{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1a/k1aku5ne5f","kaltura_id":"1_aku5ne5f","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 63rd session, 1043th meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 63rd session, 1043th meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f","date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-02-06T09:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:23:21","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"63rd session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 63rd session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Website","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/stsc/2026/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-8a4a7ec3-b0ba-48ee-b74c-61db895590fa","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":1522.55,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=1523","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, distinguished delegates.","start":1522.55,"end":1527.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1522.55,"end":1522.79},{"text":"morning,","start":1522.79,"end":1523.67},{"text":"distinguished","start":1525.63,"end":1526.39},{"text":"delegates.","start":1526.47,"end":1527.07}]},{"text":"I now declare open the 1043rd meeting of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer 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delegates, this morning we will continue our consideration of agenda item four, the general exchange of views.","start":1541.11,"end":1549.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":1541.11,"end":1541.75},{"text":"delegates,","start":1541.75,"end":1542.39},{"text":"this","start":1542.79,"end":1542.99},{"text":"morning","start":1542.99,"end":1543.43},{"text":"we","start":1543.43,"end":1543.71},{"text":"will","start":1543.71,"end":1543.83},{"text":"continue","start":1543.91,"end":1544.39},{"text":"our","start":1544.39,"end":1544.55},{"text":"consideration","start":1544.55,"end":1545.43},{"text":"of","start":1545.43,"end":1545.59},{"text":"agenda","start":1545.59,"end":1545.95},{"text":"item","start":1545.95,"end":1546.23},{"text":"four,","start":1546.23,"end":1546.63},{"text":"the","start":1547.19,"end":1547.51},{"text":"general","start":1547.59,"end":1548.19},{"text":"exchange","start":1548.23,"end":1548.67},{"text":"of","start":1548.67,"end":1548.83},{"text":"views.","start":1548.83,"end":1549.19}]},{"text":"And then we will continue and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item 11 on long-term sustainability of outer space activities and pending the discussion in the 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time permits, we will begin our consideration of the agenda item 12 on future role and method of work of the committee pending the discussion in the working 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will then suspend the plenary meeting so that the working group of the whole can hold its third meeting.","start":1581.75,"end":1586.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1581.75,"end":1581.91},{"text":"will","start":1581.91,"end":1582.03},{"text":"then","start":1582.03,"end":1582.27},{"text":"suspend","start":1582.27,"end":1582.75},{"text":"the","start":1582.75,"end":1582.87},{"text":"plenary","start":1582.87,"end":1583.27},{"text":"meeting","start":1583.27,"end":1583.67},{"text":"so","start":1583.67,"end":1583.83},{"text":"that","start":1583.83,"end":1583.99},{"text":"the","start":1583.99,"end":1584.07},{"text":"working","start":1584.07,"end":1584.35},{"text":"group","start":1584.35,"end":1584.55},{"text":"of","start":1584.55,"end":1584.71},{"text":"the","start":1584.71,"end":1584.83},{"text":"whole","start":1584.83,"end":1585.03},{"text":"can","start":1585.03,"end":1585.27},{"text":"hold","start":1585.27,"end":1585.63},{"text":"its","start":1585.67,"end":1585.91},{"text":"third","start":1585.91,"end":1586.15},{"text":"meeting.","start":1586.15,"end":1586.55}]},{"text":"Following the adjournment of the working group meeting, we will then resume the plenary to proceed our technical 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three presentations this morning.","start":1594.03,"end":1596.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":1594.03,"end":1594.23},{"text":"will","start":1594.23,"end":1594.39},{"text":"be","start":1594.39,"end":1594.47},{"text":"three","start":1594.47,"end":1594.67},{"text":"presentations","start":1594.67,"end":1595.59},{"text":"this","start":1595.59,"end":1595.71},{"text":"morning.","start":1595.71,"end":1596.19}]},{"text":"Delegates are reminded that the full schedule of presentations is available on the session webpage.","start":1596.83,"end":1601.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegates","start":1596.83,"end":1597.39},{"text":"are","start":1597.39,"end":1597.51},{"text":"reminded","start":1597.51,"end":1597.91},{"text":"that","start":1597.91,"end":1598.11},{"text":"the","start":1598.11,"end":1598.27},{"text":"full","start":1598.27,"end":1598.43},{"text":"schedule","start":1598.43,"end":1598.71},{"text":"of","start":1598.71,"end":1598.79},{"text":"presentations","start":1598.79,"end":1599.67},{"text":"is","start":1599.67,"end":1599.75},{"text":"available","start":1599.75,"end":1600.27},{"text":"on","start":1600.27,"end":1600.51},{"text":"the","start":1600.55,"end":1600.67},{"text":"session","start":1600.67,"end":1601.31},{"text":"webpage.","start":1601.31,"end":1601.87}]},{"text":"Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule?","start":1602.91,"end":1605.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Are","start":1602.91,"end":1603.03},{"text":"there","start":1603.03,"end":1603.19},{"text":"any","start":1603.19,"end":1603.31},{"text":"questions","start":1603.31,"end":1603.79},{"text":"or","start":1603.79,"end":1603.91},{"text":"comments","start":1603.91,"end":1604.27},{"text":"on","start":1604.27,"end":1604.39},{"text":"this","start":1604.39,"end":1604.51},{"text":"proposed","start":1604.55,"end":1605.03},{"text":"schedule?","start":1605.07,"end":1605.63}]},{"text":"All right, I see none.","start":1608.43,"end":1609.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"All","start":1608.43,"end":1608.51},{"text":"right,","start":1608.51,"end":1608.71},{"text":"I","start":1608.71,"end":1608.75},{"text":"see","start":1608.75,"end":1608.91},{"text":"none.","start":1608.91,"end":1609.31}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, I would now like to continue our consideration of item four of our agenda on the general exchange of 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first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Finland.","start":1619.15,"end":1623.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1619.15,"end":1619.31},{"text":"first","start":1619.31,"end":1619.55},{"text":"speaker","start":1619.55,"end":1619.91},{"text":"on","start":1619.91,"end":1619.99},{"text":"my","start":1619.99,"end":1620.11},{"text":"list","start":1620.11,"end":1620.39},{"text":"is","start":1620.39,"end":1620.55},{"text":"the","start":1620.55,"end":1620.67},{"text":"distinguished","start":1620.67,"end":1621.43},{"text":"representative","start":1621.43,"end":1621.95},{"text":"of","start":1622.03,"end":1622.27},{"text":"Finland.","start":1622.99,"end":1623.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":1624.31,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=1625","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. President, I would like to begin my statement by congratulating 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have only been doing this for a week and sometimes still to go.","start":1644.51,"end":1647.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1644.51,"end":1644.67},{"text":"have","start":1644.67,"end":1644.79},{"text":"only","start":1644.79,"end":1644.95},{"text":"been","start":1644.95,"end":1645.11},{"text":"doing","start":1645.11,"end":1645.31},{"text":"this","start":1645.31,"end":1645.55},{"text":"for","start":1645.55,"end":1645.83},{"text":"a","start":1645.83,"end":1645.87},{"text":"week","start":1645.87,"end":1646.23},{"text":"and","start":1646.23,"end":1646.35},{"text":"sometimes","start":1646.35,"end":1646.79},{"text":"still","start":1646.79,"end":1647.15},{"text":"to","start":1647.31,"end":1647.47},{"text":"go.","start":1647.47,"end":1647.87}]},{"text":"We would also like to express our support for the important work of COPUOS and in particular this subcommittee that we are now 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also thank the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs for the continuous and excellent work in the organization of the COPUOS 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This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":1671.35,"end":1671.95},{"text":"cooperation","start":1671.95,"end":1672.79},{"text":"is","start":1673.19,"end":1673.51},{"text":"the","start":1673.51,"end":1673.59},{"text":"key","start":1673.59,"end":1673.99},{"text":"in","start":1673.99,"end":1674.15},{"text":"space","start":1674.15,"end":1674.55},{"text":"domain.","start":1674.55,"end":1675.03}]},{"text":"COPUOS is an indispensable forum for such cooperation.","start":1675.11,"end":1679.11,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. 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statement made by the European Union, including the condemnation of the Russian Federation's illegal and unjustified war of aggression against Ukraine.","start":1689.59,"end":1705.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":1689.59,"end":1689.95},{"text":"Chair,","start":1689.95,"end":1690.31},{"text":"distinguished","start":1691.11,"end":1691.83},{"text":"delegates,","start":1691.91,"end":1692.63},{"text":"Finland","start":1693.27,"end":1693.71},{"text":"aligns","start":1693.71,"end":1694.23},{"text":"itself","start":1694.23,"end":1694.79},{"text":"with","start":1694.79,"end":1694.91},{"text":"the","start":1694.91,"end":1694.99},{"text":"statement","start":1694.99,"end":1695.55},{"text":"made","start":1695.55,"end":1695.83},{"text":"by","start":1695.83,"end":1696.31},{"text":"the","start":1696.31,"end":1696.43},{"text":"European","start":1696.43,"end":1696.83},{"text":"Union,","start":1696.83,"end":1697.35},{"text":"including","start":1697.75,"end":1698.47},{"text":"the","start":1698.47,"end":1698.59},{"text":"condemnation","start":1698.59,"end":1699.55},{"text":"of","start":1699.55,"end":1699.63},{"text":"the","start":1699.63,"end":1699.75},{"text":"Russian","start":1699.75,"end":1700.11},{"text":"Federation's","start":1700.47,"end":1701.67},{"text":"illegal","start":1702.15,"end":1702.87},{"text":"and","start":1703.11,"end":1703.35},{"text":"unjustified","start":1703.35,"end":1704.03},{"text":"war","start":1704.03,"end":1704.15},{"text":"of","start":1704.15,"end":1704.23},{"text":"aggression","start":1704.23,"end":1704.75},{"text":"against","start":1704.75,"end":1705.11},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":1705.11,"end":1705.59}]},{"text":"I 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":1838.67,"end":1839.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1838.67,"end":1838.91},{"text":"you,","start":1838.91,"end":1839.07},{"text":"Mr.","start":1839.15,"end":1839.47},{"text":"Chair.","start":1839.47,"end":1839.79}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"FIN","affiliation_full":"Finland","group":null,"function":"Minister"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":1843.87,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=1844","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished Minister of Finland for her 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Africa.","start":1849.63,"end":1853.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1849.63,"end":1849.75},{"text":"next","start":1849.75,"end":1849.95},{"text":"speaker","start":1849.95,"end":1850.31},{"text":"on","start":1850.31,"end":1850.43},{"text":"my","start":1850.43,"end":1850.59},{"text":"list","start":1850.59,"end":1850.83},{"text":"is","start":1850.83,"end":1850.99},{"text":"the","start":1850.99,"end":1851.15},{"text":"distinguished","start":1851.15,"end":1851.71},{"text":"Minister","start":1851.71,"end":1852.23},{"text":"of","start":1852.23,"end":1852.43},{"text":"South","start":1852.83,"end":1853.23},{"text":"Africa.","start":1853.23,"end":1853.79}]},{"text":"South Africa, the floor is yours.","start":1854.59,"end":1856.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"South","start":1854.59,"end":1854.83},{"text":"Africa,","start":1854.83,"end":1855.35},{"text":"the","start":1855.35,"end":1855.43},{"text":"floor","start":1855.43,"end":1855.63},{"text":"is","start":1855.63,"end":1855.79},{"text":"yours.","start":1855.79,"end":1856.11}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":4,"start":1858.27,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=1859","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chairperson.","start":1858.27,"end":1859.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1858.27,"end":1858.51},{"text":"you,","start":1858.51,"end":1858.83},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":1858.83,"end":1859.71}]},{"text":"On behalf of my delegation, I congratulate you, Chairperson, and all the members of the Bureau.","start":1860.99,"end":1870.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":1860.99,"end":1861.15},{"text":"behalf","start":1861.15,"end":1861.63},{"text":"of","start":1861.63,"end":1861.87},{"text":"my","start":1861.87,"end":1862.11},{"text":"delegation,","start":1862.83,"end":1863.87},{"text":"I","start":1864.67,"end":1864.83},{"text":"congratulate","start":1864.83,"end":1866.43},{"text":"you,","start":1866.43,"end":1866.67},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":1866.67,"end":1867.55},{"text":"and","start":1867.99,"end":1868.19},{"text":"all","start":1868.19,"end":1868.51},{"text":"the","start":1868.51,"end":1868.63},{"text":"members","start":1868.63,"end":1869.31},{"text":"of","start":1869.31,"end":1869.47},{"text":"the","start":1869.47,"end":1869.55},{"text":"Bureau.","start":1869.55,"end":1870.11}]},{"text":"We take this opportunity to welcome the new COPOS member states.","start":1871.15,"end":1875.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1871.15,"end":1871.31},{"text":"take","start":1871.31,"end":1871.55},{"text":"this","start":1871.55,"end":1871.79},{"text":"opportunity","start":1871.79,"end":1872.75},{"text":"to","start":1872.75,"end":1872.87},{"text":"welcome","start":1872.87,"end":1873.47},{"text":"the","start":1873.47,"end":1873.55},{"text":"new","start":1873.55,"end":1873.67},{"text":"COPOS","start":1873.67,"end":1874.59},{"text":"member","start":1874.59,"end":1874.99},{"text":"states.","start":1874.99,"end":1875.63}]},{"text":"My delegation associates itself with the statements delivered on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and the Group of Africa.","start":1876.59,"end":1886.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":1876.59,"end":1876.79},{"text":"delegation","start":1876.79,"end":1877.71},{"text":"associates","start":1877.79,"end":1878.55},{"text":"itself","start":1878.55,"end":1879.15},{"text":"with","start":1879.15,"end":1879.27},{"text":"the","start":1879.31,"end":1879.43},{"text":"statements","start":1879.43,"end":1880.19},{"text":"delivered","start":1880.19,"end":1880.67},{"text":"on","start":1880.67,"end":1880.83},{"text":"behalf","start":1880.83,"end":1881.27},{"text":"of","start":1881.27,"end":1881.39},{"text":"the","start":1881.39,"end":1881.47},{"text":"Group","start":1881.47,"end":1881.83},{"text":"of","start":1881.83,"end":1881.91},{"text":"77","start":1881.91,"end":1882.63},{"text":"and","start":1882.63,"end":1882.87},{"text":"China","start":1882.87,"end":1883.47},{"text":"and","start":1883.95,"end":1884.07},{"text":"the","start":1884.07,"end":1884.19},{"text":"Group","start":1884.19,"end":1884.59},{"text":"of","start":1884.59,"end":1884.75},{"text":"Africa.","start":1885.47,"end":1886.03}]},{"text":"Chair, this 63rd session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee takes place in the midst of unprecedented global uncertainty, conflict and erosion of multilateralism.","start":1886.99,"end":1902.03,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":1886.99,"end":1887.55},{"text":"this","start":1888.03,"end":1888.31},{"text":"63rd","start":1888.31,"end":1889.23},{"text":"session","start":1889.23,"end":1889.95},{"text":"of","start":1889.95,"end":1890.19},{"text":"the","start":1890.19,"end":1890.27},{"text":"Scientific","start":1890.27,"end":1891.11},{"text":"and","start":1891.11,"end":1891.27},{"text":"Technical","start":1891.27,"end":1891.79},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":1891.79,"end":1892.67},{"text":"takes","start":1892.67,"end":1892.99},{"text":"place","start":1892.99,"end":1893.63},{"text":"in","start":1894.03,"end":1894.19},{"text":"the","start":1894.19,"end":1894.31},{"text":"midst","start":1894.31,"end":1894.91},{"text":"of","start":1894.91,"end":1895.15},{"text":"unprecedented","start":1895.23,"end":1896.43},{"text":"global","start":1896.43,"end":1897.03},{"text":"uncertainty,","start":1897.03,"end":1898.11},{"text":"conflict","start":1898.59,"end":1899.47},{"text":"and","start":1899.55,"end":1899.79},{"text":"erosion","start":1899.79,"end":1900.51},{"text":"of","start":1900.55,"end":1900.75},{"text":"multilateralism.","start":1900.75,"end":1902.03}]},{"text":"However, South Africa remains committed to multilateralism, solidarity and international cooperation as central tenets in the governance of outer space.","start":1902.95,"end":1914.59,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1902.95,"end":1903.55},{"text":"South","start":1903.71,"end":1903.95},{"text":"Africa","start":1903.95,"end":1904.35},{"text":"remains","start":1904.35,"end":1904.83},{"text":"committed","start":1904.83,"end":1905.47},{"text":"to","start":1905.47,"end":1905.67},{"text":"multilateralism,","start":1905.67,"end":1906.99},{"text":"solidarity","start":1907.39,"end":1908.51},{"text":"and","start":1908.51,"end":1908.71},{"text":"international","start":1908.71,"end":1909.47},{"text":"cooperation","start":1909.47,"end":1910.43},{"text":"as","start":1910.91,"end":1911.03},{"text":"central","start":1911.03,"end":1911.71},{"text":"tenets","start":1911.71,"end":1912.35},{"text":"in","start":1912.35,"end":1912.51},{"text":"the","start":1912.51,"end":1912.67},{"text":"governance","start":1912.67,"end":1913.39},{"text":"of","start":1913.39,"end":1913.63},{"text":"outer","start":1913.63,"end":1913.95},{"text":"space.","start":1913.95,"end":1914.59}]},{"text":"In this regard, South Africa recognizes the importance of the scientific and technical subcommittee as an essential forum for the exchange of views and information on scientific and technical issues of outer space activities within existing legal instruments.","start":1915.23,"end":1934.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1915.23,"end":1915.43},{"text":"this","start":1915.43,"end":1915.63},{"text":"regard,","start":1915.63,"end":1916.27},{"text":"South","start":1916.99,"end":1917.23},{"text":"Africa","start":1917.31,"end":1917.71},{"text":"recognizes","start":1917.71,"end":1918.59},{"text":"the","start":1918.59,"end":1918.71},{"text":"importance","start":1918.75,"end":1919.47},{"text":"of","start":1919.51,"end":1919.63},{"text":"the","start":1919.63,"end":1919.71},{"text":"scientific","start":1919.71,"end":1920.51},{"text":"and","start":1920.51,"end":1920.71},{"text":"technical","start":1920.71,"end":1921.23},{"text":"subcommittee","start":1921.23,"end":1922.19},{"text":"as","start":1922.67,"end":1922.83},{"text":"an","start":1922.87,"end":1923.07},{"text":"essential","start":1923.07,"end":1923.79},{"text":"forum","start":1923.79,"end":1924.35},{"text":"for","start":1924.35,"end":1924.59},{"text":"the","start":1924.63,"end":1924.71},{"text":"exchange","start":1924.71,"end":1925.23},{"text":"of","start":1925.23,"end":1925.43},{"text":"views","start":1925.43,"end":1925.83},{"text":"and","start":1925.83,"end":1925.95},{"text":"information","start":1925.95,"end":1926.91},{"text":"on","start":1927.47,"end":1927.71},{"text":"scientific","start":1927.71,"end":1928.51},{"text":"and","start":1928.51,"end":1928.67},{"text":"technical","start":1928.67,"end":1929.23},{"text":"issues","start":1929.23,"end":1929.79},{"text":"of","start":1929.79,"end":1930.03},{"text":"outer","start":1930.11,"end":1930.35},{"text":"space","start":1930.35,"end":1930.83},{"text":"activities","start":1930.87,"end":1931.71},{"text":"within","start":1932.03,"end":1932.75},{"text":"existing","start":1932.75,"end":1933.71},{"text":"legal","start":1933.71,"end":1934.11},{"text":"instruments.","start":1934.19,"end":1934.99}]},{"text":"We remain committed to international cooperation for mutually beneficial technology and peaceful uses of outer space.","start":1935.79,"end":1944.27,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1935.79,"end":1935.95},{"text":"remain","start":1935.95,"end":1936.43},{"text":"committed","start":1936.43,"end":1937.07},{"text":"to","start":1937.07,"end":1937.27},{"text":"international","start":1937.31,"end":1938.11},{"text":"cooperation","start":1938.11,"end":1938.91},{"text":"for","start":1938.91,"end":1939.07},{"text":"mutually","start":1939.07,"end":1939.79},{"text":"beneficial","start":1939.79,"end":1940.51},{"text":"technology","start":1940.51,"end":1941.39},{"text":"and","start":1941.91,"end":1942.07},{"text":"peaceful","start":1942.07,"end":1942.55},{"text":"uses","start":1942.55,"end":1943.07},{"text":"of","start":1943.15,"end":1943.31},{"text":"outer","start":1943.39,"end":1943.63},{"text":"space.","start":1943.63,"end":1944.27}]},{"text":"South Africa commends the work of the United Nation Office for Outer Space Affairs in promoting this international cooperation and call upon the Secretariat to redouble its effort with the unwavering support of member states.","start":1945.07,"end":1961.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"South","start":1945.07,"end":1945.31},{"text":"Africa","start":1945.31,"end":1945.71},{"text":"commends","start":1945.71,"end":1946.43},{"text":"the","start":1946.43,"end":1946.59},{"text":"work","start":1946.59,"end":1946.99},{"text":"of","start":1946.99,"end":1947.15},{"text":"the","start":1947.15,"end":1947.23},{"text":"United","start":1947.23,"end":1947.71},{"text":"Nation","start":1947.71,"end":1948.19},{"text":"Office","start":1948.19,"end":1948.67},{"text":"for","start":1948.67,"end":1948.95},{"text":"Outer","start":1948.95,"end":1949.15},{"text":"Space","start":1949.15,"end":1949.55},{"text":"Affairs","start":1949.55,"end":1950.19},{"text":"in","start":1950.91,"end":1951.07},{"text":"promoting","start":1951.07,"end":1951.79},{"text":"this","start":1951.79,"end":1952.03},{"text":"international","start":1952.03,"end":1952.67},{"text":"cooperation","start":1952.67,"end":1953.71},{"text":"and","start":1954.31,"end":1954.47},{"text":"call","start":1954.51,"end":1954.91},{"text":"upon","start":1954.91,"end":1955.27},{"text":"the","start":1955.27,"end":1955.39},{"text":"Secretariat","start":1955.39,"end":1956.47},{"text":"to","start":1956.47,"end":1956.55},{"text":"redouble","start":1956.55,"end":1957.23},{"text":"its","start":1957.23,"end":1957.47},{"text":"effort","start":1957.55,"end":1958.11},{"text":"with","start":1958.59,"end":1958.79},{"text":"the","start":1958.83,"end":1958.95},{"text":"unwavering","start":1958.99,"end":1959.95},{"text":"support","start":1959.95,"end":1960.67},{"text":"of","start":1960.75,"end":1960.91},{"text":"member","start":1960.91,"end":1961.23},{"text":"states.","start":1961.23,"end":1961.79}]},{"text":"South Africa frowns upon all attempts to use space for reasons inconsistent with the maintenance of international peace and security, with selfish greed to undermine achieving the sustainable development goals.","start":1962.91,"end":1978.99,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. 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Space was presented not only as a strategic domain, but also as infrastructure for achieving development goals and supporting vulnerable countries."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":1962.91,"end":1963.15},{"text":"Africa","start":1963.15,"end":1963.55},{"text":"frowns","start":1963.55,"end":1964.27},{"text":"upon","start":1964.35,"end":1964.75},{"text":"all","start":1964.75,"end":1965.07},{"text":"attempts","start":1965.07,"end":1965.55},{"text":"to","start":1965.55,"end":1965.75},{"text":"use","start":1965.75,"end":1966.15},{"text":"space","start":1966.15,"end":1966.91},{"text":"for","start":1967.07,"end":1967.43},{"text":"reasons","start":1967.43,"end":1968.03},{"text":"inconsistent","start":1968.03,"end":1969.23},{"text":"with","start":1969.23,"end":1969.43},{"text":"the","start":1969.43,"end":1969.51},{"text":"maintenance","start":1969.51,"end":1970.27},{"text":"of","start":1970.27,"end":1970.43},{"text":"international","start":1970.47,"end":1971.15},{"text":"peace","start":1971.15,"end":1971.55},{"text":"and","start":1971.55,"end":1971.71},{"text":"security,","start":1971.71,"end":1972.59},{"text":"with","start":1973.47,"end":1973.55},{"text":"selfish","start":1973.55,"end":1974.27},{"text":"greed","start":1974.27,"end":1974.75},{"text":"to","start":1974.75,"end":1974.95},{"text":"undermine","start":1974.99,"end":1975.63},{"text":"achieving","start":1975.63,"end":1976.43},{"text":"the","start":1976.83,"end":1976.95},{"text":"sustainable","start":1976.99,"end":1977.79},{"text":"development","start":1977.79,"end":1978.47},{"text":"goals.","start":1978.47,"end":1978.99}]},{"text":"The Outer Space Treaty states that there shall be freedom of scientific investigation in outer space and states shall facilitate and encourage international cooperation for such investigation.","start":1980.35,"end":1993.71,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. 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This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":1998.91,"end":1999.07},{"text":"Africa","start":1999.15,"end":1999.55},{"text":"continues","start":1999.55,"end":2000.27},{"text":"to","start":2000.27,"end":2000.47},{"text":"explore","start":2000.47,"end":2001.15},{"text":"new","start":2001.15,"end":2001.31},{"text":"approaches","start":2001.39,"end":2002.27},{"text":"to","start":2002.51,"end":2002.71},{"text":"ensure","start":2002.75,"end":2003.23},{"text":"that","start":2003.23,"end":2003.47},{"text":"our","start":2003.47,"end":2003.71},{"text":"space","start":2003.71,"end":2004.11},{"text":"activities","start":2004.11,"end":2004.99},{"text":"are","start":2004.99,"end":2005.07},{"text":"conducted","start":2005.07,"end":2005.95},{"text":"to","start":2006.27,"end":2006.43},{"text":"contribute","start":2006.43,"end":2007.27},{"text":"to","start":2007.27,"end":2007.39},{"text":"the","start":2007.39,"end":2007.47},{"text":"prosperity","start":2007.47,"end":2008.43},{"text":"and","start":2008.43,"end":2008.59},{"text":"sustainable","start":2008.59,"end":2009.39},{"text":"development","start":2009.39,"end":2010.03},{"text":"of","start":2010.03,"end":2010.27},{"text":"all","start":2010.27,"end":2010.51},{"text":"nations","start":2010.51,"end":2011.15},{"text":"and","start":2011.51,"end":2011.71},{"text":"to","start":2011.71,"end":2011.83},{"text":"safeguard","start":2011.83,"end":2012.55},{"text":"the","start":2012.55,"end":2012.63},{"text":"continued","start":2012.63,"end":2013.31},{"text":"peaceful","start":2013.31,"end":2013.79},{"text":"use","start":2013.79,"end":2014.07},{"text":"of","start":2014.07,"end":2014.27},{"text":"outer","start":2014.27,"end":2014.51},{"text":"space.","start":2014.51,"end":2015.15}]},{"text":"Chair, South Africa would like to iterate our previous stated views that the LTS guidelines should not have the effect of raising barriers for developing nations in conducting their own outer space activities, but believes that this risk can be mitigated through adequately addressing capacity building as an integral part of the guidelines.","start":2015.95,"end":2042.19,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2015.95,"end":2016.35},{"text":"South","start":2016.99,"end":2017.23},{"text":"Africa","start":2017.31,"end":2017.67},{"text":"would","start":2017.67,"end":2017.79},{"text":"like","start":2017.79,"end":2018.07},{"text":"to","start":2018.11,"end":2018.31},{"text":"iterate","start":2018.43,"end":2019.15},{"text":"our","start":2019.15,"end":2019.23},{"text":"previous","start":2019.23,"end":2019.83},{"text":"stated","start":2019.83,"end":2020.43},{"text":"views","start":2020.95,"end":2021.47},{"text":"that","start":2021.47,"end":2021.79},{"text":"the","start":2021.79,"end":2021.91},{"text":"LTS","start":2021.95,"end":2023.07},{"text":"guidelines","start":2023.07,"end":2023.83},{"text":"should","start":2023.83,"end":2024.03},{"text":"not","start":2024.03,"end":2024.35},{"text":"have","start":2024.35,"end":2024.63},{"text":"the","start":2024.63,"end":2024.71},{"text":"effect","start":2024.71,"end":2025.31},{"text":"of","start":2025.83,"end":2026.03},{"text":"raising","start":2026.03,"end":2026.59},{"text":"barriers","start":2026.59,"end":2027.23},{"text":"for","start":2027.23,"end":2027.39},{"text":"developing","start":2027.39,"end":2027.95},{"text":"nations","start":2027.95,"end":2028.51},{"text":"in","start":2028.51,"end":2028.67},{"text":"conducting","start":2028.67,"end":2029.31},{"text":"their","start":2029.31,"end":2029.55},{"text":"own","start":2029.55,"end":2029.99},{"text":"outer","start":2029.99,"end":2030.27},{"text":"space","start":2030.27,"end":2030.67},{"text":"activities,","start":2030.71,"end":2031.55},{"text":"but","start":2032.03,"end":2032.27},{"text":"believes","start":2032.27,"end":2032.75},{"text":"that","start":2032.75,"end":2032.95},{"text":"this","start":2032.95,"end":2033.23},{"text":"risk","start":2033.23,"end":2033.67},{"text":"can","start":2033.67,"end":2033.87},{"text":"be","start":2033.87,"end":2034.03},{"text":"mitigated","start":2034.03,"end":2034.83},{"text":"through","start":2034.91,"end":2035.39},{"text":"adequately","start":2035.63,"end":2036.43},{"text":"addressing","start":2036.43,"end":2037.15},{"text":"capacity","start":2037.15,"end":2037.87},{"text":"building","start":2037.87,"end":2038.43},{"text":"as","start":2038.83,"end":2039.11},{"text":"an","start":2039.11,"end":2039.23},{"text":"integral","start":2039.23,"end":2039.95},{"text":"part","start":2039.95,"end":2040.35},{"text":"of","start":2040.39,"end":2040.51},{"text":"the","start":2041.35,"end":2041.47},{"text":"guidelines.","start":2041.47,"end":2042.19}]},{"text":"South Africa concurs with the view that Member States should pay urgent attention to the problem associated with space debris, and call for the minimization of the impact of space debris on future space missions.","start":2042.67,"end":2058.15,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":2042.67,"end":2042.91},{"text":"Africa","start":2042.99,"end":2043.31},{"text":"concurs","start":2043.31,"end":2044.07},{"text":"with","start":2044.07,"end":2044.31},{"text":"the","start":2044.31,"end":2044.39},{"text":"view","start":2044.39,"end":2044.83},{"text":"that","start":2044.83,"end":2045.07},{"text":"Member","start":2045.07,"end":2045.39},{"text":"States","start":2045.39,"end":2045.75},{"text":"should","start":2045.75,"end":2045.99},{"text":"pay","start":2045.99,"end":2046.47},{"text":"urgent","start":2046.47,"end":2046.87},{"text":"attention","start":2046.87,"end":2047.63},{"text":"to","start":2048.11,"end":2048.23},{"text":"the","start":2048.27,"end":2048.35},{"text":"problem","start":2048.35,"end":2048.99},{"text":"associated","start":2048.99,"end":2049.87},{"text":"with","start":2049.87,"end":2050.03},{"text":"space","start":2050.03,"end":2050.59},{"text":"debris,","start":2050.59,"end":2051.15},{"text":"and","start":2051.79,"end":2051.99},{"text":"call","start":2051.99,"end":2052.31},{"text":"for","start":2052.31,"end":2052.55},{"text":"the","start":2052.55,"end":2052.63},{"text":"minimization","start":2052.63,"end":2053.67},{"text":"of","start":2053.71,"end":2053.83},{"text":"the","start":2053.83,"end":2053.91},{"text":"impact","start":2053.91,"end":2054.55},{"text":"of","start":2054.55,"end":2054.71},{"text":"space","start":2054.71,"end":2055.11},{"text":"debris","start":2055.11,"end":2055.67},{"text":"on","start":2056.39,"end":2056.55},{"text":"future","start":2056.55,"end":2057.03},{"text":"space","start":2057.03,"end":2057.59},{"text":"missions.","start":2057.59,"end":2058.15}]},{"text":"Chair, we believe in constructive discussion on the use of outer space for the benefit of humankind.","start":2059.03,"end":2067.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2059.03,"end":2059.51},{"text":"we","start":2060.39,"end":2060.63},{"text":"believe","start":2060.63,"end":2061.19},{"text":"in","start":2061.67,"end":2061.83},{"text":"constructive","start":2061.83,"end":2062.71},{"text":"discussion","start":2062.71,"end":2063.51},{"text":"on","start":2063.51,"end":2063.67},{"text":"the","start":2063.67,"end":2063.75},{"text":"use","start":2063.75,"end":2064.11},{"text":"of","start":2064.15,"end":2064.31},{"text":"outer","start":2064.39,"end":2064.67},{"text":"space","start":2064.67,"end":2065.19},{"text":"for","start":2065.19,"end":2065.43},{"text":"the","start":2065.43,"end":2065.51},{"text":"benefit","start":2065.51,"end":2066.19},{"text":"of","start":2066.19,"end":2066.31},{"text":"humankind.","start":2066.31,"end":2067.11}]},{"text":"We should ensure that the regulation of certain technologies or behaviors in outer space do not prevent states from implementing their respective development strategies.","start":2067.59,"end":2079.35,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space Applications for Sustainable Development","description":"Several delegations highlighted the practical use of space technologies for climate resilience, disaster response, agriculture, maritime safety, natural resource management, and other public needs. Space was presented not only as a strategic domain, but also as infrastructure for achieving development goals and supporting vulnerable countries."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2067.59,"end":2067.83},{"text":"should","start":2067.83,"end":2068.07},{"text":"ensure","start":2068.07,"end":2068.63},{"text":"that","start":2068.63,"end":2068.87},{"text":"the","start":2068.87,"end":2068.95},{"text":"regulation","start":2068.95,"end":2069.67},{"text":"of","start":2069.71,"end":2069.83},{"text":"certain","start":2069.83,"end":2070.39},{"text":"technologies","start":2070.39,"end":2071.27},{"text":"or","start":2071.27,"end":2071.43},{"text":"behaviors","start":2071.43,"end":2072.15},{"text":"in","start":2072.15,"end":2072.39},{"text":"outer","start":2072.39,"end":2072.63},{"text":"space","start":2072.63,"end":2073.19},{"text":"do","start":2073.67,"end":2073.83},{"text":"not","start":2073.83,"end":2074.03},{"text":"prevent","start":2074.03,"end":2074.71},{"text":"states","start":2074.71,"end":2075.11},{"text":"from","start":2075.11,"end":2075.51},{"text":"implementing","start":2075.51,"end":2076.31},{"text":"their","start":2076.31,"end":2076.55},{"text":"respective","start":2076.95,"end":2077.83},{"text":"development","start":2077.83,"end":2078.43},{"text":"strategies.","start":2078.43,"end":2079.35}]},{"text":"South Africa considers outer space and outer space technologies as useful tools to further develop science and technology for sustainable development.","start":2079.67,"end":2089.75,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space Applications for Sustainable Development","description":"Several delegations highlighted the practical use of space technologies for climate resilience, disaster response, agriculture, maritime safety, natural resource management, and other public needs. Space was presented not only as a strategic domain, but also as infrastructure for achieving development goals and supporting vulnerable countries."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":2079.67,"end":2079.83},{"text":"Africa","start":2079.95,"end":2080.31},{"text":"considers","start":2080.31,"end":2081.11},{"text":"outer","start":2081.11,"end":2081.35},{"text":"space","start":2081.35,"end":2082.07},{"text":"and","start":2082.79,"end":2083.03},{"text":"outer","start":2083.03,"end":2083.35},{"text":"space","start":2083.35,"end":2083.75},{"text":"technologies","start":2083.75,"end":2084.71},{"text":"as","start":2084.79,"end":2084.95},{"text":"useful","start":2084.95,"end":2085.51},{"text":"tools","start":2085.51,"end":2085.91},{"text":"to","start":2085.91,"end":2086.11},{"text":"further","start":2086.15,"end":2086.51},{"text":"develop","start":2086.51,"end":2086.95},{"text":"science","start":2086.95,"end":2087.35},{"text":"and","start":2087.35,"end":2087.51},{"text":"technology","start":2087.51,"end":2088.11},{"text":"for","start":2088.11,"end":2088.27},{"text":"sustainable","start":2088.27,"end":2088.95},{"text":"development.","start":2089.03,"end":2089.75}]},{"text":"Accordingly, the national space policy of South Africa focuses amongst others in contributing to the country's economic growth and social development.","start":2090.31,"end":2100.95,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space Applications for Sustainable Development","description":"Several delegations highlighted the practical use of space technologies for climate resilience, disaster response, agriculture, maritime safety, natural resource management, and other public needs. Space was presented not only as a strategic domain, but also as infrastructure for achieving development goals and supporting vulnerable countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Accordingly,","start":2090.31,"end":2091.27},{"text":"the","start":2091.27,"end":2091.35},{"text":"national","start":2091.35,"end":2091.83},{"text":"space","start":2091.83,"end":2092.15},{"text":"policy","start":2092.15,"end":2092.71},{"text":"of","start":2092.71,"end":2092.87},{"text":"South","start":2092.87,"end":2093.03},{"text":"Africa","start":2093.07,"end":2093.67},{"text":"focuses","start":2094.07,"end":2094.87},{"text":"amongst","start":2094.87,"end":2095.47},{"text":"others","start":2095.47,"end":2096.07},{"text":"in","start":2096.31,"end":2096.47},{"text":"contributing","start":2096.47,"end":2097.31},{"text":"to","start":2097.35,"end":2097.59},{"text":"the","start":2097.59,"end":2097.67},{"text":"country's","start":2097.67,"end":2098.47},{"text":"economic","start":2098.51,"end":2098.99},{"text":"growth","start":2098.99,"end":2099.39},{"text":"and","start":2099.43,"end":2099.59},{"text":"social","start":2099.59,"end":2099.99},{"text":"development.","start":2099.99,"end":2100.95}]},{"text":"South Africa is equally troubled about the possibility of an arms race in outer space and would like to reiterate the importance of Article 4 of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies.","start":2101.51,"end":2122.31,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":2101.51,"end":2101.75},{"text":"Africa","start":2101.75,"end":2102.23},{"text":"is","start":2102.23,"end":2102.55},{"text":"equally","start":2102.63,"end":2102.99},{"text":"troubled","start":2103.03,"end":2103.67},{"text":"about","start":2103.67,"end":2103.99},{"text":"the","start":2103.99,"end":2104.07},{"text":"possibility","start":2104.07,"end":2105.03},{"text":"of","start":2105.03,"end":2105.19},{"text":"an","start":2105.19,"end":2105.43},{"text":"arms","start":2105.43,"end":2105.67},{"text":"race","start":2105.67,"end":2106.07},{"text":"in","start":2106.07,"end":2106.31},{"text":"outer","start":2106.31,"end":2106.55},{"text":"space","start":2106.55,"end":2107.11},{"text":"and","start":2107.55,"end":2107.71},{"text":"would","start":2107.71,"end":2107.83},{"text":"like","start":2107.83,"end":2108.11},{"text":"to","start":2108.11,"end":2108.35},{"text":"reiterate","start":2108.35,"end":2109.15},{"text":"the","start":2109.15,"end":2109.23},{"text":"importance","start":2109.23,"end":2109.99},{"text":"of","start":2109.99,"end":2110.19},{"text":"Article","start":2110.19,"end":2110.63},{"text":"4","start":2110.63,"end":2111.03},{"text":"of","start":2111.07,"end":2111.19},{"text":"the","start":2111.19,"end":2111.31},{"text":"Treaty","start":2111.31,"end":2111.91},{"text":"on","start":2112.31,"end":2112.47},{"text":"Principles","start":2112.47,"end":2113.35},{"text":"Governing","start":2113.35,"end":2113.99},{"text":"the","start":2113.99,"end":2114.07},{"text":"Activities","start":2114.07,"end":2114.87},{"text":"of","start":2114.87,"end":2114.99},{"text":"States","start":2114.99,"end":2115.59},{"text":"in","start":2115.99,"end":2116.15},{"text":"the","start":2116.15,"end":2116.23},{"text":"Exploration","start":2116.23,"end":2117.27},{"text":"and","start":2117.35,"end":2117.55},{"text":"Use","start":2117.55,"end":2117.83},{"text":"of","start":2117.83,"end":2117.99},{"text":"Outer","start":2118.07,"end":2118.31},{"text":"Space,","start":2118.31,"end":2118.95},{"text":"Including","start":2119.35,"end":2119.99},{"text":"the","start":2119.99,"end":2120.07},{"text":"Moon","start":2120.07,"end":2120.55},{"text":"and","start":2120.55,"end":2120.79},{"text":"Other","start":2120.79,"end":2121.03},{"text":"Celestial","start":2121.03,"end":2121.67},{"text":"Bodies.","start":2121.67,"end":2122.31}]},{"text":"South Africa would like to stress that those countries that possess major space capabilities should contribute actively to the prevention of an arms race in outer space with a view to promoting and strengthening international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes.","start":2122.79,"end":2144.79,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":2122.79,"end":2122.95},{"text":"Africa","start":2123.03,"end":2123.47},{"text":"would","start":2123.47,"end":2123.67},{"text":"like","start":2123.67,"end":2123.95},{"text":"to","start":2123.95,"end":2124.11},{"text":"stress","start":2124.15,"end":2124.51},{"text":"that","start":2124.51,"end":2124.83},{"text":"those","start":2124.83,"end":2125.19},{"text":"countries","start":2125.19,"end":2125.91},{"text":"that","start":2126.23,"end":2126.47},{"text":"possess","start":2126.47,"end":2127.27},{"text":"major","start":2127.27,"end":2127.75},{"text":"space","start":2127.75,"end":2128.15},{"text":"capabilities","start":2128.15,"end":2129.27},{"text":"should","start":2129.59,"end":2129.83},{"text":"contribute","start":2129.83,"end":2130.55},{"text":"actively","start":2130.63,"end":2131.27},{"text":"to","start":2131.27,"end":2131.43},{"text":"the","start":2131.43,"end":2131.55},{"text":"prevention","start":2131.55,"end":2132.39},{"text":"of","start":2132.43,"end":2132.63},{"text":"an","start":2132.63,"end":2132.79},{"text":"arms","start":2132.79,"end":2133.11},{"text":"race","start":2133.11,"end":2133.59},{"text":"in","start":2133.59,"end":2133.83},{"text":"outer","start":2133.83,"end":2134.07},{"text":"space","start":2134.07,"end":2134.63},{"text":"with","start":2134.95,"end":2135.23},{"text":"a","start":2135.35,"end":2135.39},{"text":"view","start":2135.39,"end":2135.83},{"text":"to","start":2135.83,"end":2135.91},{"text":"promoting","start":2135.91,"end":2136.79},{"text":"and","start":2136.79,"end":2136.95},{"text":"strengthening","start":2136.95,"end":2137.75},{"text":"international","start":2138.15,"end":2138.95},{"text":"cooperation","start":2138.95,"end":2139.83},{"text":"in","start":2140.71,"end":2140.91},{"text":"the","start":2140.91,"end":2140.99},{"text":"exploration","start":2140.99,"end":2141.99},{"text":"and","start":2141.99,"end":2142.11},{"text":"use","start":2142.11,"end":2142.39},{"text":"of","start":2142.39,"end":2142.55},{"text":"outer","start":2142.63,"end":2142.87},{"text":"space","start":2142.87,"end":2143.27},{"text":"for","start":2143.27,"end":2143.43},{"text":"peaceful","start":2143.43,"end":2143.91},{"text":"purposes.","start":2143.91,"end":2144.79}]},{"text":"Chairperson, The MeerKAT radio telescope and the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope located in remote parts of South Africa need to find a way to coexist with large satellite constellations.","start":2145.43,"end":2163.39,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Protection of Astronomy and Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Some delegations raised the impact of expanding satellite activity on astronomical observatories and scientific observation. The discussion focused on how to reconcile satellite operations with the protection of radio astronomy, optical astronomy, and dark and quiet skies."},{"key":"mega-constellations","label":"Mega-Constellations and Equitable Access to Orbit","description":"Delegations discussed the rapid expansion of large satellite constellations and the pressure they place on low Earth orbit. Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":2145.43,"end":2146.31},{"text":"The","start":2147.31,"end":2147.35},{"text":"MeerKAT","start":2147.35,"end":2148.19},{"text":"radio","start":2148.19,"end":2148.51},{"text":"telescope","start":2148.51,"end":2149.39},{"text":"and","start":2149.63,"end":2149.83},{"text":"the","start":2149.83,"end":2149.95},{"text":"Square","start":2149.95,"end":2150.35},{"text":"Kilometer","start":2150.35,"end":2150.99},{"text":"Array","start":2150.99,"end":2151.47},{"text":"radio","start":2151.95,"end":2152.31},{"text":"telescope","start":2152.31,"end":2153.15},{"text":"located","start":2153.95,"end":2154.75},{"text":"in","start":2154.75,"end":2154.99},{"text":"remote","start":2154.99,"end":2155.39},{"text":"parts","start":2155.39,"end":2155.79},{"text":"of","start":2155.79,"end":2155.95},{"text":"South","start":2155.95,"end":2156.15},{"text":"Africa","start":2156.19,"end":2156.75},{"text":"need","start":2157.15,"end":2157.39},{"text":"to","start":2157.39,"end":2157.59},{"text":"find","start":2157.87,"end":2158.47},{"text":"a","start":2158.51,"end":2158.55},{"text":"way","start":2158.55,"end":2158.83},{"text":"to","start":2158.83,"end":2159.03},{"text":"coexist","start":2159.07,"end":2159.95},{"text":"with","start":2159.95,"end":2160.07},{"text":"large","start":2160.19,"end":2160.51},{"text":"satellite","start":2160.51,"end":2162.11},{"text":"constellations.","start":2162.35,"end":2163.39}]},{"text":"Similarly, the South African Large Telescope, the largest single optical telescope in the southern hemisphere, also needs to find a way of coexistence with large telescope.","start":2163.79,"end":2176.55,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Protection of Astronomy and Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Some delegations raised the impact of expanding satellite activity on astronomical observatories and scientific observation. 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please.","start":2221.03,"end":2222.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Cote","start":2221.03,"end":2221.15},{"text":"d'Ivoire,","start":2221.15,"end":2221.55},{"text":"you","start":2221.55,"end":2221.63},{"text":"have","start":2221.63,"end":2221.75},{"text":"the","start":2221.75,"end":2221.83},{"text":"floor,","start":2221.83,"end":2222.03},{"text":"please.","start":2222.03,"end":2222.23}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":6,"start":2225.47,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=2226","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairman.","start":2225.47,"end":2226.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2225.47,"end":2225.67},{"text":"you","start":2225.67,"end":2225.75},{"text":"very","start":2225.75,"end":2225.91},{"text":"much,","start":2225.91,"end":2226.15},{"text":"Chairman.","start":2226.15,"end":2226.59}]},{"text":"My delegation would like to warmly 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thank the outgoing Chair, Dr. Bottazzato, for the significant progress she made at the head of this committee during her 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also thank Madam Artiola-Miandiy and the entire UNOSA team.","start":2258.91,"end":2263.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2258.91,"end":2259.07},{"text":"also","start":2259.07,"end":2259.47},{"text":"thank","start":2259.47,"end":2259.79},{"text":"Madam","start":2259.79,"end":2260.11},{"text":"Artiola-Miandiy","start":2260.19,"end":2261.19},{"text":"and","start":2261.71,"end":2261.99},{"text":"the","start":2261.99,"end":2262.07},{"text":"entire","start":2262.07,"end":2262.83},{"text":"UNOSA","start":2262.83,"end":2263.59},{"text":"team.","start":2263.59,"end":2263.71}]},{"text":"for everything that they have done, particularly in capacity building for developing countries like mine, and to support the accession of new members to COPUOs.","start":2265.43,"end":2275.03,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"for","start":2265.43,"end":2265.67},{"text":"everything","start":2265.67,"end":2266.07},{"text":"that","start":2266.07,"end":2266.19},{"text":"they","start":2266.19,"end":2266.31},{"text":"have","start":2266.31,"end":2266.47},{"text":"done,","start":2266.47,"end":2266.79},{"text":"particularly","start":2267.27,"end":2267.99},{"text":"in","start":2267.99,"end":2268.15},{"text":"capacity","start":2268.15,"end":2268.71},{"text":"building","start":2268.71,"end":2268.99},{"text":"for","start":2268.99,"end":2269.11},{"text":"developing","start":2269.11,"end":2269.67},{"text":"countries","start":2269.67,"end":2270.31},{"text":"like","start":2270.47,"end":2270.79},{"text":"mine,","start":2270.79,"end":2271.35},{"text":"and","start":2271.75,"end":2272.03},{"text":"to","start":2272.03,"end":2272.11},{"text":"support","start":2272.11,"end":2272.55},{"text":"the","start":2272.55,"end":2272.75},{"text":"accession","start":2272.87,"end":2273.35},{"text":"of","start":2273.35,"end":2273.43},{"text":"new","start":2273.43,"end":2273.59},{"text":"members","start":2273.59,"end":2274.03},{"text":"to","start":2274.03,"end":2274.11},{"text":"COPUOs.","start":2274.11,"end":2275.03}]},{"text":"Particularly, this is important given the challenges facing everyone, not just for the UN as a whole, but also in light of the benefits available for each and every one of our states.","start":2276.15,"end":2291.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Particularly,","start":2276.15,"end":2276.87},{"text":"this","start":2277.19,"end":2277.43},{"text":"is","start":2277.43,"end":2277.59},{"text":"important","start":2277.59,"end":2278.15},{"text":"given","start":2278.39,"end":2278.83},{"text":"the","start":2278.83,"end":2278.95},{"text":"challenges","start":2278.95,"end":2279.67},{"text":"facing","start":2279.67,"end":2280.15},{"text":"everyone,","start":2280.15,"end":2280.59},{"text":"not","start":2280.59,"end":2280.83},{"text":"just","start":2280.83,"end":2281.11},{"text":"for","start":2281.11,"end":2281.59},{"text":"the","start":2281.75,"end":2281.87},{"text":"UN","start":2281.91,"end":2282.27},{"text":"as","start":2282.27,"end":2282.39},{"text":"a","start":2282.39,"end":2282.43},{"text":"whole,","start":2282.43,"end":2282.79},{"text":"but","start":2285.35,"end":2285.51},{"text":"also","start":2285.51,"end":2285.83},{"text":"in","start":2285.83,"end":2285.99},{"text":"light","start":2285.99,"end":2286.23},{"text":"of","start":2286.23,"end":2286.31},{"text":"the","start":2286.31,"end":2286.47},{"text":"benefits","start":2286.47,"end":2287.75},{"text":"available","start":2287.75,"end":2288.31},{"text":"for","start":2289.59,"end":2289.75},{"text":"each","start":2289.75,"end":2289.91},{"text":"and","start":2289.91,"end":2290.03},{"text":"every","start":2290.03,"end":2290.19},{"text":"one","start":2290.19,"end":2290.35},{"text":"of","start":2290.35,"end":2290.47},{"text":"our","start":2290.47,"end":2290.63},{"text":"states.","start":2290.63,"end":2291.11}]},{"text":"Along these lines, we would like to thank all COPUOS member states for having accepted our request to accede to UN COPUOS.","start":2291.67,"end":2299.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Along","start":2291.67,"end":2291.99},{"text":"these","start":2291.99,"end":2292.23},{"text":"lines,","start":2292.23,"end":2292.55},{"text":"we","start":2292.55,"end":2292.71},{"text":"would","start":2292.71,"end":2292.83},{"text":"like","start":2292.83,"end":2293.03},{"text":"to","start":2293.03,"end":2293.15},{"text":"thank","start":2293.15,"end":2293.51},{"text":"all","start":2293.87,"end":2293.91},{"text":"COPUOS","start":2293.99,"end":2294.95},{"text":"member","start":2294.95,"end":2295.27},{"text":"states","start":2295.27,"end":2295.67},{"text":"for","start":2295.67,"end":2295.79},{"text":"having","start":2295.79,"end":2296.07},{"text":"accepted","start":2296.07,"end":2296.71},{"text":"our","start":2296.71,"end":2297.07},{"text":"request","start":2297.07,"end":2297.63},{"text":"to","start":2297.63,"end":2297.71},{"text":"accede","start":2297.71,"end":2298.11},{"text":"to","start":2298.11,"end":2298.35},{"text":"UN","start":2298.35,"end":2298.63},{"text":"COPUOS.","start":2298.63,"end":2299.67}]},{"text":"We will take active part alongside other member states to strengthen international cooperation in this field.","start":2300.55,"end":2306.95,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2300.55,"end":2300.79},{"text":"will","start":2300.79,"end":2300.95},{"text":"take","start":2300.95,"end":2301.19},{"text":"active","start":2301.27,"end":2301.83},{"text":"part","start":2301.83,"end":2302.23},{"text":"alongside","start":2302.39,"end":2303.03},{"text":"other","start":2303.03,"end":2303.31},{"text":"member","start":2303.31,"end":2303.59},{"text":"states","start":2303.59,"end":2304.07},{"text":"to","start":2304.23,"end":2304.43},{"text":"strengthen","start":2304.43,"end":2304.87},{"text":"international","start":2304.87,"end":2305.63},{"text":"cooperation","start":2305.63,"end":2306.23},{"text":"in","start":2306.23,"end":2306.31},{"text":"this","start":2306.31,"end":2306.55},{"text":"field.","start":2306.55,"end":2306.95}]},{"text":"My country fully aligns itself with the statement made by the G77 and China and that of the African group.","start":2307.75,"end":2313.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2307.75,"end":2307.91},{"text":"country","start":2307.91,"end":2308.55},{"text":"fully","start":2308.63,"end":2308.91},{"text":"aligns","start":2308.91,"end":2309.31},{"text":"itself","start":2309.31,"end":2309.75},{"text":"with","start":2309.75,"end":2309.95},{"text":"the","start":2309.99,"end":2310.07},{"text":"statement","start":2310.07,"end":2310.55},{"text":"made","start":2310.55,"end":2310.87},{"text":"by","start":2310.87,"end":2311.03},{"text":"the","start":2311.03,"end":2311.11},{"text":"G77","start":2311.11,"end":2311.91},{"text":"and","start":2311.91,"end":2312.07},{"text":"China","start":2312.07,"end":2312.55},{"text":"and","start":2312.55,"end":2312.79},{"text":"that","start":2312.79,"end":2312.91},{"text":"of","start":2312.91,"end":2313.03},{"text":"the","start":2313.03,"end":2313.15},{"text":"African","start":2313.15,"end":2313.67},{"text":"group.","start":2313.67,"end":2313.87}]},{"text":"We make the following comments in our national capacity.","start":2314.63,"end":2317.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2314.63,"end":2314.79},{"text":"make","start":2314.79,"end":2315.03},{"text":"the","start":2315.03,"end":2315.15},{"text":"following","start":2315.15,"end":2315.59},{"text":"comments","start":2315.59,"end":2316.15},{"text":"in","start":2316.31,"end":2316.51},{"text":"our","start":2316.51,"end":2316.63},{"text":"national","start":2316.63,"end":2317.03},{"text":"capacity.","start":2317.03,"end":2317.59}]},{"text":"Mr. President, Chairman, ladies and gentlemen delegates, We are concerned regarding the shrinking budget and liquidity crisis.","start":2317.75,"end":2330.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2317.75,"end":2318.11},{"text":"President,","start":2318.15,"end":2318.71},{"text":"Chairman,","start":2319.19,"end":2319.67},{"text":"ladies","start":2320.63,"end":2320.95},{"text":"and","start":2320.95,"end":2321.07},{"text":"gentlemen","start":2321.07,"end":2321.51},{"text":"delegates,","start":2321.51,"end":2322.07},{"text":"We","start":2325.27,"end":2325.47},{"text":"are","start":2325.47,"end":2325.59},{"text":"concerned","start":2325.59,"end":2326.31},{"text":"regarding","start":2327.19,"end":2327.83},{"text":"the","start":2327.83,"end":2327.95},{"text":"shrinking","start":2327.95,"end":2328.55},{"text":"budget","start":2328.55,"end":2328.95},{"text":"and","start":2328.95,"end":2329.35},{"text":"liquidity","start":2329.35,"end":2329.91},{"text":"crisis.","start":2329.91,"end":2330.63}]},{"text":"We're concerned that this could impact capacity building programs.","start":2331.27,"end":2335.11,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"We're","start":2331.27,"end":2331.51},{"text":"concerned","start":2331.51,"end":2332.03},{"text":"that","start":2332.03,"end":2332.23},{"text":"this","start":2332.23,"end":2332.47},{"text":"could","start":2332.47,"end":2332.87},{"text":"impact","start":2332.95,"end":2333.51},{"text":"capacity","start":2333.51,"end":2334.03},{"text":"building","start":2334.03,"end":2334.39},{"text":"programs.","start":2334.39,"end":2335.11}]},{"text":"These ensure equitable access for all states to the benefits of space for all countries, including developing ones.","start":2336.47,"end":2344.07,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2336.47,"end":2337.11},{"text":"ensure","start":2337.23,"end":2337.83},{"text":"equitable","start":2337.83,"end":2338.39},{"text":"access","start":2338.39,"end":2339.11},{"text":"for","start":2339.51,"end":2339.75},{"text":"all","start":2339.75,"end":2339.91},{"text":"states","start":2339.91,"end":2340.39},{"text":"to","start":2340.55,"end":2340.71},{"text":"the","start":2340.71,"end":2340.83},{"text":"benefits","start":2340.83,"end":2341.23},{"text":"of","start":2341.23,"end":2341.35},{"text":"space","start":2341.35,"end":2341.75},{"text":"for","start":2341.75,"end":2342.07},{"text":"all","start":2342.07,"end":2342.15},{"text":"countries,","start":2342.15,"end":2342.71},{"text":"including","start":2342.71,"end":2343.19},{"text":"developing","start":2343.19,"end":2343.67},{"text":"ones.","start":2343.67,"end":2344.07}]},{"text":"Here, we would like to increase scientific and technical partnerships between countries that benefit countries equally.","start":2344.71,"end":2351.59,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"Here,","start":2344.71,"end":2345.19},{"text":"we","start":2345.27,"end":2345.51},{"text":"would","start":2345.51,"end":2345.67},{"text":"like","start":2345.67,"end":2345.91},{"text":"to","start":2345.91,"end":2346.07},{"text":"increase","start":2346.07,"end":2346.63},{"text":"scientific","start":2346.87,"end":2347.55},{"text":"and","start":2347.55,"end":2347.67},{"text":"technical","start":2347.67,"end":2348.07},{"text":"partnerships","start":2348.07,"end":2348.87},{"text":"between","start":2349.11,"end":2349.51},{"text":"countries","start":2349.51,"end":2350.07},{"text":"that","start":2350.07,"end":2350.23},{"text":"benefit","start":2350.23,"end":2350.63},{"text":"countries","start":2350.63,"end":2351.11},{"text":"equally.","start":2351.11,"end":2351.59}]},{"text":"We would also like to see priority given to the financing for capacity building programs.","start":2352.27,"end":2358.55,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2352.27,"end":2352.39},{"text":"would","start":2353.83,"end":2354.15},{"text":"also","start":2354.15,"end":2354.47},{"text":"like","start":2354.47,"end":2354.71},{"text":"to","start":2354.71,"end":2354.83},{"text":"see","start":2354.83,"end":2355.03},{"text":"priority","start":2355.27,"end":2355.87},{"text":"given","start":2355.87,"end":2356.15},{"text":"to","start":2356.15,"end":2356.27},{"text":"the","start":2356.27,"end":2356.39},{"text":"financing","start":2356.39,"end":2356.99},{"text":"for","start":2356.99,"end":2357.11},{"text":"capacity","start":2357.11,"end":2357.59},{"text":"building","start":2357.59,"end":2357.91},{"text":"programs.","start":2357.91,"end":2358.55}]},{"text":"We welcome the setting up of an ad hoc committee with representatives from technical ministries from Cote d'Ivoire for making operational our space agency, which was created in June 2025.","start":2358.95,"end":2371.75,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2358.95,"end":2359.11},{"text":"welcome","start":2359.11,"end":2359.59},{"text":"the","start":2359.91,"end":2360.03},{"text":"setting","start":2360.15,"end":2360.59},{"text":"up","start":2360.59,"end":2360.71},{"text":"of","start":2360.71,"end":2360.83},{"text":"an","start":2360.83,"end":2360.95},{"text":"ad","start":2360.95,"end":2361.03},{"text":"hoc","start":2361.03,"end":2361.31},{"text":"committee","start":2361.35,"end":2361.91},{"text":"with","start":2362.31,"end":2362.55},{"text":"representatives","start":2362.55,"end":2363.27},{"text":"from","start":2363.27,"end":2363.51},{"text":"technical","start":2363.75,"end":2364.31},{"text":"ministries","start":2364.31,"end":2364.95},{"text":"from","start":2364.95,"end":2365.19},{"text":"Cote","start":2365.19,"end":2365.35},{"text":"d'Ivoire","start":2365.35,"end":2365.83},{"text":"for","start":2366.47,"end":2366.95},{"text":"making","start":2367.11,"end":2367.47},{"text":"operational","start":2367.47,"end":2368.23},{"text":"our","start":2368.23,"end":2368.51},{"text":"space","start":2368.51,"end":2368.87},{"text":"agency,","start":2368.87,"end":2369.35},{"text":"which","start":2369.35,"end":2369.59},{"text":"was","start":2369.59,"end":2369.75},{"text":"created","start":2369.75,"end":2370.23},{"text":"in","start":2370.23,"end":2370.39},{"text":"June","start":2370.39,"end":2370.63},{"text":"2025.","start":2370.63,"end":2371.75}]},{"text":"We hail The productive cooperation between OOSA and this agency, said agency will be looking at tackling challenges related to space technologies in agriculture, natural resource management, the management of disasters as well, with active prevention of floods and fires, but also first and foremost security, border security, mapping territories and combating maritime piracy on land and at sea.","start":2371.91,"end":2407.79,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space Applications for Sustainable Development","description":"Several delegations highlighted the practical use of space technologies for climate resilience, disaster response, agriculture, maritime safety, natural resource management, and other public needs. Space was presented not only as a strategic domain, but also as infrastructure for achieving development goals and supporting vulnerable countries."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2371.91,"end":2372.15},{"text":"hail","start":2372.15,"end":2372.47},{"text":"The","start":2373.19,"end":2373.31},{"text":"productive","start":2373.35,"end":2373.83},{"text":"cooperation","start":2373.83,"end":2374.63},{"text":"between","start":2374.63,"end":2374.91},{"text":"OOSA","start":2374.91,"end":2375.51},{"text":"and","start":2375.51,"end":2375.63},{"text":"this","start":2375.63,"end":2375.75},{"text":"agency,","start":2375.75,"end":2376.31},{"text":"said","start":2376.87,"end":2377.19},{"text":"agency","start":2378.15,"end":2378.79},{"text":"will","start":2379.83,"end":2380.07},{"text":"be","start":2380.07,"end":2380.23},{"text":"looking","start":2380.23,"end":2380.71},{"text":"at","start":2381.27,"end":2381.55},{"text":"tackling","start":2381.55,"end":2382.71},{"text":"challenges","start":2382.95,"end":2383.59},{"text":"related","start":2383.59,"end":2383.91},{"text":"to","start":2383.91,"end":2384.07},{"text":"space","start":2384.07,"end":2384.39},{"text":"technologies","start":2384.39,"end":2385.11},{"text":"in","start":2385.11,"end":2385.27},{"text":"agriculture,","start":2385.27,"end":2385.99},{"text":"natural","start":2386.87,"end":2387.27},{"text":"resource","start":2387.27,"end":2387.71},{"text":"management,","start":2387.71,"end":2388.39},{"text":"the","start":2388.79,"end":2388.95},{"text":"management","start":2388.95,"end":2389.59},{"text":"of","start":2390.39,"end":2390.55},{"text":"disasters","start":2390.55,"end":2391.11},{"text":"as","start":2391.11,"end":2391.27},{"text":"well,","start":2391.27,"end":2391.59},{"text":"with","start":2392.07,"end":2392.31},{"text":"active","start":2392.39,"end":2392.79},{"text":"prevention","start":2392.79,"end":2393.27},{"text":"of","start":2393.27,"end":2393.35},{"text":"floods","start":2393.35,"end":2393.63},{"text":"and","start":2393.63,"end":2393.83},{"text":"fires,","start":2393.83,"end":2394.39},{"text":"but","start":2394.95,"end":2395.19},{"text":"also","start":2395.19,"end":2395.67},{"text":"first","start":2395.91,"end":2396.19},{"text":"and","start":2396.19,"end":2396.31},{"text":"foremost","start":2396.31,"end":2396.95},{"text":"security,","start":2396.95,"end":2397.75},{"text":"border","start":2399.19,"end":2399.51},{"text":"security,","start":2399.51,"end":2400.23},{"text":"mapping","start":2400.91,"end":2401.31},{"text":"territories","start":2401.31,"end":2402.19},{"text":"and","start":2402.19,"end":2402.35},{"text":"combating","start":2402.35,"end":2402.75},{"text":"maritime","start":2402.75,"end":2403.31},{"text":"piracy","start":2403.31,"end":2404.03},{"text":"on","start":2406.31,"end":2406.39},{"text":"land","start":2406.39,"end":2406.75},{"text":"and","start":2407.23,"end":2407.43},{"text":"at","start":2407.43,"end":2407.55},{"text":"sea.","start":2407.55,"end":2407.79}]},{"text":"We would also like to further shore up our achievements in the space sector regionally.","start":2408.99,"end":2414.35,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2408.99,"end":2409.23},{"text":"would","start":2409.23,"end":2409.43},{"text":"also","start":2409.43,"end":2409.95},{"text":"like","start":2409.95,"end":2410.35},{"text":"to","start":2410.35,"end":2410.59},{"text":"further","start":2410.59,"end":2410.99},{"text":"shore","start":2410.99,"end":2411.39},{"text":"up","start":2411.39,"end":2411.63},{"text":"our","start":2411.71,"end":2411.99},{"text":"achievements","start":2411.99,"end":2412.59},{"text":"in","start":2412.59,"end":2412.75},{"text":"the","start":2412.75,"end":2412.83},{"text":"space","start":2412.83,"end":2413.19},{"text":"sector","start":2413.19,"end":2413.75},{"text":"regionally.","start":2413.75,"end":2414.35}]},{"text":"Along these lines, we actively cooperate with the African Space Agency and welcome our accession to it as a permanent observer.","start":2414.59,"end":2425.63,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. 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yours.","start":2473.63,"end":2475.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2473.63,"end":2473.79},{"text":"Maldives,","start":2473.79,"end":2474.19},{"text":"the","start":2474.59,"end":2474.67},{"text":"floor","start":2474.67,"end":2474.91},{"text":"is","start":2474.91,"end":2475.07},{"text":"yours.","start":2475.07,"end":2475.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":2477.71,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=2478","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, excellencies, the Republic of Maldives is honoured to address the Scientific and Technical 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recognize, we recognize that Copious like many parts of the UN system faces budget constraints arising from broader financial 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we also believe these pressures can become a forcing function for progress, accelerating reforms that might otherwise take decades, pushing institutions towards leaner coordination and greater operational 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certain countries may have the capacity to wait decades for these reforms and decisions to take shape, the realities facing nations like the Moldes do not afford that luxury of patience.","start":2685.43,"end":2694.63,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. 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do not experience the ocean as a boundary.","start":2736.99,"end":2738.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2736.99,"end":2737.15},{"text":"do","start":2737.15,"end":2737.23},{"text":"not","start":2737.23,"end":2737.39},{"text":"experience","start":2737.39,"end":2737.87},{"text":"the","start":2737.87,"end":2737.99},{"text":"ocean","start":2737.99,"end":2738.23},{"text":"as","start":2738.23,"end":2738.35},{"text":"a","start":2738.35,"end":2738.39},{"text":"boundary.","start":2738.39,"end":2738.83}]},{"text":"We experience it as a medium through which distant actions arrive at our 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us, interdependence is not a concept, it is a daily reality.","start":2750.11,"end":2753.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2750.11,"end":2750.39},{"text":"us,","start":2750.39,"end":2750.51},{"text":"interdependence","start":2750.51,"end":2751.39},{"text":"is","start":2751.39,"end":2751.55},{"text":"not","start":2751.55,"end":2751.83},{"text":"a","start":2751.83,"end":2751.87},{"text":"concept,","start":2751.87,"end":2752.43},{"text":"it","start":2752.43,"end":2752.51},{"text":"is","start":2752.51,"end":2752.63},{"text":"a","start":2752.63,"end":2752.67},{"text":"daily","start":2752.67,"end":2752.99},{"text":"reality.","start":2752.99,"end":2753.55}]},{"text":"This has shaped how we govern.","start":2754.39,"end":2755.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2754.39,"end":2754.59},{"text":"has","start":2754.59,"end":2754.71},{"text":"shaped","start":2754.71,"end":2755.03},{"text":"how","start":2755.03,"end":2755.11},{"text":"we","start":2755.11,"end":2755.27},{"text":"govern.","start":2755.27,"end":2755.67}]},{"text":"We operate under constant constraints, limited budgets, limited personnel, high 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when the overwhelming majority of the General Assembly for the past three decades have sent an unequivocal message of the urgent need to put an end to the blockade in Cuba, in its statement delivered yesterday, the delegate of the United States blindly lied about the impact that these sanctions 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policies are deemed as being unilateral coercive measures by the United Nations.","start":2933.31,"end":2938.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2933.31,"end":2933.63},{"text":"policies","start":2933.63,"end":2934.27},{"text":"are","start":2934.83,"end":2934.99},{"text":"deemed","start":2934.99,"end":2935.55},{"text":"as","start":2935.79,"end":2935.95},{"text":"being","start":2935.95,"end":2936.35},{"text":"unilateral","start":2936.35,"end":2936.99},{"text":"coercive","start":2936.99,"end":2937.35},{"text":"measures","start":2937.35,"end":2937.63},{"text":"by","start":2937.63,"end":2937.71},{"text":"the","start":2937.71,"end":2937.79},{"text":"United","start":2937.79,"end":2938.15},{"text":"Nations.","start":2938.15,"end":2938.67}]},{"text":"In the same vein, denying the fact that these measures are affecting all sectors of life in our country, the unilateral coercive measures undermine human development and increase the suffering of our 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U.S. delegation should consider the various reports issued by the special rapporteur on the impact of unilateral coercive measures, as well as the statement made by the Secretary General regarding the need to put an end to the embargo waged by the US against Cuba, the latest of which dates back to 14 August 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did not hear a single word from the representative of the United States regarding the activities undertaken by Cuba which it deems to be a state sponsor of terrorism moreover in its statement yesterday the US refrain referring to the new policies enacted by the Donald Trump and the actions of the Secretary of State exacerbating the sanctions laying down further harsh measures increasing the suffering of the Cuban people and undermining the counter-revolution the new measures will lead to a total blockade on fuel supplies for our 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justifying this, it has been added to yet a long list of lies that have been presented claiming that Cuba is a threat, which it is 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regional and global peace, stability and security is the result of the actions of the United States.","start":3017.31,"end":3024.59,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common 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must denounce this act of aggression against Cuba and its people before the world.","start":3049.71,"end":3054.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3049.71,"end":3049.91},{"text":"must","start":3049.91,"end":3050.19},{"text":"denounce","start":3050.19,"end":3050.59},{"text":"this","start":3050.59,"end":3050.91},{"text":"act","start":3050.91,"end":3051.19},{"text":"of","start":3051.19,"end":3051.27},{"text":"aggression","start":3051.27,"end":3051.63},{"text":"against","start":3051.63,"end":3051.87},{"text":"Cuba","start":3051.87,"end":3052.19},{"text":"and","start":3052.19,"end":3052.31},{"text":"its","start":3052.31,"end":3052.43},{"text":"people","start":3052.43,"end":3052.99},{"text":"before","start":3053.39,"end":3053.71},{"text":"the","start":3053.71,"end":3053.83},{"text":"world.","start":3053.83,"end":3054.19}]},{"text":"is suffering that we have been affected by for more than 65 years, further suffering which has led to an extreme worsening of life in our country?","start":3054.67,"end":3065.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"is","start":3054.67,"end":3054.79},{"text":"suffering","start":3054.83,"end":3055.23},{"text":"that","start":3055.23,"end":3055.39},{"text":"we","start":3055.39,"end":3055.63},{"text":"have","start":3055.63,"end":3055.95},{"text":"been","start":3056.35,"end":3056.51},{"text":"affected","start":3056.51,"end":3056.83},{"text":"by","start":3056.83,"end":3056.91},{"text":"for","start":3056.91,"end":3057.07},{"text":"more","start":3057.07,"end":3057.31},{"text":"than","start":3057.31,"end":3057.47},{"text":"65","start":3057.47,"end":3058.19},{"text":"years,","start":3058.19,"end":3058.75},{"text":"further","start":3060.03,"end":3060.43},{"text":"suffering","start":3060.43,"end":3060.99},{"text":"which","start":3061.47,"end":3061.87},{"text":"has","start":3061.95,"end":3062.27},{"text":"led","start":3062.27,"end":3062.43},{"text":"to","start":3062.43,"end":3062.75},{"text":"an","start":3063.11,"end":3063.19},{"text":"extreme","start":3063.23,"end":3063.63},{"text":"worsening","start":3063.63,"end":3064.07},{"text":"of","start":3064.07,"end":3064.19},{"text":"life","start":3064.19,"end":3064.59},{"text":"in","start":3064.67,"end":3064.83},{"text":"our","start":3064.83,"end":3064.91},{"text":"country?","start":3064.91,"end":3065.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CUB","affiliation_full":"Cuba","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":3079.98,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=3080","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"The exercise of the right of reply has been requested.","start":3079.98,"end":3083.26,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3079.98,"end":3080.18},{"text":"exercise","start":3080.18,"end":3080.7},{"text":"of","start":3080.7,"end":3080.86},{"text":"the","start":3080.86,"end":3080.98},{"text":"right","start":3080.98,"end":3081.14},{"text":"of","start":3081.14,"end":3081.22},{"text":"reply","start":3081.22,"end":3081.66},{"text":"has","start":3081.66,"end":3081.94},{"text":"been","start":3082.22,"end":3082.62},{"text":"requested.","start":3082.66,"end":3083.26}]},{"text":"I would now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to take the floor before closing this agenda item.","start":3083.98,"end":3091.42,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3083.98,"end":3084.06},{"text":"would","start":3084.06,"end":3084.22},{"text":"now","start":3084.22,"end":3084.46},{"text":"give","start":3084.46,"end":3084.66},{"text":"the","start":3084.66,"end":3084.78},{"text":"floor","start":3084.78,"end":3085.06},{"text":"to","start":3085.06,"end":3085.26},{"text":"the","start":3085.26,"end":3085.34},{"text":"distinguished","start":3085.34,"end":3085.9},{"text":"representative","start":3085.9,"end":3086.42},{"text":"of","start":3086.42,"end":3086.5},{"text":"the","start":3086.78,"end":3086.9},{"text":"Islamic","start":3086.9,"end":3087.42},{"text":"Republic","start":3087.42,"end":3087.82},{"text":"of","start":3087.82,"end":3088.02},{"text":"Iran","start":3088.02,"end":3088.46},{"text":"to","start":3088.94,"end":3089.06},{"text":"take","start":3089.1,"end":3089.3},{"text":"the","start":3089.3,"end":3089.42},{"text":"floor","start":3089.42,"end":3089.74},{"text":"before","start":3089.74,"end":3090.06},{"text":"closing","start":3090.06,"end":3090.5},{"text":"this","start":3090.5,"end":3090.7},{"text":"agenda","start":3090.7,"end":3091.02},{"text":"item.","start":3091.02,"end":3091.42}]},{"text":"Delegations are reminded of the maximum of two interventions in the exercise of right of reply on the same agenda item at any given meeting.","start":3093.55,"end":3101.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegations","start":3093.55,"end":3094.15},{"text":"are","start":3094.15,"end":3094.23},{"text":"reminded","start":3094.23,"end":3094.63},{"text":"of","start":3094.63,"end":3094.75},{"text":"the","start":3094.75,"end":3094.83},{"text":"maximum","start":3094.83,"end":3095.23},{"text":"of","start":3095.23,"end":3095.39},{"text":"two","start":3095.39,"end":3095.55},{"text":"interventions","start":3095.55,"end":3096.27},{"text":"in","start":3096.51,"end":3096.63},{"text":"the","start":3096.63,"end":3096.71},{"text":"exercise","start":3096.71,"end":3097.15},{"text":"of","start":3097.15,"end":3097.23},{"text":"right","start":3097.23,"end":3097.47},{"text":"of","start":3097.47,"end":3097.59},{"text":"reply","start":3097.59,"end":3098.19},{"text":"on","start":3098.99,"end":3099.15},{"text":"the","start":3099.15,"end":3099.23},{"text":"same","start":3099.23,"end":3099.43},{"text":"agenda","start":3099.43,"end":3099.75},{"text":"item","start":3099.75,"end":3100.11},{"text":"at","start":3100.15,"end":3100.35},{"text":"any","start":3100.51,"end":3100.75},{"text":"given","start":3100.75,"end":3101.07},{"text":"meeting.","start":3101.07,"end":3101.47}]},{"text":"I call on the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the first intervention to exercise its right of reply under this agenda item at this meeting before its 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you, Chair. The Islamic Republic of Iran attaches great importance to the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its two 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the beginning of this current session of the STSC, Iran has focused on the scientific, technical and relevant aspects of our discussions within the 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the representative of one delegation took the floor to make baseless allegations and misleading remarks against my country.","start":3136.91,"end":3144.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yesterday,","start":3136.91,"end":3137.39},{"text":"the","start":3137.39,"end":3137.51},{"text":"representative","start":3137.51,"end":3138.19},{"text":"of","start":3138.19,"end":3138.39},{"text":"one","start":3138.39,"end":3138.55},{"text":"delegation","start":3138.55,"end":3139.07},{"text":"took","start":3139.07,"end":3139.23},{"text":"the","start":3139.23,"end":3139.35},{"text":"floor","start":3139.35,"end":3139.79},{"text":"to","start":3140.19,"end":3140.35},{"text":"make","start":3140.35,"end":3140.79},{"text":"baseless","start":3140.79,"end":3141.23},{"text":"allegations","start":3141.23,"end":3141.87},{"text":"and","start":3141.87,"end":3142.11},{"text":"misleading","start":3142.11,"end":3142.75},{"text":"remarks","start":3142.75,"end":3143.39},{"text":"against","start":3143.39,"end":3143.75},{"text":"my","start":3143.75,"end":3143.87},{"text":"country.","start":3143.87,"end":3144.43}]},{"text":"in a senseless justification for their unlawful policies and illegitimate actions in the international arena, contrary to the UN Charter and fundamental principles of international 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is regrettable that the same delegation took this unprofessional approach in an attempt to politicize the discussions of this body, thus deviating this TSC from its main function.","start":3156.67,"end":3169.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3156.67,"end":3156.75},{"text":"is","start":3156.75,"end":3156.99},{"text":"regrettable","start":3156.99,"end":3157.55},{"text":"that","start":3157.55,"end":3157.87},{"text":"the","start":3157.87,"end":3157.95},{"text":"same","start":3157.95,"end":3158.27},{"text":"delegation","start":3158.27,"end":3158.79},{"text":"took","start":3158.79,"end":3158.99},{"text":"this","start":3158.99,"end":3159.31},{"text":"unprofessional","start":3159.39,"end":3160.19},{"text":"approach","start":3160.19,"end":3160.59},{"text":"in","start":3160.59,"end":3160.83},{"text":"an","start":3160.83,"end":3160.91},{"text":"attempt","start":3160.91,"end":3161.47},{"text":"to","start":3161.47,"end":3161.71},{"text":"politicize","start":3162.19,"end":3162.83},{"text":"the","start":3162.83,"end":3162.91},{"text":"discussions","start":3162.91,"end":3163.71},{"text":"of","start":3163.79,"end":3163.99},{"text":"this","start":3163.99,"end":3164.19},{"text":"body,","start":3164.19,"end":3164.67},{"text":"thus","start":3165.15,"end":3165.51},{"text":"deviating","start":3165.51,"end":3166.11},{"text":"this","start":3166.11,"end":3166.39},{"text":"TSC","start":3166.39,"end":3166.75},{"text":"from","start":3166.75,"end":3167.07},{"text":"its","start":3167.07,"end":3167.31},{"text":"main","start":3167.31,"end":3167.71},{"text":"function.","start":3168.83,"end":3169.47}]},{"text":"My delegation urges all to remain focused and consistent with the core mandate and objectives of this important 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Chair.","start":3178.27,"end":3179.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3178.27,"end":3178.51},{"text":"you,","start":3178.51,"end":3178.59},{"text":"Mr.","start":3178.59,"end":3178.83},{"text":"Chair.","start":3178.83,"end":3179.15}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":13,"start":3191.33,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=3192","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"We will continue our consideration of agenda item four on general exchange of views this 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Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairman,","start":3225.67,"end":3226.15},{"text":"ladies","start":3226.15,"end":3226.47},{"text":"and","start":3226.47,"end":3226.59},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":3226.59,"end":3227.11},{"text":"work","start":3229.59,"end":3229.99},{"text":"on","start":3229.99,"end":3230.07},{"text":"the","start":3230.07,"end":3230.15},{"text":"long-term","start":3230.15,"end":3230.63},{"text":"sustainability","start":3230.63,"end":3231.39},{"text":"of","start":3231.39,"end":3231.47},{"text":"outer","start":3231.47,"end":3231.67},{"text":"space","start":3231.67,"end":3231.99},{"text":"activities","start":3231.99,"end":3232.79},{"text":"is","start":3234.11,"end":3234.19},{"text":"a","start":3234.19,"end":3234.23},{"text":"long-standing","start":3234.23,"end":3234.87},{"text":"priority","start":3234.87,"end":3235.35},{"text":"for","start":3235.35,"end":3235.51},{"text":"France.","start":3235.51,"end":3236.15}]},{"text":"We have been at the origin of the working group on LTS.","start":3236.15,"end":3240.47,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3236.15,"end":3236.31},{"text":"have","start":3236.31,"end":3236.47},{"text":"been","start":3236.47,"end":3236.59},{"text":"at","start":3236.59,"end":3236.67},{"text":"the","start":3236.67,"end":3236.79},{"text":"origin","start":3236.79,"end":3237.43},{"text":"of","start":3238.39,"end":3238.71},{"text":"the","start":3238.71,"end":3238.83},{"text":"working","start":3238.87,"end":3239.35},{"text":"group","start":3239.35,"end":3239.67},{"text":"on","start":3239.67,"end":3239.75},{"text":"LTS.","start":3239.75,"end":3240.47}]},{"text":"I would like to once again acknowledge the commitment of the Chair Uma Eswaran and the Bureau of OOSA.","start":3240.63,"end":3247.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3240.63,"end":3240.79},{"text":"would","start":3240.79,"end":3240.91},{"text":"like","start":3240.91,"end":3241.11},{"text":"to","start":3241.11,"end":3241.23},{"text":"once","start":3241.23,"end":3241.59},{"text":"again","start":3241.59,"end":3242.07},{"text":"acknowledge","start":3242.47,"end":3243.19},{"text":"the","start":3243.19,"end":3243.31},{"text":"commitment","start":3243.31,"end":3243.83},{"text":"of","start":3243.83,"end":3243.99},{"text":"the","start":3243.99,"end":3244.07},{"text":"Chair","start":3244.07,"end":3244.51},{"text":"Uma","start":3244.51,"end":3244.87},{"text":"Eswaran","start":3244.95,"end":3245.75},{"text":"and","start":3245.75,"end":3245.87},{"text":"the","start":3245.87,"end":3245.95},{"text":"Bureau","start":3246.51,"end":3246.83},{"text":"of","start":3246.83,"end":3246.91},{"text":"OOSA.","start":3246.91,"end":3247.51}]},{"text":"We're very pleased with the recent term extension for the working group for an additional three years and also the re-election of the Chair.","start":3248.07,"end":3257.59,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3355.03,"end":3355.51},{"text":"support","start":3355.59,"end":3356.23},{"text":"the","start":3356.23,"end":3356.39},{"text":"swift","start":3356.39,"end":3357.03},{"text":"establishment","start":3357.19,"end":3358.07},{"text":"of","start":3358.75,"end":3358.83},{"text":"an","start":3358.83,"end":3358.91},{"text":"international","start":3359.27,"end":3360.07},{"text":"committee","start":3360.07,"end":3360.63},{"text":"on","start":3360.63,"end":3360.87},{"text":"this","start":3360.87,"end":3361.03},{"text":"matter.","start":3361.03,"end":3361.51}]},{"text":"This will be a sine qua non for any coordination efforts for space traffic.","start":3361.59,"end":3365.67,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3366.47,"end":3366.63},{"text":"could","start":3366.63,"end":3366.79},{"text":"already","start":3366.79,"end":3367.11},{"text":"start,","start":3367.11,"end":3367.51},{"text":"though,","start":3367.91,"end":3368.23},{"text":"facilitating","start":3369.19,"end":3369.91},{"text":"information","start":3369.91,"end":3370.43},{"text":"exchange.","start":3370.43,"end":3371.11}]},{"text":"So as to go further and avoid any disastrous collisions in the orbital environment, we would like to see a concrete, pragmatic and phased approach.","start":3372.35,"end":3381.87,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3372.35,"end":3372.71},{"text":"as","start":3372.71,"end":3372.83},{"text":"to","start":3372.83,"end":3372.91},{"text":"go","start":3372.91,"end":3373.07},{"text":"further","start":3373.07,"end":3373.63},{"text":"and","start":3373.63,"end":3374.03},{"text":"avoid","start":3374.03,"end":3374.39},{"text":"any","start":3374.39,"end":3374.59},{"text":"disastrous","start":3374.59,"end":3375.15},{"text":"collisions","start":3375.15,"end":3375.95},{"text":"in","start":3376.19,"end":3376.43},{"text":"the","start":3376.43,"end":3376.55},{"text":"orbital","start":3376.55,"end":3376.99},{"text":"environment,","start":3376.99,"end":3377.63},{"text":"we","start":3377.95,"end":3378.27},{"text":"would","start":3378.27,"end":3378.39},{"text":"like","start":3378.39,"end":3378.59},{"text":"to","start":3378.59,"end":3378.75},{"text":"see","start":3378.75,"end":3379.31},{"text":"a","start":3379.31,"end":3379.35},{"text":"concrete,","start":3379.35,"end":3379.95},{"text":"pragmatic","start":3379.95,"end":3380.67},{"text":"and","start":3380.67,"end":3380.99},{"text":"phased","start":3380.99,"end":3381.31},{"text":"approach.","start":3381.31,"end":3381.87}]},{"text":"There are actually already several systems already in existence for space situational awareness to collect information on orbital objects and orbital events.","start":3382.75,"end":3394.03,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":3382.75,"end":3383.23},{"text":"are","start":3383.23,"end":3383.31},{"text":"actually","start":3383.31,"end":3383.87},{"text":"already","start":3383.87,"end":3384.27},{"text":"several","start":3384.27,"end":3384.67},{"text":"systems","start":3384.75,"end":3385.79},{"text":"already","start":3385.79,"end":3386.03},{"text":"in","start":3386.03,"end":3386.11},{"text":"existence","start":3386.11,"end":3386.75},{"text":"for","start":3386.75,"end":3387.23},{"text":"space","start":3387.63,"end":3387.99},{"text":"situational","start":3387.99,"end":3388.59},{"text":"awareness","start":3388.59,"end":3389.23},{"text":"to","start":3389.23,"end":3389.63},{"text":"collect","start":3389.63,"end":3390.03},{"text":"information","start":3390.03,"end":3390.75},{"text":"on","start":3390.75,"end":3391.07},{"text":"orbital","start":3391.07,"end":3391.95},{"text":"objects","start":3391.95,"end":3392.51},{"text":"and","start":3392.75,"end":3393.15},{"text":"orbital","start":3393.15,"end":3393.51},{"text":"events.","start":3393.51,"end":3394.03}]},{"text":"The coordination between systems the European Union space surveillance and tracking system specifically, is a concrete approach and the solution that will be most effective at this time so as to tackle this urgent challenge, Chair.","start":3395.07,"end":3410.23,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3410.87,"end":3411.03},{"text":"light","start":3411.03,"end":3411.23},{"text":"of","start":3411.23,"end":3411.39},{"text":"all","start":3411.39,"end":3411.51},{"text":"of","start":3411.51,"end":3411.59},{"text":"this,","start":3411.59,"end":3411.99},{"text":"in","start":3412.87,"end":3413.19},{"text":"our","start":3413.35,"end":3413.75},{"text":"national","start":3413.83,"end":3414.47},{"text":"space","start":3414.55,"end":3415.07},{"text":"strategy","start":3415.07,"end":3415.75},{"text":"published","start":3416.07,"end":3416.51},{"text":"in","start":3416.51,"end":3416.59},{"text":"November","start":3416.59,"end":3417.03},{"text":"2025","start":3417.03,"end":3418.07},{"text":"running","start":3418.07,"end":3418.31},{"text":"to","start":3418.31,"end":3418.63},{"text":"2040,","start":3418.67,"end":3419.23},{"text":"France","start":3421.27,"end":3421.83},{"text":"will","start":3422.15,"end":3422.31},{"text":"be","start":3422.31,"end":3422.47},{"text":"paying","start":3422.47,"end":3422.79},{"text":"particular","start":3422.79,"end":3423.31},{"text":"attention","start":3423.31,"end":3423.83},{"text":"to","start":3424.59,"end":3424.75},{"text":"the","start":3424.75,"end":3424.87},{"text":"long-term","start":3424.87,"end":3425.63},{"text":"sustainability","start":3425.63,"end":3426.39},{"text":"of","start":3426.39,"end":3426.51},{"text":"outer","start":3426.51,"end":3426.71},{"text":"space","start":3426.71,"end":3426.99},{"text":"activities.","start":3426.99,"end":3427.79}]},{"text":"We will also actively support the implementation of the guidelines on LTS.","start":3428.83,"end":3436.35,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3428.83,"end":3428.99},{"text":"will","start":3428.99,"end":3429.23},{"text":"also","start":3429.23,"end":3429.63},{"text":"actively","start":3429.63,"end":3430.75},{"text":"support","start":3431.47,"end":3432.35},{"text":"the","start":3432.83,"end":3433.03},{"text":"implementation","start":3433.15,"end":3434.19},{"text":"of","start":3434.35,"end":3434.67},{"text":"the","start":3434.91,"end":3435.03},{"text":"guidelines","start":3435.07,"end":3435.63},{"text":"on","start":3435.63,"end":3435.79},{"text":"LTS.","start":3435.79,"end":3436.35}]},{"text":"Chair, during this new session, we would like to do the following, reiterate the key role of COPUOS in defining benchmarks multilaterally for the peaceful uses of outer space.","start":3438.03,"end":3453.15,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3438.03,"end":3438.31},{"text":"during","start":3439.07,"end":3439.39},{"text":"this","start":3439.39,"end":3439.63},{"text":"new","start":3439.63,"end":3439.87},{"text":"session,","start":3439.87,"end":3440.35},{"text":"we","start":3441.07,"end":3441.23},{"text":"would","start":3441.23,"end":3441.39},{"text":"like","start":3441.39,"end":3441.71},{"text":"to","start":3441.71,"end":3441.91},{"text":"do","start":3441.91,"end":3442.35},{"text":"the","start":3443.39,"end":3443.67},{"text":"following,","start":3443.67,"end":3444.11},{"text":"reiterate","start":3444.27,"end":3444.83},{"text":"the","start":3444.83,"end":3444.95},{"text":"key","start":3445.47,"end":3445.71},{"text":"role","start":3445.71,"end":3446.03},{"text":"of","start":3446.07,"end":3446.23},{"text":"COPUOS","start":3446.23,"end":3447.43},{"text":"in","start":3447.43,"end":3447.79},{"text":"defining","start":3448.03,"end":3448.59},{"text":"benchmarks","start":3448.59,"end":3449.23},{"text":"multilaterally","start":3449.23,"end":3450.19},{"text":"for","start":3450.19,"end":3450.35},{"text":"the","start":3450.35,"end":3450.43},{"text":"peaceful","start":3450.43,"end":3450.99},{"text":"uses","start":3451.39,"end":3451.95},{"text":"of","start":3452.03,"end":3452.35},{"text":"outer","start":3452.35,"end":3452.67},{"text":"space.","start":3452.67,"end":3453.15}]},{"text":"These should guide the technical work on regulations.","start":3455.35,"end":3460.63,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3455.35,"end":3455.83},{"text":"should","start":3455.99,"end":3456.31},{"text":"guide","start":3456.31,"end":3456.79},{"text":"the","start":3456.79,"end":3456.87},{"text":"technical","start":3456.87,"end":3457.51},{"text":"work","start":3457.51,"end":3457.91},{"text":"on","start":3459.35,"end":3459.67},{"text":"regulations.","start":3459.67,"end":3460.63}]},{"text":"This will ensure the consistency of multilateral action on these topics.","start":3461.11,"end":3465.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3461.11,"end":3461.59},{"text":"will","start":3461.59,"end":3461.75},{"text":"ensure","start":3461.75,"end":3462.23},{"text":"the","start":3462.23,"end":3462.39},{"text":"consistency","start":3462.39,"end":3463.11},{"text":"of","start":3463.11,"end":3463.19},{"text":"multilateral","start":3463.19,"end":3463.91},{"text":"action","start":3463.91,"end":3464.31},{"text":"on","start":3464.31,"end":3464.43},{"text":"these","start":3464.43,"end":3464.63},{"text":"topics.","start":3464.63,"end":3465.19}]},{"text":"There should be a pragmatic approach to challenges having to do with better coordination of space traffic.","start":3468.47,"end":3476.15,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3476.47,"end":3476.71},{"text":"will","start":3476.71,"end":3477.11},{"text":"reduce","start":3477.83,"end":3478.39},{"text":"collision","start":3478.87,"end":3479.35},{"text":"risks","start":3479.35,"end":3479.83},{"text":"and","start":3480.15,"end":3480.63},{"text":"implementation","start":3481.31,"end":3482.03},{"text":"of","start":3482.03,"end":3482.11},{"text":"good","start":3482.11,"end":3482.27},{"text":"practices","start":3482.27,"end":3482.99},{"text":"so","start":3483.07,"end":3483.51},{"text":"as","start":3483.51,"end":3483.79},{"text":"to","start":3483.79,"end":3483.91},{"text":"prevent","start":3483.91,"end":3484.27},{"text":"the","start":3484.27,"end":3484.39},{"text":"generation","start":3484.39,"end":3484.91},{"text":"of","start":3484.91,"end":3484.99},{"text":"space","start":3484.99,"end":3485.31},{"text":"debris.","start":3485.31,"end":3485.71}]},{"text":"This is the most pragmatic and effective way to uphold LTS while continuing to engage in discussions for the management of debris already in orbit.","start":3486.43,"end":3497.23,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3543.99,"end":3544.39},{"text":"distinguished","start":3544.39,"end":3544.91},{"text":"delegates,","start":3544.91,"end":3545.47},{"text":"China","start":3545.47,"end":3545.71},{"text":"thanks","start":3545.71,"end":3545.99},{"text":"the","start":3545.99,"end":3546.11},{"text":"Chair","start":3546.11,"end":3546.35},{"text":"and","start":3546.35,"end":3546.47},{"text":"the","start":3546.47,"end":3546.55},{"text":"Secretariat","start":3546.55,"end":3547.11},{"text":"for","start":3547.11,"end":3547.23},{"text":"their","start":3547.23,"end":3547.39},{"text":"efforts","start":3547.39,"end":3547.75},{"text":"in","start":3547.75,"end":3547.87},{"text":"advancing","start":3547.87,"end":3548.31},{"text":"the","start":3548.31,"end":3548.39},{"text":"work","start":3548.39,"end":3548.71},{"text":"on","start":3549.19,"end":3549.31},{"text":"the","start":3549.31,"end":3549.39},{"text":"long-term","start":3549.39,"end":3549.91},{"text":"sustainability","start":3549.91,"end":3550.63},{"text":"of","start":3550.63,"end":3550.71},{"text":"outer","start":3550.71,"end":3550.87},{"text":"space","start":3550.87,"end":3551.19},{"text":"activities.","start":3551.19,"end":3551.91}]},{"text":"The Chinese government has consistently attached great importance to the agenda on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities and has long supported the work of UN COPUOS in promoting this process while actively participating in relevant discussions and cooperation.","start":3551.91,"end":3565.67,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":3643.71,"end":3643.79},{"text":"present,","start":3643.87,"end":3644.23},{"text":"with","start":3644.23,"end":3644.63},{"text":"the","start":3644.63,"end":3644.71},{"text":"outer","start":3644.71,"end":3644.91},{"text":"space","start":3644.91,"end":3645.15},{"text":"activities","start":3645.15,"end":3645.55},{"text":"becoming","start":3645.55,"end":3645.99},{"text":"increasingly","start":3645.99,"end":3646.43},{"text":"frequent","start":3646.43,"end":3646.79},{"text":"challenges,","start":3646.79,"end":3647.47},{"text":"Challenges","start":3648.43,"end":3648.95},{"text":"such","start":3648.95,"end":3649.19},{"text":"as","start":3649.19,"end":3649.31},{"text":"size,","start":3649.31,"end":3649.71},{"text":"degree,","start":3649.71,"end":3649.95},{"text":"large","start":3649.95,"end":3650.51},{"text":"constellations","start":3650.51,"end":3651.55},{"text":"have","start":3651.95,"end":3652.07},{"text":"become","start":3652.07,"end":3652.47},{"text":"more","start":3652.47,"end":3652.75},{"text":"prominent.","start":3652.75,"end":3653.19}]},{"text":"China believes that with its limited time, the working group should prioritize in-depth discussions on most urgent wide shared challenges and the basis of extraordinary opportunities for development of additional voluntary guidelines.","start":3653.19,"end":3665.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":3653.19,"end":3653.47},{"text":"believes","start":3653.47,"end":3653.87},{"text":"that","start":3653.87,"end":3654.03},{"text":"with","start":3654.03,"end":3654.35},{"text":"its","start":3654.59,"end":3654.83},{"text":"limited","start":3654.83,"end":3655.11},{"text":"time,","start":3655.11,"end":3655.27},{"text":"the","start":3655.27,"end":3655.35},{"text":"working","start":3655.35,"end":3655.71},{"text":"group","start":3655.71,"end":3655.95},{"text":"should","start":3655.95,"end":3656.11},{"text":"prioritize","start":3656.11,"end":3656.59},{"text":"in-depth","start":3656.59,"end":3657.03},{"text":"discussions","start":3657.23,"end":3657.87},{"text":"on","start":3657.87,"end":3658.03},{"text":"most","start":3658.03,"end":3658.31},{"text":"urgent","start":3658.31,"end":3658.91},{"text":"wide","start":3659.23,"end":3659.51},{"text":"shared","start":3659.51,"end":3659.79},{"text":"challenges","start":3659.79,"end":3660.43},{"text":"and","start":3660.43,"end":3660.63},{"text":"the","start":3660.63,"end":3660.71},{"text":"basis","start":3660.71,"end":3661.15},{"text":"of","start":3661.15,"end":3661.23},{"text":"extraordinary","start":3661.23,"end":3661.75},{"text":"opportunities","start":3661.75,"end":3662.35},{"text":"for","start":3662.35,"end":3662.47},{"text":"development","start":3662.47,"end":3663.39},{"text":"of","start":3664.23,"end":3664.43},{"text":"additional","start":3664.51,"end":3665.11},{"text":"voluntary","start":3665.11,"end":3665.51},{"text":"guidelines.","start":3665.51,"end":3665.91}]},{"text":"China supports structured approach.","start":3665.91,"end":3667.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":3665.91,"end":3666.11},{"text":"supports","start":3666.11,"end":3666.51},{"text":"structured","start":3666.51,"end":3666.95},{"text":"approach.","start":3666.95,"end":3667.47}]},{"text":"It supports the Capacity building is essential in ensuring all states can participate in outer space activities on equal footing and sharing the benefit of outer space.","start":3668.99,"end":3679.59,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"China","start":3689.75,"end":3689.99},{"text":"calls","start":3689.99,"end":3690.23},{"text":"for","start":3690.23,"end":3690.47},{"text":"further","start":3690.47,"end":3690.87},{"text":"strengthening","start":3690.87,"end":3691.31},{"text":"support","start":3691.31,"end":3691.59},{"text":"for","start":3691.59,"end":3691.71},{"text":"developing","start":3691.71,"end":3692.07},{"text":"countries","start":3692.07,"end":3692.43},{"text":"and","start":3692.43,"end":3692.55},{"text":"emerging","start":3692.55,"end":3692.95},{"text":"sparing","start":3693.43,"end":3693.91},{"text":"countries","start":3693.91,"end":3694.47},{"text":"to","start":3694.87,"end":3695.03},{"text":"promote","start":3695.11,"end":3695.43},{"text":"mutual","start":3695.43,"end":3695.75},{"text":"benefit.","start":3695.75,"end":3696.31}]},{"text":"We welcome the establishment of the expert on SSA.","start":3696.95,"end":3699.99,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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you.","start":3815.27,"end":3831.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":3815.27,"end":3816.15},{"text":"distinguished","start":3817.59,"end":3818.31},{"text":"delegates,","start":3818.39,"end":3819.11},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":3825.63,"end":3826.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":3826.35,"end":3826.91},{"text":"delegates,","start":3826.91,"end":3827.55},{"text":"may","start":3828.03,"end":3828.27},{"text":"the","start":3828.91,"end":3829.03},{"text":"mercy","start":3829.07,"end":3829.55},{"text":"and","start":3829.55,"end":3829.71},{"text":"blessings","start":3829.71,"end":3830.35},{"text":"of","start":3830.35,"end":3830.51},{"text":"God","start":3830.51,"end":3830.71},{"text":"be","start":3830.71,"end":3830.87},{"text":"upon","start":3830.87,"end":3831.23},{"text":"you.","start":3831.23,"end":3831.31}]},{"text":"At the outset, I wish to thank the STSC for its unrelenting efforts in advancing long-term sustainability of outer space 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Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3886.55,"end":3887.27},{"text":"there","start":3888.23,"end":3888.47},{"text":"is","start":3888.47,"end":3888.87},{"text":"a","start":3889.11,"end":3889.15},{"text":"likelihood","start":3889.15,"end":3889.75},{"text":"for","start":3889.75,"end":3889.99},{"text":"an","start":3889.99,"end":3890.07},{"text":"increase","start":3890.07,"end":3890.43},{"text":"in","start":3890.43,"end":3890.59},{"text":"space","start":3890.59,"end":3891.03},{"text":"debris,","start":3891.19,"end":3891.75},{"text":"high","start":3891.75,"end":3891.99},{"text":"risk","start":3891.99,"end":3892.35},{"text":"close","start":3892.35,"end":3893.35},{"text":"approaches","start":3893.51,"end":3894.23},{"text":"and","start":3894.23,"end":3894.39},{"text":"collision","start":3894.39,"end":3894.87},{"text":"risks,","start":3894.87,"end":3895.19},{"text":"among","start":3895.19,"end":3895.67},{"text":"others.","start":3895.75,"end":3896.23}]},{"text":"guided by our current direction which seeks to develop this space sector as a knowledge based a technology based economy the kingdom reaffirms its commitment to the peaceful uses of outer space in support of long-term sustainability of outer space activities with a focus on transforming those into practical and measurable operational practices always taking into account differences in capacities and ensuring the participation of states with emerging space programs in on an equitable basis the current direction of our policies in the kingdom means that we are continuing the development of an integrated framework through the work of the Saudi space agency including by strengthening strengthening human capital, aligning international guidelines with international regulatory frameworks and encouraging adherence to the internationally recognized best practices, thus fostering a space environment that is safe, responsible and attractive for investment.","start":3897.31,"end":3967.09,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. 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Space was presented not only as a strategic domain, but also as infrastructure for achieving development goals and supporting vulnerable countries."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4015.29,"end":4015.61},{"text":"enhancing","start":4015.61,"end":4016.13},{"text":"international","start":4016.13,"end":4016.81},{"text":"dialogue","start":4016.81,"end":4017.77},{"text":"and","start":4017.77,"end":4018.01},{"text":"exchange","start":4018.01,"end":4018.57},{"text":"of","start":4018.65,"end":4018.81},{"text":"expertise,","start":4018.81,"end":4019.53},{"text":"we","start":4019.69,"end":4019.93},{"text":"held","start":4019.93,"end":4020.25},{"text":"the","start":4020.25,"end":4020.45},{"text":"first","start":4020.49,"end":4020.89},{"text":"edition","start":4020.89,"end":4021.45},{"text":"in","start":4021.45,"end":4021.61},{"text":"Riyadh","start":4021.61,"end":4022.01},{"text":"of","start":4022.01,"end":4022.09},{"text":"the","start":4022.09,"end":4022.21},{"text":"Space","start":4022.21,"end":4022.53},{"text":"Debris","start":4022.53,"end":4022.89},{"text":"Conference","start":4022.89,"end":4023.53},{"text":"in","start":4023.53,"end":4023.65},{"text":"2024,","start":4023.65,"end":4024.57},{"text":"followed","start":4024.73,"end":4025.21},{"text":"by","start":4025.21,"end":4025.53},{"text":"the","start":4025.53,"end":4025.61},{"text":"second","start":4025.61,"end":4025.89},{"text":"edition","start":4025.89,"end":4026.37},{"text":"in","start":4026.37,"end":4026.49},{"text":"January","start":4026.49,"end":4026.89},{"text":"2026","start":4026.89,"end":4028.01},{"text":"to","start":4028.01,"end":4028.09},{"text":"focus","start":4028.09,"end":4028.57},{"text":"on","start":4028.57,"end":4028.81},{"text":"innovative","start":4028.81,"end":4029.53},{"text":"solutions","start":4029.77,"end":4030.49},{"text":"to","start":4030.49,"end":4030.61},{"text":"strengthen","start":4030.61,"end":4031.37},{"text":"international","start":4031.37,"end":4032.73},{"text":"cooperation","start":4033.13,"end":4033.93},{"text":"to","start":4034.17,"end":4034.29},{"text":"reduce","start":4034.29,"end":4034.81},{"text":"orbital","start":4034.81,"end":4035.25},{"text":"congestion","start":4035.25,"end":4035.93},{"text":"and","start":4035.93,"end":4036.05},{"text":"support","start":4036.05,"end":4036.41},{"text":"space","start":4036.41,"end":4036.73},{"text":"traffic","start":4036.73,"end":4037.13},{"text":"management.","start":4037.13,"end":4037.69}]},{"text":"We consider that long-term sustainability of outer space activities contributes directly in support of the SDGs.","start":4037.93,"end":4045.17,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4063.21,"end":4063.61},{"text":"therefore,","start":4064.09,"end":4064.73},{"text":"the","start":4064.73,"end":4064.93},{"text":"Kingdom","start":4064.93,"end":4065.37},{"text":"considers","start":4065.37,"end":4066.09},{"text":"that","start":4066.09,"end":4066.41},{"text":"practical","start":4066.41,"end":4066.89},{"text":"priorities","start":4066.89,"end":4067.57},{"text":"for","start":4067.57,"end":4067.77},{"text":"enhancing","start":4067.77,"end":4068.41},{"text":"long-term","start":4068.41,"end":4068.89},{"text":"sustainability","start":4068.89,"end":4069.85},{"text":"of","start":4069.85,"end":4070.01},{"text":"outer","start":4070.01,"end":4070.33},{"text":"space","start":4070.33,"end":4070.65},{"text":"activities","start":4070.65,"end":4071.29},{"text":"should","start":4071.29,"end":4071.53},{"text":"include","start":4071.53,"end":4071.93},{"text":"the","start":4071.93,"end":4072.01},{"text":"following.","start":4072.01,"end":4072.57}]},{"text":"First, limiting the generation of space debris through responsible mission design and operations, including end of life planning, safe disposal, and minimizing the risk of accidental breakup in line with internationally recognized practices.","start":4073.93,"end":4090.01,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4073.93,"end":4074.25},{"text":"limiting","start":4074.25,"end":4074.81},{"text":"the","start":4074.81,"end":4074.93},{"text":"generation","start":4074.93,"end":4075.61},{"text":"of","start":4075.61,"end":4075.69},{"text":"space","start":4075.69,"end":4076.17},{"text":"debris","start":4076.17,"end":4076.97},{"text":"through","start":4076.97,"end":4077.29},{"text":"responsible","start":4077.29,"end":4078.17},{"text":"mission","start":4078.17,"end":4078.57},{"text":"design","start":4078.57,"end":4079.05},{"text":"and","start":4079.05,"end":4079.33},{"text":"operations,","start":4079.33,"end":4080.09},{"text":"including","start":4080.33,"end":4080.97},{"text":"end","start":4080.97,"end":4081.29},{"text":"of","start":4081.29,"end":4081.45},{"text":"life","start":4081.45,"end":4081.77},{"text":"planning,","start":4081.77,"end":4082.41},{"text":"safe","start":4082.49,"end":4082.89},{"text":"disposal,","start":4082.89,"end":4083.61},{"text":"and","start":4083.61,"end":4083.93},{"text":"minimizing","start":4083.93,"end":4084.57},{"text":"the","start":4084.57,"end":4084.77},{"text":"risk","start":4084.77,"end":4085.05},{"text":"of","start":4085.05,"end":4085.21},{"text":"accidental","start":4085.21,"end":4086.09},{"text":"breakup","start":4086.09,"end":4086.65},{"text":"in","start":4086.89,"end":4087.09},{"text":"line","start":4087.09,"end":4087.45},{"text":"with","start":4087.45,"end":4087.69},{"text":"internationally","start":4087.69,"end":4088.65},{"text":"recognized","start":4088.69,"end":4089.37},{"text":"practices.","start":4089.37,"end":4090.01}]},{"text":"Second, enhancing operational safety and collision avoidance by improving risk assessment and strengthening coordination, notification, and response procedures, particularly in congested orbital environments.","start":4090.01,"end":4103.81,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":4090.01,"end":4090.49},{"text":"enhancing","start":4090.81,"end":4091.45},{"text":"operational","start":4091.45,"end":4092.01},{"text":"safety","start":4092.01,"end":4092.57},{"text":"and","start":4092.57,"end":4092.73},{"text":"collision","start":4092.73,"end":4093.21},{"text":"avoidance","start":4093.21,"end":4093.77},{"text":"by","start":4093.77,"end":4093.97},{"text":"improving","start":4093.97,"end":4094.57},{"text":"risk","start":4094.57,"end":4094.97},{"text":"assessment","start":4094.97,"end":4095.61},{"text":"and","start":4095.93,"end":4096.17},{"text":"strengthening","start":4096.17,"end":4096.89},{"text":"coordination,","start":4096.89,"end":4097.81},{"text":"notification,","start":4097.81,"end":4098.65},{"text":"and","start":4098.65,"end":4098.89},{"text":"response","start":4098.89,"end":4099.45},{"text":"procedures,","start":4099.45,"end":4100.17},{"text":"particularly","start":4100.17,"end":4100.97},{"text":"in","start":4101.21,"end":4101.45},{"text":"congested","start":4101.45,"end":4102.17},{"text":"orbital","start":4102.17,"end":4103.29},{"text":"environments.","start":4103.29,"end":4103.81}]},{"text":"while integrating space weather considerations into operational planning and risk management.","start":4104.01,"end":4108.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"while","start":4104.01,"end":4104.41},{"text":"integrating","start":4104.41,"end":4105.29},{"text":"space","start":4105.29,"end":4105.61},{"text":"weather","start":4105.61,"end":4105.85},{"text":"considerations","start":4105.85,"end":4106.65},{"text":"into","start":4106.65,"end":4106.85},{"text":"operational","start":4106.85,"end":4107.45},{"text":"planning","start":4107.45,"end":4107.93},{"text":"and","start":4107.93,"end":4108.09},{"text":"risk","start":4108.09,"end":4108.33},{"text":"management.","start":4108.33,"end":4108.97}]},{"text":"Third, narrowing capacity gaps through the exchange of expertise, capacity building and the development of human competencies, thus strengthening operational readiness.","start":4109.29,"end":4119.85,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":4109.29,"end":4109.69},{"text":"narrowing","start":4110.17,"end":4110.73},{"text":"capacity","start":4110.73,"end":4111.53},{"text":"gaps","start":4111.53,"end":4112.17},{"text":"through","start":4112.17,"end":4112.49},{"text":"the","start":4112.49,"end":4112.61},{"text":"exchange","start":4112.65,"end":4113.09},{"text":"of","start":4113.09,"end":4113.17},{"text":"expertise,","start":4113.17,"end":4113.77},{"text":"capacity","start":4113.77,"end":4114.29},{"text":"building","start":4114.29,"end":4114.69},{"text":"and","start":4114.69,"end":4114.81},{"text":"the","start":4114.81,"end":4114.89},{"text":"development","start":4114.89,"end":4115.53},{"text":"of","start":4115.53,"end":4115.69},{"text":"human","start":4115.77,"end":4116.25},{"text":"competencies,","start":4116.25,"end":4117.21},{"text":"thus","start":4117.29,"end":4117.69},{"text":"strengthening","start":4117.77,"end":4118.49},{"text":"operational","start":4118.49,"end":4119.21},{"text":"readiness.","start":4119.21,"end":4119.85}]},{"text":"To conclude, Chair, we call for expanding capacity building programs, knowledge sharing and technical training, in a broader manner which guarantees participation and effective implementation of the LTS guidelines.","start":4120.25,"end":4137.05,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4120.25,"end":4120.41},{"text":"conclude,","start":4120.41,"end":4120.89},{"text":"Chair,","start":4120.89,"end":4121.37},{"text":"we","start":4121.53,"end":4121.69},{"text":"call","start":4121.69,"end":4122.17},{"text":"for","start":4122.17,"end":4122.49},{"text":"expanding","start":4122.49,"end":4123.21},{"text":"capacity","start":4123.21,"end":4123.69},{"text":"building","start":4123.69,"end":4124.09},{"text":"programs,","start":4124.09,"end":4124.81},{"text":"knowledge","start":4124.81,"end":4125.21},{"text":"sharing","start":4125.77,"end":4126.41},{"text":"and","start":4126.41,"end":4126.65},{"text":"technical","start":4126.65,"end":4127.13},{"text":"training,","start":4127.13,"end":4127.69},{"text":"in","start":4128.41,"end":4128.57},{"text":"a","start":4128.73,"end":4128.81},{"text":"broader","start":4128.81,"end":4129.53},{"text":"manner","start":4129.53,"end":4130.09},{"text":"which","start":4130.25,"end":4130.65},{"text":"guarantees","start":4130.73,"end":4131.53},{"text":"participation","start":4131.53,"end":4132.57},{"text":"and","start":4132.57,"end":4132.97},{"text":"effective","start":4132.97,"end":4133.37},{"text":"implementation","start":4133.37,"end":4134.25},{"text":"of","start":4134.25,"end":4134.49},{"text":"the","start":4134.49,"end":4134.61},{"text":"LTS","start":4134.81,"end":4135.69},{"text":"guidelines.","start":4136.33,"end":4137.05}]},{"text":"We reaffirm our commitment to work alongside the member states, UNOSA and international partners in strengthening the long-term sustainability of outer space activities to advance peace and development for all.","start":4137.53,"end":4154.01,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."},{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common 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Federation.","start":4161.69,"end":4168.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4161.69,"end":4161.93},{"text":"next","start":4162.25,"end":4162.45},{"text":"speaker","start":4162.45,"end":4162.85},{"text":"on","start":4162.85,"end":4163.01},{"text":"my","start":4163.01,"end":4163.13},{"text":"list","start":4163.13,"end":4163.37},{"text":"is","start":4163.37,"end":4163.53},{"text":"the","start":4163.53,"end":4163.69},{"text":"distinguished","start":4163.69,"end":4164.25},{"text":"representative","start":4164.25,"end":4165.37},{"text":"of","start":4165.37,"end":4165.61},{"text":"the","start":4167.13,"end":4167.25},{"text":"Russian","start":4167.25,"end":4167.69},{"text":"Federation.","start":4167.69,"end":4168.97}]},{"text":"The Russian Federation, the floor is 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outer space activities remains one of the most significant challenges of our era, requiring a galvanization of the international community.","start":4175.81,"end":4185.45,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4328.93,"end":4329.25},{"text":"agree","start":4329.33,"end":4329.81},{"text":"with","start":4329.81,"end":4330.09},{"text":"the","start":4330.09,"end":4330.17},{"text":"view","start":4330.21,"end":4330.45},{"text":"we","start":4330.45,"end":4330.53},{"text":"heard","start":4330.53,"end":4330.77},{"text":"from","start":4330.77,"end":4330.93},{"text":"colleagues","start":4330.93,"end":4331.41},{"text":"that","start":4331.41,"end":4331.57},{"text":"this","start":4331.57,"end":4331.73},{"text":"is","start":4331.73,"end":4331.89},{"text":"an","start":4331.89,"end":4332.01},{"text":"important","start":4332.01,"end":4332.49},{"text":"step","start":4332.49,"end":4332.77},{"text":"for","start":4332.77,"end":4333.01},{"text":"harmonizing","start":4333.01,"end":4333.57},{"text":"international","start":4333.57,"end":4334.21},{"text":"standards","start":4334.21,"end":4334.69},{"text":"and","start":4334.69,"end":4334.93},{"text":"requirements","start":4334.93,"end":4335.65},{"text":"in","start":4335.65,"end":4335.77},{"text":"this","start":4335.77,"end":4335.93},{"text":"sphere.","start":4335.93,"end":4336.29}]},{"text":"International legal coordination and unification of approaches for successfully tackling LTS challenges and additional guidelines in this field requires that we take a look at pressing and common challenges for all in LTS.","start":4337.65,"end":4354.01,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4373.45,"end":4373.53},{"text":"work","start":4373.53,"end":4373.85},{"text":"on","start":4373.85,"end":4374.01},{"text":"the","start":4374.01,"end":4374.41},{"text":"guidelines,","start":4374.65,"end":4375.45},{"text":"we","start":4375.45,"end":4375.69},{"text":"would","start":4375.69,"end":4375.81},{"text":"need","start":4375.81,"end":4376.13},{"text":"to","start":4376.13,"end":4376.41},{"text":"adopt","start":4376.41,"end":4376.81},{"text":"criteria","start":4376.81,"end":4377.49},{"text":"and","start":4377.49,"end":4377.65},{"text":"procedures","start":4377.65,"end":4378.57},{"text":"to","start":4378.89,"end":4379.13},{"text":"agree","start":4379.13,"end":4379.53},{"text":"upon","start":4379.53,"end":4379.85},{"text":"amendments","start":4379.85,"end":4380.49},{"text":"to","start":4380.49,"end":4380.81},{"text":"already","start":4380.81,"end":4381.17},{"text":"existing","start":4381.17,"end":4381.85},{"text":"or","start":4381.85,"end":4382.17},{"text":"for","start":4382.17,"end":4382.33},{"text":"the","start":4382.33,"end":4382.41},{"text":"drafting","start":4382.41,"end":4382.97},{"text":"of","start":4382.97,"end":4383.21},{"text":"new","start":4383.21,"end":4383.37},{"text":"LTS","start":4383.37,"end":4383.93},{"text":"guidelines","start":4383.93,"end":4384.41},{"text":"or","start":4384.41,"end":4384.49},{"text":"principles.","start":4384.49,"end":4385.13}]},{"text":"We are deeply convinced and support the view of our colleagues that the guidelines should contain practically significant recommendations for tackling existing challenges and problems rather than appeals or declarations.","start":4385.85,"end":4400.17,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4433.77,"end":4434.17},{"text":"the","start":4434.57,"end":4434.69},{"text":"Russian","start":4434.69,"end":4435.01},{"text":"Federation","start":4435.01,"end":4435.77},{"text":"calls","start":4436.41,"end":4437.05},{"text":"for","start":4437.29,"end":4437.93},{"text":"broadening","start":4437.93,"end":4438.49},{"text":"of","start":4438.49,"end":4438.57},{"text":"data","start":4438.57,"end":4438.89},{"text":"on","start":4438.89,"end":4439.41},{"text":"the","start":4439.53,"end":4439.73},{"text":"orbital","start":4439.73,"end":4440.09},{"text":"situation,","start":4440.09,"end":4440.69},{"text":"including","start":4440.69,"end":4441.13},{"text":"information","start":4441.13,"end":4441.77},{"text":"on","start":4441.77,"end":4441.89},{"text":"approaches,","start":4441.89,"end":4442.41},{"text":"maneuvers,","start":4442.41,"end":4442.97},{"text":"and","start":4442.97,"end":4443.09},{"text":"possible","start":4443.09,"end":4443.53},{"text":"incidents","start":4443.53,"end":4444.13},{"text":"so","start":4444.13,"end":4444.29},{"text":"as","start":4444.29,"end":4444.41},{"text":"to","start":4444.41,"end":4444.53},{"text":"attenuate","start":4444.53,"end":4445.05},{"text":"risk","start":4445.05,"end":4445.25},{"text":"for","start":4445.25,"end":4445.45},{"text":"all","start":4445.45,"end":4445.69},{"text":"space","start":4445.69,"end":4446.01},{"text":"actors.","start":4446.01,"end":4446.65}]},{"text":"We stand ready to share our experience in drafting and implementing national measures for implementing the LTS guidelines.","start":4447.21,"end":4455.05,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"India","start":4507.89,"end":4508.17},{"text":"recognizes","start":4508.17,"end":4508.93},{"text":"that","start":4509.01,"end":4509.29},{"text":"the","start":4509.29,"end":4509.41},{"text":"long-term","start":4509.41,"end":4509.77},{"text":"sustainability","start":4509.77,"end":4510.45},{"text":"of","start":4510.45,"end":4510.53},{"text":"outer","start":4510.53,"end":4510.81},{"text":"space","start":4510.81,"end":4511.09},{"text":"activities","start":4511.09,"end":4511.65},{"text":"is","start":4511.73,"end":4511.93},{"text":"a","start":4511.93,"end":4511.97},{"text":"key","start":4511.97,"end":4512.21},{"text":"consideration","start":4512.21,"end":4512.93},{"text":"for","start":4513.25,"end":4513.41},{"text":"equal","start":4513.41,"end":4513.81},{"text":"access","start":4513.81,"end":4514.13},{"text":"to","start":4514.13,"end":4514.29},{"text":"the","start":4514.29,"end":4514.45},{"text":"outer","start":4514.45,"end":4514.69},{"text":"space","start":4514.69,"end":4514.93},{"text":"domain.","start":4514.93,"end":4515.33}]},{"text":"In this context, India continues with its voluntary national implementation of the UN adopted LTS guidelines and takes this opportunity to share its experiences, best practices, and lessons learned over the previous year.","start":4516.05,"end":4529.25,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"Wherever","start":4626.61,"end":4627.01},{"text":"necessary,","start":4627.01,"end":4627.57},{"text":"the","start":4627.73,"end":4627.93},{"text":"required","start":4627.93,"end":4628.33},{"text":"coordination","start":4628.33,"end":4629.01},{"text":"was","start":4629.09,"end":4629.33},{"text":"carried","start":4629.33,"end":4629.73},{"text":"out","start":4629.73,"end":4629.89},{"text":"with","start":4630.21,"end":4630.53},{"text":"other","start":4630.77,"end":4631.01},{"text":"space","start":4631.01,"end":4631.33},{"text":"faring","start":4631.33,"end":4631.81},{"text":"entities","start":4631.81,"end":4632.53},{"text":"to","start":4632.61,"end":4632.77},{"text":"resolve","start":4632.77,"end":4633.25},{"text":"close","start":4633.33,"end":4633.65},{"text":"approach","start":4633.65,"end":4634.05},{"text":"risks","start":4634.05,"end":4634.37},{"text":"between","start":4634.53,"end":4634.93},{"text":"active","start":4634.93,"end":4635.33},{"text":"satellites.","start":4635.33,"end":4635.97}]},{"text":"Beyond Earth orbit maneuver plans for Chandrayaan to orbiter were adjusted on multiple occasions to avoid potential close approaches with other lunar orbiters.","start":4636.85,"end":4647.77,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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you, distinguished chair and delegates for your kind attention.","start":4742.29,"end":4745.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4742.29,"end":4742.53},{"text":"you,","start":4742.53,"end":4742.61},{"text":"distinguished","start":4742.61,"end":4743.09},{"text":"chair","start":4743.09,"end":4743.33},{"text":"and","start":4743.61,"end":4743.85},{"text":"delegates","start":4744.13,"end":4744.57},{"text":"for","start":4744.57,"end":4744.69},{"text":"your","start":4744.69,"end":4744.85},{"text":"kind","start":4744.85,"end":4745.05},{"text":"attention.","start":4745.05,"end":4745.45}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IND","affiliation_full":"India","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":4747.69,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=4748","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of India for his 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Korea.","start":4751.93,"end":4758.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4751.93,"end":4752.09},{"text":"next","start":4752.09,"end":4752.41},{"text":"speaker","start":4752.57,"end":4752.97},{"text":"on","start":4752.97,"end":4753.09},{"text":"my","start":4753.09,"end":4753.21},{"text":"list","start":4753.21,"end":4753.45},{"text":"is","start":4753.45,"end":4753.61},{"text":"the","start":4753.61,"end":4753.85},{"text":"distinguished","start":4753.85,"end":4754.53},{"text":"representative","start":4755.13,"end":4755.77},{"text":"of","start":4755.77,"end":4756.01},{"text":"the","start":4756.73,"end":4756.89},{"text":"Republic","start":4757.33,"end":4757.85},{"text":"of","start":4757.85,"end":4758.09},{"text":"Korea.","start":4758.09,"end":4758.49}]},{"text":"Korea, you have the floor, please.","start":4760.01,"end":4760.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Korea,","start":4760.01,"end":4760.25},{"text":"you","start":4760.25,"end":4760.33},{"text":"have","start":4760.33,"end":4760.45},{"text":"the","start":4760.45,"end":4760.53},{"text":"floor,","start":4760.53,"end":4760.73},{"text":"please.","start":4760.73,"end":4760.93}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":24,"start":4762.41,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=4763","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":4762.41,"end":4763.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4762.41,"end":4762.57},{"text":"you,","start":4762.57,"end":4762.69},{"text":"Chair.","start":4762.69,"end":4763.05}]},{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, the Republic of Korea wishes to express its sincere gratitude to the Chair of the Working Group on the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities Mr. Umamaheswaran and the Secretary for their dedicated efforts and leadership.","start":4763.93,"end":4779.33,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4763.93,"end":4764.41},{"text":"distinguished","start":4764.65,"end":4765.21},{"text":"delegates,","start":4765.21,"end":4765.73},{"text":"the","start":4766.17,"end":4766.29},{"text":"Republic","start":4766.29,"end":4766.77},{"text":"of","start":4766.77,"end":4766.85},{"text":"Korea","start":4766.85,"end":4767.37},{"text":"wishes","start":4767.37,"end":4767.85},{"text":"to","start":4767.85,"end":4767.97},{"text":"express","start":4767.97,"end":4768.49},{"text":"its","start":4768.49,"end":4768.65},{"text":"sincere","start":4768.65,"end":4769.13},{"text":"gratitude","start":4769.13,"end":4769.73},{"text":"to","start":4769.73,"end":4769.81},{"text":"the","start":4769.81,"end":4769.89},{"text":"Chair","start":4769.93,"end":4770.17},{"text":"of","start":4770.17,"end":4770.25},{"text":"the","start":4770.25,"end":4770.37},{"text":"Working","start":4770.37,"end":4770.73},{"text":"Group","start":4770.73,"end":4771.01},{"text":"on","start":4771.37,"end":4771.53},{"text":"the","start":4771.53,"end":4771.61},{"text":"Long-Term","start":4771.61,"end":4772.25},{"text":"Sustainability","start":4772.25,"end":4773.05},{"text":"of","start":4773.05,"end":4773.21},{"text":"Outer","start":4773.21,"end":4773.53},{"text":"Space","start":4773.53,"end":4773.85},{"text":"Activities","start":4773.85,"end":4774.57},{"text":"Mr.","start":4775.01,"end":4775.33},{"text":"Umamaheswaran","start":4775.33,"end":4776.37},{"text":"and","start":4776.61,"end":4776.77},{"text":"the","start":4776.77,"end":4776.85},{"text":"Secretary","start":4776.85,"end":4777.41},{"text":"for","start":4777.41,"end":4777.65},{"text":"their","start":4777.65,"end":4777.77},{"text":"dedicated","start":4777.77,"end":4778.29},{"text":"efforts","start":4778.29,"end":4778.69},{"text":"and","start":4778.69,"end":4778.81},{"text":"leadership.","start":4778.81,"end":4779.33}]},{"text":"We welcome the decision made at last year's 68th session of UN COPUOS to extend the mandate of the LTS Working Group by three years and to reappoint the current Chair.","start":4779.73,"end":4790.13,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":4829.41,"end":4829.65},{"text":"advancing","start":4829.65,"end":4830.21},{"text":"our","start":4830.21,"end":4830.41},{"text":"own","start":4830.41,"end":4830.69},{"text":"national","start":4830.69,"end":4831.13},{"text":"capabilities","start":4831.13,"end":4831.89},{"text":"in","start":4831.89,"end":4832.01},{"text":"this","start":4832.01,"end":4832.25},{"text":"field,","start":4832.25,"end":4832.65},{"text":"we","start":4832.97,"end":4833.13},{"text":"look","start":4833.13,"end":4833.37},{"text":"forward","start":4833.37,"end":4833.73},{"text":"to","start":4833.73,"end":4833.85},{"text":"sharing","start":4833.85,"end":4834.25},{"text":"experiences","start":4834.25,"end":4835.13},{"text":"and","start":4835.53,"end":4835.77},{"text":"fostering","start":4835.77,"end":4836.33},{"text":"technical","start":4836.33,"end":4836.97},{"text":"and","start":4837.29,"end":4837.45},{"text":"policy","start":4837.45,"end":4837.93},{"text":"coherence","start":4837.93,"end":4838.65},{"text":"through","start":4838.89,"end":4839.05},{"text":"formal","start":4839.05,"end":4839.61},{"text":"and","start":4839.93,"end":4840.13},{"text":"informal","start":4840.13,"end":4840.57},{"text":"meetings.","start":4840.57,"end":4841.05}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we support the establishment of the expert group on space situational awareness.","start":4841.77,"end":4847.61,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":4841.77,"end":4842.49},{"text":"we","start":4842.89,"end":4843.05},{"text":"support","start":4843.05,"end":4843.49},{"text":"the","start":4843.49,"end":4843.57},{"text":"establishment","start":4843.57,"end":4844.49},{"text":"of","start":4844.65,"end":4844.81},{"text":"the","start":4844.81,"end":4844.89},{"text":"expert","start":4844.89,"end":4845.37},{"text":"group","start":4845.37,"end":4845.65},{"text":"on","start":4845.65,"end":4845.85},{"text":"space","start":4845.85,"end":4846.21},{"text":"situational","start":4846.21,"end":4846.97},{"text":"awareness.","start":4846.97,"end":4847.61}]},{"text":"Under the leadership of Ms. Fatima Salem Al-Shamsi of the United Arab Emirates, we're confident that the expert group will achieve meaningful progress.","start":4848.45,"end":4857.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":4848.45,"end":4848.65},{"text":"the","start":4848.65,"end":4848.73},{"text":"leadership","start":4848.73,"end":4849.17},{"text":"of","start":4849.17,"end":4849.25},{"text":"Ms.","start":4849.25,"end":4849.85},{"text":"Fatima","start":4849.85,"end":4850.41},{"text":"Salem","start":4850.57,"end":4850.97},{"text":"Al-Shamsi","start":4851.05,"end":4851.73},{"text":"of","start":4851.73,"end":4851.85},{"text":"the","start":4851.85,"end":4851.93},{"text":"United","start":4851.93,"end":4852.41},{"text":"Arab","start":4852.41,"end":4852.93},{"text":"Emirates,","start":4852.97,"end":4853.61},{"text":"we're","start":4853.85,"end":4854.25},{"text":"confident","start":4854.25,"end":4854.89},{"text":"that","start":4854.89,"end":4855.13},{"text":"the","start":4855.13,"end":4855.21},{"text":"expert","start":4855.21,"end":4855.65},{"text":"group","start":4855.65,"end":4855.85},{"text":"will","start":4855.85,"end":4856.01},{"text":"achieve","start":4856.01,"end":4856.45},{"text":"meaningful","start":4856.49,"end":4856.93},{"text":"progress.","start":4856.93,"end":4857.69}]},{"text":"The Republic of Korea is currently in the process of nominating experts for this group, and we are ready to contribute to this important collective effort.","start":4858.45,"end":4867.05,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4858.45,"end":4858.49},{"text":"Republic","start":4858.49,"end":4858.89},{"text":"of","start":4858.89,"end":4858.97},{"text":"Korea","start":4858.97,"end":4859.33},{"text":"is","start":4859.33,"end":4859.45},{"text":"currently","start":4859.45,"end":4859.85},{"text":"in","start":4859.85,"end":4859.93},{"text":"the","start":4859.93,"end":4860.01},{"text":"process","start":4860.01,"end":4861.29},{"text":"of","start":4861.37,"end":4861.53},{"text":"nominating","start":4861.53,"end":4862.33},{"text":"experts","start":4862.33,"end":4862.77},{"text":"for","start":4862.77,"end":4862.97},{"text":"this","start":4862.97,"end":4863.13},{"text":"group,","start":4863.13,"end":4863.37},{"text":"and","start":4863.61,"end":4863.73},{"text":"we","start":4863.93,"end":4864.09},{"text":"are","start":4864.09,"end":4864.25},{"text":"ready","start":4864.25,"end":4864.45},{"text":"to","start":4864.45,"end":4864.61},{"text":"contribute","start":4864.61,"end":4865.25},{"text":"to","start":4865.25,"end":4865.37},{"text":"this","start":4865.37,"end":4865.53},{"text":"important","start":4865.53,"end":4866.09},{"text":"collective","start":4866.09,"end":4866.57},{"text":"effort.","start":4866.57,"end":4867.05}]},{"text":"Chair, the Republic of Korea will continue its efforts to align with and integrate the LTS guidelines to the national policies, including the fourth basic plan for promotion of space development spanning from 2023 to 2027.","start":4868.25,"end":4883.21,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4884.01,"end":4884.21},{"text":"are","start":4884.21,"end":4884.29},{"text":"focusing","start":4884.29,"end":4884.73},{"text":"not","start":4884.73,"end":4885.05},{"text":"only","start":4885.05,"end":4885.25},{"text":"on","start":4885.25,"end":4885.37},{"text":"technical","start":4885.37,"end":4885.85},{"text":"measures","start":4885.85,"end":4886.33},{"text":"like","start":4886.41,"end":4886.65},{"text":"debris","start":4886.65,"end":4886.97},{"text":"mitigation,","start":4886.97,"end":4887.61},{"text":"but","start":4888.17,"end":4888.25},{"text":"also","start":4888.25,"end":4888.57},{"text":"an","start":4888.57,"end":4888.69},{"text":"identification","start":4888.69,"end":4889.49},{"text":"of","start":4889.49,"end":4889.65},{"text":"best","start":4889.65,"end":4889.97},{"text":"practices","start":4889.97,"end":4890.77},{"text":"for","start":4891.25,"end":4891.61},{"text":"regulatory","start":4891.61,"end":4892.13},{"text":"frameworks","start":4892.13,"end":4892.77},{"text":"to","start":4892.85,"end":4892.97},{"text":"support","start":4892.97,"end":4893.57},{"text":"the","start":4893.73,"end":4893.89},{"text":"rapid","start":4893.89,"end":4894.29},{"text":"growth","start":4894.29,"end":4894.69},{"text":"of","start":4895.09,"end":4895.21},{"text":"the","start":4895.21,"end":4895.29},{"text":"commercial","start":4895.29,"end":4895.73},{"text":"space","start":4895.73,"end":4896.01},{"text":"sector.","start":4896.01,"end":4896.45}]},{"text":"In closing, the Republic of Korea reaffirms its dedication to working closely with all Member States throughout the extended mandates of the Working Group to ensure the safety, security and sustainability of outer space activities for future generations.","start":4897.41,"end":4914.29,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Brazil.","start":4924.21,"end":4929.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4924.21,"end":4924.33},{"text":"next","start":4924.33,"end":4924.61},{"text":"speaker","start":4924.73,"end":4925.17},{"text":"on","start":4925.17,"end":4925.33},{"text":"my","start":4925.33,"end":4925.57},{"text":"list","start":4925.57,"end":4925.89},{"text":"is","start":4925.89,"end":4926.05},{"text":"the","start":4926.05,"end":4926.29},{"text":"distinguished","start":4926.29,"end":4926.97},{"text":"representative","start":4926.97,"end":4927.65},{"text":"of","start":4927.65,"end":4927.89},{"text":"Brazil.","start":4928.61,"end":4929.25}]},{"text":"Brazil to the floor.","start":4929.65,"end":4930.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Brazil","start":4929.65,"end":4930.13},{"text":"to","start":4930.17,"end":4930.25},{"text":"the","start":4930.25,"end":4930.37},{"text":"floor.","start":4930.37,"end":4930.77}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":26,"start":4932.37,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=4933","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates.","start":4932.37,"end":4934.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4932.37,"end":4932.61},{"text":"you,","start":4932.61,"end":4932.69},{"text":"Mr.","start":4932.69,"end":4933.01},{"text":"Chair,","start":4933.01,"end":4933.41},{"text":"distinguished","start":4933.41,"end":4934.09},{"text":"delegates.","start":4934.09,"end":4934.85}]},{"text":"The rapid increase in the number of objects launched into outer space, together with the growing complexity of space operations, has brought the need to ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities to the forefront of space-related discussions.","start":4935.41,"end":4953.25,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4935.41,"end":4935.61},{"text":"rapid","start":4935.61,"end":4935.97},{"text":"increase","start":4935.97,"end":4936.49},{"text":"in","start":4936.49,"end":4936.61},{"text":"the","start":4936.61,"end":4936.73},{"text":"number","start":4936.73,"end":4937.17},{"text":"of","start":4937.25,"end":4937.33},{"text":"objects","start":4937.33,"end":4937.97},{"text":"launched","start":4937.97,"end":4938.37},{"text":"into","start":4938.37,"end":4938.73},{"text":"outer","start":4938.73,"end":4939.09},{"text":"space,","start":4939.09,"end":4939.81},{"text":"together","start":4939.97,"end":4940.53},{"text":"with","start":4940.53,"end":4940.73},{"text":"the","start":4940.73,"end":4940.85},{"text":"growing","start":4941.17,"end":4941.57},{"text":"complexity","start":4941.57,"end":4942.45},{"text":"of","start":4942.45,"end":4942.61},{"text":"space","start":4942.61,"end":4943.09},{"text":"operations,","start":4943.09,"end":4944.05},{"text":"has","start":4944.61,"end":4944.77},{"text":"brought","start":4944.77,"end":4945.09},{"text":"the","start":4945.09,"end":4945.21},{"text":"need","start":4945.21,"end":4945.57},{"text":"to","start":4945.57,"end":4945.73},{"text":"ensure","start":4945.73,"end":4946.21},{"text":"the","start":4946.21,"end":4946.33},{"text":"long-term","start":4946.33,"end":4947.09},{"text":"sustainability","start":4947.09,"end":4948.21},{"text":"of","start":4948.57,"end":4948.77},{"text":"outer","start":4948.77,"end":4949.09},{"text":"space","start":4949.09,"end":4949.61},{"text":"activities","start":4949.61,"end":4950.37},{"text":"to","start":4950.37,"end":4950.53},{"text":"the","start":4950.53,"end":4950.61},{"text":"forefront","start":4950.61,"end":4951.33},{"text":"of","start":4951.33,"end":4951.49},{"text":"space-related","start":4951.49,"end":4952.57},{"text":"discussions.","start":4952.57,"end":4953.25}]},{"text":"Brazil reiterates its strong commitment to this objective and calls on all states and space actors to follow the guidelines already approved by this committee so that space may remain safe, accessible, and usable for the benefit of all humankind.","start":4954.53,"end":4974.85,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5507.85,"end":5507.97},{"text":"as","start":5507.97,"end":5508.05},{"text":"such,","start":5508.05,"end":5508.37},{"text":"our","start":5508.37,"end":5508.53},{"text":"country","start":5508.53,"end":5508.93},{"text":"restates","start":5508.93,"end":5509.65},{"text":"that","start":5509.65,"end":5509.81},{"text":"space","start":5509.81,"end":5510.29},{"text":"must","start":5510.29,"end":5510.61},{"text":"remain","start":5510.61,"end":5511.17},{"text":"a","start":5511.49,"end":5511.53},{"text":"common","start":5511.53,"end":5511.97},{"text":"good,","start":5511.97,"end":5512.37},{"text":"common","start":5512.61,"end":5512.93},{"text":"province,","start":5512.93,"end":5513.53},{"text":"safe","start":5513.53,"end":5513.73},{"text":"and","start":5513.73,"end":5513.85},{"text":"accessible,","start":5513.85,"end":5514.45},{"text":"rather","start":5514.45,"end":5514.77},{"text":"than","start":5514.77,"end":5515.01},{"text":"a","start":5515.01,"end":5515.05},{"text":"privilege","start":5515.05,"end":5515.57},{"text":"of","start":5515.57,"end":5515.77},{"text":"a","start":5515.77,"end":5515.81},{"text":"few.","start":5515.81,"end":5516.21}]},{"text":"And we restate our readiness to work with all states, all members of the committee, so that space continues to serve sustainable development in the long term for all of humankind.","start":5516.41,"end":5526.25,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space Applications for Sustainable Development","description":"Several delegations highlighted the practical use of space technologies for climate resilience, disaster response, agriculture, maritime safety, natural resource management, and other public needs. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."},{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5544.57,"end":5544.89},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":5544.89,"end":5545.61},{"text":"distinguished","start":5545.61,"end":5546.25},{"text":"delegates,","start":5546.25,"end":5546.73},{"text":"the","start":5546.73,"end":5546.85},{"text":"Islamic","start":5546.85,"end":5547.17},{"text":"Republic","start":5547.17,"end":5547.61},{"text":"of","start":5547.61,"end":5547.77},{"text":"Iran","start":5547.81,"end":5548.09},{"text":"reaffirms","start":5548.09,"end":5548.73},{"text":"its","start":5548.73,"end":5549.13},{"text":"commitment","start":5549.29,"end":5549.89},{"text":"to","start":5549.89,"end":5550.01},{"text":"the","start":5550.01,"end":5550.13},{"text":"fundamental","start":5550.13,"end":5550.73},{"text":"principles","start":5550.73,"end":5551.29},{"text":"of","start":5551.29,"end":5551.45},{"text":"international","start":5551.45,"end":5552.17},{"text":"space","start":5552.17,"end":5552.49},{"text":"law,","start":5552.49,"end":5552.81},{"text":"which","start":5553.21,"end":5553.41},{"text":"declares","start":5553.49,"end":5554.57},{"text":"outer","start":5554.89,"end":5555.21},{"text":"space","start":5555.21,"end":5555.61},{"text":"as","start":5555.61,"end":5555.77},{"text":"the","start":5555.77,"end":5555.85},{"text":"province","start":5555.85,"end":5556.33},{"text":"of","start":5556.33,"end":5556.49},{"text":"all","start":5556.49,"end":5556.73},{"text":"humankind","start":5556.73,"end":5557.53},{"text":"to","start":5557.93,"end":5558.05},{"text":"be","start":5558.05,"end":5558.17},{"text":"preserved","start":5558.17,"end":5558.81},{"text":"for","start":5558.81,"end":5558.97},{"text":"the","start":5558.97,"end":5559.05},{"text":"benefit","start":5559.05,"end":5559.45},{"text":"of","start":5559.45,"end":5559.61},{"text":"current","start":5559.61,"end":5560.09},{"text":"and","start":5560.09,"end":5560.33},{"text":"future","start":5560.33,"end":5560.65},{"text":"generations.","start":5560.65,"end":5561.53}]},{"text":"We note the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for the adoption of the preamble and 21 guidelines for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.","start":5562.05,"end":5572.25,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5572.73,"end":5573.09},{"text":"guidelines","start":5573.09,"end":5573.69},{"text":"represent","start":5573.69,"end":5574.21},{"text":"a","start":5574.21,"end":5574.25},{"text":"crucial","start":5574.25,"end":5574.73},{"text":"multilateral","start":5574.73,"end":5575.41},{"text":"achievement","start":5575.41,"end":5576.01},{"text":"and","start":5576.01,"end":5576.25},{"text":"provide","start":5576.25,"end":5576.73},{"text":"a","start":5576.73,"end":5576.77},{"text":"framework","start":5576.77,"end":5577.45},{"text":"for","start":5577.45,"end":5577.77},{"text":"ensuring","start":5578.17,"end":5578.65},{"text":"that","start":5578.65,"end":5578.81},{"text":"space","start":5578.89,"end":5579.25},{"text":"remains","start":5579.25,"end":5579.57},{"text":"safe,","start":5579.57,"end":5579.93},{"text":"secure,","start":5579.93,"end":5580.41},{"text":"and","start":5580.41,"end":5580.65},{"text":"sustainable","start":5580.65,"end":5581.21},{"text":"for","start":5581.21,"end":5581.45},{"text":"all.","start":5581.45,"end":5581.85}]},{"text":"It is on this matter of voluntary implementation that we wish to focus our remarks, addressing inequities and emerging threats.","start":5582.33,"end":5590.33,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5582.33,"end":5582.57},{"text":"is","start":5582.57,"end":5582.73},{"text":"on","start":5582.73,"end":5582.89},{"text":"this","start":5582.89,"end":5583.37},{"text":"matter","start":5583.69,"end":5584.13},{"text":"of","start":5584.13,"end":5584.21},{"text":"voluntary","start":5584.21,"end":5584.69},{"text":"implementation","start":5584.69,"end":5585.45},{"text":"that","start":5585.45,"end":5585.61},{"text":"we","start":5585.61,"end":5585.77},{"text":"wish","start":5585.77,"end":5586.01},{"text":"to","start":5586.01,"end":5586.09},{"text":"focus","start":5586.09,"end":5586.57},{"text":"our","start":5586.57,"end":5586.77},{"text":"remarks,","start":5586.77,"end":5587.29},{"text":"addressing","start":5587.77,"end":5588.33},{"text":"inequities","start":5588.33,"end":5589.05},{"text":"and","start":5589.05,"end":5589.29},{"text":"emerging","start":5589.29,"end":5589.77},{"text":"threats.","start":5589.77,"end":5590.33}]},{"text":"The preamble of the guidelines rightfully references the Outer Space Treaty and the use of space for the benefit of all countries.","start":5590.73,"end":5598.57,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5590.73,"end":5590.77},{"text":"preamble","start":5590.77,"end":5591.29},{"text":"of","start":5591.29,"end":5591.45},{"text":"the","start":5591.45,"end":5591.53},{"text":"guidelines","start":5591.53,"end":5592.17},{"text":"rightfully","start":5592.17,"end":5592.89},{"text":"references","start":5593.69,"end":5594.41},{"text":"the","start":5594.41,"end":5594.49},{"text":"Outer","start":5594.49,"end":5594.81},{"text":"Space","start":5594.81,"end":5595.17},{"text":"Treaty","start":5595.17,"end":5595.61},{"text":"and","start":5595.61,"end":5595.81},{"text":"the","start":5595.81,"end":5595.89},{"text":"use","start":5595.89,"end":5596.25},{"text":"of","start":5596.25,"end":5596.33},{"text":"space","start":5596.33,"end":5596.81},{"text":"for","start":5596.81,"end":5596.97},{"text":"the","start":5596.97,"end":5597.09},{"text":"benefit","start":5597.09,"end":5597.61},{"text":"of","start":5597.61,"end":5597.69},{"text":"all","start":5597.69,"end":5598.01},{"text":"countries.","start":5598.01,"end":5598.57}]},{"text":"Yet we are witnessing developments that challenge this principle.","start":5598.89,"end":5602.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yet","start":5598.89,"end":5599.29},{"text":"we","start":5599.29,"end":5599.45},{"text":"are","start":5599.45,"end":5599.65},{"text":"witnessing","start":5599.65,"end":5600.17},{"text":"developments","start":5600.17,"end":5600.89},{"text":"that","start":5600.89,"end":5601.05},{"text":"challenge","start":5601.05,"end":5601.49},{"text":"this","start":5601.49,"end":5601.69},{"text":"principle.","start":5601.69,"end":5602.25}]},{"text":"The rapid deployment of mega constellations, if left under regulated, threatens to monopolize the finite resources of low earth orbit.","start":5603.05,"end":5613.77,"topics":[{"key":"mega-constellations","label":"Mega-Constellations and Equitable Access to Orbit","description":"Delegations discussed the rapid expansion of large satellite constellations and the pressure they place on low Earth orbit. Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5603.05,"end":5603.21},{"text":"rapid","start":5603.21,"end":5603.57},{"text":"deployment","start":5603.57,"end":5604.17},{"text":"of","start":5604.17,"end":5604.25},{"text":"mega","start":5604.25,"end":5604.49},{"text":"constellations,","start":5604.49,"end":5605.37},{"text":"if","start":5605.37,"end":5605.61},{"text":"left","start":5605.61,"end":5605.93},{"text":"under","start":5606.01,"end":5606.45},{"text":"regulated,","start":5606.45,"end":5607.21},{"text":"threatens","start":5608.13,"end":5608.65},{"text":"to","start":5608.65,"end":5608.81},{"text":"monopolize","start":5608.81,"end":5609.69},{"text":"the","start":5609.77,"end":5609.89},{"text":"finite","start":5609.89,"end":5610.45},{"text":"resources","start":5610.45,"end":5611.05},{"text":"of","start":5611.53,"end":5611.65},{"text":"low","start":5611.65,"end":5612.09},{"text":"earth","start":5612.09,"end":5612.41},{"text":"orbit.","start":5613.29,"end":5613.77}]},{"text":"effectively creating a first come, first serve system that disadvantages later entrants.","start":5614.69,"end":5620.45,"topics":[{"key":"mega-constellations","label":"Mega-Constellations and Equitable Access to Orbit","description":"Delegations discussed the rapid expansion of large satellite constellations and the pressure they place on low Earth orbit. Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."}],"words":[{"text":"effectively","start":5614.69,"end":5615.17},{"text":"creating","start":5615.17,"end":5615.89},{"text":"a","start":5615.89,"end":5615.93},{"text":"first","start":5615.93,"end":5616.29},{"text":"come,","start":5616.29,"end":5616.69},{"text":"first","start":5616.69,"end":5616.93},{"text":"serve","start":5616.93,"end":5617.49},{"text":"system","start":5617.57,"end":5618.13},{"text":"that","start":5618.13,"end":5618.29},{"text":"disadvantages","start":5618.29,"end":5619.17},{"text":"later","start":5619.17,"end":5619.57},{"text":"entrants.","start":5619.81,"end":5620.45}]},{"text":"This runs contrary to the spirit of guidelines 8.4 regarding the choices, the choice of orbit for space object.","start":5620.93,"end":5629.09,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."},{"key":"mega-constellations","label":"Mega-Constellations and Equitable Access to Orbit","description":"Delegations discussed the rapid expansion of large satellite constellations and the pressure they place on low Earth orbit. Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5620.93,"end":5621.25},{"text":"runs","start":5621.25,"end":5621.49},{"text":"contrary","start":5621.49,"end":5622.13},{"text":"to","start":5622.13,"end":5622.29},{"text":"the","start":5622.29,"end":5622.41},{"text":"spirit","start":5622.41,"end":5622.85},{"text":"of","start":5622.85,"end":5622.97},{"text":"guidelines","start":5622.97,"end":5623.57},{"text":"8.4","start":5623.57,"end":5624.41},{"text":"regarding","start":5624.41,"end":5624.93},{"text":"the","start":5624.93,"end":5625.05},{"text":"choices,","start":5625.09,"end":5625.65},{"text":"the","start":5625.97,"end":5626.09},{"text":"choice","start":5626.13,"end":5626.37},{"text":"of","start":5626.37,"end":5626.61},{"text":"orbit","start":5626.61,"end":5627.01},{"text":"for","start":5627.01,"end":5627.25},{"text":"space","start":5627.25,"end":5628.05},{"text":"object.","start":5628.61,"end":5629.09}]},{"text":"Furthermore, while guideline 8.1 rightly calls on all actors to limit the generation of space debris, it does not address the historical context or the disproportionate burden placed on developing nations.","start":5629.41,"end":5644.77,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":5629.41,"end":5630.09},{"text":"while","start":5630.09,"end":5630.37},{"text":"guideline","start":5630.37,"end":5630.85},{"text":"8.1","start":5630.85,"end":5631.89},{"text":"rightly","start":5631.89,"end":5632.37},{"text":"calls","start":5632.37,"end":5632.77},{"text":"on","start":5632.77,"end":5633.09},{"text":"all","start":5633.09,"end":5633.41},{"text":"actors","start":5633.41,"end":5633.89},{"text":"to","start":5633.89,"end":5634.05},{"text":"limit","start":5634.05,"end":5634.45},{"text":"the","start":5634.45,"end":5634.57},{"text":"generation","start":5634.57,"end":5635.13},{"text":"of","start":5635.13,"end":5635.25},{"text":"space","start":5635.25,"end":5635.65},{"text":"debris,","start":5635.65,"end":5636.13},{"text":"it","start":5636.61,"end":5636.73},{"text":"does","start":5636.73,"end":5636.93},{"text":"not","start":5636.93,"end":5637.09},{"text":"address","start":5637.09,"end":5637.73},{"text":"the","start":5637.73,"end":5637.85},{"text":"historical","start":5637.85,"end":5638.53},{"text":"context","start":5638.53,"end":5639.17},{"text":"or","start":5639.89,"end":5639.97},{"text":"the","start":5639.97,"end":5640.05},{"text":"disproportionate","start":5640.05,"end":5642.13},{"text":"burden","start":5642.29,"end":5642.73},{"text":"placed","start":5642.73,"end":5643.21},{"text":"on","start":5643.33,"end":5643.65},{"text":"developing","start":5643.65,"end":5644.29},{"text":"nations.","start":5644.29,"end":5644.77}]},{"text":"These nations, which have contributed the least to the debris problem, face the greatest risk to their nascent space program due to their technological constraints.","start":5645.09,"end":5655.65,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5645.09,"end":5645.33},{"text":"nations,","start":5645.33,"end":5645.85},{"text":"which","start":5645.85,"end":5646.13},{"text":"have","start":5646.13,"end":5646.37},{"text":"contributed","start":5647.01,"end":5647.73},{"text":"the","start":5647.73,"end":5647.85},{"text":"least","start":5647.89,"end":5648.33},{"text":"to","start":5648.33,"end":5648.45},{"text":"the","start":5648.45,"end":5648.61},{"text":"debris","start":5648.61,"end":5648.93},{"text":"problem,","start":5648.93,"end":5649.41},{"text":"face","start":5649.41,"end":5649.73},{"text":"the","start":5649.73,"end":5649.85},{"text":"greatest","start":5649.85,"end":5650.41},{"text":"risk","start":5650.41,"end":5650.77},{"text":"to","start":5650.77,"end":5651.01},{"text":"their","start":5651.01,"end":5651.33},{"text":"nascent","start":5651.65,"end":5652.21},{"text":"space","start":5652.61,"end":5653.01},{"text":"program","start":5653.01,"end":5653.49},{"text":"due","start":5653.49,"end":5653.65},{"text":"to","start":5653.65,"end":5653.89},{"text":"their","start":5653.89,"end":5654.13},{"text":"technological","start":5654.13,"end":5654.85},{"text":"constraints.","start":5654.85,"end":5655.65}]},{"text":"To address this structural inequity, Iran proposes a proactive collective measure.","start":5656.77,"end":5661.85,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":5656.77,"end":5656.89},{"text":"address","start":5656.89,"end":5657.33},{"text":"this","start":5657.33,"end":5657.77},{"text":"structural","start":5657.77,"end":5658.29},{"text":"inequity,","start":5658.29,"end":5659.13},{"text":"Iran","start":5659.13,"end":5659.41},{"text":"proposes","start":5659.41,"end":5660.13},{"text":"a","start":5660.21,"end":5660.25},{"text":"proactive","start":5660.25,"end":5660.85},{"text":"collective","start":5660.85,"end":5661.45},{"text":"measure.","start":5661.45,"end":5661.85}]},{"text":"establishment of a dedicated fund to support developing countries that experience damage to their space asset assets from debris.","start":5662.37,"end":5671.53,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5672.17,"end":5672.49},{"text":"funds","start":5672.49,"end":5672.93},{"text":"would","start":5672.93,"end":5673.09},{"text":"provide","start":5673.13,"end":5673.61},{"text":"technical","start":5673.61,"end":5674.09},{"text":"assistance","start":5674.09,"end":5674.65},{"text":"for","start":5674.65,"end":5674.89},{"text":"repair,","start":5674.89,"end":5675.25},{"text":"replacement","start":5675.25,"end":5676.01},{"text":"and","start":5676.01,"end":5676.33},{"text":"capacity","start":5676.33,"end":5676.81},{"text":"building,","start":5676.81,"end":5677.37},{"text":"ensuring","start":5677.37,"end":5678.01},{"text":"that","start":5678.01,"end":5678.25},{"text":"debris","start":5678.25,"end":5678.57},{"text":"related","start":5678.57,"end":5679.05},{"text":"incidents","start":5679.05,"end":5679.69},{"text":"do","start":5679.69,"end":5679.85},{"text":"not","start":5679.85,"end":5680.25},{"text":"derail","start":5680.33,"end":5680.65},{"text":"the","start":5680.73,"end":5680.85},{"text":"progress,","start":5680.85,"end":5681.45},{"text":"the","start":5681.53,"end":5681.69},{"text":"progress","start":5681.69,"end":5682.17},{"text":"of","start":5682.17,"end":5682.33},{"text":"emerging","start":5682.33,"end":5682.81},{"text":"space","start":5682.81,"end":5683.21},{"text":"programs.","start":5683.21,"end":5683.85}]},{"text":"Obviously, transfer of technology is a vital necessity for complying with the guidelines.","start":5684.33,"end":5690.25,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Obviously,","start":5684.33,"end":5684.97},{"text":"transfer","start":5684.97,"end":5685.45},{"text":"of","start":5685.45,"end":5685.61},{"text":"technology","start":5685.61,"end":5686.29},{"text":"is","start":5686.29,"end":5686.41},{"text":"a","start":5686.41,"end":5686.49},{"text":"vital","start":5686.49,"end":5686.89},{"text":"necessity","start":5686.89,"end":5687.61},{"text":"for","start":5687.61,"end":5687.93},{"text":"complying","start":5688.49,"end":5689.21},{"text":"with","start":5689.21,"end":5689.41},{"text":"the","start":5689.41,"end":5689.49},{"text":"guidelines.","start":5689.49,"end":5690.25}]},{"text":"international cooperation and data sharing the core of sustainability.","start":5690.93,"end":5695.29,"topics":[{"key":"data-sharing-standards","label":"Data Sharing, Interoperability and Common Standards","description":"A significant topic was the need for trusted data exchange and interoperable technical standards, especially for SSA and operational decision-making. Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"international","start":5690.93,"end":5691.45},{"text":"cooperation","start":5691.45,"end":5692.17},{"text":"and","start":5692.17,"end":5692.45},{"text":"data","start":5692.45,"end":5692.69},{"text":"sharing","start":5692.69,"end":5693.21},{"text":"the","start":5693.53,"end":5693.65},{"text":"core","start":5693.69,"end":5694.17},{"text":"of","start":5694.17,"end":5694.33},{"text":"sustainability.","start":5694.33,"end":5695.29}]},{"text":"Several guidelines, particularly guideline B.1, B.4 and guideline B.6 are fundamental to the operational safety of the orbital environment.","start":5696.33,"end":5707.69,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"Several","start":5696.33,"end":5696.73},{"text":"guidelines,","start":5696.73,"end":5697.29},{"text":"particularly","start":5697.29,"end":5697.93},{"text":"guideline","start":5697.93,"end":5698.49},{"text":"B.1,","start":5699.45,"end":5700.09},{"text":"B.4","start":5700.09,"end":5700.97},{"text":"and","start":5701.29,"end":5701.57},{"text":"guideline","start":5701.61,"end":5702.09},{"text":"B.6","start":5702.09,"end":5702.89},{"text":"are","start":5703.45,"end":5703.69},{"text":"fundamental","start":5703.69,"end":5704.41},{"text":"to","start":5704.41,"end":5704.73},{"text":"the","start":5704.73,"end":5704.85},{"text":"operational","start":5705.05,"end":5705.77},{"text":"safety","start":5705.77,"end":5706.33},{"text":"of","start":5706.33,"end":5706.57},{"text":"the","start":5706.57,"end":5706.65},{"text":"orbital","start":5706.65,"end":5707.05},{"text":"environment.","start":5707.05,"end":5707.69}]},{"text":"However, we emphasize that the interconnected nature of space safety means that These guidelines cannot be effectively realized as long as a space situational awareness data is treated as a strategic asset for exclusion.","start":5707.69,"end":5721.41,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5707.69,"end":5708.41},{"text":"we","start":5708.41,"end":5708.61},{"text":"emphasize","start":5708.61,"end":5709.13},{"text":"that","start":5709.13,"end":5709.29},{"text":"the","start":5709.29,"end":5709.41},{"text":"interconnected","start":5709.41,"end":5710.29},{"text":"nature","start":5710.29,"end":5710.65},{"text":"of","start":5710.65,"end":5710.81},{"text":"space","start":5710.81,"end":5711.25},{"text":"safety","start":5711.25,"end":5711.53},{"text":"means","start":5711.53,"end":5712.01},{"text":"that","start":5712.01,"end":5712.25},{"text":"These","start":5712.77,"end":5713.01},{"text":"guidelines","start":5713.01,"end":5713.65},{"text":"cannot","start":5713.65,"end":5714.01},{"text":"be","start":5714.01,"end":5714.13},{"text":"effectively","start":5714.13,"end":5714.69},{"text":"realized","start":5714.69,"end":5715.45},{"text":"as","start":5715.45,"end":5715.73},{"text":"long","start":5715.73,"end":5715.97},{"text":"as","start":5715.97,"end":5716.13},{"text":"a","start":5716.13,"end":5716.17},{"text":"space","start":5716.17,"end":5716.73},{"text":"situational","start":5716.73,"end":5717.41},{"text":"awareness","start":5717.41,"end":5717.93},{"text":"data","start":5717.93,"end":5718.21},{"text":"is","start":5718.21,"end":5718.69},{"text":"treated","start":5718.69,"end":5719.17},{"text":"as","start":5719.17,"end":5719.37},{"text":"a","start":5719.37,"end":5719.41},{"text":"strategic","start":5719.41,"end":5720.05},{"text":"asset","start":5720.05,"end":5720.45},{"text":"for","start":5720.45,"end":5720.69},{"text":"exclusion.","start":5720.69,"end":5721.41}]},{"text":"The persistent monopolization of such data by a few actors create a safety gap that jeopardize the very sustainability we all claim to protect.","start":5722.13,"end":5731.01,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."},{"key":"data-sharing-standards","label":"Data Sharing, Interoperability and Common Standards","description":"A significant topic was the need for trusted data exchange and interoperable technical standards, especially for SSA and operational decision-making. Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5722.13,"end":5722.29},{"text":"persistent","start":5722.29,"end":5722.93},{"text":"monopolization","start":5722.93,"end":5723.73},{"text":"of","start":5723.73,"end":5723.85},{"text":"such","start":5723.85,"end":5724.13},{"text":"data","start":5724.13,"end":5724.41},{"text":"by","start":5724.41,"end":5724.49},{"text":"a","start":5724.49,"end":5724.53},{"text":"few","start":5724.61,"end":5724.89},{"text":"actors","start":5724.89,"end":5725.33},{"text":"create","start":5725.33,"end":5725.77},{"text":"a","start":5725.77,"end":5725.81},{"text":"safety","start":5725.81,"end":5726.29},{"text":"gap","start":5726.29,"end":5726.61},{"text":"that","start":5726.61,"end":5726.85},{"text":"jeopardize","start":5726.85,"end":5727.57},{"text":"the","start":5728.13,"end":5728.25},{"text":"very","start":5728.25,"end":5728.69},{"text":"sustainability","start":5728.69,"end":5729.57},{"text":"we","start":5729.57,"end":5729.65},{"text":"all","start":5729.65,"end":5729.89},{"text":"claim","start":5729.97,"end":5730.29},{"text":"to","start":5730.29,"end":5730.37},{"text":"protect.","start":5730.37,"end":5731.01}]},{"text":"The Islamic Republic of Iran firmly believes that for these guidelines to be effective, a serious and demonstrable political will must be shown by developed nations to share data on a non-discriminatory basis.","start":5731.89,"end":5745.57,"topics":[{"key":"data-sharing-standards","label":"Data Sharing, Interoperability and Common Standards","description":"A significant topic was the need for trusted data exchange and interoperable technical standards, especially for SSA and operational decision-making. Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5731.89,"end":5732.01},{"text":"Islamic","start":5732.01,"end":5732.37},{"text":"Republic","start":5732.37,"end":5732.77},{"text":"of","start":5732.77,"end":5732.89},{"text":"Iran","start":5732.89,"end":5733.25},{"text":"firmly","start":5733.25,"end":5733.65},{"text":"believes","start":5733.65,"end":5734.13},{"text":"that","start":5734.13,"end":5734.45},{"text":"for","start":5734.85,"end":5735.01},{"text":"these","start":5735.01,"end":5735.33},{"text":"guidelines","start":5735.33,"end":5735.89},{"text":"to","start":5735.89,"end":5736.01},{"text":"be","start":5736.01,"end":5736.17},{"text":"effective,","start":5736.17,"end":5736.69},{"text":"a","start":5736.69,"end":5736.73},{"text":"serious","start":5736.73,"end":5738.13},{"text":"and","start":5738.13,"end":5738.33},{"text":"demonstrable","start":5738.33,"end":5739.09},{"text":"political","start":5739.09,"end":5739.65},{"text":"will","start":5739.69,"end":5740.05},{"text":"must","start":5740.61,"end":5740.85},{"text":"be","start":5740.85,"end":5740.97},{"text":"shown","start":5740.97,"end":5741.33},{"text":"by","start":5741.33,"end":5741.57},{"text":"developed","start":5741.57,"end":5742.05},{"text":"nations","start":5742.05,"end":5742.69},{"text":"to","start":5742.69,"end":5742.89},{"text":"share","start":5742.93,"end":5743.41},{"text":"data","start":5743.41,"end":5743.81},{"text":"on","start":5743.81,"end":5744.13},{"text":"a","start":5744.13,"end":5744.17},{"text":"non-discriminatory","start":5744.17,"end":5745.01},{"text":"basis.","start":5745.01,"end":5745.57}]},{"text":"Such mechanism is the only way to guarantee the equitable access necessary to ensure a safe space environment for all.","start":5745.97,"end":5753.81,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":5745.97,"end":5746.25},{"text":"mechanism","start":5746.29,"end":5746.93},{"text":"is","start":5746.93,"end":5747.21},{"text":"the","start":5747.21,"end":5747.33},{"text":"only","start":5747.33,"end":5747.73},{"text":"way","start":5747.73,"end":5747.97},{"text":"to","start":5747.97,"end":5748.05},{"text":"guarantee","start":5748.05,"end":5748.65},{"text":"the","start":5748.65,"end":5748.73},{"text":"equitable","start":5748.73,"end":5749.25},{"text":"access","start":5749.25,"end":5749.65},{"text":"necessary","start":5749.65,"end":5750.21},{"text":"to","start":5750.21,"end":5750.41},{"text":"ensure","start":5750.41,"end":5751.01},{"text":"a","start":5751.65,"end":5751.69},{"text":"safe","start":5751.69,"end":5752.13},{"text":"space","start":5752.21,"end":5752.61},{"text":"environment","start":5752.61,"end":5753.25},{"text":"for","start":5753.25,"end":5753.41},{"text":"all.","start":5753.41,"end":5753.81}]},{"text":"Capacity building and non-discrimination.","start":5754.77,"end":5757.01,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"Capacity","start":5754.77,"end":5755.33},{"text":"building","start":5755.33,"end":5755.73},{"text":"and","start":5755.73,"end":5755.97},{"text":"non-discrimination.","start":5755.97,"end":5757.01}]},{"text":"We strongly support guidelines C.1, which calls for the promotion of capacity building, training, and education.","start":5758.13,"end":5766.13,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5758.13,"end":5758.45},{"text":"strongly","start":5758.45,"end":5759.09},{"text":"support","start":5759.09,"end":5759.57},{"text":"guidelines","start":5759.57,"end":5760.37},{"text":"C.1,","start":5760.61,"end":5761.65},{"text":"which","start":5761.97,"end":5762.21},{"text":"calls","start":5762.21,"end":5762.69},{"text":"for","start":5762.69,"end":5762.93},{"text":"the","start":5762.93,"end":5763.01},{"text":"promotion","start":5763.01,"end":5763.57},{"text":"of","start":5763.57,"end":5763.65},{"text":"capacity","start":5763.65,"end":5764.13},{"text":"building,","start":5764.13,"end":5764.61},{"text":"training,","start":5764.61,"end":5765.17},{"text":"and","start":5765.17,"end":5765.41},{"text":"education.","start":5765.41,"end":5766.13}]},{"text":"For developing countries, this is perhaps the most critical element for ensuring their active participation in the space domain.","start":5766.73,"end":5774.25,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":5766.73,"end":5766.85},{"text":"developing","start":5766.85,"end":5767.45},{"text":"countries,","start":5767.45,"end":5767.97},{"text":"this","start":5767.97,"end":5768.13},{"text":"is","start":5768.13,"end":5768.29},{"text":"perhaps","start":5768.29,"end":5768.81},{"text":"the","start":5768.81,"end":5768.93},{"text":"most","start":5768.93,"end":5769.29},{"text":"critical","start":5769.29,"end":5769.85},{"text":"element","start":5769.85,"end":5770.33},{"text":"for","start":5770.73,"end":5771.01},{"text":"ensuring","start":5771.01,"end":5771.77},{"text":"their","start":5771.77,"end":5772.09},{"text":"active","start":5772.09,"end":5772.37},{"text":"participation","start":5772.37,"end":5773.13},{"text":"in","start":5773.13,"end":5773.29},{"text":"the","start":5773.29,"end":5773.37},{"text":"space","start":5773.37,"end":5773.81},{"text":"domain.","start":5773.81,"end":5774.25}]},{"text":"However, this guideline is directly undermined by the national space strategies of some states that explicitly seek to prevent the transfer of space technology.","start":5774.57,"end":5785.37,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5774.57,"end":5775.37},{"text":"this","start":5775.69,"end":5775.93},{"text":"guideline","start":5775.93,"end":5776.49},{"text":"is","start":5776.49,"end":5776.73},{"text":"directly","start":5776.73,"end":5777.25},{"text":"undermined","start":5777.25,"end":5777.93},{"text":"by","start":5777.93,"end":5778.09},{"text":"the","start":5778.09,"end":5778.17},{"text":"national","start":5778.17,"end":5778.65},{"text":"space","start":5778.65,"end":5779.01},{"text":"strategies","start":5779.01,"end":5779.69},{"text":"of","start":5779.69,"end":5779.81},{"text":"some","start":5779.81,"end":5780.09},{"text":"states","start":5780.09,"end":5780.65},{"text":"that","start":5781.05,"end":5781.25},{"text":"explicitly","start":5781.25,"end":5782.09},{"text":"seek","start":5782.09,"end":5782.65},{"text":"to","start":5782.97,"end":5783.13},{"text":"prevent","start":5783.13,"end":5783.65},{"text":"the","start":5783.65,"end":5783.73},{"text":"transfer","start":5783.73,"end":5784.17},{"text":"of","start":5784.17,"end":5784.33},{"text":"space","start":5784.33,"end":5784.65},{"text":"technology.","start":5784.65,"end":5785.37}]},{"text":"Through capacity building cannot be limited to workshops and should involve the practical transfer of technology and the removal of arbitrary barriers to technical cooperation.","start":5786.33,"end":5796.65,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":5786.33,"end":5786.49},{"text":"capacity","start":5786.49,"end":5786.97},{"text":"building","start":5786.97,"end":5787.45},{"text":"cannot","start":5787.45,"end":5787.81},{"text":"be","start":5787.81,"end":5787.93},{"text":"limited","start":5787.93,"end":5788.33},{"text":"to","start":5788.33,"end":5788.45},{"text":"workshops","start":5788.45,"end":5789.29},{"text":"and","start":5789.29,"end":5789.69},{"text":"should","start":5789.69,"end":5789.93},{"text":"involve","start":5789.93,"end":5790.49},{"text":"the","start":5790.49,"end":5790.57},{"text":"practical","start":5790.57,"end":5791.21},{"text":"transfer","start":5791.21,"end":5791.69},{"text":"of","start":5791.69,"end":5791.85},{"text":"technology","start":5791.85,"end":5792.49},{"text":"and","start":5792.49,"end":5792.85},{"text":"the","start":5792.97,"end":5793.09},{"text":"removal","start":5793.09,"end":5793.61},{"text":"of","start":5793.61,"end":5793.85},{"text":"arbitrary","start":5793.85,"end":5794.65},{"text":"barriers","start":5794.65,"end":5795.21},{"text":"to","start":5795.21,"end":5795.33},{"text":"technical","start":5795.37,"end":5795.93},{"text":"cooperation.","start":5795.93,"end":5796.65}]},{"text":"With unilateral and unfair sanctions in place, it will be practically impossible for us to comply with all guidelines.","start":5797.53,"end":5805.77,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":5797.53,"end":5797.81},{"text":"unilateral","start":5797.85,"end":5798.65},{"text":"and","start":5798.65,"end":5798.89},{"text":"unfair","start":5798.89,"end":5799.41},{"text":"sanctions","start":5799.41,"end":5800.01},{"text":"in","start":5800.01,"end":5800.17},{"text":"place,","start":5800.17,"end":5800.65},{"text":"it","start":5800.81,"end":5800.97},{"text":"will","start":5800.97,"end":5801.13},{"text":"be","start":5801.13,"end":5801.53},{"text":"practically","start":5802.33,"end":5802.93},{"text":"impossible","start":5802.93,"end":5803.53},{"text":"for","start":5803.53,"end":5803.77},{"text":"us","start":5803.77,"end":5803.93},{"text":"to","start":5803.93,"end":5804.05},{"text":"comply","start":5804.05,"end":5804.57},{"text":"with","start":5804.57,"end":5804.69},{"text":"all","start":5804.81,"end":5804.97},{"text":"guidelines.","start":5804.97,"end":5805.77}]},{"text":"We urge the committee to address the contradictions that prevent the full realization of these guideline and to foster a mechanism of international cooperation that enables emerging space fairing nations to follow the guidelines.","start":5806.57,"end":5819.53,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5806.57,"end":5806.81},{"text":"urge","start":5806.81,"end":5807.05},{"text":"the","start":5807.05,"end":5807.13},{"text":"committee","start":5807.13,"end":5807.61},{"text":"to","start":5807.61,"end":5807.77},{"text":"address","start":5807.77,"end":5808.09},{"text":"the","start":5808.09,"end":5808.17},{"text":"contradictions","start":5808.17,"end":5809.05},{"text":"that","start":5809.05,"end":5809.21},{"text":"prevent","start":5809.21,"end":5809.73},{"text":"the","start":5809.73,"end":5809.81},{"text":"full","start":5809.81,"end":5810.25},{"text":"realization","start":5810.25,"end":5811.01},{"text":"of","start":5811.01,"end":5811.13},{"text":"these","start":5811.13,"end":5811.53},{"text":"guideline","start":5811.93,"end":5812.49},{"text":"and","start":5812.49,"end":5812.69},{"text":"to","start":5812.69,"end":5812.81},{"text":"foster","start":5812.81,"end":5813.33},{"text":"a","start":5813.33,"end":5813.37},{"text":"mechanism","start":5813.37,"end":5814.09},{"text":"of","start":5814.09,"end":5814.21},{"text":"international","start":5814.21,"end":5814.81},{"text":"cooperation","start":5814.81,"end":5815.49},{"text":"that","start":5815.49,"end":5815.69},{"text":"enables","start":5815.69,"end":5816.25},{"text":"emerging","start":5816.25,"end":5816.73},{"text":"space","start":5816.73,"end":5817.13},{"text":"fairing","start":5817.13,"end":5817.49},{"text":"nations","start":5817.49,"end":5818.01},{"text":"to","start":5818.33,"end":5818.41},{"text":"follow","start":5818.41,"end":5818.73},{"text":"the","start":5818.73,"end":5818.85},{"text":"guidelines.","start":5818.85,"end":5819.53}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, to achieve long-term sustainability of outer space activities, we need a comprehensive and holistic approach.","start":5819.93,"end":5826.97,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5819.93,"end":5820.17},{"text":"Chair,","start":5820.17,"end":5820.57},{"text":"to","start":5821.13,"end":5821.25},{"text":"achieve","start":5821.25,"end":5821.69},{"text":"long-term","start":5821.69,"end":5822.25},{"text":"sustainability","start":5822.25,"end":5823.09},{"text":"of","start":5823.09,"end":5823.17},{"text":"outer","start":5823.17,"end":5823.61},{"text":"space","start":5823.61,"end":5823.93},{"text":"activities,","start":5823.93,"end":5824.53},{"text":"we","start":5824.53,"end":5824.81},{"text":"need","start":5824.81,"end":5824.93},{"text":"a","start":5824.93,"end":5824.97},{"text":"comprehensive","start":5824.97,"end":5825.77},{"text":"and","start":5825.77,"end":5825.93},{"text":"holistic","start":5825.93,"end":5826.45},{"text":"approach.","start":5826.45,"end":5826.97}]},{"text":"The long-term sustainability of outer space is a shared responsibility that requires a holistic and equitable approach.","start":5827.61,"end":5835.77,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5946.85,"end":5946.89},{"text":"long-term","start":5946.93,"end":5947.57},{"text":"sustainability","start":5947.57,"end":5948.45},{"text":"of","start":5948.45,"end":5948.69},{"text":"outer","start":5948.77,"end":5949.05},{"text":"space","start":5949.05,"end":5949.41},{"text":"activities","start":5949.45,"end":5950.13},{"text":"is","start":5950.13,"end":5950.37},{"text":"defined","start":5950.37,"end":5950.97},{"text":"as","start":5950.97,"end":5951.09},{"text":"the","start":5951.09,"end":5951.21},{"text":"ability","start":5951.21,"end":5951.81},{"text":"to","start":5951.81,"end":5951.97},{"text":"maintain","start":5951.97,"end":5952.53},{"text":"the","start":5952.53,"end":5952.61},{"text":"conduct","start":5952.61,"end":5953.25},{"text":"of","start":5953.25,"end":5953.41},{"text":"space","start":5953.41,"end":5953.81},{"text":"activities","start":5953.81,"end":5954.61},{"text":"indefinitely","start":5954.93,"end":5955.73},{"text":"into","start":5955.73,"end":5956.05},{"text":"the","start":5956.05,"end":5956.17},{"text":"future","start":5956.21,"end":5956.69},{"text":"in","start":5956.69,"end":5956.93},{"text":"a","start":5956.93,"end":5956.97},{"text":"manner","start":5956.97,"end":5957.41},{"text":"that","start":5957.41,"end":5957.65},{"text":"realizes","start":5957.65,"end":5958.53},{"text":"the","start":5958.61,"end":5958.73},{"text":"objectives","start":5958.73,"end":5959.65},{"text":"of","start":5960.05,"end":5960.29},{"text":"equitable","start":5960.33,"end":5960.93},{"text":"access","start":5960.93,"end":5961.33},{"text":"to","start":5961.33,"end":5961.53},{"text":"the","start":5961.53,"end":5961.65},{"text":"benefits","start":5961.65,"end":5962.29},{"text":"of","start":5962.29,"end":5962.45},{"text":"the","start":5962.45,"end":5962.57},{"text":"exploration.","start":5962.57,"end":5963.57}]},{"text":"This maintenance is pursued in such that the use of outer space for peaceful purposes is meeting the needs of the present generations while preserving the outer space environment for future generations.","start":5965.01,"end":5979.21,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5965.01,"end":5965.41},{"text":"maintenance","start":5965.41,"end":5966.21},{"text":"is","start":5966.21,"end":5966.45},{"text":"pursued","start":5966.45,"end":5967.17},{"text":"in","start":5967.17,"end":5967.41},{"text":"such","start":5967.41,"end":5967.89},{"text":"that","start":5967.89,"end":5968.05},{"text":"the","start":5968.05,"end":5968.25},{"text":"use","start":5968.29,"end":5968.61},{"text":"of","start":5968.61,"end":5968.85},{"text":"outer","start":5968.93,"end":5969.25},{"text":"space","start":5969.25,"end":5969.65},{"text":"for","start":5969.65,"end":5969.85},{"text":"peaceful","start":5969.89,"end":5970.61},{"text":"purposes","start":5970.61,"end":5971.41},{"text":"is","start":5972.01,"end":5972.17},{"text":"meeting","start":5972.17,"end":5972.57},{"text":"the","start":5972.57,"end":5972.73},{"text":"needs","start":5972.73,"end":5973.13},{"text":"of","start":5973.13,"end":5973.29},{"text":"the","start":5973.29,"end":5973.45},{"text":"present","start":5973.45,"end":5974.01},{"text":"generations","start":5974.01,"end":5974.81},{"text":"while","start":5974.81,"end":5975.21},{"text":"preserving","start":5975.21,"end":5975.85},{"text":"the","start":5975.85,"end":5976.09},{"text":"outer","start":5976.09,"end":5976.41},{"text":"space","start":5976.41,"end":5976.89},{"text":"environment","start":5976.89,"end":5977.61},{"text":"for","start":5977.61,"end":5977.77},{"text":"future","start":5977.77,"end":5978.17},{"text":"generations.","start":5978.17,"end":5979.21}]},{"text":"In this regard, the deliberation destruction of space objects for whatever reason and the resultant proliferation of space debris, particularly in the low earth orbits, jeopardizes the long-term sustainability of outer space activities And such deliberate destruction of such object is condemned in the strongest terms.","start":5980.33,"end":6005.69,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"Voluntary","start":6025.01,"end":6025.57},{"text":"responsible","start":6025.57,"end":6026.37},{"text":"behavior","start":6026.37,"end":6027.09},{"text":"is","start":6027.09,"end":6027.33},{"text":"premised","start":6027.33,"end":6027.89},{"text":"on","start":6027.89,"end":6028.13},{"text":"understanding","start":6028.13,"end":6028.97},{"text":"that","start":6028.97,"end":6029.33},{"text":"outer","start":6029.33,"end":6029.77},{"text":"space","start":6029.77,"end":6030.13},{"text":"should","start":6030.13,"end":6030.61},{"text":"remain","start":6030.61,"end":6031.09},{"text":"an","start":6031.09,"end":6031.41},{"text":"operationally","start":6031.41,"end":6032.29},{"text":"stable","start":6032.29,"end":6033.01},{"text":"and","start":6033.49,"end":6033.81},{"text":"safe","start":6033.81,"end":6034.29},{"text":"environment","start":6034.37,"end":6035.33},{"text":"that","start":6035.33,"end":6035.57},{"text":"is","start":6035.57,"end":6035.73},{"text":"maintained","start":6035.73,"end":6036.53},{"text":"for","start":6036.53,"end":6036.73},{"text":"peaceful","start":6036.73,"end":6037.41},{"text":"purposes","start":6037.41,"end":6038.21},{"text":"and","start":6038.61,"end":6038.85},{"text":"open","start":6038.85,"end":6039.41},{"text":"for","start":6039.41,"end":6039.61},{"text":"exploration,","start":6039.61,"end":6040.77},{"text":"use,","start":6041.17,"end":6041.89},{"text":"and","start":6041.97,"end":6042.25},{"text":"intentional","start":6042.25,"end":6043.09},{"text":"cooperation","start":6043.09,"end":6043.89},{"text":"by","start":6043.89,"end":6044.13},{"text":"current","start":6044.13,"end":6044.69},{"text":"and","start":6044.69,"end":6044.93},{"text":"future","start":6044.93,"end":6045.33},{"text":"generations.","start":6045.33,"end":6046.37}]},{"text":"Chairperson, South Africa emphasizes the need to ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, including the safety of space operations.","start":6048.05,"end":6061.01,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":6048.05,"end":6049.01},{"text":"South","start":6049.73,"end":6049.89},{"text":"Africa","start":6049.89,"end":6050.45},{"text":"emphasizes","start":6050.45,"end":6051.41},{"text":"the","start":6051.41,"end":6051.57},{"text":"need","start":6051.57,"end":6052.13},{"text":"to","start":6052.13,"end":6052.53},{"text":"ensure","start":6052.53,"end":6053.09},{"text":"the","start":6053.09,"end":6053.21},{"text":"long-term","start":6053.33,"end":6053.97},{"text":"sustainability","start":6053.97,"end":6055.01},{"text":"of","start":6055.01,"end":6055.25},{"text":"outer","start":6055.33,"end":6055.65},{"text":"space","start":6055.65,"end":6056.13},{"text":"activities,","start":6056.17,"end":6057.09},{"text":"including","start":6057.97,"end":6058.69},{"text":"the","start":6058.69,"end":6058.81},{"text":"safety","start":6058.81,"end":6059.33},{"text":"of","start":6059.33,"end":6059.49},{"text":"space","start":6059.49,"end":6059.97},{"text":"operations.","start":6059.97,"end":6061.01}]},{"text":"South Africa would like to reiterate our previously stated view that the LTS guidelines should not create barriers for developing nations in conducting their own outer space activities.","start":6061.81,"end":6074.45,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6249.77,"end":6249.89},{"text":"UAE","start":6249.93,"end":6250.89},{"text":"support","start":6252.17,"end":6252.65},{"text":"international","start":6252.65,"end":6253.45},{"text":"agreements","start":6253.45,"end":6253.89},{"text":"and","start":6253.89,"end":6254.01},{"text":"treaties","start":6254.01,"end":6254.65},{"text":"regarding","start":6254.73,"end":6255.29},{"text":"the","start":6255.29,"end":6255.41},{"text":"peaceful","start":6255.41,"end":6255.93},{"text":"uses","start":6255.93,"end":6256.37},{"text":"of","start":6256.37,"end":6256.57},{"text":"outer","start":6256.65,"end":6256.97},{"text":"space.","start":6256.97,"end":6257.69}]},{"text":"We engage in international cooperation efforts to promote the peaceful use of outer space by enhancing international cooperation, compliance with treaties, transparency, information exchange, and building trust among states.","start":6258.65,"end":6275.57,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. 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Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6258.65,"end":6258.85},{"text":"engage","start":6258.85,"end":6259.21},{"text":"in","start":6259.21,"end":6259.33},{"text":"international","start":6259.33,"end":6259.93},{"text":"cooperation","start":6259.93,"end":6260.73},{"text":"efforts","start":6260.73,"end":6261.37},{"text":"to","start":6261.37,"end":6261.69},{"text":"promote","start":6261.93,"end":6262.33},{"text":"the","start":6262.33,"end":6262.41},{"text":"peaceful","start":6262.41,"end":6262.81},{"text":"use","start":6262.81,"end":6263.29},{"text":"of","start":6263.29,"end":6263.69},{"text":"outer","start":6263.69,"end":6264.01},{"text":"space","start":6264.01,"end":6264.65},{"text":"by","start":6266.57,"end":6266.77},{"text":"enhancing","start":6266.77,"end":6267.33},{"text":"international","start":6267.33,"end":6267.81},{"text":"cooperation,","start":6267.81,"end":6268.57},{"text":"compliance","start":6269.37,"end":6269.81},{"text":"with","start":6269.81,"end":6269.93},{"text":"treaties,","start":6269.93,"end":6270.49},{"text":"transparency,","start":6270.49,"end":6271.61},{"text":"information","start":6271.69,"end":6272.25},{"text":"exchange,","start":6272.25,"end":6272.97},{"text":"and","start":6273.81,"end":6274.05},{"text":"building","start":6274.05,"end":6274.37},{"text":"trust","start":6274.37,"end":6274.73},{"text":"among","start":6274.73,"end":6274.93},{"text":"states.","start":6274.93,"end":6275.57}]},{"text":"My country has actively sought to develop an integrated framework of regulations and procedures governing space activities, including enhancing registration of space objects, developing guidelines on space debris mitigation in order to ensure full compliance with international law.","start":6275.73,"end":6299.49,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. 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This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"to","start":6735.13,"end":6735.37},{"text":"and","start":6735.37,"end":6735.77},{"text":"better","start":6735.77,"end":6736.09},{"text":"management","start":6736.09,"end":6736.53},{"text":"of","start":6736.53,"end":6736.65},{"text":"information","start":6736.65,"end":6737.13},{"text":"that","start":6737.13,"end":6737.25},{"text":"is","start":6737.25,"end":6737.37},{"text":"necessary","start":6737.37,"end":6737.93},{"text":"for","start":6737.93,"end":6738.17},{"text":"operational","start":6738.17,"end":6738.69},{"text":"safety.","start":6738.69,"end":6739.21}]},{"text":"This is a priority.","start":6739.37,"end":6740.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6739.37,"end":6739.57},{"text":"is","start":6739.57,"end":6739.65},{"text":"a","start":6739.65,"end":6739.69},{"text":"priority.","start":6739.69,"end":6740.25}]},{"text":"Moreover, we support the proposal of enhancing the interoperability of systems and ensuring greater openness and disclosure and distribution of data.","start":6740.57,"end":6747.37,"topics":[{"key":"data-sharing-standards","label":"Data Sharing, Interoperability and Common Standards","description":"A significant topic was the need for trusted data exchange and interoperable technical standards, especially for SSA and operational decision-making. 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This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair","start":6751.77,"end":6752.09},{"text":"delegates,","start":6752.09,"end":6752.73},{"text":"we","start":6753.61,"end":6753.77},{"text":"understand","start":6753.77,"end":6754.21},{"text":"that","start":6754.21,"end":6754.33},{"text":"space","start":6754.33,"end":6754.73},{"text":"has","start":6754.73,"end":6754.85},{"text":"become","start":6754.85,"end":6755.17},{"text":"a","start":6755.17,"end":6755.21},{"text":"strategic","start":6755.21,"end":6755.85},{"text":"field","start":6755.85,"end":6756.41},{"text":"for","start":6756.41,"end":6756.73},{"text":"nations","start":6757.05,"end":6757.69},{"text":"and","start":6758.01,"end":6758.21},{"text":"therefore","start":6758.21,"end":6758.57},{"text":"cooperation","start":6758.57,"end":6759.37},{"text":"and","start":6759.37,"end":6759.53},{"text":"peaceful","start":6759.53,"end":6759.93},{"text":"uses","start":6759.93,"end":6760.41},{"text":"must","start":6760.57,"end":6760.85},{"text":"continue","start":6760.85,"end":6761.37},{"text":"to","start":6761.37,"end":6761.49},{"text":"guide","start":6761.49,"end":6762.01},{"text":"efforts","start":6762.25,"end":6762.65},{"text":"within","start":6762.65,"end":6762.89},{"text":"this","start":6762.89,"end":6763.13},{"text":"forum.","start":6763.13,"end":6763.53}]},{"text":"Finally, turning to cooperation, the European Space Agency provides support in order to help avoid collisions of SAO COM satellites.","start":6764.29,"end":6774.85,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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you for your attention.","start":6798.45,"end":6799.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6798.45,"end":6798.61},{"text":"you","start":6798.61,"end":6798.69},{"text":"for","start":6798.69,"end":6798.81},{"text":"your","start":6798.81,"end":6798.93},{"text":"attention.","start":6798.93,"end":6799.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ARG","affiliation_full":"Argentina","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":37,"start":6801.09,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1a/k1aku5ne5f?lang=en&t=6802","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Argentina for her 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Kind.","start":6805.81,"end":6811.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6805.81,"end":6805.93},{"text":"next","start":6805.93,"end":6806.21},{"text":"speaker","start":6806.45,"end":6807.09},{"text":"on","start":6807.09,"end":6807.25},{"text":"my","start":6807.25,"end":6807.37},{"text":"list","start":6807.37,"end":6807.65},{"text":"is","start":6807.65,"end":6807.81},{"text":"the","start":6807.81,"end":6808.01},{"text":"observer","start":6808.01,"end":6808.61},{"text":"from","start":6808.61,"end":6809.09},{"text":"For","start":6810.13,"end":6810.69},{"text":"All","start":6810.69,"end":6810.93},{"text":"Moon","start":6810.93,"end":6811.25},{"text":"Kind.","start":6811.25,"end":6811.73}]},{"text":"For All Moon Kind, you have the 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would like to thank Director Aarti Halamani and the entire USA team for their continued leadership and 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guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities reflect a recognition that sustainability depends not only on what activities are undertaken, but on how they are carried out over time, in proximity to one another, and with cumulative effects in mind.","start":6832.25,"end":6850.09,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Experimental","start":6889.85,"end":6890.53},{"text":"limitations,","start":6890.53,"end":6891.37},{"text":"the","start":6891.45,"end":6891.65},{"text":"difficulty","start":6891.65,"end":6892.41},{"text":"of","start":6892.41,"end":6892.57},{"text":"replicating","start":6892.57,"end":6893.21},{"text":"lunar","start":6893.21,"end":6893.45},{"text":"gravity","start":6893.45,"end":6893.89},{"text":"in","start":6893.89,"end":6894.01},{"text":"vacuum","start":6894.01,"end":6894.49},{"text":"conditions,","start":6894.49,"end":6895.21},{"text":"and","start":6895.53,"end":6895.73},{"text":"gaps","start":6895.73,"end":6896.01},{"text":"in","start":6896.01,"end":6896.09},{"text":"predictive","start":6896.09,"end":6896.65},{"text":"modeling","start":6896.65,"end":6897.13},{"text":"continue","start":6897.13,"end":6897.53},{"text":"to","start":6897.53,"end":6897.65},{"text":"constrain","start":6897.65,"end":6898.05},{"text":"our","start":6898.05,"end":6898.13},{"text":"ability","start":6898.13,"end":6898.49},{"text":"to","start":6898.49,"end":6898.57},{"text":"fully","start":6898.57,"end":6898.89},{"text":"characterize","start":6898.89,"end":6899.61},{"text":"ejected","start":6900.01,"end":6900.41},{"text":"behavior,","start":6900.41,"end":6900.97},{"text":"erosion","start":6901.13,"end":6901.61},{"text":"rates,","start":6901.61,"end":6901.93},{"text":"and","start":6901.93,"end":6902.13},{"text":"cumulative","start":6902.13,"end":6902.69},{"text":"effects.","start":6902.69,"end":6903.21}]},{"text":"This uncertainty itself constitutes a scientific and technical challenge for long-term sustainability.","start":6903.85,"end":6909.53,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6903.85,"end":6904.09},{"text":"uncertainty","start":6904.09,"end":6904.81},{"text":"itself","start":6904.81,"end":6905.21},{"text":"constitutes","start":6905.21,"end":6906.01},{"text":"a","start":6906.01,"end":6906.05},{"text":"scientific","start":6906.05,"end":6906.73},{"text":"and","start":6906.73,"end":6906.93},{"text":"technical","start":6906.93,"end":6907.37},{"text":"challenge","start":6907.37,"end":6907.85},{"text":"for","start":6907.85,"end":6908.01},{"text":"long-term","start":6908.01,"end":6908.65},{"text":"sustainability.","start":6908.65,"end":6909.53}]},{"text":"What is clear, however, is that plume effects are not localized operational inconveniences.","start":6910.45,"end":6915.45,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":6910.45,"end":6910.61},{"text":"is","start":6910.61,"end":6910.73},{"text":"clear,","start":6910.73,"end":6911.05},{"text":"however,","start":6911.05,"end":6911.61},{"text":"is","start":6911.93,"end":6912.13},{"text":"that","start":6912.13,"end":6912.29},{"text":"plume","start":6912.29,"end":6912.49},{"text":"effects","start":6912.49,"end":6912.85},{"text":"are","start":6912.85,"end":6912.93},{"text":"not","start":6912.93,"end":6913.13},{"text":"localized","start":6913.13,"end":6913.77},{"text":"operational","start":6913.77,"end":6914.41},{"text":"inconveniences.","start":6914.41,"end":6915.45}]},{"text":"Observations and subsequent analyses demonstrate that regolith particles can be accelerated to extremely high velocities, travel significant distances, and in some cases enter ballistic trajectories that extend far beyond the immediate landing area.","start":6916.09,"end":6929.85,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":6939.45,"end":6939.69},{"text":"a","start":6939.69,"end":6939.73},{"text":"long-term","start":6939.73,"end":6940.25},{"text":"sustainability","start":6940.25,"end":6940.97},{"text":"perspective,","start":6940.97,"end":6941.85},{"text":"this","start":6941.85,"end":6942.09},{"text":"is","start":6942.09,"end":6942.21},{"text":"significant","start":6942.21,"end":6942.97},{"text":"because","start":6942.97,"end":6943.29},{"text":"plume","start":6943.29,"end":6943.61},{"text":"ejecta","start":6943.61,"end":6944.17},{"text":"can","start":6944.41,"end":6944.57},{"text":"abrade","start":6944.57,"end":6944.89},{"text":"surfaces,","start":6944.89,"end":6945.61},{"text":"infiltrate","start":6945.69,"end":6946.17},{"text":"mechanical","start":6946.17,"end":6946.81},{"text":"systems,","start":6946.81,"end":6947.45},{"text":"degrade","start":6947.69,"end":6948.09},{"text":"optics,","start":6948.09,"end":6948.73},{"text":"interfere","start":6948.97,"end":6949.45},{"text":"with","start":6949.45,"end":6949.61},{"text":"sensors,","start":6949.61,"end":6950.25},{"text":"and","start":6950.41,"end":6950.61},{"text":"compromise","start":6950.61,"end":6951.21},{"text":"the","start":6951.21,"end":6951.29},{"text":"operational","start":6951.29,"end":6951.97},{"text":"lifetime","start":6951.97,"end":6952.49},{"text":"of","start":6952.49,"end":6952.57},{"text":"surface","start":6952.57,"end":6953.05},{"text":"assets.","start":6953.05,"end":6953.69}]},{"text":"As missions become larger and more frequent, these effects scale accordingly and raise foreseeable risk to scientific payloads, surface infrastructure, and future installations.","start":6954.25,"end":6963.69,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future 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lunar surface assets are uniquely vulnerable in this context.","start":6964.33,"end":6968.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Existing","start":6964.33,"end":6964.89},{"text":"lunar","start":6964.89,"end":6965.21},{"text":"surface","start":6965.21,"end":6965.69},{"text":"assets","start":6965.69,"end":6966.25},{"text":"are","start":6966.25,"end":6966.41},{"text":"uniquely","start":6966.41,"end":6966.89},{"text":"vulnerable","start":6966.89,"end":6967.41},{"text":"in","start":6967.41,"end":6967.57},{"text":"this","start":6967.57,"end":6967.69},{"text":"context.","start":6967.69,"end":6968.41}]},{"text":"Historical landing sites and early robotic spacecraft serve as fixed reference point that illustrate plume reach, cumulative degradation over time, and the consequences of operating in proximity without coordinated mitigation.","start":6969.01,"end":6981.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Historical","start":6969.01,"end":6969.49},{"text":"landing","start":6969.49,"end":6969.77},{"text":"sites","start":6969.77,"end":6970.25},{"text":"and","start":6970.25,"end":6970.49},{"text":"early","start":6970.49,"end":6970.81},{"text":"robotic","start":6970.81,"end":6971.21},{"text":"spacecraft","start":6971.21,"end":6971.85},{"text":"serve","start":6972.09,"end":6972.37},{"text":"as","start":6972.37,"end":6972.49},{"text":"fixed","start":6972.49,"end":6972.81},{"text":"reference","start":6972.81,"end":6973.21},{"text":"point","start":6973.21,"end":6973.53},{"text":"that","start":6973.53,"end":6973.65},{"text":"illustrate","start":6973.65,"end":6974.17},{"text":"plume","start":6974.17,"end":6974.49},{"text":"reach,","start":6974.49,"end":6974.81},{"text":"cumulative","start":6975.13,"end":6975.61},{"text":"degradation","start":6975.61,"end":6976.25},{"text":"over","start":6976.25,"end":6976.49},{"text":"time,","start":6976.49,"end":6976.89},{"text":"and","start":6977.21,"end":6977.33},{"text":"the","start":6977.33,"end":6977.41},{"text":"consequences","start":6977.41,"end":6978.21},{"text":"of","start":6978.21,"end":6978.33},{"text":"operating","start":6978.33,"end":6978.77},{"text":"in","start":6978.77,"end":6978.89},{"text":"proximity","start":6978.89,"end":6979.53},{"text":"without","start":6979.53,"end":6979.85},{"text":"coordinated","start":6979.85,"end":6980.33},{"text":"mitigation.","start":6980.33,"end":6981.05}]},{"text":"If plume effects are sufficient to damage inert non-operational objects, they are by definition sufficient to threaten active ones.","start":6981.61,"end":6988.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":6981.61,"end":6981.73},{"text":"plume","start":6981.73,"end":6981.97},{"text":"effects","start":6981.97,"end":6982.33},{"text":"are","start":6982.33,"end":6982.49},{"text":"sufficient","start":6982.49,"end":6983.09},{"text":"to","start":6983.09,"end":6983.17},{"text":"damage","start":6983.17,"end":6983.53},{"text":"inert","start":6983.53,"end":6983.89},{"text":"non-operational","start":6983.89,"end":6984.81},{"text":"objects,","start":6984.81,"end":6985.29},{"text":"they","start":6985.61,"end":6985.77},{"text":"are","start":6985.77,"end":6985.93},{"text":"by","start":6985.93,"end":6986.01},{"text":"definition","start":6986.01,"end":6986.57},{"text":"sufficient","start":6986.57,"end":6987.09},{"text":"to","start":6987.09,"end":6987.17},{"text":"threaten","start":6987.17,"end":6987.61},{"text":"active","start":6987.61,"end":6988.01},{"text":"ones.","start":6988.01,"end":6988.41}]},{"text":"To be effective, however, mitigation must be paired with international coordination.","start":6988.97,"end":6992.81,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7037.69,"end":7037.93},{"text":"subcommittee","start":7038.01,"end":7038.73},{"text":"and","start":7038.89,"end":7039.09},{"text":"the","start":7039.09,"end":7039.17},{"text":"action","start":7039.17,"end":7039.53},{"text":"team","start":7039.53,"end":7039.85},{"text":"on","start":7039.85,"end":7040.01},{"text":"lunar","start":7040.01,"end":7040.33},{"text":"activity","start":7040.33,"end":7040.73},{"text":"consultation","start":7040.73,"end":7041.69},{"text":"provides","start":7041.93,"end":7042.29},{"text":"a","start":7042.29,"end":7042.33},{"text":"valuable","start":7042.33,"end":7042.89},{"text":"forum","start":7042.89,"end":7043.29},{"text":"in","start":7043.29,"end":7043.41},{"text":"which","start":7043.41,"end":7043.65},{"text":"these","start":7043.65,"end":7043.85},{"text":"issues","start":7043.85,"end":7044.21},{"text":"can","start":7044.21,"end":7044.33},{"text":"be","start":7044.33,"end":7044.45},{"text":"examined","start":7044.45,"end":7044.97},{"text":"in","start":7044.97,"end":7045.09},{"text":"an","start":7045.09,"end":7045.21},{"text":"integrated","start":7045.21,"end":7045.77},{"text":"manner,","start":7045.77,"end":7046.17},{"text":"bridging","start":7046.41,"end":7046.77},{"text":"science,","start":7046.77,"end":7047.29},{"text":"operations,","start":7047.37,"end":7048.17},{"text":"and","start":7048.17,"end":7048.33},{"text":"consultation","start":7048.33,"end":7049.21},{"text":"as","start":7049.45,"end":7049.61},{"text":"lunar","start":7049.61,"end":7049.93},{"text":"activity","start":7049.93,"end":7050.33},{"text":"transitions","start":7050.33,"end":7051.05},{"text":"from","start":7051.05,"end":7051.29},{"text":"episodic","start":7051.29,"end":7051.77},{"text":"missions","start":7051.77,"end":7052.25},{"text":"to","start":7052.25,"end":7052.37},{"text":"sustained","start":7052.37,"end":7052.89},{"text":"presence.","start":7052.89,"end":7053.53}]},{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, the moon imposes non-negotiable physical constraints on human activity.","start":7054.21,"end":7059.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7054.21,"end":7054.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":7054.69,"end":7055.21},{"text":"delegates,","start":7055.21,"end":7055.73},{"text":"the","start":7055.81,"end":7056.09},{"text":"moon","start":7056.09,"end":7056.33},{"text":"imposes","start":7056.33,"end":7056.85},{"text":"non-negotiable","start":7056.85,"end":7057.73},{"text":"physical","start":7057.73,"end":7058.21},{"text":"constraints","start":7058.21,"end":7058.77},{"text":"on","start":7058.77,"end":7058.89},{"text":"human","start":7058.89,"end":7059.17},{"text":"activity.","start":7059.17,"end":7059.81}]},{"text":"Past missions revealed those constraints.","start":7060.21,"end":7062.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Past","start":7060.21,"end":7060.53},{"text":"missions","start":7060.53,"end":7060.93},{"text":"revealed","start":7060.93,"end":7061.37},{"text":"those","start":7061.37,"end":7061.57},{"text":"constraints.","start":7061.57,"end":7062.21}]},{"text":"Future missions will amplify them.","start":7062.53,"end":7064.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Future","start":7062.53,"end":7062.93},{"text":"missions","start":7062.93,"end":7063.29},{"text":"will","start":7063.29,"end":7063.41},{"text":"amplify","start":7063.41,"end":7063.89},{"text":"them.","start":7063.89,"end":7064.13}]},{"text":"Long-term sustainability requires that we account for cumulative effects before damage becomes irreversible.","start":7064.53,"end":7070.53,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Long-term","start":7064.53,"end":7065.01},{"text":"sustainability","start":7065.01,"end":7065.89},{"text":"requires","start":7065.89,"end":7066.53},{"text":"that","start":7066.53,"end":7066.65},{"text":"we","start":7066.65,"end":7066.81},{"text":"account","start":7066.81,"end":7067.25},{"text":"for","start":7067.41,"end":7067.65},{"text":"cumulative","start":7067.65,"end":7068.13},{"text":"effects","start":7068.13,"end":7068.53},{"text":"before","start":7068.61,"end":7069.01},{"text":"damage","start":7069.01,"end":7069.29},{"text":"becomes","start":7069.29,"end":7069.69},{"text":"irreversible.","start":7069.69,"end":7070.53}]},{"text":"For these reasons, For All Mankind encourages the subcommittee to continue and deepen its consideration of plume surface interactions as a long-term sustainability challenge, particularly as part of broader discussions on cumulative effects, and coordinated lunar activity.","start":7070.93,"end":7086.05,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7124.09,"end":7124.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":7124.69,"end":7125.21},{"text":"delegates,","start":7125.21,"end":7125.81},{"text":"the","start":7126.29,"end":7126.41},{"text":"Outer","start":7126.41,"end":7126.57},{"text":"Space","start":7126.57,"end":7126.85},{"text":"Institute","start":7126.85,"end":7127.37},{"text":"greatly","start":7127.37,"end":7127.81},{"text":"appreciates","start":7127.81,"end":7128.33},{"text":"this","start":7128.33,"end":7128.53},{"text":"opportunity","start":7128.53,"end":7129.09},{"text":"to","start":7129.09,"end":7129.21},{"text":"comment","start":7129.21,"end":7129.65},{"text":"on","start":7129.65,"end":7129.77},{"text":"the","start":7129.77,"end":7129.85},{"text":"long-term","start":7129.85,"end":7130.37},{"text":"sustainability","start":7130.37,"end":7131.17},{"text":"of","start":7131.21,"end":7131.33},{"text":"outer","start":7131.33,"end":7131.49},{"text":"space","start":7131.49,"end":7131.81},{"text":"activities.","start":7131.81,"end":7132.53}]},{"text":"In fostering coordination and cooperation, the establishment of the guidelines for the long-term sustainability of outer space serves as an important step in addressing humanity's rapidly expanding use and exploration of outer space.","start":7133.17,"end":7145.81,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. 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Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7146.53,"end":7146.57},{"text":"support","start":7146.57,"end":7146.93},{"text":"the","start":7146.93,"end":7147.01},{"text":"stated","start":7147.01,"end":7147.33},{"text":"purpose","start":7147.33,"end":7147.69},{"text":"of","start":7147.69,"end":7147.77},{"text":"the","start":7147.77,"end":7147.89},{"text":"Guidelines","start":7147.89,"end":7148.45},{"text":"to","start":7148.45,"end":7148.57},{"text":"assist","start":7148.57,"end":7148.97},{"text":"in","start":7148.97,"end":7149.09},{"text":"mitigating","start":7149.09,"end":7149.73},{"text":"the","start":7149.73,"end":7149.81},{"text":"risks","start":7149.81,"end":7150.29},{"text":"associated","start":7150.29,"end":7150.93},{"text":"with","start":7151.17,"end":7151.33},{"text":"the","start":7151.33,"end":7151.41},{"text":"conduct","start":7151.41,"end":7151.97},{"text":"of","start":7151.97,"end":7152.13},{"text":"outer","start":7152.13,"end":7152.29},{"text":"space","start":7152.29,"end":7152.61},{"text":"activities.","start":7152.61,"end":7153.33}]},{"text":"Chair, we would like to emphasize that a holistic approach to space sustainability, as promoted in the Guidelines, is necessary due to the complexities and interdependencies of its various challenges.","start":7154.45,"end":7165.01,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7154.45,"end":7154.93},{"text":"we","start":7155.17,"end":7155.29},{"text":"would","start":7155.29,"end":7155.41},{"text":"like","start":7155.41,"end":7155.57},{"text":"to","start":7155.57,"end":7155.69},{"text":"emphasize","start":7155.69,"end":7156.21},{"text":"that","start":7156.21,"end":7156.37},{"text":"a","start":7156.37,"end":7156.41},{"text":"holistic","start":7156.41,"end":7157.01},{"text":"approach","start":7157.01,"end":7157.41},{"text":"to","start":7157.41,"end":7157.61},{"text":"space","start":7157.61,"end":7157.77},{"text":"sustainability,","start":7157.77,"end":7158.69},{"text":"as","start":7158.85,"end":7159.09},{"text":"promoted","start":7159.09,"end":7159.49},{"text":"in","start":7159.49,"end":7159.57},{"text":"the","start":7159.57,"end":7159.69},{"text":"Guidelines,","start":7159.69,"end":7160.29},{"text":"is","start":7160.53,"end":7160.77},{"text":"necessary","start":7160.77,"end":7161.49},{"text":"due","start":7161.49,"end":7161.69},{"text":"to","start":7161.69,"end":7161.77},{"text":"the","start":7161.77,"end":7161.85},{"text":"complexities","start":7161.89,"end":7162.65},{"text":"and","start":7162.65,"end":7162.81},{"text":"interdependencies","start":7162.81,"end":7163.73},{"text":"of","start":7163.73,"end":7163.81},{"text":"its","start":7163.81,"end":7163.97},{"text":"various","start":7163.97,"end":7164.37},{"text":"challenges.","start":7164.37,"end":7165.01}]},{"text":"Indeed, proceeding with a view that challenges can be overcome independently of each other could lead to undesirable effects.","start":7165.57,"end":7171.37,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Indeed,","start":7165.57,"end":7165.97},{"text":"proceeding","start":7165.97,"end":7166.45},{"text":"with","start":7166.45,"end":7166.57},{"text":"a","start":7166.57,"end":7166.61},{"text":"view","start":7166.61,"end":7166.85},{"text":"that","start":7166.85,"end":7167.01},{"text":"challenges","start":7167.01,"end":7167.45},{"text":"can","start":7167.45,"end":7167.57},{"text":"be","start":7167.57,"end":7167.73},{"text":"overcome","start":7167.73,"end":7168.21},{"text":"independently","start":7168.21,"end":7168.81},{"text":"of","start":7168.81,"end":7168.93},{"text":"each","start":7168.93,"end":7169.09},{"text":"other","start":7169.09,"end":7169.41},{"text":"could","start":7169.65,"end":7169.85},{"text":"lead","start":7169.89,"end":7170.09},{"text":"to","start":7170.09,"end":7170.21},{"text":"undesirable","start":7170.21,"end":7170.85},{"text":"effects.","start":7170.85,"end":7171.37}]},{"text":"For example, since 2020, the number of satellites in low Earth orbit has been doubling every two to three years.","start":7172.13,"end":7178.17,"topics":[{"key":"mega-constellations","label":"Mega-Constellations and Equitable Access to Orbit","description":"Delegations discussed the rapid expansion of large satellite constellations and the pressure they place on low Earth orbit. Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7172.13,"end":7172.21},{"text":"example,","start":7172.21,"end":7172.81},{"text":"since","start":7172.81,"end":7173.13},{"text":"2020,","start":7173.13,"end":7173.77},{"text":"the","start":7174.17,"end":7174.29},{"text":"number","start":7174.29,"end":7174.57},{"text":"of","start":7174.57,"end":7174.65},{"text":"satellites","start":7174.65,"end":7175.21},{"text":"in","start":7175.21,"end":7175.37},{"text":"low","start":7175.37,"end":7175.61},{"text":"Earth","start":7175.61,"end":7175.81},{"text":"orbit","start":7175.81,"end":7176.13},{"text":"has","start":7176.13,"end":7176.25},{"text":"been","start":7176.25,"end":7176.49},{"text":"doubling","start":7176.49,"end":7176.89},{"text":"every","start":7176.89,"end":7177.13},{"text":"two","start":7177.13,"end":7177.37},{"text":"to","start":7177.37,"end":7177.45},{"text":"three","start":7177.45,"end":7177.77},{"text":"years.","start":7177.77,"end":7178.17}]},{"text":"In order to reduce space debris, the best practice is to deorbit satellites expediously into Earth's atmosphere at the end of their operational lifespan, which is five to seven years for many satellites in low Earth orbit constellations.","start":7178.73,"end":7190.41,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. 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Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7216.13,"end":7216.69},{"text":"by","start":7216.69,"end":7216.85},{"text":"design,","start":7216.85,"end":7217.33},{"text":"it","start":7217.33,"end":7217.45},{"text":"deposits","start":7217.45,"end":7217.97},{"text":"fine","start":7217.97,"end":7218.29},{"text":"particulates","start":7218.29,"end":7219.09},{"text":"into","start":7219.09,"end":7219.41},{"text":"the","start":7219.41,"end":7219.53},{"text":"upper","start":7219.53,"end":7219.81},{"text":"atmosphere.","start":7219.81,"end":7220.45}]},{"text":"The mass deposition rate of spacecraft materials is already in excess of the mass deposition by meteoroids for certain elements.","start":7220.85,"end":7227.65,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. 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Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"This,","start":7228.33,"end":7228.57},{"text":"in","start":7228.57,"end":7228.73},{"text":"turn,","start":7228.73,"end":7229.05},{"text":"is","start":7229.05,"end":7229.21},{"text":"producing","start":7229.21,"end":7229.69},{"text":"measurable","start":7229.69,"end":7230.17},{"text":"changes","start":7230.17,"end":7230.65},{"text":"to","start":7230.65,"end":7230.73},{"text":"Earth's","start":7230.73,"end":7231.05},{"text":"aerosol","start":7231.05,"end":7231.45},{"text":"population,","start":7231.45,"end":7232.17},{"text":"which","start":7232.37,"end":7232.57},{"text":"could","start":7232.57,"end":7232.69},{"text":"have","start":7232.69,"end":7232.89},{"text":"several","start":7232.89,"end":7233.21},{"text":"destabilizing","start":7233.21,"end":7233.97},{"text":"effects,","start":7233.97,"end":7234.41},{"text":"including","start":7234.41,"end":7234.81},{"text":"changing","start":7234.81,"end":7235.21},{"text":"the","start":7235.21,"end":7235.33},{"text":"optical","start":7235.33,"end":7235.85},{"text":"and","start":7235.85,"end":7236.05},{"text":"infrared","start":7236.05,"end":7236.49},{"text":"properties","start":7236.49,"end":7237.13},{"text":"of","start":7237.13,"end":7237.29},{"text":"atmospheric","start":7237.29,"end":7237.89},{"text":"aerosols,","start":7237.89,"end":7238.49},{"text":"nucleating","start":7238.73,"end":7239.37},{"text":"upper","start":7239.37,"end":7239.61},{"text":"atmosphere","start":7239.61,"end":7240.01},{"text":"polar","start":7240.01,"end":7240.33},{"text":"clouds,","start":7240.33,"end":7240.81},{"text":"and","start":7241.05,"end":7241.21},{"text":"potentially","start":7241.21,"end":7241.69},{"text":"affecting","start":7241.69,"end":7242.17},{"text":"ozone","start":7242.17,"end":7242.53},{"text":"equilibrium","start":7242.53,"end":7243.13},{"text":"abundances.","start":7243.13,"end":7243.85}]},{"text":"In short, one solution to the casualty risk problem exacerbates the upper atmosphere pollution problem.","start":7244.33,"end":7249.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7244.33,"end":7244.57},{"text":"short,","start":7244.57,"end":7244.97},{"text":"one","start":7245.05,"end":7245.29},{"text":"solution","start":7245.29,"end":7245.69},{"text":"to","start":7245.69,"end":7245.77},{"text":"the","start":7245.77,"end":7245.85},{"text":"casualty","start":7245.85,"end":7246.33},{"text":"risk","start":7246.33,"end":7246.53},{"text":"problem","start":7246.53,"end":7246.97},{"text":"exacerbates","start":7246.97,"end":7247.81},{"text":"the","start":7247.81,"end":7247.97},{"text":"upper","start":7247.97,"end":7248.25},{"text":"atmosphere","start":7248.25,"end":7248.65},{"text":"pollution","start":7248.65,"end":7249.09},{"text":"problem.","start":7249.09,"end":7249.61}]},{"text":"Another example of the interdependencies between space sustainability challenges can be seen in light pollution and space debris mitigation measures.","start":7250.09,"end":7256.89,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Protection of Astronomy and Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Some delegations raised the impact of expanding satellite activity on astronomical observatories and scientific observation. The discussion focused on how to reconcile satellite operations with the protection of radio astronomy, optical astronomy, and dark and quiet skies."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"Another","start":7250.09,"end":7250.37},{"text":"example","start":7250.37,"end":7250.85},{"text":"of","start":7250.85,"end":7250.93},{"text":"the","start":7250.93,"end":7251.05},{"text":"interdependencies","start":7251.05,"end":7251.85},{"text":"between","start":7251.85,"end":7252.17},{"text":"space","start":7252.17,"end":7252.45},{"text":"sustainability","start":7252.45,"end":7253.17},{"text":"challenges","start":7253.17,"end":7253.69},{"text":"can","start":7253.69,"end":7253.85},{"text":"be","start":7253.85,"end":7253.97},{"text":"seen","start":7253.97,"end":7254.21},{"text":"in","start":7254.21,"end":7254.33},{"text":"light","start":7254.33,"end":7254.57},{"text":"pollution","start":7254.57,"end":7255.01},{"text":"and","start":7255.01,"end":7255.13},{"text":"space","start":7255.13,"end":7255.45},{"text":"debris","start":7255.45,"end":7255.77},{"text":"mitigation","start":7255.77,"end":7256.33},{"text":"measures.","start":7256.33,"end":7256.89}]},{"text":"The International Astronomical Union recommends the use of lower altitude orbits to increase the fraction of an orbit that a satellite spends in Earth's shadow, as well as to reduce negative detector impacts due to the satellite's corresponding faster sky motion when visible.","start":7257.49,"end":7271.21,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Protection of Astronomy and Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Some delegations raised the impact of expanding satellite activity on astronomical observatories and scientific observation. The discussion focused on how to reconcile satellite operations with the protection of radio astronomy, optical astronomy, and dark and quiet skies."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7257.49,"end":7257.53},{"text":"International","start":7257.53,"end":7258.17},{"text":"Astronomical","start":7258.17,"end":7258.81},{"text":"Union","start":7258.81,"end":7259.21},{"text":"recommends","start":7259.21,"end":7259.69},{"text":"the","start":7259.69,"end":7259.77},{"text":"use","start":7259.77,"end":7260.01},{"text":"of","start":7260.01,"end":7260.09},{"text":"lower","start":7260.09,"end":7260.53},{"text":"altitude","start":7260.53,"end":7260.97},{"text":"orbits","start":7260.97,"end":7261.45},{"text":"to","start":7261.45,"end":7261.61},{"text":"increase","start":7261.61,"end":7262.01},{"text":"the","start":7262.01,"end":7262.09},{"text":"fraction","start":7262.09,"end":7262.53},{"text":"of","start":7262.53,"end":7262.61},{"text":"an","start":7262.61,"end":7262.73},{"text":"orbit","start":7262.73,"end":7263.13},{"text":"that","start":7263.37,"end":7263.49},{"text":"a","start":7263.49,"end":7263.53},{"text":"satellite","start":7263.53,"end":7264.01},{"text":"spends","start":7264.01,"end":7264.37},{"text":"in","start":7264.37,"end":7264.49},{"text":"Earth's","start":7264.49,"end":7264.85},{"text":"shadow,","start":7264.85,"end":7265.29},{"text":"as","start":7265.53,"end":7265.69},{"text":"well","start":7265.69,"end":7265.93},{"text":"as","start":7265.93,"end":7266.01},{"text":"to","start":7266.01,"end":7266.13},{"text":"reduce","start":7266.13,"end":7266.57},{"text":"negative","start":7266.57,"end":7266.97},{"text":"detector","start":7266.97,"end":7267.49},{"text":"impacts","start":7267.49,"end":7267.93},{"text":"due","start":7267.93,"end":7268.17},{"text":"to","start":7268.17,"end":7268.29},{"text":"the","start":7268.29,"end":7268.37},{"text":"satellite's","start":7268.37,"end":7268.85},{"text":"corresponding","start":7268.85,"end":7269.53},{"text":"faster","start":7269.53,"end":7269.93},{"text":"sky","start":7269.93,"end":7270.17},{"text":"motion","start":7270.17,"end":7270.57},{"text":"when","start":7270.57,"end":7270.73},{"text":"visible.","start":7270.73,"end":7271.21}]},{"text":"Synergistic with this choice in operations is that lower altitude satellites have shorter natural clearing times due to the stronger gas drag environment.","start":7271.93,"end":7279.61,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"Synergistic","start":7271.93,"end":7272.53},{"text":"with","start":7272.53,"end":7272.69},{"text":"this","start":7272.69,"end":7272.81},{"text":"choice","start":7272.81,"end":7273.01},{"text":"in","start":7273.01,"end":7273.21},{"text":"operations","start":7273.21,"end":7273.85},{"text":"is","start":7273.93,"end":7274.05},{"text":"that","start":7274.05,"end":7274.17},{"text":"lower","start":7274.17,"end":7274.61},{"text":"altitude","start":7274.61,"end":7275.05},{"text":"satellites","start":7275.05,"end":7275.57},{"text":"have","start":7275.57,"end":7275.69},{"text":"shorter","start":7275.69,"end":7276.17},{"text":"natural","start":7276.17,"end":7276.57},{"text":"clearing","start":7276.57,"end":7276.89},{"text":"times","start":7276.89,"end":7277.29},{"text":"due","start":7277.53,"end":7277.69},{"text":"to","start":7277.69,"end":7277.81},{"text":"the","start":7277.81,"end":7277.93},{"text":"stronger","start":7277.93,"end":7278.33},{"text":"gas","start":7278.33,"end":7278.65},{"text":"drag","start":7278.65,"end":7278.89},{"text":"environment.","start":7278.89,"end":7279.61}]},{"text":"Thus, in the event of a satellite failure or even a debris-generating event, the orbital environment will be cleared out faster than if the same event occurred at a higher altitude.","start":7280.25,"end":7289.05,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":7280.25,"end":7280.57},{"text":"in","start":7280.57,"end":7280.69},{"text":"the","start":7280.69,"end":7280.77},{"text":"event","start":7280.77,"end":7281.05},{"text":"of","start":7281.05,"end":7281.13},{"text":"a","start":7281.13,"end":7281.21},{"text":"satellite","start":7281.21,"end":7281.77},{"text":"failure","start":7281.77,"end":7282.33},{"text":"or","start":7282.33,"end":7282.57},{"text":"even","start":7282.57,"end":7282.85},{"text":"a","start":7282.85,"end":7282.89},{"text":"debris-generating","start":7282.89,"end":7283.65},{"text":"event,","start":7283.65,"end":7284.09},{"text":"the","start":7284.33,"end":7284.45},{"text":"orbital","start":7284.45,"end":7284.81},{"text":"environment","start":7284.81,"end":7285.25},{"text":"will","start":7285.25,"end":7285.37},{"text":"be","start":7285.37,"end":7285.45},{"text":"cleared","start":7285.45,"end":7285.81},{"text":"out","start":7285.81,"end":7285.93},{"text":"faster","start":7285.93,"end":7286.49},{"text":"than","start":7286.49,"end":7286.81},{"text":"if","start":7286.89,"end":7287.05},{"text":"the","start":7287.05,"end":7287.21},{"text":"same","start":7287.21,"end":7287.45},{"text":"event","start":7287.45,"end":7287.73},{"text":"occurred","start":7287.73,"end":7288.05},{"text":"at","start":7288.05,"end":7288.13},{"text":"a","start":7288.13,"end":7288.17},{"text":"higher","start":7288.17,"end":7288.45},{"text":"altitude.","start":7288.45,"end":7289.05}]},{"text":"In this case, at face value, two problems have a complementary solution.","start":7289.53,"end":7292.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7289.53,"end":7289.65},{"text":"this","start":7289.65,"end":7289.85},{"text":"case,","start":7289.85,"end":7290.17},{"text":"at","start":7290.17,"end":7290.33},{"text":"face","start":7290.33,"end":7290.57},{"text":"value,","start":7290.57,"end":7291.05},{"text":"two","start":7291.13,"end":7291.29},{"text":"problems","start":7291.29,"end":7291.69},{"text":"have","start":7291.69,"end":7291.81},{"text":"a","start":7291.81,"end":7291.85},{"text":"complementary","start":7291.85,"end":7292.49},{"text":"solution.","start":7292.49,"end":7292.97}]},{"text":"However, compressing the use of orbital space to any confined region, in this case low Earth orbit, can put greater pressure on space traffic management and space domain awareness.","start":7293.61,"end":7302.17,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7293.61,"end":7294.17},{"text":"compressing","start":7294.17,"end":7294.73},{"text":"the","start":7294.73,"end":7294.81},{"text":"use","start":7294.81,"end":7295.01},{"text":"of","start":7295.01,"end":7295.13},{"text":"orbital","start":7295.13,"end":7295.53},{"text":"space","start":7295.53,"end":7295.85},{"text":"to","start":7295.85,"end":7295.97},{"text":"any","start":7295.97,"end":7296.17},{"text":"confined","start":7296.17,"end":7296.57},{"text":"region,","start":7296.57,"end":7297.05},{"text":"in","start":7297.05,"end":7297.17},{"text":"this","start":7297.17,"end":7297.37},{"text":"case","start":7297.37,"end":7297.61},{"text":"low","start":7297.61,"end":7297.77},{"text":"Earth","start":7297.77,"end":7297.97},{"text":"orbit,","start":7297.97,"end":7298.41},{"text":"can","start":7298.57,"end":7298.77},{"text":"put","start":7298.77,"end":7298.93},{"text":"greater","start":7298.93,"end":7299.21},{"text":"pressure","start":7299.21,"end":7299.53},{"text":"on","start":7299.53,"end":7299.65},{"text":"space","start":7299.65,"end":7299.93},{"text":"traffic","start":7299.93,"end":7300.29},{"text":"management","start":7300.29,"end":7300.89},{"text":"and","start":7300.89,"end":7301.09},{"text":"space","start":7301.09,"end":7301.37},{"text":"domain","start":7301.37,"end":7301.61},{"text":"awareness.","start":7301.61,"end":7302.17}]},{"text":"the use of lower altitudes can further drive a need for yet more satellites, as satellites at lower altitudes have smaller beam coverage and again move across the sky more quickly.","start":7302.69,"end":7311.33,"topics":[{"key":"mega-constellations","label":"Mega-Constellations and Equitable Access to Orbit","description":"Delegations discussed the rapid expansion of large satellite constellations and the pressure they place on low Earth orbit. Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."},{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Protection of Astronomy and Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Some delegations raised the impact of expanding satellite activity on astronomical observatories and scientific observation. The discussion focused on how to reconcile satellite operations with the protection of radio astronomy, optical astronomy, and dark and quiet skies."}],"words":[{"text":"the","start":7302.69,"end":7302.73},{"text":"use","start":7302.73,"end":7302.89},{"text":"of","start":7302.89,"end":7303.01},{"text":"lower","start":7303.01,"end":7303.29},{"text":"altitudes","start":7303.29,"end":7303.73},{"text":"can","start":7303.73,"end":7303.89},{"text":"further","start":7303.89,"end":7304.25},{"text":"drive","start":7304.25,"end":7304.49},{"text":"a","start":7304.49,"end":7304.53},{"text":"need","start":7304.53,"end":7304.77},{"text":"for","start":7304.77,"end":7304.93},{"text":"yet","start":7304.93,"end":7305.17},{"text":"more","start":7305.17,"end":7305.41},{"text":"satellites,","start":7305.41,"end":7306.05},{"text":"as","start":7306.29,"end":7306.41},{"text":"satellites","start":7306.41,"end":7307.01},{"text":"at","start":7307.01,"end":7307.09},{"text":"lower","start":7307.09,"end":7307.41},{"text":"altitudes","start":7307.41,"end":7307.97},{"text":"have","start":7308.05,"end":7308.29},{"text":"smaller","start":7308.29,"end":7308.69},{"text":"beam","start":7308.69,"end":7308.89},{"text":"coverage","start":7308.89,"end":7309.33},{"text":"and","start":7309.33,"end":7309.49},{"text":"again","start":7309.49,"end":7309.81},{"text":"move","start":7309.81,"end":7310.05},{"text":"across","start":7310.05,"end":7310.33},{"text":"the","start":7310.33,"end":7310.41},{"text":"sky","start":7310.41,"end":7310.61},{"text":"more","start":7310.61,"end":7310.85},{"text":"quickly.","start":7310.85,"end":7311.33}]},{"text":"More satellites on orbit also means more launch exhaust injected into the upper atmosphere and more satellites ablating at the end of their operational lives.","start":7311.81,"end":7319.33,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"More","start":7311.81,"end":7312.05},{"text":"satellites","start":7312.05,"end":7312.53},{"text":"on","start":7312.53,"end":7312.61},{"text":"orbit","start":7312.61,"end":7313.01},{"text":"also","start":7313.01,"end":7313.41},{"text":"means","start":7313.41,"end":7313.73},{"text":"more","start":7313.73,"end":7313.97},{"text":"launch","start":7313.97,"end":7314.21},{"text":"exhaust","start":7314.21,"end":7314.69},{"text":"injected","start":7314.69,"end":7315.13},{"text":"into","start":7315.13,"end":7315.33},{"text":"the","start":7315.33,"end":7315.45},{"text":"upper","start":7315.45,"end":7315.69},{"text":"atmosphere","start":7315.69,"end":7316.21},{"text":"and","start":7316.37,"end":7316.53},{"text":"more","start":7316.53,"end":7316.77},{"text":"satellites","start":7316.77,"end":7317.21},{"text":"ablating","start":7317.21,"end":7317.65},{"text":"at","start":7317.65,"end":7317.77},{"text":"the","start":7317.77,"end":7317.93},{"text":"end","start":7317.93,"end":7318.05},{"text":"of","start":7318.05,"end":7318.13},{"text":"their","start":7318.13,"end":7318.29},{"text":"operational","start":7318.29,"end":7318.93},{"text":"lives.","start":7318.93,"end":7319.33}]},{"text":"Chair, as the foregoing shows, there are many connections between the different challenges to space sustainability and further connections to Earth's atmosphere and terrestrial environment.","start":7319.89,"end":7328.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7319.89,"end":7320.29},{"text":"as","start":7320.29,"end":7320.45},{"text":"the","start":7320.45,"end":7320.57},{"text":"foregoing","start":7320.57,"end":7321.09},{"text":"shows,","start":7321.09,"end":7321.49},{"text":"there","start":7321.49,"end":7321.69},{"text":"are","start":7321.69,"end":7321.77},{"text":"many","start":7321.77,"end":7322.05},{"text":"connections","start":7322.05,"end":7322.61},{"text":"between","start":7322.61,"end":7322.93},{"text":"the","start":7322.93,"end":7323.01},{"text":"different","start":7323.01,"end":7323.33},{"text":"challenges","start":7323.33,"end":7323.81},{"text":"to","start":7323.81,"end":7323.89},{"text":"space","start":7323.89,"end":7324.17},{"text":"sustainability","start":7324.17,"end":7325.01},{"text":"and","start":7325.17,"end":7325.33},{"text":"further","start":7325.33,"end":7325.61},{"text":"connections","start":7325.61,"end":7326.13},{"text":"to","start":7326.13,"end":7326.21},{"text":"Earth's","start":7326.21,"end":7326.49},{"text":"atmosphere","start":7326.49,"end":7327.01},{"text":"and","start":7327.01,"end":7327.21},{"text":"terrestrial","start":7327.21,"end":7327.69},{"text":"environment.","start":7327.69,"end":7328.29}]},{"text":"Indeed, it's appropriate to speak of an Earth-space system here.","start":7328.85,"end":7332.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Indeed,","start":7328.85,"end":7329.13},{"text":"it's","start":7329.13,"end":7329.41},{"text":"appropriate","start":7329.41,"end":7329.89},{"text":"to","start":7329.89,"end":7329.97},{"text":"speak","start":7329.97,"end":7330.33},{"text":"of","start":7330.33,"end":7330.45},{"text":"an","start":7330.45,"end":7330.61},{"text":"Earth-space","start":7330.61,"end":7331.21},{"text":"system","start":7331.21,"end":7331.65},{"text":"here.","start":7331.69,"end":7332.05}]},{"text":"We suggest that as member states continue their ongoing discussion of the long-term sustainability guidelines, including the development of additional guidelines as appropriate and developing national mechanisms for addressing them, that they also consider Earth-space system interdependencies.","start":7332.81,"end":7346.73,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7332.81,"end":7333.05},{"text":"suggest","start":7333.05,"end":7333.37},{"text":"that","start":7333.37,"end":7333.69},{"text":"as","start":7333.77,"end":7333.85},{"text":"member","start":7333.85,"end":7334.21},{"text":"states","start":7334.21,"end":7334.49},{"text":"continue","start":7334.49,"end":7334.93},{"text":"their","start":7334.93,"end":7335.13},{"text":"ongoing","start":7335.13,"end":7335.45},{"text":"discussion","start":7335.45,"end":7336.05},{"text":"of","start":7336.05,"end":7336.13},{"text":"the","start":7336.13,"end":7336.21},{"text":"long-term","start":7336.21,"end":7336.65},{"text":"sustainability","start":7336.65,"end":7337.29},{"text":"guidelines,","start":7337.29,"end":7337.93},{"text":"including","start":7337.93,"end":7338.37},{"text":"the","start":7338.37,"end":7338.45},{"text":"development","start":7338.45,"end":7339.01},{"text":"of","start":7339.01,"end":7339.09},{"text":"additional","start":7339.09,"end":7339.49},{"text":"guidelines","start":7339.49,"end":7340.01},{"text":"as","start":7340.01,"end":7340.09},{"text":"appropriate","start":7340.09,"end":7340.89},{"text":"and","start":7341.05,"end":7341.25},{"text":"developing","start":7341.25,"end":7341.65},{"text":"national","start":7341.65,"end":7342.05},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7342.05,"end":7342.57},{"text":"for","start":7342.57,"end":7342.73},{"text":"addressing","start":7342.73,"end":7343.13},{"text":"them,","start":7343.13,"end":7343.37},{"text":"that","start":7343.61,"end":7343.73},{"text":"they","start":7343.73,"end":7343.93},{"text":"also","start":7343.93,"end":7344.25},{"text":"consider","start":7344.25,"end":7344.73},{"text":"Earth-space","start":7344.73,"end":7345.25},{"text":"system","start":7345.25,"end":7345.65},{"text":"interdependencies.","start":7345.65,"end":7346.73}]},{"text":"Before closing, we make two additional points.","start":7347.37,"end":7349.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":7347.37,"end":7347.61},{"text":"closing,","start":7347.61,"end":7348.09},{"text":"we","start":7348.09,"end":7348.17},{"text":"make","start":7348.17,"end":7348.33},{"text":"two","start":7348.33,"end":7348.57},{"text":"additional","start":7348.57,"end":7348.97},{"text":"points.","start":7348.97,"end":7349.37}]},{"text":"First, as recently expressed in the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs and UN Environment Programme issue note titled Safeguarding Space, Environmental Issues, Risks and Responsibilities, There is a clear need for monitoring and studying the impacts of reentries on Earth's upper atmosphere.","start":7349.85,"end":7364.45,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":7349.85,"end":7350.33},{"text":"as","start":7350.33,"end":7350.45},{"text":"recently","start":7350.49,"end":7350.89},{"text":"expressed","start":7350.89,"end":7351.37},{"text":"in","start":7351.37,"end":7351.53},{"text":"the","start":7351.53,"end":7351.61},{"text":"UN","start":7351.61,"end":7351.93},{"text":"Office","start":7351.93,"end":7352.29},{"text":"of","start":7352.29,"end":7352.41},{"text":"Outer","start":7352.41,"end":7352.61},{"text":"Space","start":7352.61,"end":7352.85},{"text":"Affairs","start":7352.85,"end":7353.37},{"text":"and","start":7353.53,"end":7353.81},{"text":"UN","start":7353.81,"end":7354.09},{"text":"Environment","start":7354.09,"end":7354.53},{"text":"Programme","start":7354.53,"end":7354.97},{"text":"issue","start":7354.97,"end":7355.21},{"text":"note","start":7355.21,"end":7355.65},{"text":"titled","start":7355.65,"end":7356.01},{"text":"Safeguarding","start":7356.01,"end":7356.53},{"text":"Space,","start":7356.53,"end":7356.97},{"text":"Environmental","start":7356.97,"end":7357.61},{"text":"Issues,","start":7357.61,"end":7358.09},{"text":"Risks","start":7358.09,"end":7358.49},{"text":"and","start":7358.49,"end":7358.65},{"text":"Responsibilities,","start":7358.65,"end":7359.53},{"text":"There","start":7360.05,"end":7360.13},{"text":"is","start":7360.13,"end":7360.21},{"text":"a","start":7360.21,"end":7360.25},{"text":"clear","start":7360.25,"end":7360.53},{"text":"need","start":7360.53,"end":7360.73},{"text":"for","start":7360.73,"end":7360.85},{"text":"monitoring","start":7360.85,"end":7361.45},{"text":"and","start":7361.45,"end":7361.61},{"text":"studying","start":7361.61,"end":7362.05},{"text":"the","start":7362.05,"end":7362.17},{"text":"impacts","start":7362.17,"end":7362.61},{"text":"of","start":7362.61,"end":7362.69},{"text":"reentries","start":7362.69,"end":7363.25},{"text":"on","start":7363.25,"end":7363.41},{"text":"Earth's","start":7363.41,"end":7363.69},{"text":"upper","start":7363.69,"end":7363.89},{"text":"atmosphere.","start":7363.89,"end":7364.45}]},{"text":"We recommend that member states invest in their national scientific programs to meet this urgent need.","start":7365.09,"end":7369.73,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7365.09,"end":7365.25},{"text":"recommend","start":7365.25,"end":7365.61},{"text":"that","start":7365.61,"end":7365.73},{"text":"member","start":7365.73,"end":7365.97},{"text":"states","start":7365.97,"end":7366.29},{"text":"invest","start":7366.29,"end":7366.77},{"text":"in","start":7366.77,"end":7366.93},{"text":"their","start":7366.93,"end":7367.09},{"text":"national","start":7367.09,"end":7367.57},{"text":"scientific","start":7367.57,"end":7368.09},{"text":"programs","start":7368.09,"end":7368.57},{"text":"to","start":7368.57,"end":7368.73},{"text":"meet","start":7368.73,"end":7368.93},{"text":"this","start":7368.93,"end":7369.09},{"text":"urgent","start":7369.09,"end":7369.41},{"text":"need.","start":7369.41,"end":7369.73}]},{"text":"Second, we suggest member states establish national mechanisms that provide clear reporting pathways for people who find reentry debris.","start":7370.37,"end":7376.93,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. 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we will now suspend the plenary meeting so that the working group of the whole can hold its first 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adjournment of the working group meeting, we will then resume the plenary to proceed the technical 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suspended.","start":7445.29,"end":7446.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7445.29,"end":7445.37},{"text":"meeting","start":7445.37,"end":7445.65},{"text":"is","start":7445.65,"end":7445.73},{"text":"suspended.","start":7445.73,"end":7446.33}]},{"text":"So distinguished delegates, I would like now to proceed with the technical 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right?","start":11695.93,"end":11696.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":11695.93,"end":11696.01},{"text":"have","start":11696.01,"end":11696.17},{"text":"three,","start":11696.17,"end":11696.49},{"text":"right?","start":11696.49,"end":11696.69}]},{"text":"We have three presentations this morning.","start":11696.89,"end":11700.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":11696.89,"end":11696.97},{"text":"have","start":11696.97,"end":11697.13},{"text":"three","start":11697.13,"end":11697.33},{"text":"presentations","start":11697.33,"end":11698.09},{"text":"this","start":11700.09,"end":11700.29},{"text":"morning.","start":11700.57,"end":11700.97}]},{"text":"Before I move on to the technical presentation, I would like to advise all the presenters that if you wish to have the interaction to the question and answer after the presentation, they may wish to finish their presentation a few minutes before the allotted time of the 10 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first presentation on my list is on the spaceflight impact circular gene expression exchanges and their invitation for health by the of Saudi 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Mr. Chair, distinguished delegate, under space and global health, we are glad to share a health research from a study published in January 2026 titled Space Flight Altered Molecular Networks Linked to Diverse Human Diseases in Single Micro Model.","start":11747.37,"end":11766.73,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space Applications for Sustainable Development","description":"Several delegations highlighted the practical use of space technologies for climate resilience, disaster response, agriculture, maritime safety, natural resource management, and other public needs. 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name is Hamdi Drees, director of space research and microgravity at Saudi Space Agency.","start":11767.57,"end":11772.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":11767.57,"end":11767.73},{"text":"name","start":11767.73,"end":11767.89},{"text":"is","start":11767.89,"end":11768.05},{"text":"Hamdi","start":11768.05,"end":11768.29},{"text":"Drees,","start":11768.29,"end":11768.61},{"text":"director","start":11768.61,"end":11769.01},{"text":"of","start":11769.01,"end":11769.09},{"text":"space","start":11769.09,"end":11769.49},{"text":"research","start":11769.49,"end":11769.85},{"text":"and","start":11769.85,"end":11769.97},{"text":"microgravity","start":11769.97,"end":11770.61},{"text":"at","start":11770.61,"end":11770.77},{"text":"Saudi","start":11770.77,"end":11771.41},{"text":"Space","start":11771.57,"end":11772.37},{"text":"Agency.","start":11772.37,"end":11772.85}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":11772.93,"end":11773.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":11772.93,"end":11773.21},{"text":"slide,","start":11773.21,"end":11773.41},{"text":"please.","start":11773.41,"end":11773.65}]},{"text":"We will start with introduction, then project overview, then why space health research 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conclusion.","start":11789.41,"end":11794.85,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space Applications for Sustainable Development","description":"Several delegations highlighted the practical use of space technologies for climate resilience, disaster response, agriculture, maritime safety, natural resource management, and other public needs. 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human body in orbit teaches us about the diseases here on Earth.","start":11828.69,"end":11836.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":11828.69,"end":11828.97},{"text":"happens","start":11828.97,"end":11829.33},{"text":"in","start":11829.33,"end":11829.41},{"text":"the","start":11829.41,"end":11829.53},{"text":"human","start":11829.53,"end":11829.89},{"text":"body","start":11829.89,"end":11830.53},{"text":"in","start":11830.53,"end":11830.69},{"text":"orbit","start":11830.69,"end":11831.33},{"text":"teaches","start":11832.29,"end":11832.77},{"text":"us","start":11832.77,"end":11833.01},{"text":"about","start":11833.01,"end":11833.89},{"text":"the","start":11833.97,"end":11834.45},{"text":"diseases","start":11834.45,"end":11835.17},{"text":"here","start":11835.17,"end":11835.61},{"text":"on","start":11835.61,"end":11835.77},{"text":"Earth.","start":11835.77,"end":11836.05}]},{"text":"Today, I will share the highlights from the collaborative studies of the Saudi Space Agency and 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accordance with criteria and thresholds defined in the noted 2017.","start":12350.85,"end":12356.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":12350.85,"end":12351.4},{"text":"accordance","start":12351.4,"end":12351.95},{"text":"with","start":12351.95,"end":12352.51},{"text":"criteria","start":12352.51,"end":12353.06},{"text":"and","start":12353.06,"end":12353.62},{"text":"thresholds","start":12353.62,"end":12354.17},{"text":"defined","start":12354.17,"end":12354.73},{"text":"in","start":12354.73,"end":12355.28},{"text":"the","start":12355.28,"end":12355.84},{"text":"noted","start":12355.84,"end":12356.39},{"text":"2017.","start":12356.39,"end":12356.95}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Conference room report on the slide, AION shall warn of predicted impact threats posed by near-Earth objects characterized to be greater than 10 meters in size and whose impact probabilities with Earth exceed 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will notify the Chair of same page and the Office of Outer Space Affairs who would then notify member 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signatories would also notify and work with their own governments according to national policies as applicable.","start":12383.77,"end":12390.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I-1","start":12383.77,"end":12384.17},{"text":"signatories","start":12384.17,"end":12384.81},{"text":"would","start":12384.81,"end":12384.93},{"text":"also","start":12384.93,"end":12385.17},{"text":"notify","start":12385.17,"end":12385.85},{"text":"and","start":12385.85,"end":12386.01},{"text":"work","start":12386.01,"end":12386.21},{"text":"with","start":12386.21,"end":12386.45},{"text":"their","start":12386.45,"end":12386.73},{"text":"own","start":12386.73,"end":12386.89},{"text":"governments","start":12386.89,"end":12387.45},{"text":"according","start":12387.45,"end":12387.93},{"text":"to","start":12387.93,"end":12388.01},{"text":"national","start":12388.01,"end":12388.49},{"text":"policies","start":12388.49,"end":12389.29},{"text":"as","start":12389.29,"end":12389.61},{"text":"applicable.","start":12389.89,"end":12390.49}]},{"text":"The best way to describe how I want works is to use the example of asteroid 2024 YR four, which for a time last year posed the most significant impact threat to Earth in two decades, marking the first notifiable threat in the decades since the U.N. recommended I want establishment asteroid 2024 YR four was first reported to the Minor Planet Center by the NASA funded Atlas Survey Telescope in Chile 27 December 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Minor Planet Center, which is a part of IAU through NASA, is the internationally recognized repository for asteroid and comet position measurements and is responsible for designating new discoveries under the auspices of the International Astronomical 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2024 WR4 was estimated to be 40 to 90 meters in size from optical ground-based observations by Iwan observatories from around the world, which also obtained limited information on physical properties.","start":12440.53,"end":12455.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Initially,","start":12440.53,"end":12441.33},{"text":"2024","start":12441.33,"end":12442.33},{"text":"WR4","start":12442.33,"end":12443.25},{"text":"was","start":12443.49,"end":12443.73},{"text":"estimated","start":12443.73,"end":12444.29},{"text":"to","start":12444.29,"end":12444.41},{"text":"be","start":12444.41,"end":12444.69},{"text":"40","start":12444.69,"end":12445.17},{"text":"to","start":12445.17,"end":12445.29},{"text":"90","start":12445.29,"end":12445.65},{"text":"meters","start":12445.65,"end":12446.21},{"text":"in","start":12446.21,"end":12446.37},{"text":"size","start":12446.37,"end":12447.01},{"text":"from","start":12447.01,"end":12447.33},{"text":"optical","start":12447.33,"end":12447.73},{"text":"ground-based","start":12447.73,"end":12448.29},{"text":"observations","start":12448.29,"end":12449.09},{"text":"by","start":12449.09,"end":12449.49},{"text":"Iwan","start":12449.49,"end":12449.73},{"text":"observatories","start":12449.73,"end":12450.37},{"text":"from","start":12450.37,"end":12450.57},{"text":"around","start":12450.57,"end":12451.01},{"text":"the","start":12451.01,"end":12451.09},{"text":"world,","start":12451.09,"end":12451.65},{"text":"which","start":12451.93,"end":12452.21},{"text":"also","start":12452.21,"end":12452.49},{"text":"obtained","start":12452.49,"end":12453.01},{"text":"limited","start":12453.01,"end":12453.57},{"text":"information","start":12453.57,"end":12454.21},{"text":"on","start":12454.21,"end":12454.29},{"text":"physical","start":12454.29,"end":12454.69},{"text":"properties.","start":12454.69,"end":12455.57}]},{"text":"On the left are the discovery images of 2024 YR4 by the ATLAS telescope.","start":12457.05,"end":12462.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":12457.05,"end":12457.21},{"text":"the","start":12457.21,"end":12457.29},{"text":"left","start":12457.29,"end":12457.93},{"text":"are","start":12457.93,"end":12458.09},{"text":"the","start":12458.09,"end":12458.17},{"text":"discovery","start":12458.17,"end":12458.65},{"text":"images","start":12458.65,"end":12459.05},{"text":"of","start":12459.05,"end":12459.13},{"text":"2024","start":12459.13,"end":12460.25},{"text":"YR4","start":12460.25,"end":12460.89},{"text":"by","start":12460.89,"end":12461.01},{"text":"the","start":12461.01,"end":12461.09},{"text":"ATLAS","start":12461.09,"end":12461.53},{"text":"telescope.","start":12461.53,"end":12462.25}]},{"text":"On the right, you can see the orbit of 2024 YR4 and how it is very elongated, bringing the asteroid out toward the orbit of Jupiter and back every four years.","start":12462.57,"end":12472.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":12462.57,"end":12462.73},{"text":"the","start":12462.73,"end":12462.85},{"text":"right,","start":12462.85,"end":12463.29},{"text":"you","start":12463.29,"end":12463.45},{"text":"can","start":12463.45,"end":12463.69},{"text":"see","start":12463.69,"end":12464.13},{"text":"the","start":12464.13,"end":12464.21},{"text":"orbit","start":12464.21,"end":12464.45},{"text":"of","start":12464.45,"end":12464.57},{"text":"2024","start":12464.57,"end":12465.37},{"text":"YR4","start":12465.37,"end":12466.13},{"text":"and","start":12466.13,"end":12466.25},{"text":"how","start":12466.25,"end":12466.41},{"text":"it","start":12466.41,"end":12466.49},{"text":"is","start":12466.49,"end":12466.57},{"text":"very","start":12466.57,"end":12466.97},{"text":"elongated,","start":12466.97,"end":12467.85},{"text":"bringing","start":12468.21,"end":12468.61},{"text":"the","start":12468.61,"end":12468.69},{"text":"asteroid","start":12468.69,"end":12469.45},{"text":"out","start":12469.45,"end":12469.65},{"text":"toward","start":12469.65,"end":12469.97},{"text":"the","start":12469.97,"end":12470.05},{"text":"orbit","start":12470.05,"end":12470.29},{"text":"of","start":12470.29,"end":12470.41},{"text":"Jupiter","start":12470.41,"end":12470.93},{"text":"and","start":12470.93,"end":12471.05},{"text":"back","start":12471.05,"end":12471.33},{"text":"every","start":12471.33,"end":12471.53},{"text":"four","start":12471.53,"end":12471.85},{"text":"years.","start":12471.85,"end":12472.41}]},{"text":"The Earth is often not well positioned for ground-based telescopes to detect 2024 YR4 during its passages through the inner solar system, and so the asteroid was not discovered until the end of 2024. 2024 YR4 modeled the exceptional coordination across the orbit computation centers of Iwan, which include the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Center for NEO Studies, or CNEOS, ESA's NEO Coordination Center, or NEOCC, and NEO-DICE in Italy.","start":12472.73,"end":12506.41,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. 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way of framing the hazard is the Torino scale of which you may have heard.","start":12660.81,"end":12665.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Another","start":12660.81,"end":12661.17},{"text":"way","start":12661.17,"end":12661.37},{"text":"of","start":12661.37,"end":12661.45},{"text":"framing","start":12661.45,"end":12661.97},{"text":"the","start":12661.97,"end":12662.05},{"text":"hazard","start":12662.05,"end":12662.73},{"text":"is","start":12662.73,"end":12662.97},{"text":"the","start":12662.97,"end":12663.09},{"text":"Torino","start":12663.09,"end":12663.61},{"text":"scale","start":12663.61,"end":12664.05},{"text":"of","start":12664.05,"end":12664.13},{"text":"which","start":12664.13,"end":12664.37},{"text":"you","start":12664.37,"end":12664.45},{"text":"may","start":12664.45,"end":12664.57},{"text":"have","start":12664.57,"end":12664.73},{"text":"heard.","start":12664.73,"end":12665.29}]},{"text":"The Torino scale is a combination of an object's impact probability and its size or 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observations.","start":12665.69,"end":12676.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":12665.69,"end":12665.81},{"text":"Torino","start":12665.81,"end":12666.21},{"text":"scale","start":12666.21,"end":12666.65},{"text":"is","start":12666.65,"end":12667.05},{"text":"a","start":12667.05,"end":12667.21},{"text":"combination","start":12667.21,"end":12668.73},{"text":"of","start":12668.73,"end":12668.93},{"text":"an","start":12668.93,"end":12669.29},{"text":"object's","start":12669.29,"end":12669.85},{"text":"impact","start":12669.85,"end":12670.33},{"text":"probability","start":12670.33,"end":12671.05},{"text":"and","start":12671.61,"end":12671.81},{"text":"its","start":12671.81,"end":12672.09},{"text":"size","start":12672.09,"end":12672.57},{"text":"or","start":12672.57,"end":12672.65},{"text":"kinetic","start":12672.65,"end":12673.21},{"text":"energy","start":12673.21,"end":12673.85},{"text":"based","start":12673.85,"end":12674.25},{"text":"on","start":12674.25,"end":12674.37},{"text":"available","start":12674.37,"end":12675.05},{"text":"observations.","start":12675.05,"end":12676.01}]},{"text":"In the case of 2024 YR4, it quickly escalated from zero to a Torino scale value of one on 29 December 2024 based on its rising impact probability and initial size 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moving to the right on the black arrow across into the green region.","start":12692.21,"end":12698.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":12692.21,"end":12692.69},{"text":"moving","start":12692.77,"end":12693.33},{"text":"to","start":12693.33,"end":12693.45},{"text":"the","start":12693.45,"end":12693.57},{"text":"right","start":12693.57,"end":12694.21},{"text":"on","start":12694.21,"end":12694.45},{"text":"the","start":12694.45,"end":12694.53},{"text":"black","start":12694.53,"end":12695.09},{"text":"arrow","start":12695.09,"end":12695.65},{"text":"across","start":12695.65,"end":12696.37},{"text":"into","start":12696.37,"end":12696.77},{"text":"the","start":12697.25,"end":12697.41},{"text":"green","start":12697.41,"end":12697.81},{"text":"region.","start":12697.81,"end":12698.37}]},{"text":"By 27 January 2025, the impact probability had risen to 1%, now passing into the yellow region with a Torino scale value of 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such a Torino scale value is defined still as likely to drop to zero eventually, but warranting monitoring.","start":12711.49,"end":12718.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":12711.49,"end":12711.65},{"text":"such","start":12711.65,"end":12711.93},{"text":"a","start":12711.93,"end":12711.97},{"text":"Torino","start":12711.97,"end":12712.45},{"text":"scale","start":12712.45,"end":12712.73},{"text":"value","start":12712.73,"end":12713.17},{"text":"is","start":12713.17,"end":12713.29},{"text":"defined","start":12713.29,"end":12713.89},{"text":"still","start":12713.89,"end":12714.29},{"text":"as","start":12714.29,"end":12714.45},{"text":"likely","start":12714.45,"end":12714.85},{"text":"to","start":12714.85,"end":12714.93},{"text":"drop","start":12714.93,"end":12715.25},{"text":"to","start":12715.25,"end":12715.37},{"text":"zero","start":12715.37,"end":12715.73},{"text":"eventually,","start":12715.73,"end":12716.61},{"text":"but","start":12716.85,"end":12717.09},{"text":"warranting","start":12717.09,"end":12717.73},{"text":"monitoring.","start":12717.73,"end":12718.61}]},{"text":"And it was also the threshold at which Aion officially notified the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs.","start":12718.61,"end":12725.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":12718.61,"end":12718.93},{"text":"it","start":12718.93,"end":12719.17},{"text":"was","start":12719.17,"end":12719.41},{"text":"also","start":12719.41,"end":12719.69},{"text":"the","start":12719.69,"end":12719.81},{"text":"threshold","start":12719.81,"end":12720.45},{"text":"at","start":12720.45,"end":12720.53},{"text":"which","start":12720.53,"end":12720.77},{"text":"Aion","start":12720.93,"end":12721.41},{"text":"officially","start":12721.41,"end":12722.13},{"text":"notified","start":12722.13,"end":12723.01},{"text":"the","start":12723.33,"end":12723.45},{"text":"UN","start":12723.49,"end":12723.97},{"text":"Office","start":12723.97,"end":12724.29},{"text":"of","start":12724.29,"end":12724.37},{"text":"Outer","start":12724.37,"end":12724.61},{"text":"Space","start":12724.61,"end":12724.93},{"text":"Affairs.","start":12724.93,"end":12725.49}]},{"text":"For context, a 1% impact probability for an object of this size is approximately a one in 50 year event.","start":12726.13,"end":12734.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":12726.13,"end":12726.37},{"text":"context,","start":12726.37,"end":12727.25},{"text":"a","start":12727.57,"end":12727.69},{"text":"1%","start":12727.69,"end":12727.73},{"text":"impact","start":12727.73,"end":12728.69},{"text":"probability","start":12728.69,"end":12729.29},{"text":"for","start":12729.29,"end":12729.49},{"text":"an","start":12729.49,"end":12729.57},{"text":"object","start":12729.57,"end":12730.05},{"text":"of","start":12730.05,"end":12730.21},{"text":"this","start":12730.21,"end":12730.57},{"text":"size","start":12730.57,"end":12731.17},{"text":"is","start":12731.17,"end":12731.57},{"text":"approximately","start":12731.81,"end":12732.61},{"text":"a","start":12732.61,"end":12732.65},{"text":"one","start":12732.65,"end":12733.01},{"text":"in","start":12733.01,"end":12733.09},{"text":"50","start":12733.09,"end":12733.49},{"text":"year","start":12733.49,"end":12733.69},{"text":"event.","start":12733.69,"end":12734.21}]},{"text":"And an Earth impact by an object of this size happens roughly only once every 5,000 years.","start":12734.21,"end":12740.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":12734.21,"end":12734.61},{"text":"an","start":12735.05,"end":12735.25},{"text":"Earth","start":12735.25,"end":12735.49},{"text":"impact","start":12735.57,"end":12736.21},{"text":"by","start":12736.21,"end":12736.41},{"text":"an","start":12736.41,"end":12736.53},{"text":"object","start":12736.53,"end":12736.89},{"text":"of","start":12736.89,"end":12736.97},{"text":"this","start":12736.97,"end":12737.21},{"text":"size","start":12737.21,"end":12737.49},{"text":"happens","start":12737.49,"end":12737.89},{"text":"roughly","start":12737.89,"end":12738.37},{"text":"only","start":12738.37,"end":12738.61},{"text":"once","start":12738.61,"end":12738.89},{"text":"every","start":12738.89,"end":12739.17},{"text":"5,000","start":12739.17,"end":12739.97},{"text":"years.","start":12739.97,"end":12740.53}]},{"text":"On 28 January 2025, Iwan issued a notification to the same page chair for ESA and to the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs that contained the most up-to-date and accurate details about the asteroid and its potential impact risk and the expectations for information updates.","start":12742.37,"end":12760.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":12742.37,"end":12742.61},{"text":"28","start":12742.61,"end":12743.01},{"text":"January","start":12743.01,"end":12743.41},{"text":"2025,","start":12743.41,"end":12744.37},{"text":"Iwan","start":12744.45,"end":12744.77},{"text":"issued","start":12744.77,"end":12745.13},{"text":"a","start":12745.13,"end":12745.17},{"text":"notification","start":12745.17,"end":12746.13},{"text":"to","start":12746.13,"end":12746.45},{"text":"the","start":12746.45,"end":12746.57},{"text":"same","start":12746.57,"end":12746.85},{"text":"page","start":12746.85,"end":12747.17},{"text":"chair","start":12747.17,"end":12747.65},{"text":"for","start":12747.65,"end":12747.89},{"text":"ESA","start":12747.93,"end":12748.17},{"text":"and","start":12748.17,"end":12748.69},{"text":"to","start":12748.69,"end":12748.93},{"text":"the","start":12748.97,"end":12749.05},{"text":"UN","start":12749.17,"end":12749.49},{"text":"Office","start":12749.49,"end":12749.81},{"text":"of","start":12749.81,"end":12750.29},{"text":"Outer","start":12750.29,"end":12750.53},{"text":"Space","start":12750.53,"end":12750.77},{"text":"Affairs","start":12750.77,"end":12751.25},{"text":"that","start":12751.57,"end":12751.77},{"text":"contained","start":12751.77,"end":12752.21},{"text":"the","start":12752.21,"end":12752.29},{"text":"most","start":12752.29,"end":12752.53},{"text":"up-to-date","start":12752.53,"end":12752.93},{"text":"and","start":12752.93,"end":12753.05},{"text":"accurate","start":12753.05,"end":12753.49},{"text":"details","start":12753.49,"end":12754.05},{"text":"about","start":12754.05,"end":12754.45},{"text":"the","start":12754.45,"end":12754.53},{"text":"asteroid","start":12754.53,"end":12755.01},{"text":"and","start":12755.01,"end":12755.13},{"text":"its","start":12755.13,"end":12755.33},{"text":"potential","start":12755.33,"end":12755.73},{"text":"impact","start":12755.73,"end":12756.13},{"text":"risk","start":12756.13,"end":12756.65},{"text":"and","start":12757.09,"end":12757.37},{"text":"the","start":12757.37,"end":12757.45},{"text":"expectations","start":12757.45,"end":12758.53},{"text":"for","start":12758.69,"end":12758.93},{"text":"information","start":12758.93,"end":12759.57},{"text":"updates.","start":12759.57,"end":12760.13}]},{"text":"The notification header is to the right and it's in the record here with STSC marks the first time the policy was implemented since the 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a week later, Iwan reported on this notification in a conference room paper and in its statement to STSC to this subcommittee this time last 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by 20 February 2025, further ground and space based observations by Iwan of 2024 wire force position were reported to the Minor Planet Center and utilized by the orbit computation centers of Iwan to finally rule out the asteroid's impact risk to Earth 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want issued a subsequent all clear notification on 24 February 2025 to same page and the Office of Outer Space 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JWST will attempt to make additional position measurements of the asteroid later this month.","start":12849.69,"end":12855.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":12849.69,"end":12850.09},{"text":"JWST","start":12850.25,"end":12851.01},{"text":"will","start":12851.01,"end":12851.13},{"text":"attempt","start":12851.13,"end":12851.61},{"text":"to","start":12851.61,"end":12851.69},{"text":"make","start":12851.69,"end":12851.93},{"text":"additional","start":12851.93,"end":12852.33},{"text":"position","start":12852.33,"end":12852.81},{"text":"measurements","start":12852.81,"end":12853.45},{"text":"of","start":12853.69,"end":12853.93},{"text":"the","start":12853.93,"end":12854.05},{"text":"asteroid","start":12854.05,"end":12854.65},{"text":"later","start":12854.65,"end":12855.01},{"text":"this","start":12855.01,"end":12855.21},{"text":"month.","start":12855.21,"end":12855.69}]},{"text":"The asteroid is otherwise unobservable from Earth until June 2028.","start":12856.21,"end":12860.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":12856.21,"end":12856.33},{"text":"asteroid","start":12856.33,"end":12856.69},{"text":"is","start":12856.69,"end":12856.85},{"text":"otherwise","start":12856.85,"end":12857.49},{"text":"unobservable","start":12857.49,"end":12858.69},{"text":"from","start":12858.69,"end":12858.85},{"text":"Earth","start":12858.85,"end":12859.13},{"text":"until","start":12859.13,"end":12859.41},{"text":"June","start":12859.41,"end":12859.73},{"text":"2028.","start":12859.73,"end":12860.77}]},{"text":"And should additional observations be successfully obtained, IAWN's orbit computation centers are the ones responsible for updating the trajectory of the asteroid and with that, its lunar impact 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I thank you and the subcommittee for the kind attention to this technical report from the International Asteroid Warning 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Thank you very much, Chair.","start":12902.45,"end":12904.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yes.","start":12902.45,"end":12902.69},{"text":"Thank","start":12903.89,"end":12904.05},{"text":"you","start":12904.05,"end":12904.13},{"text":"very","start":12904.13,"end":12904.29},{"text":"much,","start":12904.29,"end":12904.61},{"text":"Chair.","start":12904.61,"end":12904.89}]},{"text":"I will follow up the discussion about asteroids from the previous speaker, Kelly Fast from 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then on the 24th of February 2025, Ivan released the note that the impact probability has basically 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we had already defined concrete mission scenarios in the previous step.","start":13239.97,"end":13244.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":13239.97,"end":13240.37},{"text":"we","start":13240.53,"end":13240.69},{"text":"had","start":13240.69,"end":13240.93},{"text":"already","start":13240.93,"end":13241.33},{"text":"defined","start":13241.33,"end":13241.81},{"text":"concrete","start":13241.81,"end":13242.25},{"text":"mission","start":13242.25,"end":13242.61},{"text":"scenarios","start":13242.61,"end":13243.17},{"text":"in","start":13243.17,"end":13243.25},{"text":"the","start":13243.25,"end":13243.37},{"text":"previous","start":13243.37,"end":13243.93},{"text":"step.","start":13243.93,"end":13244.29}]},{"text":"And now directly before the conference, this is what we 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of course, we'll keep STSC informed by CRPs or technical presentations like this one.","start":13337.37,"end":13343.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":13337.37,"end":13337.53},{"text":"of","start":13337.53,"end":13337.61},{"text":"course,","start":13337.65,"end":13337.85},{"text":"we'll","start":13337.85,"end":13338.09},{"text":"keep","start":13338.09,"end":13338.49},{"text":"STSC","start":13338.57,"end":13339.29},{"text":"informed","start":13339.29,"end":13340.01},{"text":"by","start":13340.57,"end":13340.89},{"text":"CRPs","start":13340.89,"end":13341.73},{"text":"or","start":13341.73,"end":13341.85},{"text":"technical","start":13341.85,"end":13342.33},{"text":"presentations","start":13342.33,"end":13343.05},{"text":"like","start":13343.05,"end":13343.29},{"text":"this","start":13343.29,"end":13343.53},{"text":"one.","start":13343.53,"end":13343.77}]},{"text":"We decided that we need to really increase interaction with emergency responders, continue involving decision 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right, one more topic I want to mention.","start":13369.29,"end":13372.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"All","start":13369.29,"end":13369.33},{"text":"right,","start":13369.33,"end":13369.57},{"text":"one","start":13369.73,"end":13370.05},{"text":"more","start":13370.05,"end":13370.37},{"text":"topic","start":13370.37,"end":13370.85},{"text":"I","start":13370.85,"end":13370.93},{"text":"want","start":13370.93,"end":13371.21},{"text":"to","start":13371.21,"end":13371.33},{"text":"mention.","start":13371.49,"end":13372.37}]},{"text":"This was also pointed out in the official statement yesterday in the agenda item NEOs.","start":13372.37,"end":13378.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":13372.37,"end":13372.61},{"text":"was","start":13372.61,"end":13372.77},{"text":"also","start":13372.77,"end":13373.09},{"text":"pointed","start":13373.57,"end":13374.05},{"text":"out","start":13374.05,"end":13374.29},{"text":"in","start":13374.29,"end":13374.61},{"text":"the","start":13374.61,"end":13374.73},{"text":"official","start":13375.17,"end":13375.57},{"text":"statement","start":13375.57,"end":13376.29},{"text":"yesterday","start":13376.29,"end":13376.77},{"text":"in","start":13376.77,"end":13376.93},{"text":"the","start":13376.97,"end":13377.05},{"text":"agenda","start":13377.05,"end":13377.45},{"text":"item","start":13377.45,"end":13377.97},{"text":"NEOs.","start":13377.97,"end":13378.61}]},{"text":"We have established after initial work by COSPAR, a so-called Apophis Flight Mission Working 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are currently three missions funded.","start":13394.61,"end":13396.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":13394.61,"end":13394.73},{"text":"are","start":13394.73,"end":13394.81},{"text":"currently","start":13394.81,"end":13395.25},{"text":"three","start":13395.25,"end":13395.57},{"text":"missions","start":13395.57,"end":13396.05},{"text":"funded.","start":13396.05,"end":13396.69}]},{"text":"There is NASA's OSIRIS-APEX mission, JAXA's DESTINY+ mission, which will fly by Apophis on its way to another asteroid, and ESA's RAMSES mission to be launched with 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the first technical meeting has taken place.","start":13413.17,"end":13416.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":13413.17,"end":13413.57},{"text":"the","start":13413.73,"end":13414.13},{"text":"first","start":13414.13,"end":13414.53},{"text":"technical","start":13414.53,"end":13414.93},{"text":"meeting","start":13414.93,"end":13415.33},{"text":"has","start":13415.33,"end":13415.57},{"text":"taken","start":13415.57,"end":13415.97},{"text":"place.","start":13415.97,"end":13416.53}]},{"text":"It focused on discussing potential radio frequency interference, both between missions, but also between potential ground radar observations and the 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like to inform the delegates that the informal consultation in observing group on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space will be held in conference room M6 from 1:10 PM, sorry, start, till 2:50 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Ms. Teams link is available on the information circular on USA/2026/4 dispatch on January 26, 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schedule?","start":13623.93,"end":13626.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":13623.93,"end":13624.17},{"text":"are","start":13624.17,"end":13624.25},{"text":"there","start":13624.29,"end":13624.45},{"text":"any","start":13624.45,"end":13624.65},{"text":"questions","start":13624.65,"end":13625.05},{"text":"or","start":13625.05,"end":13625.17},{"text":"comments","start":13625.17,"end":13625.49},{"text":"on","start":13625.49,"end":13625.61},{"text":"the","start":13625.61,"end":13625.85},{"text":"proposed","start":13625.85,"end":13626.29},{"text":"schedule?","start":13626.29,"end":13626.65}]},{"text":"I think none.","start":13628.09,"end":13628.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":13628.09,"end":13628.1},{"text":"think","start":13628.09,"end":13628.41},{"text":"none.","start":13628.41,"end":13628.65}]},{"text":"I think we have to run to the lunch.","start":13629.21,"end":13630.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":13629.21,"end":13629.29},{"text":"think","start":13629.29,"end":13629.45},{"text":"we","start":13629.45,"end":13629.53},{"text":"have","start":13629.53,"end":13629.65},{"text":"to","start":13629.65,"end":13629.73},{"text":"run","start":13629.73,"end":13629.93},{"text":"to","start":13629.93,"end":13630.25},{"text":"the","start":13630.25,"end":13630.33},{"text":"lunch.","start":13630.41,"end":13630.89}]},{"text":"Enjoy the lunch, okay?","start":13631.45,"end":13632.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Enjoy","start":13631.45,"end":13631.69},{"text":"the","start":13631.69,"end":13631.81},{"text":"lunch,","start":13631.81,"end":13632.05},{"text":"okay?","start":13632.09,"end":13632.41}]},{"text":"See you.","start":13633.13,"end":13633.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"See","start":13633.13,"end":13633.45},{"text":"you.","start":13633.45,"end":13633.61}]},{"text":"The meeting is adjourned till 3pm.","start":13634.33,"end":13637.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":13634.33,"end":13634.65},{"text":"meeting","start":13634.65,"end":13635.21},{"text":"is","start":13635.53,"end":13635.93},{"text":"adjourned","start":13636.25,"end":13636.65},{"text":"till","start":13636.65,"end":13636.81},{"text":"3pm.","start":13636.81,"end":13637.29}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}}],"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"States repeatedly raised the growing danger posed by debris, orbital congestion, and close approaches in heavily used orbits. Discussions covered debris prevention, end-of-life disposal, collision risk reduction, and, in some cases, active debris removal and reentry safety."},{"key":"peaceful-uses","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Multiple statements stressed that outer space must remain a domain for peaceful purposes and international cooperation. This included concern about weaponization, the risk of an arms race in outer space, and the importance of keeping multilateral space governance focused on common benefit."},{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Protection of Astronomy and Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Some delegations raised the impact of expanding satellite activity on astronomical observatories and scientific observation. The discussion focused on how to reconcile satellite operations with the protection of radio astronomy, optical astronomy, and dark and quiet skies."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Technology Transfer","description":"A recurring issue was how to ensure that developing and emerging space nations can participate on an equal footing. Speakers called for training, financing, technical assistance, and less restrictive barriers to technology access so that sustainability rules do not become obstacles to development."},{"key":"mega-constellations","label":"Mega-Constellations and Equitable Access to Orbit","description":"Delegations discussed the rapid expansion of large satellite constellations and the pressure they place on low Earth orbit. Concerns included orbital crowding, monopolization of finite orbital resources, and the need to preserve equitable access for later entrants and smaller space actors."},{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space Applications for Sustainable Development","description":"Several delegations highlighted the practical use of space technologies for climate resilience, disaster response, agriculture, maritime safety, natural resource management, and other public needs. Space was presented not only as a strategic domain, but also as infrastructure for achieving development goals and supporting vulnerable countries."},{"key":"data-sharing-standards","label":"Data Sharing, Interoperability and Common Standards","description":"A significant topic was the need for trusted data exchange and interoperable technical standards, especially for SSA and operational decision-making. Speakers argued that transparency, harmonized formats, and open or non-discriminatory access to key information are essential for safety and cooperation."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"A central theme was the implementation, interpretation, and possible further development of the UN guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Delegations discussed the LTS working group, voluntary implementation, and how to keep space safe and usable for present and future generations."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Coordination","description":"Many speakers emphasized the need to improve tracking of space objects, collision avoidance, and international coordination on orbital safety. This included support for the new SSA expert group and broader discussions on future space traffic management arrangements."}]}}