61,"end":8473.97},{"text":"fields","start":8473.97,"end":8474.33},{"text":"of","start":8474.33,"end":8474.49},{"text":"law,","start":8474.49,"end":8474.81},{"text":"before","start":8475.45,"end":8475.93},{"text":"turning","start":8475.93,"end":8476.41},{"text":"to","start":8476.41,"end":8476.53},{"text":"the","start":8476.53,"end":8476.65},{"text":"harder","start":8476.65,"end":8477.05},{"text":"question","start":8477.05,"end":8477.49},{"text":"of","start":8477.49,"end":8477.61},{"text":"whether","start":8477.61,"end":8478.17},{"text":"a","start":8478.17,"end":8478.21},{"text":"general","start":8478.21,"end":8478.65},{"text":"or","start":8478.65,"end":8478.81},{"text":"separate","start":8478.81,"end":8479.29},{"text":"obligation","start":8479.29,"end":8479.93},{"text":"of","start":8479.93,"end":8480.09},{"text":"due","start":8480.09,"end":8480.25},{"text":"diligence","start":8480.25,"end":8480.73},{"text":"exists.","start":8480.73,"end":8481.37}]},{"text":"That sequence will keep the work and Court in practice.","start":8482.25,"end":8485.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":8482.25,"end":8482.57},{"text":"sequence","start":8482.57,"end":8483.29},{"text":"will","start":8483.29,"end":8483.45},{"text":"keep","start":8483.45,"end":8483.73},{"text":"the","start":8483.73,"end":8483.89},{"text":"work","start":8483.89,"end":8484.25},{"text":"and","start":8484.25,"end":8484.53},{"text":"Court","start":8484.53,"end":8484.89},{"text":"in","start":8484.97,"end":8485.13},{"text":"practice.","start":8485.13,"end":8485.85}]},{"text":"However, due diligence should not be taken as a new or nor an expansive concept.","start":8486.09,"end":8493.45,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8486.09,"end":8486.65},{"text":"due","start":8487.13,"end":8487.37},{"text":"diligence","start":8487.37,"end":8487.93},{"text":"should","start":8487.93,"end":8488.13},{"text":"not","start":8488.13,"end":8488.33},{"text":"be","start":8488.33,"end":8488.49},{"text":"taken","start":8488.49,"end":8488.97},{"text":"as","start":8488.97,"end":8489.53},{"text":"a","start":8489.77,"end":8489.81},{"text":"new","start":8489.81,"end":8490.17},{"text":"or","start":8490.17,"end":8490.65},{"text":"nor","start":8491.29,"end":8491.65},{"text":"an","start":8491.65,"end":8491.77},{"text":"expansive","start":8492.01,"end":8492.81},{"text":"concept.","start":8492.81,"end":8493.45}]},{"text":"It is settled in the jurisprudence of the Court to some extent.","start":8493.85,"end":8496.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8493.85,"end":8494.01},{"text":"is","start":8494.01,"end":8494.09},{"text":"settled","start":8494.09,"end":8494.49},{"text":"in","start":8494.49,"end":8494.57},{"text":"the","start":8494.57,"end":8494.69},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":8494.69,"end":8495.25},{"text":"of","start":8495.25,"end":8495.37},{"text":"the","start":8495.37,"end":8495.45},{"text":"Court","start":8495.45,"end":8495.77},{"text":"to","start":8495.77,"end":8495.85},{"text":"some","start":8495.85,"end":8496.01},{"text":"extent.","start":8496.01,"end":8496.57}]},{"text":"In Corfu Channel in 1949, the Court recognized every state's obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other states.","start":8496.97,"end":8508.81,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8496.97,"end":8497.17},{"text":"Corfu","start":8497.17,"end":8497.49},{"text":"Channel","start":8497.49,"end":8498.01},{"text":"in","start":8498.49,"end":8498.61},{"text":"1949,","start":8498.61,"end":8499.69},{"text":"the","start":8500.09,"end":8500.25},{"text":"Court","start":8500.25,"end":8500.65},{"text":"recognized","start":8500.65,"end":8501.37},{"text":"every","start":8501.45,"end":8501.85},{"text":"state's","start":8501.85,"end":8502.33},{"text":"obligation","start":8502.33,"end":8503.09},{"text":"not","start":8503.09,"end":8503.33},{"text":"to","start":8503.33,"end":8503.45},{"text":"allow","start":8503.45,"end":8503.69},{"text":"knowingly","start":8503.69,"end":8504.41},{"text":"its","start":8504.65,"end":8504.89},{"text":"territory","start":8504.89,"end":8505.41},{"text":"to","start":8505.41,"end":8505.53},{"text":"be","start":8505.53,"end":8505.69},{"text":"used","start":8505.69,"end":8506.05},{"text":"for","start":8506.05,"end":8506.25},{"text":"acts","start":8506.25,"end":8506.57},{"text":"contrary","start":8506.57,"end":8507.05},{"text":"to","start":8507.05,"end":8507.13},{"text":"the","start":8507.13,"end":8507.25},{"text":"rights","start":8507.25,"end":8507.53},{"text":"of","start":8507.57,"end":8507.69},{"text":"other","start":8508.09,"end":8508.33},{"text":"states.","start":8508.33,"end":8508.81}]},{"text":"In Pulp Mills in 2010, it held that a state must use all the means at its disposal in order to avoid activities which take place in its territory causing significant damage to the environment of another state.","start":8509.29,"end":8524.97,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8509.29,"end":8509.53},{"text":"Pulp","start":8509.53,"end":8509.85},{"text":"Mills","start":8509.85,"end":8510.41},{"text":"in","start":8510.41,"end":8510.61},{"text":"2010,","start":8510.61,"end":8511.61},{"text":"it","start":8512.09,"end":8512.33},{"text":"held","start":8512.33,"end":8512.61},{"text":"that","start":8512.61,"end":8512.89},{"text":"a","start":8512.89,"end":8512.93},{"text":"state","start":8512.93,"end":8513.29},{"text":"must","start":8513.29,"end":8513.85},{"text":"use","start":8514.17,"end":8514.65},{"text":"all","start":8514.65,"end":8514.97},{"text":"the","start":8514.97,"end":8515.13},{"text":"means","start":8515.13,"end":8515.53},{"text":"at","start":8515.53,"end":8515.61},{"text":"its","start":8515.61,"end":8515.77},{"text":"disposal","start":8515.77,"end":8516.49},{"text":"in","start":8516.49,"end":8516.73},{"text":"order","start":8516.73,"end":8516.97},{"text":"to","start":8516.97,"end":8517.09},{"text":"avoid","start":8517.09,"end":8517.45},{"text":"activities","start":8517.45,"end":8518.17},{"text":"which","start":8518.53,"end":8518.89},{"text":"take","start":8518.89,"end":8519.13},{"text":"place","start":8519.29,"end":8519.85},{"text":"in","start":8520.17,"end":8520.37},{"text":"its","start":8520.37,"end":8520.57},{"text":"territory","start":8520.57,"end":8521.21},{"text":"causing","start":8521.37,"end":8521.77},{"text":"significant","start":8521.77,"end":8522.53},{"text":"damage","start":8522.53,"end":8523.05},{"text":"to","start":8523.29,"end":8523.41},{"text":"the","start":8523.41,"end":8523.57},{"text":"environment","start":8523.57,"end":8524.13},{"text":"of","start":8524.13,"end":8524.25},{"text":"another","start":8524.25,"end":8524.61},{"text":"state.","start":8524.61,"end":8524.97}]},{"text":"For Bangladesh, these are not abstractions.","start":8525.37,"end":8528.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8525.37,"end":8525.61},{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":8525.61,"end":8526.33},{"text":"these","start":8526.57,"end":8526.85},{"text":"are","start":8526.85,"end":8526.93},{"text":"not","start":8526.93,"end":8527.13},{"text":"abstractions.","start":8527.13,"end":8528.01}]},{"text":"The Commission's task is not to invent the standard, but to clarify how it applies.","start":8528.29,"end":8534.21,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8528.29,"end":8528.45},{"text":"Commission's","start":8528.45,"end":8529.01},{"text":"task","start":8529.01,"end":8529.41},{"text":"is","start":8529.41,"end":8529.49},{"text":"not","start":8529.49,"end":8529.89},{"text":"to","start":8530.13,"end":8530.33},{"text":"invent","start":8530.33,"end":8530.85},{"text":"the","start":8530.85,"end":8530.97},{"text":"standard,","start":8530.97,"end":8531.57},{"text":"but","start":8532.05,"end":8532.29},{"text":"to","start":8532.29,"end":8532.37},{"text":"clarify","start":8532.37,"end":8533.01},{"text":"how","start":8533.17,"end":8533.41},{"text":"it","start":8533.41,"end":8533.57},{"text":"applies.","start":8533.57,"end":8534.21}]},{"text":"Bangladesh would like the Commission to look closely at one area of growing practice: due diligence in global supply chains.","start":8534.61,"end":8543.33,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh","start":8534.61,"end":8535.17},{"text":"would","start":8535.17,"end":8535.33},{"text":"like","start":8535.33,"end":8535.53},{"text":"the","start":8535.53,"end":8535.65},{"text":"Commission","start":8535.65,"end":8536.13},{"text":"to","start":8536.13,"end":8536.29},{"text":"look","start":8536.29,"end":8536.57},{"text":"closely","start":8536.57,"end":8537.17},{"text":"at","start":8537.65,"end":8537.89},{"text":"one","start":8537.89,"end":8538.21},{"text":"area","start":8538.21,"end":8538.65},{"text":"of","start":8538.65,"end":8538.93},{"text":"growing","start":8538.93,"end":8539.33},{"text":"practice:","start":8539.33,"end":8539.97},{"text":"due","start":8540.45,"end":8540.61},{"text":"diligence","start":8540.61,"end":8541.17},{"text":"in","start":8541.17,"end":8541.33},{"text":"global","start":8541.33,"end":8542.37},{"text":"supply","start":8542.37,"end":8542.77},{"text":"chains.","start":8542.77,"end":8543.33}]},{"text":"Several importing states now require the companies to exercise due diligence over suppliers abroad.","start":8544.21,"end":8550.85,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Several","start":8544.21,"end":8544.73},{"text":"importing","start":8544.73,"end":8545.25},{"text":"states","start":8545.25,"end":8545.65},{"text":"now","start":8545.65,"end":8545.81},{"text":"require","start":8545.81,"end":8546.29},{"text":"the","start":8546.29,"end":8546.41},{"text":"companies","start":8546.41,"end":8546.93},{"text":"to","start":8546.93,"end":8547.01},{"text":"exercise","start":8547.01,"end":8547.57},{"text":"due","start":8547.57,"end":8547.77},{"text":"diligence","start":8547.77,"end":8548.37},{"text":"over","start":8548.37,"end":8548.69},{"text":"suppliers","start":8548.69,"end":8549.21},{"text":"abroad.","start":8549.57,"end":8550.85}]},{"text":"Bangladesh, as one of the world's largest exporters of garments, welcomes higher standards for workers and the environment.","start":8551.25,"end":8558.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":8551.25,"end":8551.81},{"text":"as","start":8551.81,"end":8551.97},{"text":"one","start":8551.97,"end":8552.13},{"text":"of","start":8552.13,"end":8552.21},{"text":"the","start":8552.21,"end":8552.37},{"text":"world's","start":8552.37,"end":8552.77},{"text":"largest","start":8552.77,"end":8553.21},{"text":"exporters","start":8553.21,"end":8553.73},{"text":"of","start":8553.73,"end":8553.81},{"text":"garments,","start":8553.81,"end":8554.37},{"text":"welcomes","start":8554.77,"end":8555.33},{"text":"higher","start":8555.69,"end":8556.01},{"text":"standards","start":8556.01,"end":8556.49},{"text":"for","start":8556.49,"end":8556.69},{"text":"workers","start":8556.69,"end":8557.29},{"text":"and","start":8557.29,"end":8557.41},{"text":"the","start":8557.41,"end":8557.49},{"text":"environment.","start":8557.49,"end":8558.17}]},{"text":"But the costs and consequences of such laws fall largely on producing countries and their enterprises.","start":8558.65,"end":8566.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":8558.65,"end":8558.81},{"text":"the","start":8558.81,"end":8558.97},{"text":"costs","start":8558.97,"end":8559.49},{"text":"and","start":8559.49,"end":8559.61},{"text":"consequences","start":8559.61,"end":8560.37},{"text":"of","start":8560.37,"end":8560.49},{"text":"such","start":8560.49,"end":8560.81},{"text":"laws","start":8560.81,"end":8561.29},{"text":"fall","start":8561.61,"end":8562.01},{"text":"largely","start":8563.05,"end":8563.69},{"text":"on","start":8563.77,"end":8563.93},{"text":"producing","start":8563.93,"end":8564.41},{"text":"countries","start":8564.41,"end":8564.97},{"text":"and","start":8565.29,"end":8565.57},{"text":"their","start":8565.57,"end":8565.73},{"text":"enterprises.","start":8565.73,"end":8566.57}]},{"text":"Like South Africa and Nigeria, we see transnational businesses as the area where clarity is most needed.","start":8566.89,"end":8574.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Like","start":8566.89,"end":8567.13},{"text":"South","start":8567.13,"end":8567.37},{"text":"Africa","start":8567.37,"end":8567.73},{"text":"and","start":8567.73,"end":8567.85},{"text":"Nigeria,","start":8567.85,"end":8568.49},{"text":"we","start":8568.97,"end":8569.13},{"text":"see","start":8569.13,"end":8569.45},{"text":"transnational","start":8569.45,"end":8570.33},{"text":"businesses","start":8570.33,"end":8571.05},{"text":"as","start":8571.37,"end":8571.61},{"text":"the","start":8571.61,"end":8571.77},{"text":"area","start":8571.85,"end":8572.49},{"text":"where","start":8572.49,"end":8572.73},{"text":"clarity","start":8572.73,"end":8573.29},{"text":"is","start":8573.29,"end":8573.53},{"text":"most","start":8573.53,"end":8573.93},{"text":"needed.","start":8573.93,"end":8574.41}]},{"text":"The relationship between the due diligence of the home state and host state and the business concern deserves careful study.","start":8574.89,"end":8582.89,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8574.89,"end":8575.01},{"text":"relationship","start":8575.01,"end":8575.69},{"text":"between","start":8575.69,"end":8576.01},{"text":"the","start":8576.01,"end":8576.13},{"text":"due","start":8576.13,"end":8576.33},{"text":"diligence","start":8576.33,"end":8576.89},{"text":"of","start":8576.89,"end":8577.05},{"text":"the","start":8577.05,"end":8577.17},{"text":"home","start":8577.61,"end":8577.93},{"text":"state","start":8577.93,"end":8578.41},{"text":"and","start":8578.81,"end":8579.13},{"text":"host","start":8579.13,"end":8579.53},{"text":"state","start":8579.53,"end":8580.01},{"text":"and","start":8580.37,"end":8580.49},{"text":"the","start":8580.49,"end":8580.57},{"text":"business","start":8580.57,"end":8581.01},{"text":"concern","start":8581.01,"end":8581.45},{"text":"deserves","start":8581.45,"end":8581.93},{"text":"careful","start":8581.93,"end":8582.41},{"text":"study.","start":8582.41,"end":8582.89}]},{"text":"so that responsibility is shared rather than shifted.","start":8583.49,"end":8586.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"so","start":8583.49,"end":8583.73},{"text":"that","start":8583.73,"end":8583.89},{"text":"responsibility","start":8583.89,"end":8584.73},{"text":"is","start":8584.73,"end":8584.85},{"text":"shared","start":8584.85,"end":8585.33},{"text":"rather","start":8585.65,"end":8586.01},{"text":"than","start":8586.01,"end":8586.21},{"text":"shifted.","start":8586.21,"end":8586.85}]},{"text":"The Special Rapporteur herself noted that the materials available were not as diverse and representative as she would have wished.","start":8587.25,"end":8599.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8587.25,"end":8587.45},{"text":"Special","start":8587.45,"end":8587.89},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":8587.89,"end":8588.29},{"text":"herself","start":8588.29,"end":8588.93},{"text":"noted","start":8589.25,"end":8589.65},{"text":"that","start":8589.65,"end":8589.81},{"text":"the","start":8589.81,"end":8589.89},{"text":"materials","start":8589.89,"end":8590.45},{"text":"available","start":8590.45,"end":8591.09},{"text":"were","start":8591.41,"end":8591.57},{"text":"not","start":8591.57,"end":8592.05},{"text":"as","start":8592.05,"end":8592.29},{"text":"diverse","start":8592.29,"end":8592.93},{"text":"and","start":8595.01,"end":8595.25},{"text":"representative","start":8595.25,"end":8596.13},{"text":"as","start":8596.45,"end":8596.69},{"text":"she","start":8597.41,"end":8597.97},{"text":"would","start":8598.21,"end":8598.49},{"text":"have","start":8598.49,"end":8598.85},{"text":"wished.","start":8599.17,"end":8599.73}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, the last topic in this cluster is compensation for damages caused by internationally wrongful acts, and we thank the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Martins, Paparinskis.","start":8600.17,"end":8613.57,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8600.17,"end":8600.45},{"text":"Chair,","start":8600.45,"end":8600.85},{"text":"the","start":8601.09,"end":8601.25},{"text":"last","start":8601.25,"end":8601.61},{"text":"topic","start":8601.61,"end":8601.89},{"text":"in","start":8601.89,"end":8601.97},{"text":"this","start":8601.97,"end":8602.21},{"text":"cluster","start":8602.21,"end":8602.85},{"text":"is","start":8603.17,"end":8603.41},{"text":"compensation","start":8603.41,"end":8604.13},{"text":"for","start":8604.13,"end":8604.29},{"text":"damages","start":8604.29,"end":8604.85},{"text":"caused","start":8604.85,"end":8605.21},{"text":"by","start":8605.21,"end":8605.41},{"text":"internationally","start":8605.41,"end":8606.45},{"text":"wrongful","start":8606.45,"end":8606.93},{"text":"acts,","start":8606.93,"end":8607.41},{"text":"and","start":8607.89,"end":8608.05},{"text":"we","start":8608.05,"end":8608.13},{"text":"thank","start":8608.13,"end":8608.45},{"text":"the","start":8608.45,"end":8608.53},{"text":"Special","start":8608.53,"end":8609.01},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":8609.01,"end":8609.41},{"text":"Mr.","start":8609.41,"end":8609.89},{"text":"Martins,","start":8610.37,"end":8611.09},{"text":"Paparinskis.","start":8612.37,"end":8613.57}]},{"text":"We agree with France and United Kingdom that the Commission should build on Article 36 of the Articles on State Responsibility without reopening them.","start":8614.61,"end":8623.01,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8614.61,"end":8615.05},{"text":"agree","start":8615.05,"end":8615.45},{"text":"with","start":8615.45,"end":8615.65},{"text":"France","start":8615.65,"end":8616.05},{"text":"and","start":8616.05,"end":8616.17},{"text":"United","start":8616.17,"end":8616.49},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8616.49,"end":8616.93},{"text":"that","start":8616.93,"end":8617.09},{"text":"the","start":8617.09,"end":8617.21},{"text":"Commission","start":8617.21,"end":8617.65},{"text":"should","start":8617.65,"end":8618.13},{"text":"build","start":8618.53,"end":8618.93},{"text":"on","start":8618.93,"end":8619.09},{"text":"Article","start":8619.09,"end":8619.49},{"text":"36","start":8619.49,"end":8620.05},{"text":"of","start":8620.05,"end":8620.13},{"text":"the","start":8620.13,"end":8620.21},{"text":"Articles","start":8620.21,"end":8620.65},{"text":"on","start":8620.65,"end":8620.77},{"text":"State","start":8620.77,"end":8621.09},{"text":"Responsibility","start":8621.09,"end":8621.81},{"text":"without","start":8621.81,"end":8622.13},{"text":"reopening","start":8622.13,"end":8622.69},{"text":"them.","start":8622.69,"end":8623.01}]},{"text":"We also join the African Group in encouraging the Commission to draw on the practice and perspectives of developing countries and of all regions.","start":8623.41,"end":8631.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8623.41,"end":8623.53},{"text":"also","start":8623.53,"end":8623.81},{"text":"join","start":8623.81,"end":8624.13},{"text":"the","start":8624.13,"end":8624.25},{"text":"African","start":8624.25,"end":8624.65},{"text":"Group","start":8624.65,"end":8624.93},{"text":"in","start":8624.93,"end":8625.17},{"text":"encouraging","start":8625.17,"end":8625.73},{"text":"the","start":8625.73,"end":8625.85},{"text":"Commission","start":8625.85,"end":8626.29},{"text":"to","start":8626.29,"end":8626.37},{"text":"draw","start":8626.37,"end":8626.65},{"text":"on","start":8626.65,"end":8626.77},{"text":"the","start":8626.77,"end":8626.89},{"text":"practice","start":8626.93,"end":8627.37},{"text":"and","start":8627.37,"end":8627.57},{"text":"perspectives","start":8627.81,"end":8628.49},{"text":"of","start":8628.49,"end":8628.61},{"text":"developing","start":8628.61,"end":8629.09},{"text":"countries","start":8629.09,"end":8629.57},{"text":"and","start":8630.53,"end":8630.93},{"text":"of","start":8630.93,"end":8631.09},{"text":"all","start":8631.09,"end":8631.25},{"text":"regions.","start":8631.25,"end":8631.89}]},{"text":"In its advisory opinion, the Court confirmed that the compensation could be owed for significant harm caused by climate change if a sufficiently direct and certain causal nexus can be shown, and that's where the exact extent of damage is uncertain.","start":8632.29,"end":8648.93,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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encourage the Commission to address these questions directly.","start":8677.93,"end":8681.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8677.93,"end":8678.13},{"text":"encourage","start":8678.13,"end":8678.57},{"text":"the","start":8678.65,"end":8678.73},{"text":"Commission","start":8678.73,"end":8679.29},{"text":"to","start":8679.29,"end":8679.41},{"text":"address","start":8679.45,"end":8679.85},{"text":"these","start":8679.85,"end":8680.09},{"text":"questions","start":8680.09,"end":8680.65},{"text":"directly.","start":8680.65,"end":8681.21}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, the four topics show international law at its most practical: in a labor agreement, on the deck of a ship, in a factory, and in the reckoning that follows harm.","start":8683.57,"end":8696.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8683.57,"end":8683.93},{"text":"Chair,","start":8683.93,"end":8684.25},{"text":"the","start":8684.25,"end":8684.45},{"text":"four","start":8684.45,"end":8684.73},{"text":"topics","start":8684.73,"end":8685.45},{"text":"show","start":8685.69,"end":8686.01},{"text":"international","start":8686.01,"end":8687.01},{"text":"law","start":8687.01,"end":8687.09},{"text":"at","start":8687.45,"end":8687.61},{"text":"its","start":8687.61,"end":8688.09},{"text":"most","start":8688.25,"end":8688.61},{"text":"practical:","start":8688.61,"end":8689.29},{"text":"in","start":8690.01,"end":8690.17},{"text":"a","start":8690.17,"end":8690.21},{"text":"labor","start":8690.21,"end":8690.61},{"text":"agreement,","start":8690.61,"end":8691.21},{"text":"on","start":8691.65,"end":8691.77},{"text":"the","start":8691.77,"end":8691.89},{"text":"deck","start":8691.89,"end":8692.21},{"text":"of","start":8692.21,"end":8692.29},{"text":"a","start":8692.29,"end":8692.33},{"text":"ship,","start":8692.33,"end":8692.73},{"text":"in","start":8693.13,"end":8693.29},{"text":"a","start":8693.29,"end":8693.33},{"text":"factory,","start":8693.33,"end":8693.93},{"text":"and","start":8694.25,"end":8694.49},{"text":"in","start":8694.49,"end":8694.57},{"text":"the","start":8694.57,"end":8694.69},{"text":"reckoning","start":8694.69,"end":8695.21},{"text":"that","start":8695.21,"end":8695.45},{"text":"follows","start":8695.45,"end":8695.85},{"text":"harm.","start":8695.85,"end":8696.25}]},{"text":"Bangladesh looks forward to contributing to all of them.","start":8697.61,"end":8700.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bangladesh","start":8697.61,"end":8698.17},{"text":"looks","start":8698.17,"end":8698.41},{"text":"forward","start":8698.41,"end":8698.77},{"text":"to","start":8698.77,"end":8698.89},{"text":"contributing","start":8698.89,"end":8699.61},{"text":"to","start":8699.61,"end":8699.85},{"text":"all","start":8700.01,"end":8700.25},{"text":"of","start":8700.25,"end":8700.41},{"text":"them.","start":8700.41,"end":8700.65}]},{"text":"I thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":8701.29,"end":8702.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8701.29,"end":8701.37},{"text":"thank","start":8701.37,"end":8701.61},{"text":"you,","start":8701.61,"end":8701.69},{"text":"Mr.","start":8701.69,"end":8702.01},{"text":"Chair.","start":8702.01,"end":8702.33}]},{"text":"We would also provide a written submission on the fourth 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the floor is yours.","start":8724.65,"end":8726.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please,","start":8724.65,"end":8725.05},{"text":"the","start":8725.69,"end":8725.85},{"text":"floor","start":8725.85,"end":8726.09},{"text":"is","start":8726.09,"end":8726.17},{"text":"yours.","start":8726.17,"end":8726.57}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":37,"start":8729.97,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=2:25:30","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":8729.97,"end":8730.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8729.97,"end":8730.21},{"text":"you,","start":8730.21,"end":8730.29},{"text":"Mr.","start":8730.29,"end":8730.53},{"text":"Chair.","start":8730.53,"end":8730.85}]},{"text":"My delegation wishes to comment on chapter 9, non-legally binding international 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":8731.49,"end":8731.73},{"text":"delegation","start":8731.73,"end":8732.37},{"text":"wishes","start":8732.37,"end":8732.77},{"text":"to","start":8732.77,"end":8732.89},{"text":"comment","start":8732.89,"end":8733.33},{"text":"on","start":8733.33,"end":8733.49},{"text":"chapter","start":8733.49,"end":8733.89},{"text":"9,","start":8733.89,"end":8734.53},{"text":"non-legally","start":8734.53,"end":8735.01},{"text":"binding","start":8735.01,"end":8735.49},{"text":"international","start":8735.49,"end":8736.13},{"text":"agreements.","start":8736.13,"end":8736.77}]},{"text":"Firstly, we would like to thank the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Mathias Forteau, for the preparation of his second and third reports and his excellent work in further elaborating the issues arising with regard to the topic at hand.","start":8737.73,"end":8751.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":8737.73,"end":8738.29},{"text":"we","start":8738.29,"end":8738.37},{"text":"would","start":8738.37,"end":8738.65},{"text":"like","start":8738.65,"end":8738.89},{"text":"to","start":8738.89,"end":8739.01},{"text":"thank","start":8739.01,"end":8739.33},{"text":"the","start":8739.33,"end":8739.49},{"text":"Special","start":8739.49,"end":8739.85},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":8739.85,"end":8740.45},{"text":"Mr.","start":8740.73,"end":8741.09},{"text":"Mathias","start":8741.09,"end":8741.57},{"text":"Forteau,","start":8741.57,"end":8741.97},{"text":"for","start":8741.97,"end":8742.21},{"text":"the","start":8742.21,"end":8742.33},{"text":"preparation","start":8742.33,"end":8742.93},{"text":"of","start":8742.93,"end":8743.01},{"text":"his","start":8743.01,"end":8743.17},{"text":"second","start":8743.17,"end":8743.65},{"text":"and","start":8743.81,"end":8744.01},{"text":"third","start":8744.01,"end":8744.25},{"text":"reports","start":8744.25,"end":8744.93},{"text":"and","start":8745.33,"end":8745.57},{"text":"his","start":8745.57,"end":8745.81},{"text":"excellent","start":8745.81,"end":8746.29},{"text":"work","start":8746.29,"end":8746.61},{"text":"in","start":8746.61,"end":8746.85},{"text":"further","start":8746.85,"end":8747.29},{"text":"elaborating","start":8747.29,"end":8748.05},{"text":"the","start":8748.05,"end":8748.17},{"text":"issues","start":8748.17,"end":8748.53},{"text":"arising","start":8748.53,"end":8749.09},{"text":"with","start":8749.09,"end":8749.33},{"text":"regard","start":8749.33,"end":8749.65},{"text":"to","start":8749.65,"end":8749.77},{"text":"the","start":8749.77,"end":8749.89},{"text":"topic","start":8749.89,"end":8750.37},{"text":"at","start":8750.45,"end":8750.61},{"text":"hand.","start":8750.61,"end":8751.01}]},{"text":"Cyprus aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union and its Member States, and wishes to make the following 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would like to once again express its appreciation to the International Law Commission for its work on this topic, which we consider to be of central practical importance in the context of international 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to welcome the provisional adoption of draft conclusions 1 to 5 that aim to provide elements of clarification and facilitate the work of legal practitioners.","start":8773.01,"end":8783.89,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":8773.01,"end":8773.21},{"text":"to","start":8773.21,"end":8773.33},{"text":"welcome","start":8773.33,"end":8773.73},{"text":"the","start":8773.73,"end":8773.85},{"text":"provisional","start":8773.85,"end":8774.37},{"text":"adoption","start":8774.37,"end":8775.01},{"text":"of","start":8775.09,"end":8775.33},{"text":"draft","start":8775.33,"end":8775.69},{"text":"conclusions","start":8775.69,"end":8776.53},{"text":"1","start":8776.53,"end":8776.93},{"text":"to","start":8776.93,"end":8777.05},{"text":"5","start":8777.05,"end":8777.57},{"text":"that","start":8777.97,"end":8778.21},{"text":"aim","start":8778.21,"end":8778.53},{"text":"to","start":8778.53,"end":8778.65},{"text":"provide","start":8778.65,"end":8779.17},{"text":"elements","start":8779.17,"end":8779.89},{"text":"of","start":8779.97,"end":8780.13},{"text":"clarification","start":8780.13,"end":8780.93},{"text":"and","start":8780.93,"end":8781.05},{"text":"facilitate","start":8781.05,"end":8781.73},{"text":"the","start":8781.73,"end":8781.89},{"text":"work","start":8781.89,"end":8782.37},{"text":"of","start":8782.53,"end":8782.69},{"text":"legal","start":8782.69,"end":8783.09},{"text":"practitioners.","start":8783.09,"end":8783.89}]},{"text":"We would like to reiterate our position on the subject and share some additional views, highlighting matters which we believe should be addressed by the Commission, and share our experience as to the criteria for distinguishing between treaties and legally non-binding international instruments.","start":8784.61,"end":8802.97,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":8804.69,"end":8805.25},{"text":"the","start":8805.25,"end":8805.33},{"text":"choice","start":8805.33,"end":8805.77},{"text":"of","start":8805.77,"end":8805.85},{"text":"the","start":8805.85,"end":8805.93},{"text":"term","start":8805.93,"end":8806.29},{"text":"\"international","start":8806.37,"end":8807.13},{"text":"agreements\"","start":8807.13,"end":8807.89},{"text":"in","start":8807.89,"end":8808.05},{"text":"this","start":8808.05,"end":8808.29},{"text":"topic,","start":8808.29,"end":8808.77},{"text":"we","start":8808.77,"end":8808.97},{"text":"note","start":8808.97,"end":8809.25},{"text":"the","start":8809.25,"end":8809.37},{"text":"reference","start":8809.37,"end":8809.89},{"text":"by","start":8809.89,"end":8810.05},{"text":"the","start":8810.05,"end":8810.17},{"text":"Commission","start":8810.17,"end":8810.77},{"text":"to","start":8810.77,"end":8810.89},{"text":"the","start":8810.89,"end":8811.01},{"text":"travaux","start":8811.01,"end":8811.41},{"text":"préparatoires","start":8811.41,"end":8812.21},{"text":"of","start":8812.73,"end":8812.85},{"text":"the","start":8812.85,"end":8812.93},{"text":"Vienna","start":8812.93,"end":8813.33},{"text":"Convention","start":8813.33,"end":8814.05},{"text":"on","start":8814.05,"end":8814.29},{"text":"the","start":8814.29,"end":8814.41},{"text":"Law","start":8814.41,"end":8814.57},{"text":"of","start":8814.57,"end":8814.69},{"text":"the","start":8814.69,"end":8814.77},{"text":"Treaties","start":8814.77,"end":8815.49},{"text":"and","start":8815.49,"end":8815.65},{"text":"the","start":8815.65,"end":8815.77},{"text":"ordinary","start":8815.77,"end":8816.25},{"text":"meaning","start":8816.25,"end":8816.77},{"text":"of","start":8816.93,"end":8817.17},{"text":"the","start":8817.17,"end":8817.25},{"text":"term","start":8817.25,"end":8817.65},{"text":"\"agreement\",","start":8817.65,"end":8818.37},{"text":"as","start":8818.73,"end":8818.93},{"text":"well","start":8818.93,"end":8819.29},{"text":"as","start":8819.29,"end":8819.49},{"text":"additional","start":8819.49,"end":8819.97},{"text":"points","start":8819.97,"end":8820.69},{"text":"as","start":8820.69,"end":8820.81},{"text":"to","start":8820.81,"end":8821.05},{"text":"why","start":8821.05,"end":8821.33},{"text":"it","start":8821.33,"end":8821.57},{"text":"should","start":8821.57,"end":8821.73},{"text":"be","start":8821.73,"end":8821.85},{"text":"preferred","start":8821.85,"end":8822.53},{"text":"and","start":8822.85,"end":8823.09},{"text":"retained","start":8823.09,"end":8823.53},{"text":"for","start":8823.53,"end":8823.65},{"text":"the","start":8823.65,"end":8823.77},{"text":"purposes","start":8823.81,"end":8824.53},{"text":"of","start":8824.53,"end":8824.69},{"text":"this","start":8824.69,"end":8824.93},{"text":"work.","start":8824.93,"end":8825.33}]},{"text":"We recall that in our practice and experience, the title of a document is certainly not the determining criterion of the nature of the document.","start":8826.17,"end":8835.13,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8826.17,"end":8826.37},{"text":"recall","start":8826.37,"end":8826.89},{"text":"that","start":8826.89,"end":8827.21},{"text":"in","start":8827.21,"end":8827.41},{"text":"our","start":8827.41,"end":8827.53},{"text":"practice","start":8827.53,"end":8828.25},{"text":"and","start":8828.25,"end":8828.45},{"text":"experience,","start":8828.45,"end":8829.13},{"text":"the","start":8829.13,"end":8829.33},{"text":"title","start":8829.33,"end":8829.81},{"text":"of","start":8829.81,"end":8829.89},{"text":"a","start":8829.89,"end":8829.93},{"text":"document","start":8829.93,"end":8830.53},{"text":"is","start":8830.53,"end":8830.69},{"text":"certainly","start":8830.69,"end":8831.29},{"text":"not","start":8831.29,"end":8831.85},{"text":"the","start":8831.85,"end":8832.01},{"text":"determining","start":8832.01,"end":8832.73},{"text":"criterion","start":8832.73,"end":8833.45},{"text":"of","start":8833.53,"end":8833.81},{"text":"the","start":8833.81,"end":8833.89},{"text":"nature","start":8833.89,"end":8834.29},{"text":"of","start":8834.29,"end":8834.41},{"text":"the","start":8834.41,"end":8834.49},{"text":"document.","start":8834.49,"end":8835.13}]},{"text":"The intention of the parties there to as reflected in the content and form is the focus of such assessment.","start":8835.77,"end":8842.73,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8835.77,"end":8835.89},{"text":"intention","start":8835.89,"end":8836.49},{"text":"of","start":8836.49,"end":8836.57},{"text":"the","start":8836.57,"end":8836.73},{"text":"parties","start":8836.73,"end":8837.13},{"text":"there","start":8837.13,"end":8837.37},{"text":"to","start":8837.37,"end":8837.65},{"text":"as","start":8837.65,"end":8837.73},{"text":"reflected","start":8837.73,"end":8838.65},{"text":"in","start":8838.65,"end":8838.73},{"text":"the","start":8838.73,"end":8838.85},{"text":"content","start":8838.85,"end":8839.45},{"text":"and","start":8839.45,"end":8839.69},{"text":"form","start":8839.69,"end":8840.09},{"text":"is","start":8840.33,"end":8840.81},{"text":"the","start":8840.81,"end":8840.97},{"text":"focus","start":8840.97,"end":8841.49},{"text":"of","start":8841.49,"end":8841.61},{"text":"such","start":8841.61,"end":8842.01},{"text":"assessment.","start":8842.01,"end":8842.73}]},{"text":"As we mentioned last year, Cyprus, in its practice, refrains from using the term international agreement to designate an instrument where the participants do not intend to create any legal rights or obligations under international law.","start":8843.29,"end":8858.89,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8843.29,"end":8843.45},{"text":"we","start":8843.45,"end":8843.61},{"text":"mentioned","start":8843.61,"end":8844.09},{"text":"last","start":8844.09,"end":8844.37},{"text":"year,","start":8844.37,"end":8844.73},{"text":"Cyprus,","start":8844.73,"end":8845.53},{"text":"in","start":8845.53,"end":8845.77},{"text":"its","start":8845.77,"end":8846.37},{"text":"practice,","start":8846.65,"end":8847.29},{"text":"refrains","start":8847.29,"end":8847.81},{"text":"from","start":8847.81,"end":8848.01},{"text":"using","start":8848.01,"end":8848.41},{"text":"the","start":8848.41,"end":8848.49},{"text":"term","start":8848.49,"end":8848.81},{"text":"international","start":8848.81,"end":8849.61},{"text":"agreement","start":8849.61,"end":8850.13},{"text":"to","start":8850.13,"end":8850.21},{"text":"designate","start":8850.21,"end":8850.97},{"text":"an","start":8850.97,"end":8851.21},{"text":"instrument","start":8851.21,"end":8851.73},{"text":"where","start":8851.93,"end":8852.33},{"text":"the","start":8852.33,"end":8852.49},{"text":"participants","start":8852.49,"end":8853.37},{"text":"do","start":8853.37,"end":8853.61},{"text":"not","start":8853.61,"end":8853.97},{"text":"intend","start":8853.97,"end":8854.41},{"text":"to","start":8854.41,"end":8854.49},{"text":"create","start":8854.49,"end":8854.97},{"text":"any","start":8854.97,"end":8855.33},{"text":"legal","start":8855.33,"end":8855.61},{"text":"rights","start":8855.61,"end":8856.17},{"text":"or","start":8856.17,"end":8856.45},{"text":"obligations","start":8856.45,"end":8857.21},{"text":"under","start":8857.61,"end":8857.93},{"text":"international","start":8858.01,"end":8858.81},{"text":"law.","start":8858.81,"end":8858.89}]},{"text":"That said, we welcome the inclusion of paragraph 3 of draft conclusion 3, which provides that the use of the term \"agreement\" does not affect the meaning that might be attributed to it under the internal law or practice of states and international organizations or in any international instrument.","start":8859.85,"end":8881.13,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":8859.85,"end":8860.17},{"text":"said,","start":8860.17,"end":8860.45},{"text":"we","start":8860.65,"end":8860.97},{"text":"welcome","start":8860.97,"end":8861.37},{"text":"the","start":8861.37,"end":8861.45},{"text":"inclusion","start":8861.45,"end":8862.05},{"text":"of","start":8862.05,"end":8862.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":8862.13,"end":8862.61},{"text":"3","start":8862.61,"end":8863.21},{"text":"of","start":8863.29,"end":8863.53},{"text":"draft","start":8863.61,"end":8864.25},{"text":"conclusion","start":8864.25,"end":8865.69},{"text":"3,","start":8865.69,"end":8866.09},{"text":"which","start":8866.09,"end":8866.41},{"text":"provides","start":8866.41,"end":8867.05},{"text":"that","start":8867.05,"end":8867.25},{"text":"the","start":8867.25,"end":8867.41},{"text":"use","start":8867.45,"end":8867.73},{"text":"of","start":8867.73,"end":8867.85},{"text":"the","start":8867.85,"end":8867.93},{"text":"term","start":8867.93,"end":8868.25},{"text":"\"agreement\"","start":8868.37,"end":8868.97},{"text":"does","start":8869.29,"end":8869.61},{"text":"not","start":8869.61,"end":8869.77},{"text":"affect","start":8869.77,"end":8870.17},{"text":"the","start":8870.17,"end":8870.29},{"text":"meaning","start":8870.29,"end":8870.73},{"text":"that","start":8871.05,"end":8871.53},{"text":"might","start":8871.53,"end":8871.97},{"text":"be","start":8871.97,"end":8872.25},{"text":"attributed","start":8872.25,"end":8872.93},{"text":"to","start":8872.93,"end":8873.13},{"text":"it","start":8873.13,"end":8873.37},{"text":"under","start":8873.37,"end":8873.85},{"text":"the","start":8873.85,"end":8873.97},{"text":"internal","start":8873.97,"end":8874.97},{"text":"law","start":8875.09,"end":8875.17},{"text":"or","start":8875.17,"end":8875.33},{"text":"practice","start":8875.33,"end":8875.97},{"text":"of","start":8875.97,"end":8876.05},{"text":"states","start":8876.05,"end":8876.57},{"text":"and","start":8876.57,"end":8876.77},{"text":"international","start":8876.77,"end":8877.33},{"text":"organizations","start":8877.33,"end":8878.25},{"text":"or","start":8878.57,"end":8878.97},{"text":"in","start":8879.13,"end":8879.45},{"text":"any","start":8879.45,"end":8879.85},{"text":"international","start":8879.85,"end":8880.57},{"text":"instrument.","start":8880.57,"end":8881.13}]},{"text":"Cyprus considers that the scope of the draft conclusions should specifically be limited to return international instruments that would otherwise qualify as treaties, but for the legally non-binding nature, namely instruments adopted between states, between states and international organizations, or between international organizations.","start":8882.85,"end":8907.01,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8955.05,"end":8955.29},{"text":"assessing","start":8955.29,"end":8955.93},{"text":"the","start":8955.93,"end":8956.05},{"text":"legal","start":8956.05,"end":8956.33},{"text":"nature","start":8956.33,"end":8956.89},{"text":"of","start":8957.05,"end":8957.25},{"text":"an","start":8957.25,"end":8957.33},{"text":"international","start":8957.33,"end":8958.01},{"text":"instrument,","start":8958.01,"end":8958.49},{"text":"Cyprus","start":8958.73,"end":8959.37},{"text":"undertakes","start":8959.45,"end":8960.33},{"text":"a","start":8960.41,"end":8960.45},{"text":"thorough","start":8960.45,"end":8960.81},{"text":"legal","start":8960.97,"end":8961.53},{"text":"examination","start":8961.53,"end":8962.33},{"text":"guided","start":8962.33,"end":8962.73},{"text":"by","start":8962.73,"end":8962.97},{"text":"the","start":8962.97,"end":8963.05},{"text":"international","start":8963.05,"end":8963.81},{"text":"law","start":8963.81,"end":8963.89},{"text":"of","start":8963.89,"end":8964.01},{"text":"treaties","start":8964.01,"end":8964.61},{"text":"to","start":8964.61,"end":8964.69},{"text":"determine","start":8964.73,"end":8965.45},{"text":"on","start":8965.45,"end":8965.65},{"text":"a","start":8965.65,"end":8965.69},{"text":"case-by-case","start":8965.69,"end":8966.41},{"text":"basis","start":8966.41,"end":8966.97},{"text":"the","start":8967.29,"end":8967.49},{"text":"nature","start":8967.49,"end":8968.09},{"text":"of","start":8968.33,"end":8968.53},{"text":"a","start":8968.53,"end":8968.57},{"text":"legal","start":8968.57,"end":8968.89},{"text":"document","start":8968.89,"end":8969.45},{"text":"and","start":8969.45,"end":8969.65},{"text":"the","start":8969.65,"end":8969.73},{"text":"intention","start":8969.73,"end":8970.33},{"text":"of","start":8970.81,"end":8971.05},{"text":"the","start":8971.05,"end":8971.13},{"text":"parties","start":8971.13,"end":8971.69},{"text":"or","start":8972.01,"end":8972.17},{"text":"participants.","start":8972.17,"end":8972.97}]},{"text":"This process involves a legal evaluation of the documents, form, terminology, and substantive provisions, both from the perspective of international law as well as the Constitution and national legislation.","start":8973.69,"end":8987.45,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8973.69,"end":8973.93},{"text":"process","start":8973.93,"end":8974.49},{"text":"involves","start":8974.49,"end":8975.17},{"text":"a","start":8975.17,"end":8975.21},{"text":"legal","start":8975.21,"end":8975.57},{"text":"evaluation","start":8975.57,"end":8976.25},{"text":"of","start":8976.25,"end":8976.33},{"text":"the","start":8976.33,"end":8976.41},{"text":"documents,","start":8976.41,"end":8977.13},{"text":"form,","start":8977.13,"end":8977.69},{"text":"terminology,","start":8977.77,"end":8978.73},{"text":"and","start":8978.73,"end":8978.89},{"text":"substantive","start":8978.89,"end":8979.41},{"text":"provisions,","start":8979.41,"end":8980.09},{"text":"both","start":8980.09,"end":8980.49},{"text":"from","start":8980.49,"end":8980.81},{"text":"the","start":8980.81,"end":8980.97},{"text":"perspective","start":8980.97,"end":8981.61},{"text":"of","start":8981.61,"end":8981.69},{"text":"international","start":8981.69,"end":8982.53},{"text":"law","start":8982.53,"end":8982.61},{"text":"as","start":8983.09,"end":8983.29},{"text":"well","start":8983.29,"end":8983.61},{"text":"as","start":8983.69,"end":8984.01},{"text":"the","start":8984.01,"end":8984.17},{"text":"Constitution","start":8984.17,"end":8984.97},{"text":"and","start":8985.45,"end":8985.89},{"text":"national","start":8986.01,"end":8986.61},{"text":"legislation.","start":8986.61,"end":8987.45}]},{"text":"Finally, a comprehensive legal risk assessment is conducted to evaluate the instrument's legal implications for Cyprus, both in the international sphere and within its domestic legal framework.","start":8987.69,"end":8999.85,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":8987.69,"end":8988.25},{"text":"a","start":8988.49,"end":8988.53},{"text":"comprehensive","start":8988.53,"end":8989.21},{"text":"legal","start":8989.21,"end":8989.53},{"text":"risk","start":8989.53,"end":8989.89},{"text":"assessment","start":8989.89,"end":8990.49},{"text":"is","start":8990.49,"end":8990.65},{"text":"conducted","start":8990.65,"end":8991.21},{"text":"to","start":8991.21,"end":8991.33},{"text":"evaluate","start":8991.33,"end":8991.85},{"text":"the","start":8991.85,"end":8991.97},{"text":"instrument's","start":8991.97,"end":8992.73},{"text":"legal","start":8992.73,"end":8993.01},{"text":"implications","start":8993.01,"end":8993.65},{"text":"for","start":8993.65,"end":8993.77},{"text":"Cyprus,","start":8993.77,"end":8994.41},{"text":"both","start":8994.73,"end":8995.21},{"text":"in","start":8995.21,"end":8995.37},{"text":"the","start":8995.37,"end":8995.45},{"text":"international","start":8995.45,"end":8996.09},{"text":"sphere","start":8996.09,"end":8996.57},{"text":"and","start":8996.57,"end":8996.89},{"text":"within","start":8996.89,"end":8997.29},{"text":"its","start":8997.53,"end":8997.85},{"text":"domestic","start":8997.85,"end":8998.57},{"text":"legal","start":8998.73,"end":8999.13},{"text":"framework.","start":8999.13,"end":8999.85}]},{"text":"We therefore agree that, as already reiterated, the intention of the parties or participants to an international instrument is a primary criterion for determining its legal nature and that such intention might be expressly stated.","start":9000.33,"end":9014.01,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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Kenyan delegation will focus on the topic of prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":9162.41,"end":9168.81,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9162.41,"end":9162.61},{"text":"Kenyan","start":9162.89,"end":9163.21},{"text":"delegation","start":9163.21,"end":9163.69},{"text":"will","start":9163.69,"end":9163.85},{"text":"focus","start":9163.85,"end":9164.25},{"text":"on","start":9164.25,"end":9164.33},{"text":"the","start":9164.33,"end":9164.41},{"text":"topic","start":9164.41,"end":9164.77},{"text":"of","start":9164.77,"end":9164.85},{"text":"prevention","start":9164.85,"end":9165.69},{"text":"and","start":9165.69,"end":9166.09},{"text":"repression","start":9166.09,"end":9166.57},{"text":"of","start":9166.57,"end":9166.65},{"text":"piracy","start":9166.65,"end":9167.33},{"text":"and","start":9167.33,"end":9167.45},{"text":"armed","start":9167.45,"end":9167.77},{"text":"robbery","start":9167.77,"end":9168.17},{"text":"at","start":9168.17,"end":9168.33},{"text":"sea.","start":9168.33,"end":9168.81}]},{"text":"Kenya delegation expresses sincere appreciation to the International Law Commission and the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Luis Sevedo for their work.","start":9171.37,"end":9180.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Kenya","start":9171.37,"end":9171.93},{"text":"delegation","start":9171.93,"end":9172.57},{"text":"expresses","start":9172.57,"end":9173.21},{"text":"sincere","start":9173.21,"end":9173.81},{"text":"appreciation","start":9173.81,"end":9174.97},{"text":"to","start":9174.97,"end":9175.13},{"text":"the","start":9175.13,"end":9175.25},{"text":"International","start":9175.25,"end":9175.97},{"text":"Law","start":9175.97,"end":9176.09},{"text":"Commission","start":9176.09,"end":9176.81},{"text":"and","start":9176.85,"end":9177.09},{"text":"the","start":9177.09,"end":9177.17},{"text":"Special","start":9177.17,"end":9177.57},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":9177.57,"end":9178.33},{"text":"Mr.","start":9178.33,"end":9178.81},{"text":"Luis","start":9178.81,"end":9179.13},{"text":"Sevedo","start":9179.13,"end":9179.69},{"text":"for","start":9179.69,"end":9180.01},{"text":"their","start":9180.01,"end":9180.29},{"text":"work.","start":9180.29,"end":9180.73}]},{"text":"Maritime piracy is the first international crime to be designated as a crime against the law of nations and the public international law.","start":9181.77,"end":9188.77,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Maritime","start":9181.77,"end":9182.25},{"text":"piracy","start":9182.25,"end":9183.01},{"text":"is","start":9183.01,"end":9183.13},{"text":"the","start":9183.13,"end":9183.21},{"text":"first","start":9183.21,"end":9183.53},{"text":"international","start":9183.53,"end":9184.05},{"text":"crime","start":9184.05,"end":9184.49},{"text":"to","start":9184.49,"end":9184.57},{"text":"be","start":9184.57,"end":9184.73},{"text":"designated","start":9184.73,"end":9185.37},{"text":"as","start":9185.37,"end":9185.53},{"text":"a","start":9185.53,"end":9185.57},{"text":"crime","start":9185.57,"end":9185.93},{"text":"against","start":9185.93,"end":9186.25},{"text":"the","start":9186.25,"end":9186.37},{"text":"law","start":9186.37,"end":9186.53},{"text":"of","start":9186.53,"end":9186.65},{"text":"nations","start":9186.65,"end":9187.25},{"text":"and","start":9187.25,"end":9187.37},{"text":"the","start":9187.37,"end":9187.45},{"text":"public","start":9187.45,"end":9187.81},{"text":"international","start":9187.81,"end":9188.69},{"text":"law.","start":9188.69,"end":9188.77}]},{"text":"In the aftermath of the upsurge of piracy off the coast of Somalia between 2008 to 2012, Kenya was one of the few countries which prosecuted and punished piracy.","start":9189.73,"end":9199.65,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9189.73,"end":9189.89},{"text":"the","start":9189.89,"end":9190.01},{"text":"aftermath","start":9190.01,"end":9190.57},{"text":"of","start":9190.57,"end":9190.69},{"text":"the","start":9190.69,"end":9190.81},{"text":"upsurge","start":9190.93,"end":9191.37},{"text":"of","start":9191.41,"end":9191.49},{"text":"piracy","start":9191.49,"end":9191.97},{"text":"off","start":9191.97,"end":9192.09},{"text":"the","start":9192.13,"end":9192.25},{"text":"coast","start":9192.25,"end":9192.53},{"text":"of","start":9192.53,"end":9192.61},{"text":"Somalia","start":9192.61,"end":9193.01},{"text":"between","start":9193.01,"end":9193.41},{"text":"2008","start":9193.41,"end":9194.33},{"text":"to","start":9194.33,"end":9194.41},{"text":"2012,","start":9194.85,"end":9195.73},{"text":"Kenya","start":9195.73,"end":9196.01},{"text":"was","start":9196.01,"end":9196.21},{"text":"one","start":9196.21,"end":9196.45},{"text":"of","start":9196.45,"end":9196.53},{"text":"the","start":9196.53,"end":9196.65},{"text":"few","start":9196.65,"end":9197.01},{"text":"countries","start":9197.01,"end":9197.53},{"text":"which","start":9197.53,"end":9197.73},{"text":"prosecuted","start":9197.73,"end":9198.41},{"text":"and","start":9198.41,"end":9198.53},{"text":"punished","start":9198.53,"end":9199.01},{"text":"piracy.","start":9199.01,"end":9199.65}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Under the old law.","start":9199.69,"end":9200.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":9199.69,"end":9199.89},{"text":"the","start":9199.89,"end":9200.01},{"text":"old","start":9200.09,"end":9200.45},{"text":"law.","start":9200.53,"end":9200.97}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Of nations of piracy, a universal jurisdictional regime before the advent of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982.","start":9200.97,"end":9211.73,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Of","start":9200.97,"end":9201.09},{"text":"nations","start":9201.09,"end":9201.81},{"text":"of","start":9202.33,"end":9202.53},{"text":"piracy,","start":9202.53,"end":9202.89},{"text":"a","start":9202.89,"end":9202.93},{"text":"universal","start":9202.93,"end":9204.53},{"text":"jurisdictional","start":9204.53,"end":9205.25},{"text":"regime","start":9205.25,"end":9205.89},{"text":"before","start":9206.05,"end":9206.45},{"text":"the","start":9206.45,"end":9206.57},{"text":"advent","start":9206.57,"end":9207.13},{"text":"of","start":9207.13,"end":9207.25},{"text":"the","start":9207.25,"end":9207.33},{"text":"United","start":9207.33,"end":9207.81},{"text":"Nations","start":9207.81,"end":9208.33},{"text":"Convention","start":9208.33,"end":9209.01},{"text":"on","start":9209.01,"end":9209.09},{"text":"the","start":9209.09,"end":9209.21},{"text":"Law","start":9209.21,"end":9209.37},{"text":"of","start":9209.37,"end":9209.49},{"text":"the","start":9209.49,"end":9209.61},{"text":"Sea","start":9209.61,"end":9210.13},{"text":"of","start":9210.61,"end":9210.69},{"text":"1982.","start":9210.69,"end":9211.73}]},{"text":"Through bilateral agreements with various countries and organizations, Kenya was able to prosecute 18 piracy cases involving 121 pirates cases.","start":9212.61,"end":9223.73,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":9212.61,"end":9212.85},{"text":"bilateral","start":9212.85,"end":9213.45},{"text":"agreements","start":9213.45,"end":9213.89},{"text":"with","start":9213.89,"end":9214.05},{"text":"various","start":9214.05,"end":9214.45},{"text":"countries","start":9214.45,"end":9214.89},{"text":"and","start":9214.89,"end":9215.01},{"text":"organizations,","start":9215.01,"end":9215.89},{"text":"Kenya","start":9215.89,"end":9216.17},{"text":"was","start":9216.17,"end":9216.29},{"text":"able","start":9216.29,"end":9216.61},{"text":"to","start":9216.61,"end":9216.77},{"text":"prosecute","start":9216.77,"end":9217.57},{"text":"18","start":9218.21,"end":9218.61},{"text":"piracy","start":9218.61,"end":9219.09},{"text":"cases","start":9219.09,"end":9219.49},{"text":"involving","start":9219.49,"end":9219.97},{"text":"121","start":9219.97,"end":9221.17},{"text":"pirates","start":9221.17,"end":9221.97},{"text":"cases.","start":9223.01,"end":9223.73}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, this underscores the importance of international cooperation and mutual legal assistance in prosecuting an international organized crime, such as maritime piracy, whenever and wherever the offense is committed.","start":9225.41,"end":9239.73,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":9225.41,"end":9225.81},{"text":"Chair,","start":9225.81,"end":9226.05},{"text":"this","start":9226.13,"end":9226.69},{"text":"underscores","start":9227.25,"end":9227.81},{"text":"the","start":9227.81,"end":9227.93},{"text":"importance","start":9227.93,"end":9228.45},{"text":"of","start":9228.45,"end":9228.61},{"text":"international","start":9228.61,"end":9229.29},{"text":"cooperation","start":9229.29,"end":9230.21},{"text":"and","start":9230.37,"end":9230.61},{"text":"mutual","start":9230.61,"end":9231.05},{"text":"legal","start":9231.05,"end":9231.33},{"text":"assistance","start":9231.33,"end":9231.89},{"text":"in","start":9231.89,"end":9232.05},{"text":"prosecuting","start":9232.05,"end":9232.77},{"text":"an","start":9232.77,"end":9232.93},{"text":"international","start":9232.93,"end":9233.53},{"text":"organized","start":9233.53,"end":9233.97},{"text":"crime,","start":9233.97,"end":9234.45},{"text":"such","start":9235.01,"end":9235.41},{"text":"as","start":9235.41,"end":9235.65},{"text":"maritime","start":9235.65,"end":9236.13},{"text":"piracy,","start":9236.13,"end":9237.01},{"text":"whenever","start":9237.09,"end":9237.81},{"text":"and","start":9237.81,"end":9238.01},{"text":"wherever","start":9238.01,"end":9238.53},{"text":"the","start":9238.53,"end":9238.65},{"text":"offense","start":9238.65,"end":9239.09},{"text":"is","start":9239.09,"end":9239.17},{"text":"committed.","start":9239.17,"end":9239.73}]},{"text":"In order to align provisions of the penal code in respect of the offense of piracy, Kenya has since included in its Merchant Shipping Act the offense of piracy and armed robbery at sea in accordance with Article 101 of the 1982 UNCLOS Convention.","start":9240.69,"end":9257.81,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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The Maldives thanks the International Law Commission and the Special Rapporteurs for their work on this report.","start":9367.21,"end":9373.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9367.21,"end":9367.45},{"text":"you,","start":9367.45,"end":9367.61},{"text":"Chair.","start":9367.69,"end":9368.01},{"text":"The","start":9368.49,"end":9368.61},{"text":"Maldives","start":9368.61,"end":9369.05},{"text":"thanks","start":9369.05,"end":9369.37},{"text":"the","start":9369.37,"end":9369.49},{"text":"International","start":9369.49,"end":9370.05},{"text":"Law","start":9370.05,"end":9370.17},{"text":"Commission","start":9370.17,"end":9370.81},{"text":"and","start":9370.81,"end":9371.01},{"text":"the","start":9371.01,"end":9371.09},{"text":"Special","start":9371.09,"end":9371.37},{"text":"Rapporteurs","start":9371.37,"end":9371.93},{"text":"for","start":9371.93,"end":9372.09},{"text":"their","start":9372.09,"end":9372.25},{"text":"work","start":9372.25,"end":9372.57},{"text":"on","start":9372.57,"end":9372.69},{"text":"this","start":9372.69,"end":9372.89},{"text":"report.","start":9372.89,"end":9373.29}]},{"text":"For small states like the Maldives, the value of international law lies in how it works in practice.","start":9374.01,"end":9379.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":9374.01,"end":9374.25},{"text":"small","start":9374.25,"end":9374.57},{"text":"states","start":9374.57,"end":9374.97},{"text":"like","start":9374.97,"end":9375.13},{"text":"the","start":9375.13,"end":9375.21},{"text":"Maldives,","start":9375.21,"end":9375.77},{"text":"the","start":9376.09,"end":9376.25},{"text":"value","start":9376.25,"end":9376.61},{"text":"of","start":9376.61,"end":9376.73},{"text":"international","start":9376.73,"end":9377.41},{"text":"law","start":9377.41,"end":9377.49},{"text":"lies","start":9377.49,"end":9377.93},{"text":"in","start":9377.93,"end":9378.01},{"text":"how","start":9378.01,"end":9378.25},{"text":"it","start":9378.25,"end":9378.41},{"text":"works","start":9378.41,"end":9378.73},{"text":"in","start":9378.73,"end":9378.89},{"text":"practice.","start":9378.89,"end":9379.53}]},{"text":"to protect our maritime interests, prevent harm, and obtain redress when rights are violated.","start":9379.89,"end":9385.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"to","start":9379.89,"end":9380.05},{"text":"protect","start":9380.05,"end":9380.41},{"text":"our","start":9380.41,"end":9380.61},{"text":"maritime","start":9380.61,"end":9381.05},{"text":"interests,","start":9381.05,"end":9381.65},{"text":"prevent","start":9381.81,"end":9382.21},{"text":"harm,","start":9382.21,"end":9382.69},{"text":"and","start":9382.69,"end":9382.89},{"text":"obtain","start":9382.89,"end":9383.33},{"text":"redress","start":9383.33,"end":9383.89},{"text":"when","start":9383.89,"end":9384.13},{"text":"rights","start":9384.13,"end":9384.45},{"text":"are","start":9384.45,"end":9384.57},{"text":"violated.","start":9384.57,"end":9385.25}]},{"text":"The Commission’s work must strengthen these protections while upholding sovereign equality.","start":9385.97,"end":9390.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9385.97,"end":9386.05},{"text":"Commission’s","start":9386.05,"end":9386.61},{"text":"work","start":9386.61,"end":9386.93},{"text":"must","start":9386.93,"end":9387.09},{"text":"strengthen","start":9387.09,"end":9387.57},{"text":"these","start":9387.57,"end":9387.77},{"text":"protections","start":9387.77,"end":9388.57},{"text":"while","start":9388.57,"end":9388.85},{"text":"upholding","start":9388.85,"end":9389.41},{"text":"sovereign","start":9389.41,"end":9389.89},{"text":"equality.","start":9389.89,"end":9390.53}]},{"text":"On non-legally binding international agreements, the Maldives welcomes the provisional adoption of the five draft conclusions and their commentaries.","start":9391.49,"end":9398.69,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9391.49,"end":9391.69},{"text":"non-legally","start":9391.69,"end":9392.29},{"text":"binding","start":9392.29,"end":9392.77},{"text":"international","start":9392.77,"end":9393.33},{"text":"agreements,","start":9393.33,"end":9394.05},{"text":"the","start":9394.13,"end":9394.33},{"text":"Maldives","start":9394.33,"end":9394.77},{"text":"welcomes","start":9394.77,"end":9395.17},{"text":"the","start":9395.17,"end":9395.25},{"text":"provisional","start":9395.25,"end":9395.73},{"text":"adoption","start":9395.73,"end":9396.21},{"text":"of","start":9396.21,"end":9396.29},{"text":"the","start":9396.29,"end":9396.37},{"text":"five","start":9396.37,"end":9396.65},{"text":"draft","start":9396.65,"end":9396.97},{"text":"conclusions","start":9396.97,"end":9397.69},{"text":"and","start":9397.69,"end":9397.85},{"text":"their","start":9397.85,"end":9397.97},{"text":"commentaries.","start":9397.97,"end":9398.69}]},{"text":"These instruments enable flexible cooperation where action is urgent and treaty negotiations take time.","start":9399.33,"end":9405.33,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Further","start":9419.17,"end":9419.57},{"text":"clarification","start":9419.57,"end":9420.45},{"text":"should","start":9420.45,"end":9420.65},{"text":"strengthen","start":9420.65,"end":9421.09},{"text":"legal","start":9421.09,"end":9421.41},{"text":"certainty","start":9421.41,"end":9422.21},{"text":"while","start":9422.21,"end":9422.45},{"text":"preserving","start":9422.45,"end":9423.01},{"text":"diplomatic","start":9423.01,"end":9423.49},{"text":"flexibility","start":9423.49,"end":9424.21},{"text":"and","start":9424.21,"end":9424.45},{"text":"respecting","start":9425.49,"end":9426.37},{"text":"sovereign","start":9426.37,"end":9426.77},{"text":"consent.","start":9426.77,"end":9427.25}]},{"text":"The practice of small states must be adequately reflected in this work.","start":9427.81,"end":9431.25,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9427.81,"end":9427.97},{"text":"practice","start":9427.97,"end":9428.37},{"text":"of","start":9428.37,"end":9428.45},{"text":"small","start":9428.45,"end":9428.77},{"text":"states","start":9428.77,"end":9429.25},{"text":"must","start":9429.25,"end":9429.45},{"text":"be","start":9429.45,"end":9429.57},{"text":"adequately","start":9429.57,"end":9430.09},{"text":"reflected","start":9430.09,"end":9430.61},{"text":"in","start":9430.61,"end":9430.77},{"text":"this","start":9430.77,"end":9431.01},{"text":"work.","start":9431.01,"end":9431.25}]},{"text":"Maritime security is fundamental to the Maldives as an archipelagic state.","start":9432.13,"end":9436.69,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9444.37,"end":9444.53},{"text":"prevention","start":9444.53,"end":9445.17},{"text":"and","start":9445.17,"end":9445.33},{"text":"repression","start":9445.33,"end":9445.89},{"text":"of","start":9445.89,"end":9446.05},{"text":"piracy","start":9446.05,"end":9447.01},{"text":"and","start":9447.01,"end":9447.25},{"text":"armed","start":9447.25,"end":9447.53},{"text":"robbery","start":9447.53,"end":9447.93},{"text":"at","start":9447.93,"end":9448.01},{"text":"sea","start":9448.01,"end":9448.53},{"text":"must","start":9448.77,"end":9449.09},{"text":"remain","start":9449.09,"end":9449.49},{"text":"rooted","start":9449.49,"end":9449.81},{"text":"in","start":9449.81,"end":9449.97},{"text":"the","start":9449.97,"end":9450.05},{"text":"UN","start":9450.05,"end":9450.37},{"text":"Convention","start":9450.37,"end":9450.93},{"text":"on","start":9450.93,"end":9451.01},{"text":"the","start":9451.01,"end":9451.09},{"text":"Law","start":9451.09,"end":9451.29},{"text":"of","start":9451.29,"end":9451.41},{"text":"the","start":9451.41,"end":9451.53},{"text":"Sea.","start":9451.53,"end":9451.85}]},{"text":"Effective cooperation must preserve the distinction between piracy and armed robbery at sea and respect the sovereignty of coastal and archipelagic states.","start":9452.37,"end":9460.45,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Effective","start":9452.37,"end":9452.85},{"text":"cooperation","start":9452.85,"end":9453.49},{"text":"must","start":9453.49,"end":9453.69},{"text":"preserve","start":9453.69,"end":9454.05},{"text":"the","start":9454.05,"end":9454.13},{"text":"distinction","start":9454.13,"end":9454.85},{"text":"between","start":9454.85,"end":9455.25},{"text":"piracy","start":9455.25,"end":9455.77},{"text":"and","start":9455.77,"end":9455.97},{"text":"armed","start":9455.97,"end":9456.21},{"text":"robbery","start":9456.21,"end":9456.57},{"text":"at","start":9456.57,"end":9456.65},{"text":"sea","start":9456.65,"end":9457.09},{"text":"and","start":9457.49,"end":9457.61},{"text":"respect","start":9457.61,"end":9458.01},{"text":"the","start":9458.01,"end":9458.09},{"text":"sovereignty","start":9458.09,"end":9458.61},{"text":"of","start":9458.61,"end":9458.69},{"text":"coastal","start":9458.69,"end":9459.25},{"text":"and","start":9459.25,"end":9459.41},{"text":"archipelagic","start":9459.41,"end":9459.97},{"text":"states.","start":9459.97,"end":9460.45}]},{"text":"We encourage greater attention to information sharing, technical assistance, and capacity building, enabling small states to contribute effectively to prevention and enforcement.","start":9461.29,"end":9470.97,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9461.29,"end":9461.45},{"text":"encourage","start":9461.45,"end":9461.93},{"text":"greater","start":9461.93,"end":9462.29},{"text":"attention","start":9462.65,"end":9463.21},{"text":"to","start":9463.21,"end":9463.33},{"text":"information","start":9463.33,"end":9463.85},{"text":"sharing,","start":9463.85,"end":9464.41},{"text":"technical","start":9464.41,"end":9464.89},{"text":"assistance,","start":9464.89,"end":9465.49},{"text":"and","start":9465.49,"end":9465.61},{"text":"capacity","start":9465.61,"end":9466.17},{"text":"building,","start":9466.17,"end":9466.65},{"text":"enabling","start":9466.97,"end":9467.45},{"text":"small","start":9467.45,"end":9467.77},{"text":"states","start":9467.77,"end":9468.25},{"text":"to","start":9468.25,"end":9468.33},{"text":"contribute","start":9468.33,"end":9468.81},{"text":"effectively","start":9468.81,"end":9469.53},{"text":"to","start":9469.53,"end":9469.65},{"text":"prevention","start":9469.65,"end":9470.17},{"text":"and","start":9470.17,"end":9470.29},{"text":"enforcement.","start":9470.29,"end":9470.97}]},{"text":"On due diligence in international law, the Maldives welcomes the Special Rapporteur's first report.","start":9472.01,"end":9477.05,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9472.01,"end":9472.25},{"text":"due","start":9472.25,"end":9472.41},{"text":"diligence","start":9472.41,"end":9472.89},{"text":"in","start":9472.89,"end":9473.05},{"text":"international","start":9473.05,"end":9474.05},{"text":"law,","start":9474.05,"end":9474.13},{"text":"the","start":9474.17,"end":9474.33},{"text":"Maldives","start":9474.33,"end":9474.81},{"text":"welcomes","start":9474.81,"end":9475.25},{"text":"the","start":9475.25,"end":9475.33},{"text":"Special","start":9475.33,"end":9475.69},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":9475.69,"end":9476.33},{"text":"first","start":9476.33,"end":9476.57},{"text":"report.","start":9476.57,"end":9477.05}]},{"text":"Our communities at home depend upon healthy oceans and maritime ecosystems.","start":9478.69,"end":9482.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":9478.69,"end":9478.77},{"text":"communities","start":9478.89,"end":9479.53},{"text":"at","start":9479.53,"end":9479.69},{"text":"home","start":9479.69,"end":9480.01},{"text":"depend","start":9480.01,"end":9480.41},{"text":"upon","start":9480.41,"end":9480.73},{"text":"healthy","start":9480.73,"end":9481.13},{"text":"oceans","start":9481.13,"end":9481.57},{"text":"and","start":9481.57,"end":9481.69},{"text":"maritime","start":9481.69,"end":9482.13},{"text":"ecosystems.","start":9482.13,"end":9482.97}]},{"text":"As such, the clearer guidance on preventing environmental harm has particular value.","start":9483.45,"end":9488.01,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9489.09,"end":9489.25},{"text":"Commission","start":9489.25,"end":9489.73},{"text":"should","start":9489.73,"end":9489.93},{"text":"clarify","start":9489.93,"end":9490.45},{"text":"the","start":9490.45,"end":9490.53},{"text":"conduct","start":9490.53,"end":9490.97},{"text":"required","start":9490.97,"end":9491.49},{"text":"under","start":9491.49,"end":9491.73},{"text":"the","start":9491.73,"end":9491.85},{"text":"applicable","start":9491.85,"end":9492.37},{"text":"international","start":9492.37,"end":9492.97},{"text":"obligations,","start":9492.97,"end":9493.73},{"text":"taking","start":9494.21,"end":9494.61},{"text":"account","start":9494.61,"end":9495.17},{"text":"of","start":9495.41,"end":9495.57},{"text":"the","start":9495.57,"end":9495.73},{"text":"seriousness","start":9495.73,"end":9496.41},{"text":"of","start":9496.41,"end":9496.53},{"text":"the","start":9496.53,"end":9496.65},{"text":"risk","start":9496.65,"end":9497.09},{"text":"and","start":9497.09,"end":9497.29},{"text":"the","start":9497.29,"end":9497.37},{"text":"capacities","start":9497.37,"end":9498.05},{"text":"of","start":9498.05,"end":9498.21},{"text":"States.","start":9498.21,"end":9498.69}]},{"text":"International cooperation should help States overcome constraints in expertise, technology, and resources needed to fulfill their obligations.","start":9499.25,"end":9507.57,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":9499.25,"end":9499.89},{"text":"cooperation","start":9499.89,"end":9500.69},{"text":"should","start":9500.69,"end":9500.93},{"text":"help","start":9500.93,"end":9501.17},{"text":"States","start":9501.17,"end":9501.65},{"text":"overcome","start":9501.65,"end":9502.13},{"text":"constraints","start":9502.13,"end":9502.85},{"text":"in","start":9502.85,"end":9502.93},{"text":"expertise,","start":9502.93,"end":9503.73},{"text":"technology,","start":9504.13,"end":9504.85},{"text":"and","start":9504.85,"end":9505.09},{"text":"resources","start":9505.09,"end":9505.65},{"text":"needed","start":9505.65,"end":9505.97},{"text":"to","start":9505.97,"end":9506.13},{"text":"fulfill","start":9506.13,"end":9506.53},{"text":"their","start":9506.53,"end":9506.73},{"text":"obligations.","start":9506.73,"end":9507.57}]},{"text":"On compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, the Maldives welcomes efforts to clarify the applicable rules within the existing framework of States' responsibility.","start":9508.53,"end":9518.61,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9508.53,"end":9508.69},{"text":"compensation","start":9508.69,"end":9509.49},{"text":"for","start":9509.49,"end":9509.65},{"text":"the","start":9509.65,"end":9509.77},{"text":"damage","start":9509.77,"end":9510.21},{"text":"caused","start":9510.21,"end":9510.57},{"text":"by","start":9510.57,"end":9510.69},{"text":"internationally","start":9510.69,"end":9511.41},{"text":"wrongful","start":9511.41,"end":9511.89},{"text":"acts,","start":9511.89,"end":9512.29},{"text":"the","start":9512.61,"end":9512.77},{"text":"Maldives","start":9512.77,"end":9513.25},{"text":"welcomes","start":9513.25,"end":9513.73},{"text":"efforts","start":9513.73,"end":9514.13},{"text":"to","start":9514.13,"end":9514.25},{"text":"clarify","start":9514.25,"end":9514.69},{"text":"the","start":9514.69,"end":9514.81},{"text":"applicable","start":9514.81,"end":9515.33},{"text":"rules","start":9515.33,"end":9515.81},{"text":"within","start":9515.89,"end":9516.21},{"text":"the","start":9516.21,"end":9516.29},{"text":"existing","start":9516.29,"end":9516.69},{"text":"framework","start":9516.69,"end":9517.21},{"text":"of","start":9517.21,"end":9517.33},{"text":"States'","start":9517.33,"end":9517.81},{"text":"responsibility.","start":9517.81,"end":9518.61}]},{"text":"For small states, the cost and complexity of proving and assessing damage can prevent significant barriers.","start":9519.45,"end":9525.61,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":9519.45,"end":9519.69},{"text":"small","start":9519.69,"end":9520.01},{"text":"states,","start":9520.01,"end":9520.49},{"text":"the","start":9520.57,"end":9520.73},{"text":"cost","start":9520.73,"end":9521.09},{"text":"and","start":9521.09,"end":9521.21},{"text":"complexity","start":9521.21,"end":9521.93},{"text":"of","start":9521.93,"end":9522.01},{"text":"proving","start":9522.01,"end":9522.49},{"text":"and","start":9522.49,"end":9522.69},{"text":"assessing","start":9522.69,"end":9523.01},{"text":"damage","start":9523.01,"end":9523.45},{"text":"can","start":9523.85,"end":9524.09},{"text":"prevent","start":9524.09,"end":9524.53},{"text":"significant","start":9524.53,"end":9525.05},{"text":"barriers.","start":9525.05,"end":9525.61}]},{"text":"We encourage practical guidance, particularly on environmental damage, including harm to reefs and marine ecosystems.","start":9526.25,"end":9532.89,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9526.25,"end":9526.49},{"text":"encourage","start":9526.49,"end":9527.05},{"text":"practical","start":9527.05,"end":9527.53},{"text":"guidance,","start":9527.53,"end":9528.17},{"text":"particularly","start":9528.25,"end":9528.81},{"text":"on","start":9528.81,"end":9528.97},{"text":"environmental","start":9528.97,"end":9529.69},{"text":"damage,","start":9529.69,"end":9530.25},{"text":"including","start":9530.33,"end":9530.81},{"text":"harm","start":9530.81,"end":9531.13},{"text":"to","start":9531.13,"end":9531.21},{"text":"reefs","start":9531.21,"end":9531.61},{"text":"and","start":9531.61,"end":9531.77},{"text":"marine","start":9531.77,"end":9532.09},{"text":"ecosystems.","start":9532.09,"end":9532.89}]},{"text":"Limited technical capacity must not prevent injured states from pursuing well-founded claims.","start":9533.61,"end":9538.81,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Limited","start":9533.61,"end":9534.05},{"text":"technical","start":9534.05,"end":9534.49},{"text":"capacity","start":9534.49,"end":9535.13},{"text":"must","start":9535.13,"end":9535.45},{"text":"not","start":9535.45,"end":9535.61},{"text":"prevent","start":9535.61,"end":9536.09},{"text":"injured","start":9536.09,"end":9536.49},{"text":"states","start":9536.49,"end":9536.89},{"text":"from","start":9536.89,"end":9537.13},{"text":"pursuing","start":9537.13,"end":9537.61},{"text":"well-founded","start":9537.61,"end":9538.25},{"text":"claims.","start":9538.25,"end":9538.81}]},{"text":"The Maldives reiterates its call for international law that responds to the circumstances of small states.","start":9539.85,"end":9546.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9539.85,"end":9540.05},{"text":"Maldives","start":9540.05,"end":9540.57},{"text":"reiterates","start":9540.57,"end":9541.13},{"text":"its","start":9541.13,"end":9541.25},{"text":"call","start":9541.25,"end":9541.61},{"text":"for","start":9541.61,"end":9541.81},{"text":"international","start":9541.81,"end":9542.53},{"text":"law","start":9542.53,"end":9542.81},{"text":"that","start":9542.81,"end":9543.53},{"text":"responds","start":9543.53,"end":9544.09},{"text":"to","start":9544.09,"end":9544.17},{"text":"the","start":9544.17,"end":9544.25},{"text":"circumstances","start":9544.25,"end":9545.29},{"text":"of","start":9545.29,"end":9545.45},{"text":"small","start":9545.45,"end":9545.77},{"text":"states.","start":9545.77,"end":9546.33}]},{"text":"International law must be an instrument that can be effectively utilized by all States to protect the rights of all States.","start":9547.25,"end":9554.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"International","start":9547.25,"end":9548.17},{"text":"law","start":9548.17,"end":9548.29},{"text":"must","start":9548.29,"end":9548.57},{"text":"be","start":9548.57,"end":9548.73},{"text":"an","start":9548.73,"end":9548.93},{"text":"instrument","start":9548.93,"end":9549.45},{"text":"that","start":9549.45,"end":9549.65},{"text":"can","start":9549.65,"end":9549.89},{"text":"be","start":9549.89,"end":9550.05},{"text":"effectively","start":9550.05,"end":9550.81},{"text":"utilized","start":9550.81,"end":9551.49},{"text":"by","start":9551.49,"end":9551.81},{"text":"all","start":9551.81,"end":9552.05},{"text":"States","start":9552.05,"end":9552.61},{"text":"to","start":9552.85,"end":9552.93},{"text":"protect","start":9552.93,"end":9553.25},{"text":"the","start":9553.25,"end":9553.37},{"text":"rights","start":9553.37,"end":9553.81},{"text":"of","start":9553.85,"end":9553.97},{"text":"all","start":9553.97,"end":9554.21},{"text":"States.","start":9554.21,"end":9554.69}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":9555.09,"end":9555.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9555.09,"end":9555.25},{"text":"thank","start":9555.25,"end":9555.49},{"text":"you.","start":9555.49,"end":9555.65}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"MDV","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Maldives"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":9559.89,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=2:39:20","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Maldives for his statement, and now I would like to offer the floor to the distinguished representative of Cabo Verde, to be followed by 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the floor is yours.","start":9571.49,"end":9572.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please,","start":9571.49,"end":9571.89},{"text":"the","start":9571.97,"end":9572.05},{"text":"floor","start":9572.05,"end":9572.29},{"text":"is","start":9572.29,"end":9572.37},{"text":"yours.","start":9572.37,"end":9572.69}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":43,"start":9575.05,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=2:39:36","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Monsieur le Président.","start":9575.05,"end":9576.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9575.05,"end":9575.25},{"text":"you,","start":9575.25,"end":9575.33},{"text":"Monsieur","start":9575.33,"end":9575.65},{"text":"le","start":9575.65,"end":9575.77},{"text":"Président.","start":9575.89,"end":9576.41}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, my delegation likes to follow the statement delivered by Cameroon on behalf of the African 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the topic of non-legally binding international agreements, my delegation welcomes the progress achieved during the 77th session and thanks Special Rapporteur Mathias Furtault for the work carried out.","start":9602.81,"end":9617.05,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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Chair, the report demonstrates the continued breadth and pertinence of the work of the Commission with regard to the established and emerging treatment of these issues in international 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congratulate the Commission on the work accomplished during the 77th session and emphasize the importance of guaranteeing necessary time, as well as resources and institutional conditions, to allow it to carry out its mandate in depth and to ensure the continuity and independence that it 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delegation underscores the importance for continued dialogue between the Commission, States, and regional legal institutions to ensure that continue to see the richness and diversity of the international legal order be 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delegation expresses its sincere gratitude to the President and members of the ILC for the efforts and quality of their work during the 77th session, as well as the Codification Division of the OLA for its valuable support to the Commission and the Sixth 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delegation places great importance on the relations between the Committee and Commission and Member States and is committed to continue to contribute actively to the development of international law and its 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":9939.61,"end":9940.05},{"text":"with","start":9940.05,"end":9940.25},{"text":"regard","start":9940.25,"end":9940.73},{"text":"to","start":9940.73,"end":9940.93},{"text":"the","start":9940.97,"end":9941.17},{"text":"elements","start":9941.21,"end":9941.65},{"text":"that","start":9941.65,"end":9941.77},{"text":"may","start":9941.77,"end":9941.93},{"text":"be","start":9941.93,"end":9942.09},{"text":"used","start":9942.09,"end":9942.29},{"text":"to","start":9942.29,"end":9942.37},{"text":"establish","start":9942.37,"end":9942.81},{"text":"the","start":9942.81,"end":9942.89},{"text":"intention","start":9942.89,"end":9943.37},{"text":"of","start":9943.37,"end":9943.45},{"text":"participants","start":9943.45,"end":9944.17},{"text":"in","start":9944.17,"end":9944.33},{"text":"the","start":9944.33,"end":9944.45},{"text":"absence","start":9944.49,"end":9945.05},{"text":"of","start":9945.05,"end":9945.17},{"text":"express","start":9945.17,"end":9945.61},{"text":"indication,","start":9945.61,"end":9946.41},{"text":"the","start":9946.85,"end":9946.97},{"text":"development","start":9946.97,"end":9947.45},{"text":"of","start":9947.45,"end":9947.53},{"text":"which","start":9947.53,"end":9947.77},{"text":"the","start":9947.77,"end":9947.89},{"text":"Commission","start":9947.89,"end":9948.29},{"text":"has","start":9948.29,"end":9948.41},{"text":"deferred","start":9948.41,"end":9948.81},{"text":"to","start":9948.81,"end":9949.13},{"text":"future","start":9949.17,"end":9949.57},{"text":"conclusions,","start":9949.57,"end":9950.37},{"text":"Argentina","start":9950.37,"end":9951.01},{"text":"reiterates","start":9951.01,"end":9951.53},{"text":"the","start":9951.53,"end":9951.61},{"text":"importance","start":9951.61,"end":9952.05},{"text":"of","start":9952.05,"end":9952.13},{"text":"keeping","start":9952.13,"end":9952.61},{"text":"such","start":9952.61,"end":9952.85},{"text":"a","start":9952.85,"end":9952.89},{"text":"list","start":9952.89,"end":9953.13},{"text":"limited","start":9953.13,"end":9953.49},{"text":"in","start":9953.49,"end":9953.65},{"text":"scope,","start":9953.65,"end":9954.21},{"text":"ensuring","start":9954.73,"end":9955.13},{"text":"that","start":9955.13,"end":9955.25},{"text":"the","start":9955.25,"end":9955.33},{"text":"flexibility","start":9955.33,"end":9955.97},{"text":"that","start":9955.97,"end":9956.13},{"text":"characterizes","start":9956.13,"end":9956.85},{"text":"practice","start":9956.85,"end":9957.25},{"text":"in","start":9957.25,"end":9957.37},{"text":"this","start":9957.37,"end":9957.49},{"text":"field","start":9957.49,"end":9957.81},{"text":"is","start":9957.81,"end":9957.89},{"text":"not","start":9957.89,"end":9958.13},{"text":"diminished,","start":9958.13,"end":9958.69},{"text":"while","start":9958.89,"end":9959.09},{"text":"allowing","start":9959.09,"end":9959.53},{"text":"for","start":9959.53,"end":9959.65},{"text":"additional","start":9959.65,"end":9960.05},{"text":"clarification","start":9960.05,"end":9960.85},{"text":"through","start":9960.85,"end":9961.05},{"text":"an","start":9961.05,"end":9961.13},{"text":"indicative","start":9961.13,"end":9961.73},{"text":"list","start":9961.73,"end":9961.97},{"text":"where","start":9961.97,"end":9962.25},{"text":"appropriate.","start":9962.25,"end":9963.01}]},{"text":"Finally, this delegation takes note of the Commission’s request for information on State practice relating to the possible legal implications of such agreements.","start":9964.53,"end":9973.81,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":9964.53,"end":9964.93},{"text":"this","start":9964.93,"end":9965.09},{"text":"delegation","start":9965.09,"end":9965.57},{"text":"takes","start":9965.57,"end":9965.81},{"text":"note","start":9965.81,"end":9966.17},{"text":"of","start":9966.17,"end":9966.25},{"text":"the","start":9966.25,"end":9966.37},{"text":"Commission’s","start":9966.37,"end":9966.85},{"text":"request","start":9966.85,"end":9967.41},{"text":"for","start":9967.41,"end":9967.65},{"text":"information","start":9967.65,"end":9968.53},{"text":"on","start":9969.01,"end":9969.33},{"text":"State","start":9969.33,"end":9969.73},{"text":"practice","start":9969.73,"end":9970.53},{"text":"relating","start":9970.69,"end":9971.13},{"text":"to","start":9971.13,"end":9971.21},{"text":"the","start":9971.21,"end":9971.33},{"text":"possible","start":9971.33,"end":9971.77},{"text":"legal","start":9971.77,"end":9972.05},{"text":"implications","start":9972.05,"end":9972.69},{"text":"of","start":9972.69,"end":9972.77},{"text":"such","start":9972.77,"end":9973.01},{"text":"agreements.","start":9973.01,"end":9973.81}]},{"text":"Chair, now on prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, Argentina thanks the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Luis Savadogo, for the presentation of the report, while also recognizing the work of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Cissé.","start":9974.77,"end":9990.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":9974.77,"end":9975.05},{"text":"now","start":9975.05,"end":9975.65},{"text":"on","start":9975.65,"end":9976.01},{"text":"prevention","start":9976.01,"end":9976.49},{"text":"and","start":9976.49,"end":9976.61},{"text":"repression","start":9976.61,"end":9977.09},{"text":"of","start":9977.09,"end":9977.17},{"text":"piracy","start":9977.17,"end":9977.61},{"text":"and","start":9977.61,"end":9977.73},{"text":"armed","start":9977.73,"end":9977.97},{"text":"robbery","start":9977.97,"end":9978.33},{"text":"at","start":9978.33,"end":9978.41},{"text":"sea,","start":9978.41,"end":9978.93},{"text":"Argentina","start":9979.41,"end":9980.05},{"text":"thanks","start":9980.05,"end":9980.41},{"text":"the","start":9980.41,"end":9980.53},{"text":"Special","start":9980.53,"end":9980.89},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":9980.89,"end":9981.57},{"text":"Mr.","start":9981.57,"end":9982.29},{"text":"Luis","start":9983.73,"end":9984.17},{"text":"Savadogo,","start":9984.17,"end":9985.13},{"text":"for","start":9985.13,"end":9985.25},{"text":"the","start":9985.25,"end":9985.33},{"text":"presentation","start":9985.33,"end":9985.97},{"text":"of","start":9985.97,"end":9986.05},{"text":"the","start":9986.05,"end":9986.13},{"text":"report,","start":9986.13,"end":9986.61},{"text":"while","start":9986.61,"end":9986.77},{"text":"also","start":9986.77,"end":9987.05},{"text":"recognizing","start":9987.05,"end":9987.65},{"text":"the","start":9987.65,"end":9987.73},{"text":"work","start":9987.73,"end":9988.05},{"text":"of","start":9988.05,"end":9988.21},{"text":"the","start":9988.21,"end":9988.37},{"text":"Special","start":9988.37,"end":9988.81},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":9988.81,"end":9989.33},{"text":"Mr.","start":9989.33,"end":9989.73},{"text":"Cissé.","start":9989.73,"end":9990.41}]},{"text":"Piracy and armed robbery at sea have gained significant relevance over recent years, posing risks to the safety of crews, passengers, as well as to maritime transportation and global trade.","start":9990.85,"end":10003.17,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Piracy","start":9990.85,"end":9991.21},{"text":"and","start":9991.21,"end":9991.33},{"text":"armed","start":9991.33,"end":9991.49},{"text":"robbery","start":9991.49,"end":9991.85},{"text":"at","start":9991.85,"end":9991.93},{"text":"sea","start":9991.93,"end":9992.13},{"text":"have","start":9992.13,"end":9992.37},{"text":"gained","start":9992.37,"end":9992.65},{"text":"significant","start":9992.65,"end":9993.09},{"text":"relevance","start":9993.09,"end":9993.65},{"text":"over","start":9993.65,"end":9993.93},{"text":"recent","start":9993.93,"end":9994.25},{"text":"years,","start":9994.25,"end":9994.69},{"text":"posing","start":9995.25,"end":9995.65},{"text":"risks","start":9995.65,"end":9995.97},{"text":"to","start":9995.97,"end":9996.13},{"text":"the","start":9996.13,"end":9996.33},{"text":"safety","start":9996.77,"end":9997.25},{"text":"of","start":9997.25,"end":9997.41},{"text":"crews,","start":9997.65,"end":9998.21},{"text":"passengers,","start":9998.45,"end":9999.25},{"text":"as","start":9999.25,"end":9999.33},{"text":"well","start":9999.33,"end":9999.65},{"text":"as","start":9999.65,"end":9999.89},{"text":"to","start":9999.89,"end":10000.09},{"text":"maritime","start":10000.45,"end":10001.17},{"text":"transportation","start":10001.17,"end":10002.21},{"text":"and","start":10002.21,"end":10002.33},{"text":"global","start":10002.33,"end":10002.69},{"text":"trade.","start":10002.69,"end":10003.17}]},{"text":"There's a number of general obligations that we'd like to voice on the Special Rapporteur's report, recognizing that many of the issues addressed will require more study.","start":10005.85,"end":10014.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There's","start":10005.85,"end":10006.13},{"text":"a","start":10006.13,"end":10006.17},{"text":"number","start":10006.17,"end":10006.41},{"text":"of","start":10006.41,"end":10006.49},{"text":"general","start":10006.49,"end":10006.81},{"text":"obligations","start":10006.81,"end":10007.41},{"text":"that","start":10007.41,"end":10007.53},{"text":"we'd","start":10007.53,"end":10007.77},{"text":"like","start":10007.77,"end":10007.89},{"text":"to","start":10007.89,"end":10007.97},{"text":"voice","start":10007.97,"end":10008.29},{"text":"on","start":10008.29,"end":10008.37},{"text":"the","start":10008.37,"end":10008.45},{"text":"Special","start":10008.45,"end":10008.81},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":10008.81,"end":10009.41},{"text":"report,","start":10009.81,"end":10010.85},{"text":"recognizing","start":10010.85,"end":10011.73},{"text":"that","start":10011.73,"end":10011.89},{"text":"many","start":10011.89,"end":10012.09},{"text":"of","start":10012.09,"end":10012.17},{"text":"the","start":10012.17,"end":10012.25},{"text":"issues","start":10012.25,"end":10012.61},{"text":"addressed","start":10012.61,"end":10013.01},{"text":"will","start":10013.01,"end":10013.17},{"text":"require","start":10013.17,"end":10013.49},{"text":"more","start":10013.49,"end":10013.73},{"text":"study.","start":10013.73,"end":10014.29}]},{"text":"My delegation has emphasized previously that UNCLOS is the fundamental legal framework that governs all activities on the oceans and seas.","start":10014.93,"end":10025.73,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":10014.93,"end":10015.17},{"text":"delegation","start":10015.17,"end":10015.65},{"text":"has","start":10015.65,"end":10015.77},{"text":"emphasized","start":10015.77,"end":10016.37},{"text":"previously","start":10016.37,"end":10017.17},{"text":"that","start":10018.69,"end":10019.17},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":10019.25,"end":10020.41},{"text":"is","start":10020.41,"end":10020.61},{"text":"the","start":10020.61,"end":10020.81},{"text":"fundamental","start":10020.85,"end":10021.53},{"text":"legal","start":10021.53,"end":10021.77},{"text":"framework","start":10021.77,"end":10022.25},{"text":"that","start":10022.25,"end":10022.37},{"text":"governs","start":10022.37,"end":10022.93},{"text":"all","start":10022.93,"end":10023.17},{"text":"activities","start":10023.17,"end":10024.13},{"text":"on","start":10024.37,"end":10024.45},{"text":"the","start":10024.45,"end":10024.57},{"text":"oceans","start":10024.61,"end":10024.97},{"text":"and","start":10024.97,"end":10025.17},{"text":"seas.","start":10025.17,"end":10025.73}]},{"text":"I wish to particularly stress the importance of preserving the integrity of UNCLOS and ensuring that full compatibility of work on this topic with the legal framework it establishes, including with respect to the right of hot pursuit, seizure, and the exercise of law enforcement powers by States.","start":10026.73,"end":10043.77,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10026.73,"end":10026.74},{"text":"wish","start":10026.73,"end":10026.89},{"text":"to","start":10026.89,"end":10027.01},{"text":"particularly","start":10027.01,"end":10027.53},{"text":"stress","start":10027.53,"end":10028.05},{"text":"the","start":10028.05,"end":10028.13},{"text":"importance","start":10028.13,"end":10028.73},{"text":"of","start":10028.73,"end":10028.81},{"text":"preserving","start":10028.81,"end":10029.25},{"text":"the","start":10029.25,"end":10029.33},{"text":"integrity","start":10029.33,"end":10029.93},{"text":"of","start":10029.93,"end":10030.01},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":10030.17,"end":10031.21},{"text":"and","start":10031.21,"end":10031.33},{"text":"ensuring","start":10031.33,"end":10031.61},{"text":"that","start":10031.61,"end":10031.85},{"text":"full","start":10031.85,"end":10032.17},{"text":"compatibility","start":10032.17,"end":10033.21},{"text":"of","start":10034.21,"end":10034.29},{"text":"work","start":10034.29,"end":10034.53},{"text":"on","start":10034.53,"end":10034.61},{"text":"this","start":10034.61,"end":10034.77},{"text":"topic","start":10034.77,"end":10035.09},{"text":"with","start":10035.09,"end":10035.25},{"text":"the","start":10035.25,"end":10035.33},{"text":"legal","start":10035.33,"end":10035.61},{"text":"framework","start":10035.61,"end":10036.09},{"text":"it","start":10036.09,"end":10036.25},{"text":"establishes,","start":10036.25,"end":10036.93},{"text":"including","start":10036.93,"end":10037.37},{"text":"with","start":10037.37,"end":10037.53},{"text":"respect","start":10037.53,"end":10037.93},{"text":"to","start":10037.93,"end":10038.01},{"text":"the","start":10038.01,"end":10038.09},{"text":"right","start":10038.09,"end":10038.41},{"text":"of","start":10038.41,"end":10038.65},{"text":"hot","start":10038.97,"end":10039.37},{"text":"pursuit,","start":10039.37,"end":10039.85},{"text":"seizure,","start":10039.85,"end":10040.41},{"text":"and","start":10040.45,"end":10040.69},{"text":"the","start":10040.69,"end":10040.77},{"text":"exercise","start":10040.77,"end":10041.29},{"text":"of","start":10041.29,"end":10041.37},{"text":"law","start":10041.37,"end":10041.49},{"text":"enforcement","start":10041.49,"end":10042.09},{"text":"powers","start":10042.09,"end":10042.73},{"text":"by","start":10042.97,"end":10043.21},{"text":"States.","start":10043.21,"end":10043.77}]},{"text":"I'd also like to emphasize the importance of ensuring compatibility with other legal instruments and coordinating efforts with the competent international authorities.","start":10044.09,"end":10053.05,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"I'd","start":10044.09,"end":10044.37},{"text":"also","start":10044.37,"end":10044.57},{"text":"like","start":10044.57,"end":10044.73},{"text":"to","start":10044.73,"end":10044.93},{"text":"emphasize","start":10045.13,"end":10045.73},{"text":"the","start":10045.73,"end":10045.81},{"text":"importance","start":10045.81,"end":10046.33},{"text":"of","start":10046.33,"end":10046.41},{"text":"ensuring","start":10046.41,"end":10046.81},{"text":"compatibility","start":10046.81,"end":10047.57},{"text":"with","start":10047.57,"end":10047.77},{"text":"other","start":10047.77,"end":10047.93},{"text":"legal","start":10047.93,"end":10048.33},{"text":"instruments","start":10048.33,"end":10049.05},{"text":"and","start":10049.13,"end":10049.45},{"text":"coordinating","start":10049.45,"end":10050.25},{"text":"efforts","start":10050.25,"end":10050.61},{"text":"with","start":10050.61,"end":10050.85},{"text":"the","start":10050.85,"end":10050.97},{"text":"competent","start":10050.97,"end":10051.53},{"text":"international","start":10051.53,"end":10052.25},{"text":"authorities.","start":10052.25,"end":10053.05}]},{"text":"We believe that it's essential to maintain a clear and overarching distinction between piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":10054.37,"end":10059.57,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10054.37,"end":10054.53},{"text":"believe","start":10054.53,"end":10054.73},{"text":"that","start":10054.73,"end":10054.85},{"text":"it's","start":10054.85,"end":10055.09},{"text":"essential","start":10055.09,"end":10055.57},{"text":"to","start":10055.57,"end":10055.65},{"text":"maintain","start":10055.65,"end":10056.09},{"text":"a","start":10056.09,"end":10056.13},{"text":"clear","start":10056.13,"end":10056.45},{"text":"and","start":10056.45,"end":10056.57},{"text":"overarching","start":10056.57,"end":10057.13},{"text":"distinction","start":10057.13,"end":10057.61},{"text":"between","start":10057.61,"end":10057.93},{"text":"piracy","start":10057.93,"end":10058.33},{"text":"and","start":10058.33,"end":10058.45},{"text":"armed","start":10058.45,"end":10058.65},{"text":"robbery","start":10058.65,"end":10058.97},{"text":"at","start":10058.97,"end":10059.05},{"text":"sea.","start":10059.05,"end":10059.57}]},{"text":"UNCLOS says in Article 101 of the Convention that piracy occurs on the high seas or outside of state jurisdiction, whereas armed robbery at sea takes place in territorial waters, domestic waters, or archipelagic waters.","start":10060.25,"end":10080.93,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"UNCLOS","start":10060.25,"end":10061.53},{"text":"says","start":10061.85,"end":10061.97},{"text":"in","start":10061.97,"end":10062.29},{"text":"Article","start":10062.29,"end":10062.93},{"text":"101","start":10062.93,"end":10063.77},{"text":"of","start":10063.77,"end":10063.85},{"text":"the","start":10063.85,"end":10063.97},{"text":"Convention","start":10063.97,"end":10064.93},{"text":"that","start":10067.09,"end":10067.49},{"text":"piracy","start":10067.65,"end":10068.25},{"text":"occurs","start":10068.25,"end":10068.53},{"text":"on","start":10068.53,"end":10068.65},{"text":"the","start":10068.65,"end":10068.73},{"text":"high","start":10068.73,"end":10069.01},{"text":"seas","start":10069.01,"end":10069.73},{"text":"or","start":10070.13,"end":10070.37},{"text":"outside","start":10070.37,"end":10070.81},{"text":"of","start":10070.81,"end":10070.93},{"text":"state","start":10070.93,"end":10071.21},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":10071.21,"end":10071.89},{"text":"whereas","start":10071.89,"end":10072.45},{"text":"armed","start":10072.53,"end":10072.81},{"text":"robbery","start":10072.81,"end":10073.37},{"text":"at","start":10073.37,"end":10073.45},{"text":"sea","start":10073.45,"end":10073.93},{"text":"takes","start":10074.29,"end":10074.61},{"text":"place","start":10074.61,"end":10074.93},{"text":"in","start":10074.93,"end":10075.41},{"text":"territorial","start":10076.45,"end":10077.25},{"text":"waters,","start":10077.25,"end":10077.89},{"text":"domestic","start":10078.29,"end":10078.77},{"text":"waters,","start":10078.77,"end":10079.17},{"text":"or","start":10079.17,"end":10079.41},{"text":"archipelagic","start":10079.65,"end":10080.45},{"text":"waters.","start":10080.45,"end":10080.93}]},{"text":"The substantive distinction carries significant legal implications.","start":10080.93,"end":10085.81,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10080.93,"end":10081.01},{"text":"substantive","start":10081.01,"end":10081.81},{"text":"distinction","start":10081.93,"end":10082.69},{"text":"carries","start":10083.17,"end":10083.73},{"text":"significant","start":10083.89,"end":10084.53},{"text":"legal","start":10084.53,"end":10084.77},{"text":"implications.","start":10084.77,"end":10085.81}]},{"text":"Argentina thanks the Special Rapporteur for her first report on the topic due diligence in international law, and we support the indicative methodology adopted, focused on State practice, opinio juris, and jurisprudence, and the prudence shown in refraining at this stage from drafting draft provisions.","start":10086.85,"end":10104.93,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Argentina","start":10086.85,"end":10087.65},{"text":"thanks","start":10088.69,"end":10089.05},{"text":"the","start":10089.05,"end":10089.13},{"text":"Special","start":10089.13,"end":10089.53},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":10089.53,"end":10090.13},{"text":"for","start":10090.13,"end":10090.29},{"text":"her","start":10090.29,"end":10090.53},{"text":"first","start":10090.53,"end":10090.89},{"text":"report","start":10090.89,"end":10091.33},{"text":"on","start":10091.33,"end":10091.49},{"text":"the","start":10091.49,"end":10091.61},{"text":"topic","start":10091.61,"end":10092.13},{"text":"due","start":10092.13,"end":10092.41},{"text":"diligence","start":10092.41,"end":10092.89},{"text":"in","start":10092.89,"end":10093.01},{"text":"international","start":10093.01,"end":10093.69},{"text":"law,","start":10093.69,"end":10093.77},{"text":"and","start":10093.77,"end":10093.93},{"text":"we","start":10093.93,"end":10094.29},{"text":"support","start":10094.61,"end":10095.09},{"text":"the","start":10095.09,"end":10095.21},{"text":"indicative","start":10095.25,"end":10095.97},{"text":"methodology","start":10095.97,"end":10096.61},{"text":"adopted,","start":10096.61,"end":10097.25},{"text":"focused","start":10097.65,"end":10098.13},{"text":"on","start":10098.13,"end":10098.45},{"text":"State","start":10098.45,"end":10098.77},{"text":"practice,","start":10098.77,"end":10099.25},{"text":"opinio","start":10099.25,"end":10099.65},{"text":"juris,","start":10099.65,"end":10100.13},{"text":"and","start":10100.21,"end":10100.41},{"text":"jurisprudence,","start":10100.41,"end":10101.01},{"text":"and","start":10101.01,"end":10101.13},{"text":"the","start":10101.13,"end":10101.21},{"text":"prudence","start":10101.21,"end":10101.61},{"text":"shown","start":10101.61,"end":10101.81},{"text":"in","start":10101.81,"end":10101.89},{"text":"refraining","start":10101.89,"end":10102.57},{"text":"at","start":10102.57,"end":10102.65},{"text":"this","start":10102.65,"end":10102.81},{"text":"stage","start":10102.81,"end":10103.13},{"text":"from","start":10103.13,"end":10103.33},{"text":"drafting","start":10103.33,"end":10103.89},{"text":"draft","start":10103.89,"end":10104.25},{"text":"provisions.","start":10104.25,"end":10104.93}]},{"text":"We take note of the conceptions of due diligence identified in the report, namely the standard of conduct associated with primary obligations and general or autonomous obligation, as well as the Special Rapporteur's inclination to view it as an element of the substantive content of primary obligations.","start":10105.89,"end":10124.05,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10105.89,"end":10106.01},{"text":"take","start":10106.01,"end":10106.17},{"text":"note","start":10106.17,"end":10106.57},{"text":"of","start":10106.57,"end":10106.69},{"text":"the","start":10106.69,"end":10106.81},{"text":"conceptions","start":10107.97,"end":10108.53},{"text":"of","start":10108.53,"end":10108.61},{"text":"due","start":10108.61,"end":10108.77},{"text":"diligence","start":10108.77,"end":10109.33},{"text":"identified","start":10109.33,"end":10109.81},{"text":"in","start":10109.81,"end":10109.89},{"text":"the","start":10109.89,"end":10109.97},{"text":"report,","start":10109.97,"end":10110.37},{"text":"namely","start":10110.37,"end":10110.61},{"text":"the","start":10110.61,"end":10110.73},{"text":"standard","start":10110.73,"end":10111.33},{"text":"of","start":10111.37,"end":10111.57},{"text":"conduct","start":10111.81,"end":10112.21},{"text":"associated","start":10112.21,"end":10112.93},{"text":"with","start":10112.93,"end":10113.17},{"text":"primary","start":10113.57,"end":10113.93},{"text":"obligations","start":10113.93,"end":10114.65},{"text":"and","start":10114.65,"end":10115.13},{"text":"general","start":10115.17,"end":10115.73},{"text":"or","start":10115.73,"end":10116.01},{"text":"autonomous","start":10116.77,"end":10117.33},{"text":"obligation,","start":10117.33,"end":10117.85},{"text":"as","start":10117.85,"end":10117.97},{"text":"well","start":10117.97,"end":10118.13},{"text":"as","start":10118.13,"end":10118.21},{"text":"the","start":10118.21,"end":10118.33},{"text":"Special","start":10118.33,"end":10118.69},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":10118.69,"end":10119.21},{"text":"inclination","start":10119.21,"end":10119.77},{"text":"to","start":10119.77,"end":10120.05},{"text":"view","start":10120.41,"end":10120.69},{"text":"it","start":10120.69,"end":10120.85},{"text":"as","start":10120.85,"end":10120.97},{"text":"an","start":10120.97,"end":10121.09},{"text":"element","start":10121.09,"end":10121.49},{"text":"of","start":10121.49,"end":10121.57},{"text":"the","start":10121.57,"end":10121.69},{"text":"substantive","start":10121.69,"end":10122.29},{"text":"content","start":10122.29,"end":10122.77},{"text":"of","start":10122.77,"end":10122.85},{"text":"primary","start":10122.85,"end":10123.21},{"text":"obligations.","start":10123.21,"end":10124.05}]},{"text":"We think that it would be premature at this stage to adopt a categorical position regarding its status as either a primary or secondary obligation.","start":10124.77,"end":10131.17,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10131.77,"end":10131.93},{"text":"Argentina's","start":10131.93,"end":10132.53},{"text":"view,","start":10132.53,"end":10132.65},{"text":"one","start":10132.65,"end":10132.85},{"text":"of","start":10132.85,"end":10132.93},{"text":"the","start":10132.93,"end":10133.01},{"text":"most","start":10133.01,"end":10133.17},{"text":"valuable","start":10133.17,"end":10133.57},{"text":"contributions","start":10133.57,"end":10134.25},{"text":"the","start":10134.25,"end":10134.33},{"text":"Commission","start":10134.33,"end":10134.97},{"text":"could","start":10134.97,"end":10135.29},{"text":"make","start":10135.29,"end":10135.77},{"text":"would","start":10136.09,"end":10136.33},{"text":"be","start":10136.33,"end":10136.49},{"text":"to","start":10136.49,"end":10136.69},{"text":"distinguish","start":10136.69,"end":10138.21},{"text":"due","start":10138.21,"end":10138.41},{"text":"diligence","start":10138.41,"end":10138.89},{"text":"from","start":10138.89,"end":10139.05},{"text":"concepts","start":10139.05,"end":10139.77},{"text":"with","start":10141.93,"end":10142.09},{"text":"which","start":10142.09,"end":10142.41},{"text":"it","start":10142.41,"end":10142.57},{"text":"has","start":10142.57,"end":10142.77},{"text":"at","start":10142.77,"end":10142.93},{"text":"times","start":10142.93,"end":10143.29},{"text":"been","start":10143.29,"end":10143.53},{"text":"used","start":10143.53,"end":10143.89},{"text":"interchangeably.","start":10143.89,"end":10145.05}]},{"text":"One possible approach would be to regard the no-harm rule as the overarching normative foundation, the principle of prevention, as its specific elaboration in international environmental law, including the threshold of significant harm and the requirement of environmental impact assessment and due diligence as the standard of conduct according to which compliance with that principle is assessed.","start":10145.37,"end":10167.21,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":10167.69,"end":10167.97},{"text":"an","start":10167.97,"end":10168.09},{"text":"approach","start":10168.09,"end":10168.65},{"text":"would","start":10168.97,"end":10169.13},{"text":"preserve","start":10169.13,"end":10169.53},{"text":"the","start":10169.53,"end":10169.65},{"text":"authority","start":10169.65,"end":10170.41},{"text":"of","start":10170.41,"end":10170.65},{"text":"the","start":10170.65,"end":10170.77},{"text":"2001","start":10171.69,"end":10172.41},{"text":"Articles","start":10172.41,"end":10172.85},{"text":"on","start":10172.85,"end":10172.93},{"text":"the","start":10172.93,"end":10173.01},{"text":"Prevention","start":10173.01,"end":10173.45},{"text":"of","start":10173.45,"end":10173.53},{"text":"Transboundary","start":10173.53,"end":10174.25},{"text":"Harm","start":10174.25,"end":10174.57},{"text":"and","start":10174.57,"end":10174.73},{"text":"place","start":10174.81,"end":10175.05},{"text":"the","start":10175.05,"end":10175.13},{"text":"present","start":10175.13,"end":10175.49},{"text":"work","start":10175.49,"end":10175.77},{"text":"in","start":10175.77,"end":10176.09},{"text":"continuity","start":10176.41,"end":10177.21},{"text":"with","start":10177.21,"end":10177.33},{"text":"the","start":10177.33,"end":10177.41},{"text":"Commission’s","start":10177.41,"end":10177.85},{"text":"previous","start":10177.85,"end":10178.25},{"text":"efforts.","start":10178.25,"end":10178.73}]},{"text":"Chair, on Chapter 12, We note that in the 76th session, the Commission included the topic of compensation for damage caused by internationally wrongful acts on the programme of work and appointed Mr. Martyns Pāperinskas as Special Rapporteur.","start":10179.37,"end":10197.77,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10312.13,"end":10312.29},{"text":"Commission","start":10312.29,"end":10312.65},{"text":"has","start":10312.65,"end":10312.85},{"text":"not","start":10312.85,"end":10313.09},{"text":"yet,","start":10313.09,"end":10313.29},{"text":"however,","start":10313.29,"end":10313.73},{"text":"addressed","start":10314.13,"end":10314.69},{"text":"Article","start":10314.77,"end":10315.13},{"text":"102","start":10315.57,"end":10316.37},{"text":"of","start":10316.53,"end":10316.69},{"text":"the","start":10316.69,"end":10316.77},{"text":"Charter.","start":10316.77,"end":10317.17}]},{"text":"Article 102 and Article 18 of the Covenant of the League of Nations before it, were born of the determination to end secret diplomacy and secret treaties.","start":10318.09,"end":10327.73,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":10318.09,"end":10318.41},{"text":"102","start":10318.41,"end":10319.01},{"text":"and","start":10319.01,"end":10319.17},{"text":"Article","start":10319.17,"end":10319.53},{"text":"18","start":10319.57,"end":10319.89},{"text":"of","start":10319.89,"end":10320.05},{"text":"the","start":10320.05,"end":10320.13},{"text":"Covenant","start":10320.13,"end":10320.69},{"text":"of","start":10320.69,"end":10320.93},{"text":"the","start":10321.09,"end":10321.17},{"text":"League","start":10321.17,"end":10321.57},{"text":"of","start":10321.57,"end":10321.73},{"text":"Nations","start":10321.73,"end":10322.13},{"text":"before","start":10322.13,"end":10322.45},{"text":"it,","start":10322.45,"end":10322.77},{"text":"were","start":10323.01,"end":10323.25},{"text":"born","start":10323.25,"end":10323.57},{"text":"of","start":10323.57,"end":10323.65},{"text":"the","start":10323.65,"end":10323.77},{"text":"determination","start":10323.77,"end":10324.37},{"text":"to","start":10324.37,"end":10324.61},{"text":"end","start":10324.77,"end":10325.05},{"text":"secret","start":10325.05,"end":10325.57},{"text":"diplomacy","start":10325.57,"end":10326.29},{"text":"and","start":10326.61,"end":10326.81},{"text":"secret","start":10326.81,"end":10327.13},{"text":"treaties.","start":10327.13,"end":10327.73}]},{"text":"That purpose must not be defeated by a label.","start":10328.61,"end":10331.61,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":10328.61,"end":10328.93},{"text":"purpose","start":10328.93,"end":10329.41},{"text":"must","start":10329.41,"end":10329.77},{"text":"not","start":10329.77,"end":10329.97},{"text":"be","start":10329.97,"end":10330.29},{"text":"defeated","start":10330.37,"end":10330.93},{"text":"by","start":10330.93,"end":10331.05},{"text":"a","start":10331.05,"end":10331.09},{"text":"label.","start":10331.25,"end":10331.61}]},{"text":"If an instrument described as non-legally binding in fact reflects an intention to be bound, it is a treaty and must be registered.","start":10332.37,"end":10340.93,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":10332.37,"end":10332.57},{"text":"an","start":10332.57,"end":10332.69},{"text":"instrument","start":10332.69,"end":10333.13},{"text":"described","start":10333.13,"end":10333.73},{"text":"as","start":10333.81,"end":10333.97},{"text":"non-legally","start":10334.05,"end":10334.57},{"text":"binding","start":10334.57,"end":10335.01},{"text":"in","start":10335.33,"end":10335.49},{"text":"fact","start":10335.49,"end":10335.73},{"text":"reflects","start":10335.73,"end":10336.17},{"text":"an","start":10336.17,"end":10336.25},{"text":"intention","start":10336.25,"end":10336.77},{"text":"to","start":10336.77,"end":10336.89},{"text":"be","start":10336.89,"end":10337.01},{"text":"bound,","start":10337.01,"end":10337.49},{"text":"it","start":10338.21,"end":10338.53},{"text":"is","start":10338.53,"end":10338.85},{"text":"a","start":10339.09,"end":10339.13},{"text":"treaty","start":10339.13,"end":10339.57},{"text":"and","start":10339.69,"end":10339.81},{"text":"must","start":10339.81,"end":10340.29},{"text":"be","start":10340.29,"end":10340.37},{"text":"registered.","start":10340.37,"end":10340.93}]},{"text":"Also, where an instrument is genuinely non-binding, Its consequences for public finances, natural resources, migration, or security may be profound.","start":10342.13,"end":10354.25,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Also,","start":10342.13,"end":10342.69},{"text":"where","start":10343.33,"end":10343.61},{"text":"an","start":10343.61,"end":10343.73},{"text":"instrument","start":10343.73,"end":10344.29},{"text":"is","start":10344.29,"end":10344.49},{"text":"genuinely","start":10344.53,"end":10345.01},{"text":"non-binding,","start":10345.09,"end":10345.81},{"text":"Its","start":10346.57,"end":10346.73},{"text":"consequences","start":10346.73,"end":10347.37},{"text":"for","start":10347.37,"end":10347.53},{"text":"public","start":10347.53,"end":10347.93},{"text":"finances,","start":10347.93,"end":10348.57},{"text":"natural","start":10348.81,"end":10349.33},{"text":"resources,","start":10349.85,"end":10350.57},{"text":"migration,","start":10350.81,"end":10351.53},{"text":"or","start":10351.69,"end":10351.93},{"text":"security","start":10352.33,"end":10353.13},{"text":"may","start":10353.37,"end":10353.53},{"text":"be","start":10353.53,"end":10353.69},{"text":"profound.","start":10353.69,"end":10354.25}]},{"text":"Transparency should be the ultimate goal.","start":10355.05,"end":10357.45,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}],"words":[{"text":"Transparency","start":10355.05,"end":10355.61},{"text":"should","start":10355.61,"end":10356.01},{"text":"be","start":10356.01,"end":10356.41},{"text":"the","start":10356.57,"end":10356.69},{"text":"ultimate","start":10356.81,"end":10357.21},{"text":"goal.","start":10357.21,"end":10357.45}]},{"text":"We urge the Commission to address the relationship between its draft conclusions and Article 102, and we renew our call for national guidelines and public registers for such agreements.","start":10358.17,"end":10370.09,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. 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Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":10370.65,"end":10371.05},{"text":"on","start":10371.77,"end":10371.85},{"text":"prevention","start":10371.89,"end":10372.41},{"text":"and","start":10372.41,"end":10372.53},{"text":"repression","start":10372.53,"end":10373.13},{"text":"of","start":10373.13,"end":10373.21},{"text":"piracy","start":10373.21,"end":10373.69},{"text":"and","start":10373.69,"end":10373.85},{"text":"armed","start":10373.85,"end":10374.05},{"text":"robbery","start":10374.05,"end":10374.41},{"text":"at","start":10374.41,"end":10374.57},{"text":"sea,","start":10374.57,"end":10374.97},{"text":"We","start":10375.45,"end":10375.57},{"text":"welcome","start":10375.57,"end":10375.93},{"text":"the","start":10375.93,"end":10376.01},{"text":"first","start":10376.01,"end":10376.33},{"text":"report","start":10376.33,"end":10376.69},{"text":"of","start":10376.69,"end":10376.81},{"text":"the","start":10376.81,"end":10376.89},{"text":"Special","start":10376.89,"end":10377.21},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":10377.21,"end":10377.69},{"text":"Professor","start":10378.17,"end":10378.57},{"text":"Luis","start":10378.57,"end":10378.97},{"text":"Salvador.","start":10379.05,"end":10379.49}]},{"text":"For West Africa, the topic bears immense significance.","start":10380.89,"end":10384.65,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":10380.89,"end":10381.13},{"text":"West","start":10381.13,"end":10381.37},{"text":"Africa,","start":10381.37,"end":10381.85},{"text":"the","start":10382.25,"end":10382.37},{"text":"topic","start":10382.41,"end":10382.73},{"text":"bears","start":10382.73,"end":10383.05},{"text":"immense","start":10383.45,"end":10383.89},{"text":"significance.","start":10383.89,"end":10384.65}]},{"text":"Most incidents occur not on the high seas, but in territorial seas and port areas, which is why the bifurcated approach that Sierra Leone has supported from the start is essential.","start":10385.05,"end":10397.33,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":10385.05,"end":10385.45},{"text":"incidents","start":10385.45,"end":10385.89},{"text":"occur","start":10385.89,"end":10386.25},{"text":"not","start":10386.25,"end":10386.57},{"text":"on","start":10386.57,"end":10386.69},{"text":"the","start":10386.69,"end":10386.77},{"text":"high","start":10386.77,"end":10386.97},{"text":"seas,","start":10386.97,"end":10387.37},{"text":"but","start":10387.61,"end":10387.93},{"text":"in","start":10387.93,"end":10388.09},{"text":"territorial","start":10388.09,"end":10388.49},{"text":"seas","start":10388.49,"end":10388.89},{"text":"and","start":10389.37,"end":10389.53},{"text":"port","start":10389.53,"end":10389.85},{"text":"areas,","start":10389.85,"end":10390.33},{"text":"which","start":10390.65,"end":10390.85},{"text":"is","start":10390.85,"end":10390.97},{"text":"why","start":10390.97,"end":10391.29},{"text":"the","start":10391.85,"end":10392.01},{"text":"bifurcated","start":10392.01,"end":10392.81},{"text":"approach","start":10392.89,"end":10393.37},{"text":"that","start":10393.61,"end":10393.81},{"text":"Sierra","start":10393.81,"end":10394.01},{"text":"Leone","start":10394.01,"end":10394.21},{"text":"has","start":10394.21,"end":10394.57},{"text":"supported","start":10395.13,"end":10395.61},{"text":"from","start":10395.61,"end":10395.85},{"text":"the","start":10395.85,"end":10395.97},{"text":"start","start":10395.97,"end":10396.41},{"text":"is","start":10396.57,"end":10396.69},{"text":"essential.","start":10396.69,"end":10397.33}]},{"text":"We reiterate three positions.","start":10398.17,"end":10400.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10398.17,"end":10398.57},{"text":"reiterate","start":10398.57,"end":10399.13},{"text":"three","start":10399.37,"end":10399.53},{"text":"positions.","start":10399.53,"end":10400.25}]},{"text":"First, The integrity of the definition of piracy in Article 101 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea must be preserved.","start":10400.73,"end":10410.05,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":10400.73,"end":10401.21},{"text":"The","start":10401.65,"end":10401.73},{"text":"integrity","start":10401.73,"end":10402.37},{"text":"of","start":10402.37,"end":10402.49},{"text":"the","start":10402.49,"end":10402.57},{"text":"definition","start":10402.57,"end":10403.13},{"text":"of","start":10403.13,"end":10403.21},{"text":"piracy","start":10403.21,"end":10403.81},{"text":"in","start":10403.97,"end":10404.21},{"text":"Article","start":10404.21,"end":10404.53},{"text":"101","start":10404.53,"end":10405.17},{"text":"of","start":10405.49,"end":10405.57},{"text":"the","start":10405.57,"end":10405.65},{"text":"United","start":10405.65,"end":10405.97},{"text":"Nations","start":10405.97,"end":10406.53},{"text":"Convention","start":10406.93,"end":10407.41},{"text":"on","start":10407.41,"end":10407.49},{"text":"the","start":10407.49,"end":10407.57},{"text":"Law","start":10407.57,"end":10407.85},{"text":"of","start":10407.85,"end":10407.97},{"text":"the","start":10407.97,"end":10408.05},{"text":"Sea","start":10408.05,"end":10408.45},{"text":"must","start":10408.53,"end":10408.97},{"text":"be","start":10408.97,"end":10409.25},{"text":"preserved.","start":10409.49,"end":10410.05}]},{"text":"Second, the Commission should draw fully an African-led frameworks, including their own code of conduct and the Lomé Charter.","start":10410.45,"end":10418.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":10410.45,"end":10410.81},{"text":"the","start":10411.57,"end":10411.69},{"text":"Commission","start":10411.73,"end":10412.13},{"text":"should","start":10412.13,"end":10412.41},{"text":"draw","start":10412.41,"end":10412.69},{"text":"fully","start":10412.69,"end":10413.17},{"text":"an","start":10413.33,"end":10413.45},{"text":"African-led","start":10413.45,"end":10414.21},{"text":"frameworks,","start":10414.21,"end":10414.77},{"text":"including","start":10415.09,"end":10415.57},{"text":"their","start":10415.57,"end":10415.73},{"text":"own","start":10415.73,"end":10415.89},{"text":"code","start":10415.97,"end":10416.45},{"text":"of","start":10416.45,"end":10416.65},{"text":"conduct","start":10416.65,"end":10417.17},{"text":"and","start":10417.41,"end":10417.53},{"text":"the","start":10417.53,"end":10417.61},{"text":"Lomé","start":10417.61,"end":10418.05},{"text":"Charter.","start":10418.13,"end":10418.53}]},{"text":"Third, we favor draft articles as the final form.","start":10419.21,"end":10422.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":10419.21,"end":10419.57},{"text":"we","start":10420.21,"end":10420.45},{"text":"favor","start":10420.45,"end":10420.89},{"text":"draft","start":10420.89,"end":10421.17},{"text":"articles","start":10421.17,"end":10421.65},{"text":"as","start":10421.73,"end":10421.89},{"text":"the","start":10421.89,"end":10422.01},{"text":"final","start":10422.01,"end":10422.45},{"text":"form.","start":10422.45,"end":10422.77}]},{"text":"We welcome the attention to uncrewed vessels and the interception of navigation data.","start":10423.89,"end":10431.17,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10423.89,"end":10424.09},{"text":"welcome","start":10424.09,"end":10424.45},{"text":"the","start":10424.45,"end":10424.57},{"text":"attention","start":10424.61,"end":10425.41},{"text":"to","start":10425.97,"end":10426.29},{"text":"uncrewed","start":10426.89,"end":10427.49},{"text":"vessels","start":10428.13,"end":10428.77},{"text":"and","start":10429.17,"end":10429.29},{"text":"the","start":10429.29,"end":10429.37},{"text":"interception","start":10429.37,"end":10429.97},{"text":"of","start":10429.97,"end":10430.13},{"text":"navigation","start":10430.29,"end":10430.85},{"text":"data.","start":10430.85,"end":10431.17}]},{"text":"and support stronger safeguards for persons arrested.","start":10431.57,"end":10435.57,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":10431.57,"end":10431.73},{"text":"support","start":10431.73,"end":10432.17},{"text":"stronger","start":10432.17,"end":10432.77},{"text":"safeguards","start":10433.41,"end":10434.13},{"text":"for","start":10434.45,"end":10434.57},{"text":"persons","start":10434.57,"end":10435.01},{"text":"arrested.","start":10435.01,"end":10435.57}]},{"text":"Above all, cooperation and capacity building must run through the whole text.","start":10436.21,"end":10440.93,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Above","start":10436.21,"end":10436.53},{"text":"all,","start":10436.53,"end":10436.85},{"text":"cooperation","start":10437.49,"end":10438.21},{"text":"and","start":10438.29,"end":10438.49},{"text":"capacity","start":10438.49,"end":10438.97},{"text":"building","start":10438.97,"end":10439.33},{"text":"must","start":10439.33,"end":10439.73},{"text":"run","start":10439.73,"end":10439.93},{"text":"through","start":10439.93,"end":10440.21},{"text":"the","start":10440.21,"end":10440.29},{"text":"whole","start":10440.29,"end":10440.57},{"text":"text.","start":10440.57,"end":10440.93}]},{"text":"Many coastal states have the will to prosecute but lack the means to do so.","start":10441.33,"end":10445.33,"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":10441.33,"end":10441.65},{"text":"coastal","start":10441.65,"end":10441.97},{"text":"states","start":10441.97,"end":10442.29},{"text":"have","start":10442.61,"end":10442.85},{"text":"the","start":10442.85,"end":10442.93},{"text":"will","start":10442.93,"end":10443.17},{"text":"to","start":10443.17,"end":10443.33},{"text":"prosecute","start":10443.33,"end":10443.81},{"text":"but","start":10443.97,"end":10444.13},{"text":"lack","start":10444.13,"end":10444.45},{"text":"the","start":10444.45,"end":10444.57},{"text":"means","start":10444.61,"end":10444.89},{"text":"to","start":10444.89,"end":10445.01},{"text":"do","start":10445.01,"end":10445.17},{"text":"so.","start":10445.17,"end":10445.33}]},{"text":"Chair, on due diligence in international law, we welcome the first report of the first rapporteur, Professor Penelope Ridings.","start":10446.05,"end":10453.81,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":10446.05,"end":10446.37},{"text":"on","start":10447.09,"end":10447.25},{"text":"due","start":10447.25,"end":10447.41},{"text":"diligence","start":10447.41,"end":10447.89},{"text":"in","start":10448.13,"end":10448.25},{"text":"international","start":10448.25,"end":10449.05},{"text":"law,","start":10449.05,"end":10449.13},{"text":"we","start":10449.65,"end":10449.85},{"text":"welcome","start":10449.85,"end":10450.13},{"text":"the","start":10450.13,"end":10450.21},{"text":"first","start":10450.21,"end":10450.53},{"text":"report","start":10450.53,"end":10450.85},{"text":"of","start":10450.85,"end":10450.97},{"text":"the","start":10450.97,"end":10451.05},{"text":"first","start":10451.05,"end":10451.29},{"text":"rapporteur,","start":10451.29,"end":10451.81},{"text":"Professor","start":10452.29,"end":10452.69},{"text":"Penelope","start":10452.69,"end":10453.13},{"text":"Ridings.","start":10453.13,"end":10453.81}]},{"text":"We support the inductive method and the call for greater geographic diversity in the practice examined.","start":10454.13,"end":10460.69,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10454.13,"end":10454.37},{"text":"support","start":10454.37,"end":10454.85},{"text":"the","start":10454.93,"end":10455.01},{"text":"inductive","start":10455.09,"end":10455.81},{"text":"method","start":10455.81,"end":10456.29},{"text":"and","start":10456.29,"end":10456.49},{"text":"the","start":10456.49,"end":10456.57},{"text":"call","start":10456.57,"end":10456.85},{"text":"for","start":10456.85,"end":10457.01},{"text":"greater","start":10457.01,"end":10457.49},{"text":"geographic","start":10457.65,"end":10458.13},{"text":"diversity","start":10458.13,"end":10458.69},{"text":"in","start":10459.09,"end":10459.25},{"text":"the","start":10459.25,"end":10459.33},{"text":"practice","start":10459.33,"end":10459.97},{"text":"examined.","start":10460.05,"end":10460.69}]},{"text":"including that of African states.","start":10461.13,"end":10462.97,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. 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They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":10463.53,"end":10463.69},{"text":"central","start":10463.69,"end":10464.01},{"text":"concern","start":10464.01,"end":10464.49},{"text":"is","start":10464.57,"end":10464.69},{"text":"the","start":10464.69,"end":10464.77},{"text":"content","start":10464.77,"end":10465.29},{"text":"of","start":10465.37,"end":10465.49},{"text":"the","start":10465.49,"end":10465.57},{"text":"standard.","start":10465.57,"end":10466.05}]},{"text":"Due diligence is contextual.","start":10466.89,"end":10468.33,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Due","start":10466.89,"end":10467.13},{"text":"diligence","start":10467.13,"end":10467.61},{"text":"is","start":10467.61,"end":10467.77},{"text":"contextual.","start":10467.77,"end":10468.33}]},{"text":"What is required depends on risk, knowledge, the severity of the potential harm, and the capacity of the state concerned.","start":10468.85,"end":10476.57,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":10468.85,"end":10469.13},{"text":"is","start":10469.13,"end":10469.29},{"text":"required","start":10469.29,"end":10469.73},{"text":"depends","start":10469.73,"end":10470.17},{"text":"on","start":10470.17,"end":10470.33},{"text":"risk,","start":10470.33,"end":10470.65},{"text":"knowledge,","start":10470.89,"end":10471.45},{"text":"the","start":10471.69,"end":10471.81},{"text":"severity","start":10471.81,"end":10472.21},{"text":"of","start":10472.25,"end":10472.37},{"text":"the","start":10472.37,"end":10472.45},{"text":"potential","start":10472.45,"end":10472.93},{"text":"harm,","start":10472.93,"end":10473.21},{"text":"and","start":10473.49,"end":10473.65},{"text":"the","start":10473.65,"end":10473.73},{"text":"capacity","start":10473.73,"end":10474.41},{"text":"of","start":10475.21,"end":10475.37},{"text":"the","start":10475.37,"end":10475.45},{"text":"state","start":10475.45,"end":10475.85},{"text":"concerned.","start":10475.93,"end":10476.57}]},{"text":"The commentary must recognize differentiated capacities without diluting obligations.","start":10477.29,"end":10483.45,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10477.29,"end":10477.45},{"text":"commentary","start":10477.45,"end":10478.09},{"text":"must","start":10478.17,"end":10478.65},{"text":"recognize","start":10478.65,"end":10479.21},{"text":"differentiated","start":10479.21,"end":10479.93},{"text":"capacities","start":10479.93,"end":10480.65},{"text":"without","start":10480.89,"end":10481.45},{"text":"diluting","start":10481.93,"end":10482.53},{"text":"obligations.","start":10482.61,"end":10483.45}]},{"text":"Where capacity is lacking, the answer lies in cooperation and assistance.","start":10483.89,"end":10488.41,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Where","start":10483.89,"end":10484.09},{"text":"capacity","start":10484.09,"end":10484.61},{"text":"is","start":10484.61,"end":10484.73},{"text":"lacking,","start":10484.73,"end":10485.13},{"text":"the","start":10485.69,"end":10485.81},{"text":"answer","start":10485.85,"end":10486.21},{"text":"lies","start":10486.21,"end":10486.57},{"text":"in","start":10486.65,"end":10486.77},{"text":"cooperation","start":10486.77,"end":10487.37},{"text":"and","start":10487.65,"end":10487.77},{"text":"assistance.","start":10487.77,"end":10488.41}]},{"text":"not in lower expectations of protection, particularly in the regulation of transnational enterprises in extractive sectors.","start":10488.81,"end":10497.69,"topics":[{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."}],"words":[{"text":"not","start":10488.81,"end":10489.13},{"text":"in","start":10489.13,"end":10489.37},{"text":"lower","start":10489.37,"end":10489.69},{"text":"expectations","start":10489.77,"end":10490.49},{"text":"of","start":10490.49,"end":10490.57},{"text":"protection,","start":10490.57,"end":10491.13},{"text":"particularly","start":10491.41,"end":10491.97},{"text":"in","start":10491.97,"end":10492.17},{"text":"the","start":10492.17,"end":10492.25},{"text":"regulation","start":10492.25,"end":10492.73},{"text":"of","start":10492.73,"end":10492.89},{"text":"transnational","start":10492.97,"end":10493.97},{"text":"enterprises","start":10494.33,"end":10495.21},{"text":"in","start":10495.29,"end":10495.53},{"text":"extractive","start":10495.53,"end":10496.41},{"text":"sectors.","start":10497.05,"end":10497.69}]},{"text":"On compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, we welcome the first report of the Special Rapporteur, Professor Martins Paparints, and agree that the work should build on Article 36 of the Articles on State Responsibility.","start":10499.13,"end":10514.09,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":10499.13,"end":10499.29},{"text":"compensation","start":10499.29,"end":10500.09},{"text":"for","start":10500.41,"end":10500.57},{"text":"the","start":10500.57,"end":10500.65},{"text":"damage","start":10500.65,"end":10501.13},{"text":"caused","start":10501.13,"end":10501.53},{"text":"by","start":10501.53,"end":10501.69},{"text":"internationally","start":10501.69,"end":10502.33},{"text":"wrongful","start":10502.33,"end":10502.65},{"text":"acts,","start":10502.65,"end":10502.97},{"text":"we","start":10503.53,"end":10503.77},{"text":"welcome","start":10503.81,"end":10504.17},{"text":"the","start":10504.17,"end":10504.29},{"text":"first","start":10504.29,"end":10504.57},{"text":"report","start":10504.57,"end":10504.97},{"text":"of","start":10504.97,"end":10505.09},{"text":"the","start":10505.09,"end":10505.17},{"text":"Special","start":10505.17,"end":10505.49},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":10505.49,"end":10506.01},{"text":"Professor","start":10506.49,"end":10507.01},{"text":"Martins","start":10507.05,"end":10507.61},{"text":"Paparints,","start":10507.93,"end":10508.41},{"text":"and","start":10509.21,"end":10509.41},{"text":"agree","start":10509.41,"end":10509.69},{"text":"that","start":10509.69,"end":10510.01},{"text":"the","start":10510.09,"end":10510.21},{"text":"work","start":10510.21,"end":10510.49},{"text":"should","start":10510.49,"end":10510.69},{"text":"build","start":10510.69,"end":10511.05},{"text":"on","start":10511.05,"end":10511.21},{"text":"Article","start":10511.29,"end":10511.61},{"text":"36","start":10511.61,"end":10512.09},{"text":"of","start":10512.09,"end":10512.17},{"text":"the","start":10512.17,"end":10512.29},{"text":"Articles","start":10512.29,"end":10512.73},{"text":"on","start":10512.73,"end":10512.89},{"text":"State","start":10512.89,"end":10513.29},{"text":"Responsibility.","start":10513.29,"end":10514.09}]},{"text":"Three issues are of particular interest to us.","start":10514.65,"end":10517.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Three","start":10514.65,"end":10514.89},{"text":"issues","start":10514.89,"end":10515.37},{"text":"are","start":10515.37,"end":10515.53},{"text":"of","start":10515.53,"end":10515.65},{"text":"particular","start":10515.65,"end":10516.17},{"text":"interest","start":10516.17,"end":10516.61},{"text":"to","start":10516.61,"end":10516.77},{"text":"us.","start":10516.77,"end":10517.05}]},{"text":"Non-material damage, which for victims of mass violence amid violations, is often the most important harm.","start":10517.57,"end":10524.61,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Non-material","start":10517.57,"end":10518.45},{"text":"damage,","start":10518.45,"end":10518.93},{"text":"which","start":10519.13,"end":10519.41},{"text":"for","start":10519.41,"end":10519.53},{"text":"victims","start":10519.53,"end":10519.97},{"text":"of","start":10520.01,"end":10520.13},{"text":"mass","start":10520.13,"end":10520.53},{"text":"violence","start":10520.53,"end":10521.01},{"text":"amid","start":10521.49,"end":10522.01},{"text":"violations,","start":10522.01,"end":10522.61},{"text":"is","start":10522.85,"end":10523.09},{"text":"often","start":10523.09,"end":10523.41},{"text":"the","start":10523.41,"end":10523.49},{"text":"most","start":10523.49,"end":10523.81},{"text":"important","start":10523.81,"end":10524.29},{"text":"harm.","start":10524.29,"end":10524.61}]},{"text":"Financial capacity of the responsible state, which the Court addressed in armed activities and representative sources, including the national reparations program, such as the one that follows Sierra Leone's Truth and Reconciliation Commission.","start":10525.33,"end":10539.49,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. 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They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Sierra","start":10540.41,"end":10540.61},{"text":"Leone","start":10540.61,"end":10540.81},{"text":"makes","start":10540.81,"end":10541.01},{"text":"a","start":10541.09,"end":10541.13},{"text":"strong","start":10541.13,"end":10541.49},{"text":"point","start":10541.49,"end":10541.89},{"text":"on","start":10542.01,"end":10542.13},{"text":"damages","start":10542.13,"end":10542.69},{"text":"in","start":10542.85,"end":10543.09},{"text":"investor-state","start":10543.09,"end":10544.69},{"text":"dispute","start":10544.93,"end":10545.29},{"text":"settlement.","start":10545.29,"end":10545.81}]},{"text":"Awards of hundreds of millions and sometimes billions of dollars have been made against developing states, often contested projections of future profits.","start":10546.33,"end":10556.33,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Awards","start":10546.33,"end":10546.73},{"text":"of","start":10546.73,"end":10546.89},{"text":"hundreds","start":10546.89,"end":10547.29},{"text":"of","start":10547.29,"end":10547.37},{"text":"millions","start":10547.37,"end":10548.09},{"text":"and","start":10548.73,"end":10548.97},{"text":"sometimes","start":10548.97,"end":10549.61},{"text":"billions","start":10549.61,"end":10550.09},{"text":"of","start":10550.13,"end":10550.25},{"text":"dollars","start":10550.25,"end":10550.65},{"text":"have","start":10550.73,"end":10550.97},{"text":"been","start":10550.97,"end":10551.21},{"text":"made","start":10551.21,"end":10551.53},{"text":"against","start":10551.53,"end":10552.01},{"text":"developing","start":10552.09,"end":10552.57},{"text":"states,","start":10552.57,"end":10553.05},{"text":"often","start":10553.45,"end":10553.85},{"text":"contested","start":10553.85,"end":10554.57},{"text":"projections","start":10554.73,"end":10555.29},{"text":"of","start":10555.29,"end":10555.41},{"text":"future","start":10555.45,"end":10555.85},{"text":"profits.","start":10555.85,"end":10556.33}]},{"text":"A single award can exceed a state's annual health or education budget.","start":10556.97,"end":10561.93,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":10556.97,"end":10557.01},{"text":"single","start":10557.01,"end":10557.37},{"text":"award","start":10557.37,"end":10557.85},{"text":"can","start":10558.33,"end":10558.57},{"text":"exceed","start":10558.57,"end":10559.21},{"text":"a","start":10559.37,"end":10559.41},{"text":"state's","start":10559.41,"end":10559.93},{"text":"annual","start":10560.01,"end":10560.25},{"text":"health","start":10560.25,"end":10560.53},{"text":"or","start":10560.81,"end":10561.05},{"text":"education","start":10561.05,"end":10561.45},{"text":"budget.","start":10561.45,"end":10561.93}]},{"text":"Yet damages have been left outside the framework that states have negotiated and regulated.","start":10562.25,"end":10568.33,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Yet","start":10562.25,"end":10562.73},{"text":"damages","start":10563.05,"end":10563.45},{"text":"have","start":10563.45,"end":10563.65},{"text":"been","start":10563.65,"end":10563.85},{"text":"left","start":10563.85,"end":10564.09},{"text":"outside","start":10564.09,"end":10564.65},{"text":"the","start":10564.73,"end":10564.85},{"text":"framework","start":10564.89,"end":10565.37},{"text":"that","start":10565.53,"end":10565.73},{"text":"states","start":10565.73,"end":10566.09},{"text":"have","start":10566.09,"end":10566.33},{"text":"negotiated","start":10566.33,"end":10567.05},{"text":"and","start":10567.05,"end":10567.45},{"text":"regulated.","start":10567.61,"end":10568.33}]},{"text":"The ICSID convention is silent on the assessment.","start":10568.89,"end":10573.45,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10568.89,"end":10569.09},{"text":"ICSID","start":10569.21,"end":10571.05},{"text":"convention","start":10571.05,"end":10571.77},{"text":"is","start":10571.93,"end":10572.05},{"text":"silent","start":10572.05,"end":10572.49},{"text":"on","start":10572.53,"end":10572.65},{"text":"the","start":10572.65,"end":10572.77},{"text":"assessment.","start":10572.77,"end":10573.45}]},{"text":"And in UNCITRAL Working Group III, the work is directed at procedural provisions and guidelines, not general rules of international law.","start":10574.13,"end":10583.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10574.13,"end":10574.21},{"text":"in","start":10574.21,"end":10574.29},{"text":"UNCITRAL","start":10574.29,"end":10575.45},{"text":"Working","start":10575.45,"end":10575.69},{"text":"Group","start":10575.69,"end":10575.93},{"text":"III,","start":10576.25,"end":10576.57},{"text":"the","start":10576.89,"end":10577.01},{"text":"work","start":10577.05,"end":10577.33},{"text":"is","start":10577.33,"end":10577.45},{"text":"directed","start":10577.45,"end":10578.01},{"text":"at","start":10578.73,"end":10579.05},{"text":"procedural","start":10579.05,"end":10579.61},{"text":"provisions","start":10579.61,"end":10580.41},{"text":"and","start":10580.49,"end":10580.69},{"text":"guidelines,","start":10580.69,"end":10581.29},{"text":"not","start":10581.45,"end":10581.73},{"text":"general","start":10581.73,"end":10582.09},{"text":"rules","start":10582.09,"end":10582.33},{"text":"of","start":10582.33,"end":10582.49},{"text":"international","start":10582.49,"end":10583.17},{"text":"law.","start":10583.17,"end":10583.25}]},{"text":"Caution about investment awards must not become avoidance.","start":10583.77,"end":10587.61,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"Caution","start":10583.77,"end":10584.09},{"text":"about","start":10584.09,"end":10584.41},{"text":"investment","start":10584.41,"end":10585.09},{"text":"awards","start":10585.09,"end":10585.53},{"text":"must","start":10585.77,"end":10586.21},{"text":"not","start":10586.21,"end":10586.41},{"text":"become","start":10586.41,"end":10586.89},{"text":"avoidance.","start":10586.97,"end":10587.61}]},{"text":"This issue must be addressed properly by the Commission.","start":10587.93,"end":10591.13,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":10587.93,"end":10588.25},{"text":"issue","start":10588.25,"end":10588.65},{"text":"must","start":10588.97,"end":10589.29},{"text":"be","start":10589.29,"end":10589.45},{"text":"addressed","start":10589.45,"end":10589.85},{"text":"properly","start":10589.85,"end":10590.41},{"text":"by","start":10590.45,"end":10590.57},{"text":"the","start":10590.57,"end":10590.69},{"text":"Commission.","start":10590.69,"end":10591.13}]},{"text":"On historic injustices, with respect to the Commission's cannot limit itself to the existing legal framework, that framework is itself limiting and in important respect, self-serving.","start":10592.57,"end":10606.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":10592.57,"end":10592.73},{"text":"historic","start":10592.73,"end":10593.21},{"text":"injustices,","start":10593.21,"end":10594.09},{"text":"with","start":10594.57,"end":10594.77},{"text":"respect","start":10594.81,"end":10595.17},{"text":"to","start":10595.17,"end":10595.25},{"text":"the","start":10595.25,"end":10595.33},{"text":"Commission's","start":10595.33,"end":10595.93},{"text":"cannot","start":10596.97,"end":10597.53},{"text":"limit","start":10597.53,"end":10597.77},{"text":"itself","start":10597.77,"end":10598.17},{"text":"to","start":10598.17,"end":10598.29},{"text":"the","start":10598.29,"end":10598.37},{"text":"existing","start":10598.37,"end":10598.85},{"text":"legal","start":10598.85,"end":10599.05},{"text":"framework,","start":10599.05,"end":10599.61},{"text":"that","start":10600.01,"end":10600.25},{"text":"framework","start":10600.25,"end":10600.89},{"text":"is","start":10602.01,"end":10602.17},{"text":"itself","start":10602.17,"end":10602.73},{"text":"limiting","start":10603.05,"end":10603.69},{"text":"and","start":10603.93,"end":10604.09},{"text":"in","start":10604.09,"end":10604.25},{"text":"important","start":10604.25,"end":10604.81},{"text":"respect,","start":10604.89,"end":10605.45},{"text":"self-serving.","start":10605.61,"end":10606.33}]},{"text":"It was built by and for the powers that practice slavery and colonialism, and then placed those practices beyond the reach of the law that created it.","start":10606.81,"end":10617.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":10606.81,"end":10606.93},{"text":"was","start":10606.93,"end":10607.13},{"text":"built","start":10607.13,"end":10607.45},{"text":"by","start":10607.45,"end":10607.69},{"text":"and","start":10607.77,"end":10608.01},{"text":"for","start":10608.01,"end":10608.21},{"text":"the","start":10608.21,"end":10608.29},{"text":"powers","start":10608.29,"end":10608.73},{"text":"that","start":10608.73,"end":10608.85},{"text":"practice","start":10608.85,"end":10609.37},{"text":"slavery","start":10609.41,"end":10609.93},{"text":"and","start":10610.05,"end":10610.17},{"text":"colonialism,","start":10610.17,"end":10610.85},{"text":"and","start":10611.25,"end":10611.49},{"text":"then","start":10611.49,"end":10611.69},{"text":"placed","start":10611.69,"end":10612.05},{"text":"those","start":10612.05,"end":10612.33},{"text":"practices","start":10612.33,"end":10612.81},{"text":"beyond","start":10612.81,"end":10613.33},{"text":"the","start":10613.33,"end":10613.41},{"text":"reach","start":10613.41,"end":10613.69},{"text":"of","start":10613.77,"end":10613.89},{"text":"the","start":10613.89,"end":10613.97},{"text":"law","start":10614.01,"end":10614.33},{"text":"that","start":10614.65,"end":10614.81},{"text":"created","start":10614.81,"end":10615.41},{"text":"it.","start":10617.21,"end":10617.53}]},{"text":"The intertemporal doctrine must be thoroughly addressed, not assumed.","start":10618.65,"end":10624.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10618.65,"end":10618.77},{"text":"intertemporal","start":10619.93,"end":10620.69},{"text":"doctrine","start":10620.73,"end":10621.29},{"text":"must","start":10621.45,"end":10621.81},{"text":"be","start":10621.81,"end":10621.93},{"text":"thoroughly","start":10621.93,"end":10622.33},{"text":"addressed,","start":10622.41,"end":10622.89},{"text":"not","start":10623.21,"end":10623.53},{"text":"assumed.","start":10623.53,"end":10624.01}]},{"text":"The work of the former Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, Professor E. Tendayi Achiume, should be of strong interest to the 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2019 report showed that the intertemporal principles do not comply, does not comply, I mean apply, to the present-day discriminatory effect of slavery and colonialism, which states are obliged to 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topic promises a great deal, and it must deliver, otherwise the Commission would in effect be rubber stamping the the perpetration of injustice 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closing, Chair, Sierra Leone thanks the Special Rapporteur and the Codification Division.","start":10662.13,"end":10667.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10662.13,"end":10662.29},{"text":"closing,","start":10662.29,"end":10662.77},{"text":"Chair,","start":10663.01,"end":10663.33},{"text":"Sierra","start":10663.81,"end":10664.05},{"text":"Leone","start":10664.05,"end":10664.25},{"text":"thanks","start":10664.25,"end":10664.61},{"text":"the","start":10664.69,"end":10664.77},{"text":"Special","start":10664.77,"end":10665.41},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":10665.41,"end":10665.97},{"text":"and","start":10666.37,"end":10666.65},{"text":"the","start":10666.65,"end":10666.73},{"text":"Codification","start":10666.77,"end":10667.25},{"text":"Division.","start":10667.25,"end":10667.73}]},{"text":"The Commission's work is strongest when it draws on the practice of all regions and pays attention to the capacities of the States that must apply it.","start":10668.05,"end":10676.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10668.05,"end":10668.17},{"text":"Commission's","start":10668.17,"end":10668.65},{"text":"work","start":10668.65,"end":10668.85},{"text":"is","start":10668.85,"end":10668.97},{"text":"strongest","start":10668.97,"end":10669.65},{"text":"when","start":10670.45,"end":10670.85},{"text":"it","start":10670.85,"end":10671.05},{"text":"draws","start":10671.05,"end":10671.49},{"text":"on","start":10671.57,"end":10671.69},{"text":"the","start":10671.69,"end":10671.77},{"text":"practice","start":10671.77,"end":10672.13},{"text":"of","start":10672.13,"end":10672.29},{"text":"all","start":10672.37,"end":10672.49},{"text":"regions","start":10672.49,"end":10673.01},{"text":"and","start":10673.09,"end":10673.21},{"text":"pays","start":10673.21,"end":10673.57},{"text":"attention","start":10673.57,"end":10674.05},{"text":"to","start":10674.05,"end":10674.17},{"text":"the","start":10674.17,"end":10674.25},{"text":"capacities","start":10674.25,"end":10674.89},{"text":"of","start":10674.89,"end":10675.01},{"text":"the","start":10675.01,"end":10675.09},{"text":"States","start":10675.09,"end":10675.41},{"text":"that","start":10675.73,"end":10676.05},{"text":"must","start":10676.05,"end":10676.33},{"text":"apply","start":10676.33,"end":10676.61},{"text":"it.","start":10676.69,"end":10676.93}]},{"text":"Sierra Leone will continue to contribute to that work.","start":10677.21,"end":10679.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sierra","start":10677.21,"end":10677.41},{"text":"Leone","start":10677.41,"end":10677.61},{"text":"will","start":10677.61,"end":10677.73},{"text":"continue","start":10677.73,"end":10678.13},{"text":"to","start":10678.13,"end":10678.29},{"text":"contribute","start":10678.29,"end":10678.89},{"text":"to","start":10678.89,"end":10678.97},{"text":"that","start":10678.97,"end":10679.17},{"text":"work.","start":10679.17,"end":10679.49}]},{"text":"I thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":10679.65,"end":10680.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10679.65,"end":10679.73},{"text":"thank","start":10679.73,"end":10680.01},{"text":"you,","start":10680.01,"end":10680.13},{"text":"Mr.","start":10680.17,"end":10680.45},{"text":"Chair.","start":10680.45,"end":10680.69}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SLE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Sierra Leone"}},{"statement_number":48,"start":10686.49,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=2:58:07","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Sierra Leone for his statement, and now I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Somalia.","start":10686.49,"end":10695.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10686.49,"end":10686.65},{"text":"thank","start":10686.65,"end":10686.89},{"text":"the","start":10686.89,"end":10686.97},{"text":"distinguished","start":10686.97,"end":10687.61},{"text":"representative","start":10687.77,"end":10688.49},{"text":"of","start":10688.97,"end":10689.13},{"text":"Sierra","start":10689.13,"end":10689.45},{"text":"Leone","start":10689.45,"end":10689.85},{"text":"for","start":10689.85,"end":10690.01},{"text":"his","start":10690.01,"end":10690.13},{"text":"statement,","start":10690.13,"end":10690.73},{"text":"and","start":10690.89,"end":10691.05},{"text":"now","start":10691.05,"end":10691.29},{"text":"I","start":10691.29,"end":10691.37},{"text":"would","start":10691.37,"end":10691.49},{"text":"like","start":10691.49,"end":10691.73},{"text":"to","start":10691.73,"end":10691.81},{"text":"give","start":10691.81,"end":10692.01},{"text":"the","start":10692.01,"end":10692.09},{"text":"floor","start":10692.09,"end":10692.49},{"text":"to","start":10692.49,"end":10692.57},{"text":"the","start":10693.13,"end":10693.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":10693.29,"end":10693.97},{"text":"representative","start":10693.97,"end":10694.57},{"text":"of","start":10694.57,"end":10694.65},{"text":"Somalia.","start":10694.65,"end":10695.13}]},{"text":"Please, the floor is yours.","start":10695.29,"end":10696.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please,","start":10695.29,"end":10695.61},{"text":"the","start":10695.61,"end":10695.73},{"text":"floor","start":10695.73,"end":10695.97},{"text":"is","start":10695.97,"end":10696.05},{"text":"yours.","start":10696.05,"end":10696.41}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":10698.97,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=2:58:19","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":10698.97,"end":10700.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10698.97,"end":10699.21},{"text":"you,","start":10699.21,"end":10699.33},{"text":"Mr.","start":10699.33,"end":10699.61},{"text":"Chair.","start":10699.61,"end":10700.01}]},{"text":"Somalia takes note of the Commission's continued consideration of the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at 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far as I understand, the delegation of the Philippines wishes to exercise the right of reply.","start":10918.85,"end":10927.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":10918.85,"end":10918.97},{"text":"far","start":10919.01,"end":10919.33},{"text":"as","start":10919.33,"end":10919.41},{"text":"I","start":10919.41,"end":10919.45},{"text":"understand,","start":10919.45,"end":10920.21},{"text":"the","start":10921.73,"end":10921.85},{"text":"delegation","start":10921.85,"end":10922.37},{"text":"of","start":10922.37,"end":10922.53},{"text":"the","start":10922.53,"end":10922.61},{"text":"Philippines","start":10922.61,"end":10923.25},{"text":"wishes","start":10923.89,"end":10924.45},{"text":"to","start":10924.45,"end":10924.77},{"text":"exercise","start":10924.77,"end":10925.73},{"text":"the","start":10926.29,"end":10926.45},{"text":"right","start":10926.45,"end":10926.77},{"text":"of","start":10926.77,"end":10926.85},{"text":"reply.","start":10926.85,"end":10927.33}]},{"text":"Before we proceed further, I would like to remind the Committee that, in accordance with paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Annex V to the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly, the number of interventions in the exercise of the right of reply for any delegation at a given meeting is limited to two per item, and the first intervention should be limited to 10 minutes and the second intervention should be limited to five 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view of the very tight schedule for our meetings this year, I would like to encourage all delegations exercising a right to reply to please be as brief as possible and to remain well within these time 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I give the floor To distinguish delegations of the Philippines, please.","start":10980.29,"end":10985.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":10980.29,"end":10980.53},{"text":"I","start":10980.53,"end":10980.61},{"text":"give","start":10980.61,"end":10980.81},{"text":"the","start":10980.81,"end":10980.93},{"text":"floor","start":10980.93,"end":10981.41},{"text":"To","start":10981.89,"end":10982.05},{"text":"distinguish","start":10982.05,"end":10982.69},{"text":"delegations","start":10983.01,"end":10983.97},{"text":"of","start":10984.05,"end":10984.29},{"text":"the","start":10984.29,"end":10984.49},{"text":"Philippines,","start":10984.93,"end":10985.49},{"text":"please.","start":10985.49,"end":10985.89}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":10989.33,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=3:03:10","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. The Philippines exercise its right of reply concerning China's objections to references to the South China Sea arbitration in the work of the International Law Commission.","start":10989.33,"end":11000.93,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10989.33,"end":10989.65},{"text":"you,","start":10989.65,"end":10989.77},{"text":"Chair.","start":10989.77,"end":10990.29},{"text":"The","start":10991.17,"end":10991.33},{"text":"Philippines","start":10991.33,"end":10991.81},{"text":"exercise","start":10991.81,"end":10992.37},{"text":"its","start":10992.37,"end":10992.61},{"text":"right","start":10992.61,"end":10992.81},{"text":"of","start":10992.81,"end":10992.93},{"text":"reply","start":10992.93,"end":10993.33},{"text":"concerning","start":10993.33,"end":10993.81},{"text":"China's","start":10993.81,"end":10994.29},{"text":"objections","start":10994.29,"end":10995.09},{"text":"to","start":10995.49,"end":10995.61},{"text":"references","start":10995.61,"end":10996.29},{"text":"to","start":10996.29,"end":10996.41},{"text":"the","start":10996.41,"end":10996.53},{"text":"South","start":10996.53,"end":10996.85},{"text":"China","start":10996.85,"end":10997.17},{"text":"Sea","start":10997.17,"end":10997.49},{"text":"arbitration","start":10997.49,"end":10998.29},{"text":"in","start":10998.61,"end":10998.73},{"text":"the","start":10998.73,"end":10998.85},{"text":"work","start":10998.85,"end":10999.13},{"text":"of","start":10999.13,"end":10999.25},{"text":"the","start":10999.25,"end":10999.33},{"text":"International","start":10999.33,"end":11000.09},{"text":"Law","start":11000.09,"end":11000.21},{"text":"Commission.","start":11000.21,"end":11000.93}]},{"text":"China has characterized the award as illegal, null and void, and called for the removal of these references, suggesting that their inclusion would undermine the Commission's authority and credibility.","start":11001.53,"end":11012.57,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"China","start":11001.53,"end":11002.01},{"text":"has","start":11002.01,"end":11002.17},{"text":"characterized","start":11002.17,"end":11002.93},{"text":"the","start":11002.93,"end":11003.01},{"text":"award","start":11003.01,"end":11003.33},{"text":"as","start":11003.33,"end":11003.45},{"text":"illegal,","start":11003.45,"end":11003.93},{"text":"null","start":11003.93,"end":11004.13},{"text":"and","start":11004.13,"end":11004.25},{"text":"void,","start":11004.25,"end":11004.65},{"text":"and","start":11004.97,"end":11005.13},{"text":"called","start":11005.13,"end":11005.53},{"text":"for","start":11005.53,"end":11005.69},{"text":"the","start":11005.69,"end":11005.77},{"text":"removal","start":11005.77,"end":11006.29},{"text":"of","start":11006.29,"end":11006.41},{"text":"these","start":11006.41,"end":11006.65},{"text":"references,","start":11006.65,"end":11007.45},{"text":"suggesting","start":11007.77,"end":11008.49},{"text":"that","start":11008.49,"end":11008.65},{"text":"their","start":11008.65,"end":11008.89},{"text":"inclusion","start":11008.89,"end":11009.49},{"text":"would","start":11009.49,"end":11009.69},{"text":"undermine","start":11009.69,"end":11010.41},{"text":"the","start":11010.41,"end":11010.57},{"text":"Commission's","start":11010.57,"end":11011.13},{"text":"authority","start":11011.13,"end":11011.61},{"text":"and","start":11011.61,"end":11011.77},{"text":"credibility.","start":11011.77,"end":11012.57}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"The Philippines rejects these assertions.","start":11013.05,"end":11015.45,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11013.05,"end":11013.17},{"text":"Philippines","start":11013.17,"end":11013.61},{"text":"rejects","start":11013.61,"end":11014.17},{"text":"these","start":11014.25,"end":11014.65},{"text":"assertions.","start":11014.65,"end":11015.45}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"First, the legal status of the award is not contingent upon China's acceptance of it.","start":11016.17,"end":11020.81,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. 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They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11257.41,"end":11257.53},{"text":"essence","start":11257.57,"end":11258.09},{"text":"of","start":11258.09,"end":11258.21},{"text":"the","start":11258.21,"end":11258.33},{"text":"South","start":11258.33,"end":11258.61},{"text":"China","start":11258.61,"end":11258.89},{"text":"Sea","start":11258.89,"end":11259.09},{"text":"dispute","start":11259.09,"end":11259.57},{"text":"between","start":11259.57,"end":11259.89},{"text":"China","start":11259.89,"end":11260.41},{"text":"and","start":11260.41,"end":11260.53},{"text":"the","start":11260.53,"end":11260.61},{"text":"Philippines","start":11260.61,"end":11261.25},{"text":"is","start":11261.25,"end":11261.41},{"text":"one","start":11261.41,"end":11261.65},{"text":"of","start":11261.65,"end":11261.81},{"text":"territorial","start":11261.81,"end":11262.69},{"text":"and","start":11262.69,"end":11262.85},{"text":"maritime","start":11262.85,"end":11263.49},{"text":"delimitation.","start":11263.49,"end":11264.45}]},{"text":"Territorial issues are not governed by the Convention, and matters of maritime delimitation have been excluded from compulsory proceedings by China’s 2006 declaration made pursuant to the Convention.","start":11264.85,"end":11277.25,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. 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They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11278.29,"end":11278.41},{"text":"arbitral","start":11278.45,"end":11279.01},{"text":"tribunal","start":11279.01,"end":11279.65},{"text":"had","start":11279.65,"end":11279.81},{"text":"no","start":11279.81,"end":11280.13},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":11280.13,"end":11280.93},{"text":"over","start":11280.93,"end":11281.21},{"text":"the","start":11281.21,"end":11281.29},{"text":"matters","start":11281.29,"end":11281.81},{"text":"subject","start":11281.81,"end":11282.41},{"text":"to","start":11282.41,"end":11282.77},{"text":"arbitration.","start":11282.77,"end":11283.65}]},{"text":"The Philippine side claims that the award did not resolve the South China Sea dispute between China and the Philippines, but rather only clarified the maritime rights of both parties.","start":11285.37,"end":11297.61,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11285.37,"end":11285.45},{"text":"Philippine","start":11285.45,"end":11286.01},{"text":"side","start":11286.01,"end":11286.41},{"text":"claims","start":11286.41,"end":11287.13},{"text":"that","start":11287.45,"end":11287.69},{"text":"the","start":11287.69,"end":11287.81},{"text":"award","start":11287.81,"end":11288.41},{"text":"did","start":11288.73,"end":11288.97},{"text":"not","start":11288.97,"end":11289.21},{"text":"resolve","start":11289.21,"end":11289.77},{"text":"the","start":11289.77,"end":11289.93},{"text":"South","start":11289.93,"end":11290.17},{"text":"China","start":11290.17,"end":11290.37},{"text":"Sea","start":11290.37,"end":11290.65},{"text":"dispute","start":11290.65,"end":11291.21},{"text":"between","start":11291.21,"end":11291.53},{"text":"China","start":11291.53,"end":11291.89},{"text":"and","start":11291.89,"end":11292.01},{"text":"the","start":11292.01,"end":11292.09},{"text":"Philippines,","start":11292.09,"end":11292.81},{"text":"but","start":11293.85,"end":11294.09},{"text":"rather","start":11294.09,"end":11294.57},{"text":"only","start":11294.57,"end":11294.81},{"text":"clarified","start":11294.81,"end":11295.57},{"text":"the","start":11295.57,"end":11295.65},{"text":"maritime","start":11295.65,"end":11296.25},{"text":"rights","start":11296.25,"end":11296.57},{"text":"of","start":11296.57,"end":11296.73},{"text":"both","start":11296.73,"end":11296.97},{"text":"parties.","start":11296.97,"end":11297.61}]},{"text":"This assertion is utterly absurd.","start":11298.57,"end":11301.61,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11298.57,"end":11298.89},{"text":"assertion","start":11298.89,"end":11299.53},{"text":"is","start":11299.53,"end":11299.77},{"text":"utterly","start":11299.77,"end":11300.33},{"text":"absurd.","start":11300.97,"end":11301.61}]},{"text":"Maritime delimitation is not merely a matter of drawing a line.","start":11303.69,"end":11308.25,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"Maritime","start":11303.69,"end":11304.25},{"text":"delimitation","start":11304.25,"end":11305.49},{"text":"is","start":11305.49,"end":11305.61},{"text":"not","start":11305.61,"end":11305.93},{"text":"merely","start":11305.93,"end":11306.41},{"text":"a","start":11306.41,"end":11306.49},{"text":"matter","start":11306.49,"end":11306.97},{"text":"of","start":11306.97,"end":11307.21},{"text":"drawing","start":11307.21,"end":11307.61},{"text":"a","start":11307.61,"end":11307.69},{"text":"line.","start":11307.69,"end":11308.25}]},{"text":"The definition of maritime rights is, of course, an integral part of maritime delimitation.","start":11308.97,"end":11314.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11308.97,"end":11309.09},{"text":"definition","start":11309.09,"end":11309.81},{"text":"of","start":11309.81,"end":11309.93},{"text":"maritime","start":11309.93,"end":11310.49},{"text":"rights","start":11310.49,"end":11310.97},{"text":"is,","start":11310.97,"end":11311.21},{"text":"of","start":11311.21,"end":11311.37},{"text":"course,","start":11311.37,"end":11311.85},{"text":"an","start":11311.85,"end":11311.93},{"text":"integral","start":11311.93,"end":11312.49},{"text":"part","start":11312.49,"end":11312.93},{"text":"of","start":11312.93,"end":11313.05},{"text":"maritime","start":11313.05,"end":11313.53},{"text":"delimitation.","start":11313.53,"end":11314.41}]},{"text":"The arbitral tribunal should never have taken up the case in the first place.","start":11315.57,"end":11320.05,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11315.57,"end":11315.77},{"text":"arbitral","start":11315.81,"end":11316.45},{"text":"tribunal","start":11316.45,"end":11317.09},{"text":"should","start":11317.09,"end":11317.33},{"text":"never","start":11317.33,"end":11317.73},{"text":"have","start":11317.73,"end":11317.89},{"text":"taken","start":11317.89,"end":11318.29},{"text":"up","start":11318.29,"end":11318.45},{"text":"the","start":11318.45,"end":11318.57},{"text":"case","start":11318.61,"end":11318.97},{"text":"in","start":11318.97,"end":11319.09},{"text":"the","start":11319.09,"end":11319.17},{"text":"first","start":11319.17,"end":11319.49},{"text":"place.","start":11319.49,"end":11320.05}]},{"text":"Having exceeded its jurisdiction, the award it rendered is naturally invalid.","start":11321.65,"end":11326.93,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":11321.65,"end":11322.21},{"text":"exceeded","start":11322.21,"end":11323.01},{"text":"its","start":11323.05,"end":11323.17},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":11323.17,"end":11323.97},{"text":"the","start":11323.97,"end":11324.17},{"text":"award","start":11324.17,"end":11324.69},{"text":"it","start":11324.69,"end":11324.93},{"text":"rendered","start":11324.93,"end":11325.41},{"text":"is","start":11325.49,"end":11325.73},{"text":"naturally","start":11325.73,"end":11326.29},{"text":"invalid.","start":11326.29,"end":11326.93}]},{"text":"The Philippine side claims that the South China Sea arbitration case was established in accordance with the Convention, and that the award is therefore fully valid.","start":11328.77,"end":11338.53,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11328.77,"end":11328.93},{"text":"Philippine","start":11328.93,"end":11329.41},{"text":"side","start":11329.41,"end":11329.81},{"text":"claims","start":11329.81,"end":11330.37},{"text":"that","start":11330.37,"end":11330.49},{"text":"the","start":11330.49,"end":11330.61},{"text":"South","start":11330.61,"end":11330.85},{"text":"China","start":11330.85,"end":11331.13},{"text":"Sea","start":11331.13,"end":11331.49},{"text":"arbitration","start":11331.49,"end":11332.13},{"text":"case","start":11332.13,"end":11332.53},{"text":"was","start":11332.53,"end":11332.69},{"text":"established","start":11332.69,"end":11333.33},{"text":"in","start":11333.57,"end":11333.69},{"text":"accordance","start":11333.69,"end":11334.13},{"text":"with","start":11334.13,"end":11334.25},{"text":"the","start":11334.25,"end":11334.37},{"text":"Convention,","start":11334.37,"end":11335.09},{"text":"and","start":11335.93,"end":11336.13},{"text":"that","start":11336.13,"end":11336.37},{"text":"the","start":11336.37,"end":11336.49},{"text":"award","start":11336.49,"end":11336.85},{"text":"is","start":11336.85,"end":11337.01},{"text":"therefore","start":11337.01,"end":11337.49},{"text":"fully","start":11337.49,"end":11337.89},{"text":"valid.","start":11337.89,"end":11338.53}]},{"text":"This argument is completely untenable.","start":11339.97,"end":11342.45,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11339.97,"end":11340.21},{"text":"argument","start":11340.21,"end":11340.73},{"text":"is","start":11340.73,"end":11340.85},{"text":"completely","start":11340.85,"end":11341.57},{"text":"untenable.","start":11341.57,"end":11342.45}]},{"text":"The significance of law lies not in abstract theory, but in its practical effects.","start":11343.81,"end":11349.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11343.81,"end":11343.97},{"text":"significance","start":11343.97,"end":11344.73},{"text":"of","start":11344.73,"end":11344.85},{"text":"law","start":11344.85,"end":11345.09},{"text":"lies","start":11345.09,"end":11345.81},{"text":"not","start":11345.81,"end":11346.05},{"text":"in","start":11346.05,"end":11346.29},{"text":"abstract","start":11346.29,"end":11346.85},{"text":"theory,","start":11346.85,"end":11347.49},{"text":"but","start":11347.65,"end":11347.89},{"text":"in","start":11347.89,"end":11348.09},{"text":"its","start":11348.09,"end":11348.21},{"text":"practical","start":11348.21,"end":11348.93},{"text":"effects.","start":11348.93,"end":11349.73}]},{"text":"The award denies the existence of historic rights, distorts the island regime stipulated in the Convention, and completely deviates from the principles and spirit of the Convention.","start":11351.25,"end":11368.21,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11351.25,"end":11351.45},{"text":"award","start":11351.45,"end":11351.97},{"text":"denies","start":11352.05,"end":11352.65},{"text":"the","start":11352.65,"end":11352.73},{"text":"existence","start":11352.73,"end":11353.33},{"text":"of","start":11353.33,"end":11353.45},{"text":"historic","start":11353.45,"end":11354.05},{"text":"rights,","start":11354.05,"end":11354.61},{"text":"distorts","start":11357.01,"end":11357.89},{"text":"the","start":11357.89,"end":11357.97},{"text":"island","start":11357.97,"end":11358.41},{"text":"regime","start":11358.41,"end":11359.01},{"text":"stipulated","start":11359.01,"end":11359.73},{"text":"in","start":11359.73,"end":11359.85},{"text":"the","start":11359.85,"end":11359.97},{"text":"Convention,","start":11359.97,"end":11360.77},{"text":"and","start":11363.49,"end":11363.69},{"text":"completely","start":11363.69,"end":11364.21},{"text":"deviates","start":11364.21,"end":11364.81},{"text":"from","start":11364.81,"end":11365.09},{"text":"the","start":11365.09,"end":11365.17},{"text":"principles","start":11365.17,"end":11365.97},{"text":"and","start":11365.97,"end":11366.13},{"text":"spirit","start":11366.13,"end":11366.77},{"text":"of","start":11366.93,"end":11367.17},{"text":"the","start":11367.17,"end":11367.33},{"text":"Convention.","start":11367.33,"end":11368.21}]},{"text":"To recognize the validity of the award would be to negate the Convention and customary international law.","start":11370.77,"end":11377.09,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":11370.77,"end":11370.89},{"text":"recognize","start":11370.89,"end":11371.57},{"text":"the","start":11371.57,"end":11371.65},{"text":"validity","start":11371.65,"end":11372.21},{"text":"of","start":11372.21,"end":11372.45},{"text":"the","start":11372.45,"end":11372.57},{"text":"award","start":11372.57,"end":11373.17},{"text":"would","start":11373.33,"end":11373.65},{"text":"be","start":11373.65,"end":11373.89},{"text":"to","start":11373.89,"end":11374.01},{"text":"negate","start":11374.01,"end":11374.57},{"text":"the","start":11374.57,"end":11374.65},{"text":"Convention","start":11374.65,"end":11375.41},{"text":"and","start":11375.41,"end":11375.53},{"text":"customary","start":11375.53,"end":11376.13},{"text":"international","start":11376.13,"end":11376.81},{"text":"law.","start":11376.81,"end":11377.09}]},{"text":"Regardless of how the arbitral tribunal was established, its award is illegal and invalid because it exceeded its jurisdiction and rendered a judgment contrary to the law.","start":11379.65,"end":11389.65,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"Regardless","start":11379.65,"end":11380.25},{"text":"of","start":11380.25,"end":11380.37},{"text":"how","start":11380.37,"end":11380.61},{"text":"the","start":11380.61,"end":11380.73},{"text":"arbitral","start":11380.73,"end":11381.13},{"text":"tribunal","start":11381.13,"end":11381.57},{"text":"was","start":11381.57,"end":11381.77},{"text":"established,","start":11381.77,"end":11382.41},{"text":"its","start":11382.41,"end":11382.53},{"text":"award","start":11382.53,"end":11383.01},{"text":"is","start":11383.01,"end":11383.17},{"text":"illegal","start":11383.17,"end":11383.81},{"text":"and","start":11383.81,"end":11384.05},{"text":"invalid","start":11384.05,"end":11384.61},{"text":"because","start":11384.61,"end":11384.93},{"text":"it","start":11384.93,"end":11385.05},{"text":"exceeded","start":11385.05,"end":11385.73},{"text":"its","start":11385.89,"end":11386.13},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":11386.13,"end":11387.01},{"text":"and","start":11387.01,"end":11387.13},{"text":"rendered","start":11387.13,"end":11387.57},{"text":"a","start":11387.57,"end":11387.65},{"text":"judgment","start":11387.65,"end":11388.21},{"text":"contrary","start":11388.45,"end":11388.93},{"text":"to","start":11388.93,"end":11389.13},{"text":"the","start":11389.13,"end":11389.25},{"text":"law.","start":11389.25,"end":11389.65}]},{"text":"The pretense that it was established under the Convention cannot conceal its illegal and counterproductive actions.","start":11390.45,"end":11397.09,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11390.45,"end":11390.53},{"text":"pretense","start":11390.53,"end":11391.17},{"text":"that","start":11391.17,"end":11391.41},{"text":"it","start":11391.41,"end":11391.49},{"text":"was","start":11391.49,"end":11391.69},{"text":"established","start":11391.69,"end":11392.29},{"text":"under","start":11392.29,"end":11392.53},{"text":"the","start":11392.53,"end":11392.61},{"text":"Convention","start":11392.61,"end":11393.25},{"text":"cannot","start":11393.25,"end":11393.65},{"text":"conceal","start":11393.65,"end":11394.29},{"text":"its","start":11394.45,"end":11394.69},{"text":"illegal","start":11394.69,"end":11395.25},{"text":"and","start":11395.41,"end":11395.57},{"text":"counterproductive","start":11395.57,"end":11396.45},{"text":"actions.","start":11396.45,"end":11397.09}]},{"text":"nor its essence, which runs counter to international maritime law.","start":11398.17,"end":11401.53,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."}],"words":[{"text":"nor","start":11398.17,"end":11398.57},{"text":"its","start":11398.57,"end":11398.81},{"text":"essence,","start":11398.81,"end":11399.29},{"text":"which","start":11399.29,"end":11399.45},{"text":"runs","start":11399.45,"end":11399.69},{"text":"counter","start":11399.69,"end":11400.09},{"text":"to","start":11400.09,"end":11400.17},{"text":"international","start":11400.17,"end":11400.69},{"text":"maritime","start":11400.69,"end":11401.21},{"text":"law.","start":11401.21,"end":11401.53}]},{"text":"China urges the Philippines to cease this multilateral hype, return to the proper track of bilateral negotiations as soon as possible, and jointly safeguard peace and stability in the South China Sea.","start":11401.77,"end":11411.29,"topics":[{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international 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thank you, Chair.","start":11411.45,"end":11412.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11411.45,"end":11411.53},{"text":"thank","start":11411.53,"end":11411.77},{"text":"you,","start":11411.77,"end":11411.93},{"text":"Chair.","start":11411.93,"end":11412.25}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CHN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"China"}},{"statement_number":54,"start":11413.13,"pageUrl":"/ru/ga/c6/81/37?lang=en&t=3:10:14","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of China for his statement as a right of reply.","start":11413.13,"end":11419.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11413.13,"end":11413.37},{"text":"thank","start":11413.37,"end":11413.57},{"text":"the","start":11413.57,"end":11413.65},{"text":"distinguished","start":11413.65,"end":11414.25},{"text":"representative","start":11414.25,"end":11414.93},{"text":"of","start":11414.93,"end":11415.05},{"text":"China","start":11415.05,"end":11415.53},{"text":"for","start":11415.69,"end":11415.93},{"text":"his","start":11415.93,"end":11416.33},{"text":"statement","start":11416.89,"end":11417.69},{"text":"as","start":11418.45,"end":11418.61},{"text":"a","start":11418.61,"end":11418.65},{"text":"right","start":11418.65,"end":11418.93},{"text":"of","start":11418.93,"end":11419.01},{"text":"reply.","start":11419.01,"end":11419.53}]},{"text":"I don't see any other wishes, and therefore, i would like to I underline that the Sixth Committee will continue and conclude the debate on the third cluster of topics of the 2026 report of the Commission under agenda item 78, report of the International Law Commission on the work of its 76th and 77th sessions at its next meeting tomorrow morning.","start":11419.69,"end":11453.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11419.69,"end":11419.93},{"text":"don't","start":11419.93,"end":11420.29},{"text":"see","start":11420.29,"end":11420.37},{"text":"any","start":11420.37,"end":11420.57},{"text":"other","start":11420.57,"end":11421.05},{"text":"wishes,","start":11421.93,"end":11422.57},{"text":"and","start":11422.81,"end":11423.29},{"text":"therefore,","start":11424.01,"end":11424.65},{"text":"i","start":11425.45,"end":11425.61},{"text":"would","start":11425.61,"end":11425.73},{"text":"like","start":11425.73,"end":11426.09},{"text":"to","start":11426.09,"end":11426.49},{"text":"I","start":11427.01,"end":11427.02},{"text":"underline","start":11427.01,"end":11427.61},{"text":"that","start":11427.61,"end":11427.85},{"text":"the","start":11428.09,"end":11428.29},{"text":"Sixth","start":11428.29,"end":11428.57},{"text":"Committee","start":11428.57,"end":11429.05},{"text":"will","start":11430.57,"end":11430.81},{"text":"continue","start":11430.81,"end":11431.53},{"text":"and","start":11431.77,"end":11431.97},{"text":"conclude","start":11431.97,"end":11432.57},{"text":"the","start":11433.37,"end":11433.57},{"text":"debate","start":11433.57,"end":11434.09},{"text":"on","start":11434.09,"end":11434.25},{"text":"the","start":11434.25,"end":11434.37},{"text":"third","start":11434.41,"end":11434.73},{"text":"cluster","start":11434.73,"end":11435.29},{"text":"of","start":11435.29,"end":11435.37},{"text":"topics","start":11435.37,"end":11436.01},{"text":"of","start":11436.09,"end":11436.25},{"text":"the","start":11436.25,"end":11436.37},{"text":"2026","start":11437.45,"end":11438.41},{"text":"report","start":11438.41,"end":11439.01},{"text":"of","start":11439.01,"end":11439.09},{"text":"the","start":11439.09,"end":11439.17},{"text":"Commission","start":11439.17,"end":11439.61},{"text":"under","start":11439.61,"end":11439.81},{"text":"agenda","start":11439.81,"end":11440.17},{"text":"item","start":11440.17,"end":11440.57},{"text":"78,","start":11440.89,"end":11441.93},{"text":"report","start":11442.49,"end":11442.93},{"text":"of","start":11442.93,"end":11443.01},{"text":"the","start":11443.01,"end":11443.09},{"text":"International","start":11443.09,"end":11443.85},{"text":"Law","start":11444.17,"end":11444.33},{"text":"Commission","start":11444.33,"end":11444.97},{"text":"on","start":11445.69,"end":11445.85},{"text":"the","start":11445.85,"end":11445.93},{"text":"work","start":11445.93,"end":11446.41},{"text":"of","start":11446.41,"end":11446.57},{"text":"its","start":11446.57,"end":11446.69},{"text":"76th","start":11446.69,"end":11447.57},{"text":"and","start":11447.69,"end":11447.93},{"text":"77th","start":11447.93,"end":11448.77},{"text":"sessions","start":11448.77,"end":11449.45},{"text":"at","start":11450.01,"end":11450.17},{"text":"its","start":11450.17,"end":11450.33},{"text":"next","start":11450.33,"end":11450.81},{"text":"meeting","start":11450.89,"end":11451.45},{"text":"tomorrow","start":11451.77,"end":11452.41},{"text":"morning.","start":11452.57,"end":11453.13}]},{"text":"Upon conclusion of that debate, the Sixth Committee will then turn next to its consideration of the agenda item 86, the law of transboundary aquifers.","start":11454.21,"end":11465.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Upon","start":11454.21,"end":11454.41},{"text":"conclusion","start":11454.41,"end":11454.93},{"text":"of","start":11454.93,"end":11455.05},{"text":"that","start":11455.05,"end":11455.17},{"text":"debate,","start":11455.17,"end":11455.85},{"text":"the","start":11455.93,"end":11456.13},{"text":"Sixth","start":11456.13,"end":11456.41},{"text":"Committee","start":11456.41,"end":11456.81},{"text":"will","start":11456.81,"end":11457.21},{"text":"then","start":11457.45,"end":11457.77},{"text":"turn","start":11457.77,"end":11458.05},{"text":"next","start":11458.05,"end":11458.45},{"text":"to","start":11458.45,"end":11458.65},{"text":"its","start":11458.65,"end":11459.05},{"text":"consideration","start":11459.37,"end":11460.09},{"text":"of","start":11460.09,"end":11460.17},{"text":"the","start":11460.17,"end":11460.29},{"text":"agenda","start":11460.29,"end":11460.57},{"text":"item","start":11460.57,"end":11461.05},{"text":"86,","start":11461.37,"end":11462.25},{"text":"the","start":11462.65,"end":11462.81},{"text":"law","start":11462.81,"end":11463.17},{"text":"of","start":11463.17,"end":11463.29},{"text":"transboundary","start":11463.29,"end":11464.17},{"text":"aquifers.","start":11464.57,"end":11465.45}]},{"text":"As always, I would like to thank the distinguished Chair of the International Law Commission, Professor Andreas Mavriannis, for his presence and all members of the ILC for their hard work, and I also thank Arnold Pronto and his wonderful team for the help.","start":11466.09,"end":11483.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":11466.09,"end":11466.25},{"text":"always,","start":11466.25,"end":11466.65},{"text":"I","start":11466.65,"end":11466.81},{"text":"would","start":11466.81,"end":11466.93},{"text":"like","start":11466.93,"end":11467.13},{"text":"to","start":11467.13,"end":11467.29},{"text":"thank","start":11467.29,"end":11467.77},{"text":"the","start":11468.09,"end":11468.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":11468.25,"end":11468.93},{"text":"Chair","start":11468.97,"end":11469.45},{"text":"of","start":11469.85,"end":11470.01},{"text":"the","start":11470.01,"end":11470.09},{"text":"International","start":11470.09,"end":11470.93},{"text":"Law","start":11470.93,"end":11471.01},{"text":"Commission,","start":11471.01,"end":11471.69},{"text":"Professor","start":11471.97,"end":11472.45},{"text":"Andreas","start":11472.45,"end":11472.89},{"text":"Mavriannis,","start":11472.89,"end":11473.53},{"text":"for","start":11474.41,"end":11474.61},{"text":"his","start":11474.61,"end":11474.81},{"text":"presence","start":11474.81,"end":11475.53},{"text":"and","start":11475.53,"end":11475.93},{"text":"all","start":11476.61,"end":11476.89},{"text":"members","start":11476.89,"end":11477.37},{"text":"of","start":11477.41,"end":11477.49},{"text":"the","start":11477.49,"end":11477.57},{"text":"ILC","start":11477.57,"end":11478.25},{"text":"for","start":11478.25,"end":11478.41},{"text":"their","start":11478.41,"end":11478.57},{"text":"hard","start":11478.57,"end":11478.97},{"text":"work,","start":11478.97,"end":11479.37},{"text":"and","start":11479.45,"end":11479.65},{"text":"I","start":11479.65,"end":11479.69},{"text":"also","start":11479.69,"end":11479.93},{"text":"thank","start":11479.93,"end":11480.33},{"text":"Arnold","start":11480.89,"end":11481.17},{"text":"Pronto","start":11481.17,"end":11481.61},{"text":"and","start":11481.61,"end":11481.73},{"text":"his","start":11481.73,"end":11481.93},{"text":"wonderful","start":11481.93,"end":11482.33},{"text":"team","start":11482.33,"end":11482.65},{"text":"for","start":11482.65,"end":11482.81},{"text":"the","start":11482.81,"end":11482.89},{"text":"help.","start":11482.89,"end":11483.21}]},{"text":"I wish everyone a wonderful evening, and I would like to declare that this meeting is adjourned.","start":11483.73,"end":11489.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11483.73,"end":11483.89},{"text":"wish","start":11483.89,"end":11484.13},{"text":"everyone","start":11484.13,"end":11484.61},{"text":"a","start":11484.61,"end":11484.65},{"text":"wonderful","start":11484.65,"end":11485.09},{"text":"evening,","start":11485.09,"end":11485.57},{"text":"and","start":11485.57,"end":11486.53},{"text":"I","start":11487.17,"end":11487.33},{"text":"would","start":11487.33,"end":11487.49},{"text":"like","start":11487.49,"end":11487.65},{"text":"to","start":11487.65,"end":11487.73},{"text":"declare","start":11487.73,"end":11488.01},{"text":"that","start":11488.01,"end":11488.13},{"text":"this","start":11488.13,"end":11488.29},{"text":"meeting","start":11488.29,"end":11488.61},{"text":"is","start":11488.61,"end":11488.93},{"text":"adjourned.","start":11488.93,"end":11489.41}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}}],"topics":[{"key":"maritime-piracy-prevention","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Delegations examined legal measures to prevent and repress piracy and armed robbery while preserving UNCLOS, coastal-state sovereignty, and the distinct jurisdictional regimes for the two offences. Discussions covered enforcement powers, emerging technologies, private security personnel, seafarer protections, and cooperation and capacity building."},{"key":"wrongful-acts-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Delegations discussed compensation within the existing framework of international responsibility, including the assessment of damage, causation, equity, and the responsible state’s financial capacity. They also addressed environmental and non-material harm, compensation by international organizations, and the appropriate use of specialized jurisprudence."},{"key":"international-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations debated whether due diligence is a context-dependent standard of conduct linked to specific obligations or also a general autonomous obligation. They considered its application across environmental law, cyberspace, and other fields, including how risk, knowledge, state capacity, and sovereignty affect the required standard."},{"key":"south-china-sea-arbitration","label":"South China Sea Arbitration","description":"The Philippines and China disputed the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity and binding force of the South China Sea arbitration awards. They also disagreed over whether the International Law Commission should cite the tribunal’s reasoning in its work on non-binding international instruments."},{"key":"non-binding-international-instruments","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Instruments","description":"Delegations discussed how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, focusing on participants’ intentions, express declarations, terminology, and domestic authority to conclude them. They also examined possible legal effects while emphasizing flexibility and non-prescriptive guidance."}]}}