{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1e/k1e9qzili8","kaltura_id":"1_e9qzili8","title":"Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on the United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation - Second Substantive Session 2025, 8th meeting","clean_title":"Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on the United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation - Second Substantive Session 2025, 8th meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8","date":"2025-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-08-14T19:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"02:10:37","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8"},"metadata":{"summary":"The Second Substantive Session 2025 will take place at UN Headquarters in New York from 11 to 15 August.","description":"Discussion on Protocol 2 (cont'd)\n***\nThe United Nations General Assembly has established an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to draft a United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation and two early protocols.\nThe United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation is a proposed international legal instrument aimed at improving global tax cooperation.\nThis Member State-led process will run from 2025 to 2027, with the aim of developing a framework convention that leads to fully inclusive and more effective international tax cooperation.","categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on UN Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":["TAXATION","COOPERATION"],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Website","url":"https://financing.desa.un.org/inc"},{"title":"Provisional organization of work","url":"https://financing.desa.un.org/sites/default/files/2025-07/Provisional%20organization%20of%20work%20A-AC.298-CRP.14.pdf"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-cdeab45b-f7cf-4a18-8819-415d5b998185","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":0.75,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=1","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good afternoon everyone.","start":0.75,"end":1.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":0.75,"end":0.95},{"text":"afternoon","start":0.95,"end":1.31},{"text":"everyone.","start":1.39,"end":1.87}]},{"text":"Welcome back.","start":3.23,"end":3.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Welcome","start":3.23,"end":3.63},{"text":"back.","start":3.63,"end":3.87}]},{"text":"We are ready now I think to resume our discussions in work streams three with our two colleagues Marlene and Michael.","start":6.91,"end":17.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6.91,"end":7.15},{"text":"are","start":7.15,"end":7.23},{"text":"ready","start":7.23,"end":7.63},{"text":"now","start":8.83,"end":9.07},{"text":"I","start":9.07,"end":9.15},{"text":"think","start":9.15,"end":9.39},{"text":"to","start":9.39,"end":9.51},{"text":"resume","start":9.51,"end":10.83},{"text":"our","start":10.83,"end":11.23},{"text":"discussions","start":11.23,"end":11.87},{"text":"in","start":11.87,"end":11.95},{"text":"work","start":11.95,"end":12.15},{"text":"streams","start":12.15,"end":12.67},{"text":"three","start":12.95,"end":13.31},{"text":"with","start":13.87,"end":14.11},{"text":"our","start":14.51,"end":14.75},{"text":"two","start":15.31,"end":15.63},{"text":"colleagues","start":15.95,"end":16.51},{"text":"Marlene","start":16.51,"end":16.99},{"text":"and","start":16.99,"end":17.31},{"text":"Michael.","start":17.47,"end":17.99}]},{"text":"So we're going to continue our discussion, we resume the floor now and I'm handing over to my colleague Marlene.","start":18.35,"end":26.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":18.35,"end":18.51},{"text":"we're","start":18.51,"end":18.67},{"text":"going","start":18.67,"end":18.83},{"text":"to","start":18.83,"end":18.91},{"text":"continue","start":18.91,"end":19.27},{"text":"our","start":19.27,"end":19.39},{"text":"discussion,","start":19.39,"end":19.95},{"text":"we","start":19.95,"end":20.07},{"text":"resume","start":20.07,"end":20.39},{"text":"the","start":20.39,"end":20.51},{"text":"floor","start":20.51,"end":20.91},{"text":"now","start":21.71,"end":22.11},{"text":"and","start":22.19,"end":22.35},{"text":"I'm","start":22.35,"end":22.55},{"text":"handing","start":22.55,"end":22.83},{"text":"over","start":22.83,"end":23.31},{"text":"to","start":23.47,"end":23.95},{"text":"my","start":24.35,"end":24.59},{"text":"colleague","start":24.59,"end":25.07},{"text":"Marlene.","start":26.03,"end":26.59}]},{"text":"Please go 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going to have next Japan to be followed by Cameroon.","start":34.43,"end":40.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":34.43,"end":35.07},{"text":"we're","start":35.31,"end":35.51},{"text":"going","start":35.51,"end":35.67},{"text":"to","start":35.67,"end":35.95},{"text":"have","start":36.11,"end":36.67},{"text":"next","start":36.67,"end":37.31},{"text":"Japan","start":38.27,"end":38.91},{"text":"to","start":39.23,"end":39.35},{"text":"be","start":39.35,"end":39.47},{"text":"followed","start":39.47,"end":39.79},{"text":"by","start":39.79,"end":40.03},{"text":"Cameroon.","start":40.03,"end":40.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Marlene","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Co-Lead"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":44.67,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=45","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":44.67,"end":45.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":44.67,"end":44.91},{"text":"you,","start":44.91,"end":44.99},{"text":"Chair.","start":44.99,"end":45.47}]},{"text":"I feel a little uncomfortable speaking right after lunch, but I would like to briefly share our views.","start":47.63,"end":54.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":47.63,"end":47.87},{"text":"feel","start":48.03,"end":48.31},{"text":"a","start":48.31,"end":48.35},{"text":"little","start":48.35,"end":48.75},{"text":"uncomfortable","start":48.75,"end":49.55},{"text":"speaking","start":49.55,"end":50.03},{"text":"right","start":50.03,"end":50.35},{"text":"after","start":50.39,"end":50.67},{"text":"lunch,","start":50.67,"end":51.15},{"text":"but","start":51.63,"end":51.75},{"text":"I","start":51.79,"end":52.03},{"text":"would","start":52.03,"end":52.15},{"text":"like","start":52.15,"end":52.35},{"text":"to","start":52.35,"end":52.51},{"text":"briefly","start":52.51,"end":53.07},{"text":"share","start":53.07,"end":53.47},{"text":"our","start":53.47,"end":53.71},{"text":"views.","start":53.71,"end":54.19}]},{"text":"Before that, let me also thank colleagues and secretariats for preparing the issue note and the 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Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":74.55,"end":74.71},{"text":"also","start":74.71,"end":75.03},{"text":"would","start":75.03,"end":75.19},{"text":"like","start":75.19,"end":75.51},{"text":"to","start":75.51,"end":75.63},{"text":"reiterate","start":75.63,"end":76.31},{"text":"comments","start":76.31,"end":76.95},{"text":"made","start":77.11,"end":77.43},{"text":"by","start":77.43,"end":77.67},{"text":"distinguished","start":77.67,"end":78.31},{"text":"delegates","start":78.31,"end":78.87},{"text":"from","start":78.87,"end":79.11},{"text":"Switzerland","start":79.19,"end":79.83},{"text":"and","start":79.83,"end":79.99},{"text":"Canada","start":79.99,"end":80.63},{"text":"earlier","start":80.63,"end":80.95},{"text":"in","start":80.95,"end":81.11},{"text":"the","start":81.11,"end":81.19},{"text":"morning","start":81.19,"end":81.67},{"text":"on","start":81.99,"end":82.31},{"text":"arbitration","start":82.31,"end":83.11},{"text":"mechanism.","start":83.11,"end":83.75}]},{"text":"In our view, the introduction of mandatory arbitration will not only improve predictability and certainty for taxpayers by ensuring a final means of dispute resolution, but will also incentivize completion of mutual agreement procedure between authorities and lead to early tax decisions.","start":85.39,"end":107.07,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. 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Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":119.11,"end":119.27},{"text":"at","start":119.27,"end":119.43},{"text":"the","start":119.43,"end":119.51},{"text":"same","start":119.51,"end":119.91},{"text":"time,","start":119.91,"end":120.47},{"text":"we","start":120.47,"end":120.71},{"text":"are","start":120.71,"end":121.03},{"text":"aware","start":121.03,"end":121.31},{"text":"of","start":121.31,"end":121.55},{"text":"concerns","start":121.55,"end":122.31},{"text":"in","start":122.31,"end":122.47},{"text":"developing","start":122.47,"end":122.95},{"text":"countries","start":122.95,"end":123.59},{"text":"regarding","start":123.91,"end":124.39},{"text":"negative","start":124.39,"end":124.95},{"text":"experiences,","start":124.95,"end":125.83},{"text":"capacities,","start":125.99,"end":126.79},{"text":"and","start":126.79,"end":127.27},{"text":"constitutional","start":127.59,"end":128.51},{"text":"constraints.","start":128.51,"end":129.27}]},{"text":"Therefore, I believe in this discussion at the UN, it will be useful and beneficial to discuss First, as colleagues suggested, what our exact concerns are and how to address such concerns and how to reduce the burden on tax authorities.","start":129.99,"end":147.63,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. 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Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":367.79,"end":367.91},{"text":"is","start":367.91,"end":368.03},{"text":"always","start":368.03,"end":368.35},{"text":"better","start":368.35,"end":368.75},{"text":"to","start":368.75,"end":369.23},{"text":"prevent","start":369.31,"end":370.03},{"text":"than","start":370.27,"end":370.75},{"text":"to","start":371.31,"end":371.71},{"text":"possibly","start":372.67,"end":373.23},{"text":"deal","start":373.23,"end":373.71},{"text":"with","start":374.03,"end":374.47},{"text":"disputes,","start":374.47,"end":375.23},{"text":"it","start":375.23,"end":375.31},{"text":"is","start":375.31,"end":375.47},{"text":"best","start":375.47,"end":375.75},{"text":"to","start":375.75,"end":375.83},{"text":"forestall","start":375.83,"end":376.19},{"text":"them.","start":376.19,"end":376.51}]},{"text":"We think that as well as the mechanisms which already exist, which were recalled, particularly when it comes to domestic legislation, and cooperation programmes which are established with large businesses and pricing agreements, advanced pricing agreements and other arrangements.","start":377.23,"end":409.07,"topics":[{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. 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being.","start":569.11,"end":572.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Member","start":569.11,"end":569.35},{"text":"states","start":569.35,"end":569.67},{"text":"will","start":569.67,"end":569.83},{"text":"be","start":569.83,"end":570.15},{"text":"parked","start":570.59,"end":570.91},{"text":"or","start":570.91,"end":571.03},{"text":"deferred","start":571.03,"end":571.55},{"text":"for","start":571.55,"end":571.67},{"text":"the","start":571.67,"end":571.75},{"text":"time","start":571.75,"end":572.03},{"text":"being.","start":572.03,"end":572.35}]},{"text":"So, but we will have another round of member states, member state 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we'd like to align ourselves with the comments expressed by Ghana on behalf of the Africa group.","start":607.83,"end":613.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":607.83,"end":608.23},{"text":"we'd","start":608.23,"end":608.47},{"text":"like","start":608.47,"end":608.63},{"text":"to","start":608.63,"end":608.75},{"text":"align","start":608.75,"end":609.11},{"text":"ourselves","start":609.11,"end":609.67},{"text":"with","start":609.67,"end":609.79},{"text":"the","start":609.79,"end":609.91},{"text":"comments","start":609.91,"end":610.63},{"text":"expressed","start":610.87,"end":611.51},{"text":"by","start":611.51,"end":611.75},{"text":"Ghana","start":611.75,"end":612.11},{"text":"on","start":612.11,"end":612.31},{"text":"behalf","start":612.31,"end":612.79},{"text":"of","start":612.87,"end":613.03},{"text":"the","start":613.03,"end":613.11},{"text":"Africa","start":613.11,"end":613.59},{"text":"group.","start":613.59,"end":613.91}]},{"text":"Chair, we'd also like to highlight 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that note, Chair, we thank you once again for the comments and we yield the 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within our discussion of the protocol, we must remind ourselves that the decisions made here today must not have a short-term effect on the global economy, but an ever-evolving and adaptable approach that is able to effectively plan for the future and eradicate the faults of the past across all sectors, not slowly limited to the 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we believe that in crafting an equitable and sustainable tax convention, it is necessary to find an innovative solution to litigation of tax disputes.","start":806.43,"end":814.27,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. 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believe that the youth can aid in the implementation and creation of such tools, fostering intergenerational 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unless we work together to create innovative solutions that don't merely affect tomorrow, but the decades to 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for pursuing this approach.","start":1056.43,"end":1064.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1056.43,"end":1056.67},{"text":"framework","start":1056.67,"end":1057.07},{"text":"convention","start":1057.07,"end":1057.79},{"text":"should","start":1057.95,"end":1058.43},{"text":"garner","start":1058.75,"end":1059.23},{"text":"trust","start":1059.23,"end":1059.95},{"text":"from","start":1059.95,"end":1060.43},{"text":"parties","start":1060.43,"end":1061.23},{"text":"and","start":1061.23,"end":1061.43},{"text":"stakeholders,","start":1061.43,"end":1062.03},{"text":"which","start":1062.03,"end":1062.27},{"text":"is","start":1062.27,"end":1062.39},{"text":"vital","start":1062.39,"end":1062.75},{"text":"for","start":1062.75,"end":1063.15},{"text":"pursuing","start":1063.23,"end":1063.63},{"text":"this","start":1063.63,"end":1063.79},{"text":"approach.","start":1063.79,"end":1064.19}]},{"text":"Finally, we'd like to highlight that as a civil society organisation, we believe that it's 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Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":1126.35,"end":1126.59},{"text":"developing","start":1126.59,"end":1127.07},{"text":"countries,","start":1127.07,"end":1127.63},{"text":"the","start":1127.63,"end":1127.79},{"text":"ability","start":1127.87,"end":1128.43},{"text":"to","start":1128.43,"end":1128.55},{"text":"attract","start":1128.55,"end":1129.15},{"text":"and","start":1129.39,"end":1129.51},{"text":"retain","start":1129.51,"end":1130.11},{"text":"cross-border","start":1130.11,"end":1130.83},{"text":"trade","start":1130.83,"end":1131.15},{"text":"and","start":1131.15,"end":1131.27},{"text":"investment","start":1131.27,"end":1131.91},{"text":"is","start":1132.35,"end":1132.59},{"text":"paramount","start":1132.59,"end":1133.31},{"text":"for","start":1133.63,"end":1133.95},{"text":"sustainable","start":1133.95,"end":1134.55},{"text":"development","start":1134.55,"end":1135.23},{"text":"and","start":1135.23,"end":1135.43},{"text":"domestic","start":1135.43,"end":1135.87},{"text":"resource","start":1135.87,"end":1136.35},{"text":"mobilization.","start":1136.35,"end":1137.23}]},{"text":"A key enabler of this is an international tax system that minimizes uncertainty and crucially prevents tax disputes.","start":1138.07,"end":1147.43,"topics":[{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":1138.07,"end":1138.08},{"text":"key","start":1138.07,"end":1138.31},{"text":"enabler","start":1138.31,"end":1138.83},{"text":"of","start":1138.83,"end":1138.95},{"text":"this","start":1138.95,"end":1139.27},{"text":"is","start":1139.27,"end":1139.59},{"text":"an","start":1139.59,"end":1139.75},{"text":"international","start":1139.75,"end":1140.55},{"text":"tax","start":1140.55,"end":1140.75},{"text":"system","start":1140.75,"end":1141.35},{"text":"that","start":1141.83,"end":1142.15},{"text":"minimizes","start":1142.15,"end":1143.03},{"text":"uncertainty","start":1143.03,"end":1143.91},{"text":"and","start":1144.39,"end":1144.63},{"text":"crucially","start":1144.63,"end":1145.35},{"text":"prevents","start":1145.79,"end":1146.31},{"text":"tax","start":1146.31,"end":1146.71},{"text":"disputes.","start":1146.71,"end":1147.43}]},{"text":"We wholeheartedly welcome the draft issue notes emphasis on legal certainty.","start":1148.47,"end":1153.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1148.47,"end":1148.71},{"text":"wholeheartedly","start":1148.71,"end":1149.43},{"text":"welcome","start":1149.43,"end":1149.99},{"text":"the","start":1149.99,"end":1150.19},{"text":"draft","start":1150.19,"end":1150.55},{"text":"issue","start":1150.55,"end":1150.79},{"text":"notes","start":1150.79,"end":1151.27},{"text":"emphasis","start":1151.43,"end":1152.15},{"text":"on","start":1152.15,"end":1152.35},{"text":"legal","start":1152.35,"end":1152.79},{"text":"certainty.","start":1152.79,"end":1153.59}]},{"text":"This is a cornerstone for any well-functioning international system.","start":1155.35,"end":1159.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1155.35,"end":1155.67},{"text":"is","start":1155.67,"end":1155.83},{"text":"a","start":1155.83,"end":1155.91},{"text":"cornerstone","start":1155.91,"end":1156.63},{"text":"for","start":1156.63,"end":1156.95},{"text":"any","start":1156.95,"end":1157.23},{"text":"well-functioning","start":1157.23,"end":1157.99},{"text":"international","start":1157.99,"end":1158.63},{"text":"system.","start":1158.63,"end":1159.03}]},{"text":"For both taxpayers and tax administrations, knowing with confidence how rules apply is vital.","start":1159.59,"end":1166.23,"topics":[{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":1159.59,"end":1159.91},{"text":"both","start":1159.91,"end":1160.07},{"text":"taxpayers","start":1160.07,"end":1160.87},{"text":"and","start":1160.87,"end":1161.03},{"text":"tax","start":1161.03,"end":1161.27},{"text":"administrations,","start":1161.27,"end":1162.31},{"text":"knowing","start":1162.79,"end":1163.19},{"text":"with","start":1163.19,"end":1163.35},{"text":"confidence","start":1163.35,"end":1163.99},{"text":"how","start":1163.99,"end":1164.15},{"text":"rules","start":1164.15,"end":1164.47},{"text":"apply","start":1164.47,"end":1165.03},{"text":"is","start":1165.35,"end":1165.75},{"text":"vital.","start":1165.75,"end":1166.23}]},{"text":"We therefore strongly agree with the need for dispute prevention and resolution mechanisms that are not only fair and independent, but also truly accessible and effective.","start":1167.07,"end":1179.71,"topics":[{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1167.07,"end":1167.15},{"text":"therefore","start":1167.15,"end":1167.71},{"text":"strongly","start":1167.71,"end":1168.19},{"text":"agree","start":1168.19,"end":1168.67},{"text":"with","start":1168.79,"end":1168.95},{"text":"the","start":1168.95,"end":1169.07},{"text":"need","start":1169.07,"end":1169.55},{"text":"for","start":1169.55,"end":1169.79},{"text":"dispute","start":1169.79,"end":1170.19},{"text":"prevention","start":1170.19,"end":1170.91},{"text":"and","start":1171.59,"end":1171.79},{"text":"resolution","start":1171.79,"end":1172.31},{"text":"mechanisms","start":1172.31,"end":1173.15},{"text":"that","start":1173.79,"end":1174.11},{"text":"are","start":1174.11,"end":1174.19},{"text":"not","start":1174.19,"end":1174.51},{"text":"only","start":1174.51,"end":1174.75},{"text":"fair","start":1174.75,"end":1175.31},{"text":"and","start":1175.31,"end":1175.55},{"text":"independent,","start":1175.55,"end":1176.27},{"text":"but","start":1176.75,"end":1176.99},{"text":"also","start":1176.99,"end":1177.39},{"text":"truly","start":1177.39,"end":1177.99},{"text":"accessible","start":1177.99,"end":1178.67},{"text":"and","start":1178.75,"end":1179.07},{"text":"effective.","start":1179.07,"end":1179.71}]},{"text":"These mechanisms must be designed to not only resolve disputes efficiently, but also, more importantly, to prevent them from arising in the first place.","start":1180.75,"end":1192.19,"topics":[{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. 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They presented this as a fairer and more durable way to reduce disputes."},{"key":"transfer-pricing-rules","label":"Transfer Pricing Rules","description":"Transfer pricing was repeatedly identified as a major source of international tax disputes. Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1508.23,"end":1508.39},{"text":"framework","start":1508.39,"end":1508.83},{"text":"convention","start":1508.83,"end":1509.59},{"text":"should","start":1509.91,"end":1510.27},{"text":"give","start":1510.27,"end":1510.47},{"text":"the","start":1510.47,"end":1510.55},{"text":"conference","start":1510.55,"end":1511.03},{"text":"of","start":1511.03,"end":1511.11},{"text":"the","start":1511.11,"end":1511.23},{"text":"parties","start":1511.23,"end":1511.83},{"text":"a","start":1511.99,"end":1512.07},{"text":"clear","start":1512.07,"end":1512.39},{"text":"mandate","start":1512.39,"end":1513.03},{"text":"to","start":1513.43,"end":1513.47},{"text":"advance","start":1513.47,"end":1513.87},{"text":"this","start":1513.87,"end":1514.03},{"text":"approach,","start":1514.03,"end":1514.59},{"text":"to","start":1514.99,"end":1515.15},{"text":"ensure","start":1515.15,"end":1515.47},{"text":"fairness,","start":1515.47,"end":1516.03},{"text":"and","start":1516.43,"end":1516.59},{"text":"finally","start":1516.59,"end":1517.23},{"text":"turn","start":1517.31,"end":1517.47},{"text":"the","start":1517.47,"end":1517.63},{"text":"page","start":1517.63,"end":1518.11},{"text":"on","start":1518.35,"end":1518.51},{"text":"transfer","start":1518.51,"end":1518.91},{"text":"pricing","start":1518.91,"end":1519.55},{"text":"and","start":1519.79,"end":1519.99},{"text":"its","start":1519.99,"end":1520.11},{"text":"derivatives,","start":1520.11,"end":1520.91},{"text":"including","start":1521.07,"end":1521.71},{"text":"APAs.","start":1521.71,"end":1522.71}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":1522.71,"end":1523.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1522.71,"end":1522.99},{"text":"you.","start":1522.99,"end":1523.07}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"SID","affiliation_full":"SID","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":18,"start":1531.32,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=1532","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":1531.32,"end":1531.72,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1531.32,"end":1531.52},{"text":"you.","start":1531.52,"end":1531.72}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to Human Rights Watch.","start":1533.8,"end":1536.04,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1533.8,"end":1533.88},{"text":"now","start":1533.88,"end":1534.12},{"text":"give","start":1534.12,"end":1534.28},{"text":"the","start":1534.28,"end":1534.4},{"text":"floor","start":1534.4,"end":1534.6},{"text":"to","start":1534.6,"end":1534.84},{"text":"Human","start":1534.92,"end":1535.32},{"text":"Rights","start":1535.32,"end":1535.64},{"text":"Watch.","start":1535.64,"end":1536.04}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Michael","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Co-Lead"}},{"statement_number":19,"start":1540.04,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=1541","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thanks, Chair. So I make these points also together with members of the Global Alliance of Tax Justice.","start":1540.04,"end":1547.16,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thanks,","start":1540.04,"end":1541.08},{"text":"Chair.","start":1541.08,"end":1541.32},{"text":"So","start":1542.28,"end":1542.84},{"text":"I","start":1542.84,"end":1542.92},{"text":"make","start":1542.92,"end":1543.04},{"text":"these","start":1543.04,"end":1543.24},{"text":"points","start":1543.24,"end":1543.72},{"text":"also","start":1543.88,"end":1544.2},{"text":"together","start":1544.2,"end":1544.6},{"text":"with","start":1544.6,"end":1544.76},{"text":"members","start":1544.76,"end":1545.32},{"text":"of","start":1545.32,"end":1545.48},{"text":"the","start":1545.48,"end":1545.64},{"text":"Global","start":1545.64,"end":1545.88},{"text":"Alliance","start":1545.88,"end":1546.28},{"text":"of","start":1546.28,"end":1546.36},{"text":"Tax","start":1546.36,"end":1546.68},{"text":"Justice.","start":1546.68,"end":1547.16}]},{"text":"We've had a great discussion today and thanks again to the chairs for preparing the note and laying the grounds for debate today.","start":1548.59,"end":1555.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We've","start":1548.59,"end":1548.87},{"text":"had","start":1548.87,"end":1548.99},{"text":"a","start":1548.99,"end":1549.07},{"text":"great","start":1549.07,"end":1549.27},{"text":"discussion","start":1549.27,"end":1549.71},{"text":"today","start":1549.71,"end":1550.03},{"text":"and","start":1550.03,"end":1550.31},{"text":"thanks","start":1550.31,"end":1550.55},{"text":"again","start":1550.55,"end":1550.83},{"text":"to","start":1550.83,"end":1550.91},{"text":"the","start":1550.91,"end":1551.07},{"text":"chairs","start":1551.15,"end":1551.55},{"text":"for","start":1551.55,"end":1551.95},{"text":"preparing","start":1552.11,"end":1552.83},{"text":"the","start":1552.83,"end":1552.95},{"text":"note","start":1552.95,"end":1553.31},{"text":"and","start":1553.31,"end":1553.43},{"text":"laying","start":1553.43,"end":1553.63},{"text":"the","start":1553.63,"end":1554.03},{"text":"grounds","start":1554.03,"end":1554.47},{"text":"for","start":1554.47,"end":1554.75},{"text":"debate","start":1554.79,"end":1555.19},{"text":"today.","start":1555.19,"end":1555.63}]},{"text":"And we agree that it's critical to find fair and effective mechanisms to resolve cross-border tax disputes.","start":1556.83,"end":1562.75,"topics":[{"key":"cross-border-scope","label":"Cross-Border Scope","description":"Several speakers argued that the protocol should focus on tax disputes arising from cross-border transactions and exclude purely domestic disputes. This was presented as a way to keep the instrument targeted and consistent with existing domestic legal remedies."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1556.83,"end":1557.07},{"text":"we","start":1557.07,"end":1557.39},{"text":"agree","start":1557.39,"end":1557.59},{"text":"that","start":1557.59,"end":1557.71},{"text":"it's","start":1557.71,"end":1557.95},{"text":"critical","start":1557.95,"end":1558.35},{"text":"to","start":1558.35,"end":1558.47},{"text":"find","start":1558.47,"end":1558.75},{"text":"fair","start":1558.75,"end":1559.03},{"text":"and","start":1559.03,"end":1559.35},{"text":"effective","start":1559.35,"end":1559.79},{"text":"mechanisms","start":1559.79,"end":1560.43},{"text":"to","start":1560.43,"end":1560.55},{"text":"resolve","start":1560.55,"end":1561.03},{"text":"cross-border","start":1561.03,"end":1562.03},{"text":"tax","start":1562.03,"end":1562.31},{"text":"disputes.","start":1562.31,"end":1562.75}]},{"text":"What we'd like to outline is why arbitration is not an adequate form of dispute resolution for tax disputes.","start":1563.67,"end":1569.47,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":1563.67,"end":1563.83},{"text":"we'd","start":1563.83,"end":1564.07},{"text":"like","start":1564.07,"end":1564.19},{"text":"to","start":1564.19,"end":1564.35},{"text":"outline","start":1564.35,"end":1564.99},{"text":"is","start":1564.99,"end":1565.15},{"text":"why","start":1565.15,"end":1565.47},{"text":"arbitration","start":1565.47,"end":1566.27},{"text":"is","start":1566.27,"end":1566.51},{"text":"not","start":1566.51,"end":1566.71},{"text":"an","start":1566.71,"end":1566.83},{"text":"adequate","start":1566.83,"end":1567.23},{"text":"form","start":1567.23,"end":1567.55},{"text":"of","start":1567.55,"end":1567.71},{"text":"dispute","start":1567.71,"end":1568.11},{"text":"resolution","start":1568.11,"end":1568.59},{"text":"for","start":1568.59,"end":1568.75},{"text":"tax","start":1568.75,"end":1568.99},{"text":"disputes.","start":1568.99,"end":1569.47}]},{"text":"I'd like to make a couple of points.","start":1569.99,"end":1571.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'd","start":1569.99,"end":1570.19},{"text":"like","start":1570.19,"end":1570.31},{"text":"to","start":1570.31,"end":1570.39},{"text":"make","start":1570.39,"end":1570.51},{"text":"a","start":1570.51,"end":1570.55},{"text":"couple","start":1570.55,"end":1570.75},{"text":"of","start":1570.75,"end":1570.83},{"text":"points.","start":1570.83,"end":1571.23}]},{"text":"The first point is we've heard from a few global law states promoting arbitration.","start":1571.23,"end":1577.39,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1571.23,"end":1571.31},{"text":"first","start":1571.31,"end":1571.63},{"text":"point","start":1571.63,"end":1571.95},{"text":"is","start":1571.95,"end":1572.43},{"text":"we've","start":1573.07,"end":1573.35},{"text":"heard","start":1573.35,"end":1573.55},{"text":"from","start":1573.55,"end":1573.95},{"text":"a","start":1574.43,"end":1574.47},{"text":"few","start":1574.47,"end":1574.83},{"text":"global","start":1574.87,"end":1575.19},{"text":"law","start":1575.23,"end":1575.31},{"text":"states","start":1575.31,"end":1575.79},{"text":"promoting","start":1575.79,"end":1576.51},{"text":"arbitration.","start":1576.59,"end":1577.39}]},{"text":"But we'd like to emphasize that arbitration undermined the tax rights and sovereignty of all states, both integrable north and integrable south, to the benefits of a select group of companies.","start":1578.11,"end":1589.63,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1578.11,"end":1578.23},{"text":"we'd","start":1578.23,"end":1578.47},{"text":"like","start":1578.47,"end":1578.59},{"text":"to","start":1578.59,"end":1578.71},{"text":"emphasize","start":1578.71,"end":1579.47},{"text":"that","start":1579.47,"end":1579.71},{"text":"arbitration","start":1579.71,"end":1580.43},{"text":"undermined","start":1580.43,"end":1580.99},{"text":"the","start":1580.99,"end":1581.07},{"text":"tax","start":1581.07,"end":1581.39},{"text":"rights","start":1581.39,"end":1581.71},{"text":"and","start":1581.71,"end":1581.87},{"text":"sovereignty","start":1581.87,"end":1582.43},{"text":"of","start":1582.43,"end":1582.59},{"text":"all","start":1582.71,"end":1582.91},{"text":"states,","start":1582.91,"end":1583.47},{"text":"both","start":1583.79,"end":1584.07},{"text":"integrable","start":1584.07,"end":1584.67},{"text":"north","start":1584.67,"end":1584.95},{"text":"and","start":1585.15,"end":1585.51},{"text":"integrable","start":1585.51,"end":1586.27},{"text":"south,","start":1586.27,"end":1586.51},{"text":"to","start":1586.99,"end":1587.07},{"text":"the","start":1587.07,"end":1587.23},{"text":"benefits","start":1587.23,"end":1587.79},{"text":"of","start":1587.79,"end":1588.11},{"text":"a","start":1588.11,"end":1588.19},{"text":"select","start":1588.19,"end":1588.55},{"text":"group","start":1588.55,"end":1588.83},{"text":"of","start":1588.83,"end":1589.07},{"text":"companies.","start":1589.07,"end":1589.63}]},{"text":"Looking at data from UNCTAD, investors have challenged tax-related measures in 165 ISDS cases between 1987 and 2021.","start":1591.23,"end":1601.07,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Looking","start":1591.23,"end":1591.55},{"text":"at","start":1591.55,"end":1591.63},{"text":"data","start":1591.63,"end":1592.11},{"text":"from","start":1592.11,"end":1592.51},{"text":"UNCTAD,","start":1592.59,"end":1593.15},{"text":"investors","start":1593.55,"end":1594.19},{"text":"have","start":1594.19,"end":1594.43},{"text":"challenged","start":1594.43,"end":1594.91},{"text":"tax-related","start":1594.91,"end":1595.67},{"text":"measures","start":1595.67,"end":1596.11},{"text":"in","start":1596.11,"end":1596.39},{"text":"165","start":1596.39,"end":1597.35},{"text":"ISDS","start":1597.35,"end":1597.95},{"text":"cases","start":1597.95,"end":1598.51},{"text":"between","start":1598.75,"end":1599.15},{"text":"1987","start":1599.15,"end":1600.03},{"text":"and","start":1600.03,"end":1600.15},{"text":"2021.","start":1600.15,"end":1601.07}]},{"text":"From those 165 cases, Do you know which one, which country has been the most challenged?","start":1602.19,"end":1608.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"From","start":1602.19,"end":1602.51},{"text":"those","start":1602.51,"end":1602.83},{"text":"165","start":1602.83,"end":1603.71},{"text":"cases,","start":1603.71,"end":1604.35},{"text":"Do","start":1604.91,"end":1604.95},{"text":"you","start":1604.95,"end":1605.03},{"text":"know","start":1605.03,"end":1605.11},{"text":"which","start":1605.11,"end":1605.47},{"text":"one,","start":1605.47,"end":1605.95},{"text":"which","start":1605.95,"end":1606.23},{"text":"country","start":1606.23,"end":1606.55},{"text":"has","start":1606.55,"end":1606.67},{"text":"been","start":1606.67,"end":1606.87},{"text":"the","start":1606.87,"end":1606.99},{"text":"most","start":1606.99,"end":1607.47},{"text":"challenged?","start":1607.47,"end":1608.07}]},{"text":"Well, it's Spain, a country in the global north with 42 cases between 2012 and 2021.","start":1608.59,"end":1616.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Well,","start":1608.59,"end":1608.99},{"text":"it's","start":1608.99,"end":1609.27},{"text":"Spain,","start":1609.27,"end":1609.71},{"text":"a","start":1610.03,"end":1610.07},{"text":"country","start":1610.07,"end":1610.51},{"text":"in","start":1610.51,"end":1610.67},{"text":"the","start":1610.67,"end":1610.75},{"text":"global","start":1610.75,"end":1610.99},{"text":"north","start":1610.99,"end":1611.23},{"text":"with","start":1611.23,"end":1611.47},{"text":"42","start":1611.47,"end":1611.95},{"text":"cases","start":1611.95,"end":1612.43},{"text":"between","start":1612.43,"end":1612.83},{"text":"2012","start":1612.83,"end":1614.79},{"text":"and","start":1614.79,"end":1615.07},{"text":"2021.","start":1616.19,"end":1616.99}]},{"text":"60% of tax-related cases in that period were brought against developed countries.","start":1616.99,"end":1621.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"60%","start":1616.99,"end":1617.03},{"text":"of","start":1617.03,"end":1617.15},{"text":"tax-related","start":1617.15,"end":1617.79},{"text":"cases","start":1617.79,"end":1618.27},{"text":"in","start":1618.27,"end":1618.39},{"text":"that","start":1618.39,"end":1618.59},{"text":"period","start":1618.59,"end":1619.15},{"text":"were","start":1619.15,"end":1619.39},{"text":"brought","start":1619.39,"end":1619.71},{"text":"against","start":1619.71,"end":1620.19},{"text":"developed","start":1620.19,"end":1620.83},{"text":"countries.","start":1620.91,"end":1621.55}]},{"text":"And these to the benefit of companies, a few companies based in a few countries.","start":1622.83,"end":1627.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1622.83,"end":1623.03},{"text":"these","start":1623.03,"end":1623.23},{"text":"to","start":1623.23,"end":1623.31},{"text":"the","start":1623.31,"end":1623.43},{"text":"benefit","start":1623.43,"end":1624.03},{"text":"of","start":1624.03,"end":1624.27},{"text":"companies,","start":1624.27,"end":1625.15},{"text":"a","start":1625.23,"end":1625.27},{"text":"few","start":1625.27,"end":1625.47},{"text":"companies","start":1625.47,"end":1625.95},{"text":"based","start":1625.95,"end":1626.19},{"text":"in","start":1626.19,"end":1626.27},{"text":"a","start":1626.27,"end":1626.31},{"text":"few","start":1626.31,"end":1626.51},{"text":"countries.","start":1626.51,"end":1627.07}]},{"text":"For example, 26 of those cases were brought from companies based in the US.","start":1627.79,"end":1632.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":1627.79,"end":1627.99},{"text":"example,","start":1627.99,"end":1628.51},{"text":"26","start":1628.51,"end":1629.31},{"text":"of","start":1629.47,"end":1629.71},{"text":"those","start":1629.71,"end":1630.03},{"text":"cases","start":1630.03,"end":1630.43},{"text":"were","start":1630.43,"end":1630.55},{"text":"brought","start":1630.55,"end":1630.99},{"text":"from","start":1630.99,"end":1631.31},{"text":"companies","start":1631.31,"end":1631.95},{"text":"based","start":1631.95,"end":1632.27},{"text":"in","start":1632.27,"end":1632.43},{"text":"the","start":1632.43,"end":1632.63},{"text":"US.","start":1632.63,"end":1632.91}]},{"text":"So the message we'd like to carry here is that we are all losing out from arbitration.","start":1634.11,"end":1638.27,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1634.11,"end":1634.15},{"text":"the","start":1634.15,"end":1634.35},{"text":"message","start":1634.35,"end":1634.75},{"text":"we'd","start":1634.75,"end":1635.03},{"text":"like","start":1635.03,"end":1635.15},{"text":"to","start":1635.15,"end":1635.27},{"text":"carry","start":1635.27,"end":1635.63},{"text":"here","start":1635.63,"end":1636.03},{"text":"is","start":1636.03,"end":1636.23},{"text":"that","start":1636.23,"end":1636.35},{"text":"we","start":1636.35,"end":1636.51},{"text":"are","start":1636.51,"end":1636.59},{"text":"all","start":1636.59,"end":1636.83},{"text":"losing","start":1636.83,"end":1637.15},{"text":"out","start":1637.15,"end":1637.31},{"text":"from","start":1637.31,"end":1637.47},{"text":"arbitration.","start":1637.47,"end":1638.27}]},{"text":"And there are many examples of how arbitrations can be detrimental to all countries and to the public interest.","start":1638.75,"end":1644.59,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1638.75,"end":1638.95},{"text":"there","start":1638.95,"end":1639.07},{"text":"are","start":1639.07,"end":1639.15},{"text":"many","start":1639.15,"end":1639.43},{"text":"examples","start":1639.43,"end":1639.95},{"text":"of","start":1639.95,"end":1640.11},{"text":"how","start":1640.11,"end":1640.23},{"text":"arbitrations","start":1640.23,"end":1641.07},{"text":"can","start":1641.39,"end":1641.63},{"text":"be","start":1641.63,"end":1641.79},{"text":"detrimental","start":1641.79,"end":1642.43},{"text":"to","start":1642.43,"end":1642.63},{"text":"all","start":1642.63,"end":1642.75},{"text":"countries","start":1642.75,"end":1643.31},{"text":"and","start":1643.31,"end":1643.55},{"text":"to","start":1643.55,"end":1643.63},{"text":"the","start":1643.63,"end":1643.71},{"text":"public","start":1643.71,"end":1644.03},{"text":"interest.","start":1644.03,"end":1644.59}]},{"text":"Many of you and many of us here in the room have had to face these challenges.","start":1644.99,"end":1649.79,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":1644.99,"end":1645.35},{"text":"of","start":1645.35,"end":1645.55},{"text":"you","start":1645.55,"end":1645.75},{"text":"and","start":1645.75,"end":1645.87},{"text":"many","start":1645.87,"end":1646.15},{"text":"of","start":1646.15,"end":1646.35},{"text":"us","start":1646.35,"end":1646.51},{"text":"here","start":1646.51,"end":1646.91},{"text":"in","start":1647.91,"end":1648.03},{"text":"the","start":1648.03,"end":1648.11},{"text":"room","start":1648.11,"end":1648.35},{"text":"have","start":1648.35,"end":1648.51},{"text":"had","start":1648.51,"end":1648.67},{"text":"to","start":1648.67,"end":1648.79},{"text":"face","start":1648.83,"end":1649.07},{"text":"these","start":1649.07,"end":1649.19},{"text":"challenges.","start":1649.19,"end":1649.79}]},{"text":"So arbitration, the challenge with arbitration is not just an issue of capacities.","start":1650.75,"end":1655.31,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1650.75,"end":1651.07},{"text":"arbitration,","start":1651.07,"end":1651.95},{"text":"the","start":1652.03,"end":1652.15},{"text":"challenge","start":1652.15,"end":1652.51},{"text":"with","start":1652.51,"end":1652.67},{"text":"arbitration","start":1652.67,"end":1653.23},{"text":"is","start":1653.23,"end":1653.39},{"text":"not","start":1653.39,"end":1653.79},{"text":"just","start":1653.79,"end":1654.19},{"text":"an","start":1654.19,"end":1654.27},{"text":"issue","start":1654.27,"end":1654.47},{"text":"of","start":1654.47,"end":1654.59},{"text":"capacities.","start":1654.59,"end":1655.31}]},{"text":"Arbitration mechanisms have inherent challenges that global North countries have also found challenging.","start":1655.95,"end":1661.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Arbitration","start":1655.95,"end":1656.51},{"text":"mechanisms","start":1656.51,"end":1657.15},{"text":"have","start":1657.15,"end":1657.39},{"text":"inherent","start":1657.39,"end":1657.95},{"text":"challenges","start":1657.95,"end":1658.51},{"text":"that","start":1658.91,"end":1659.07},{"text":"global","start":1659.07,"end":1659.43},{"text":"North","start":1659.43,"end":1659.59},{"text":"countries","start":1659.59,"end":1659.95},{"text":"have","start":1659.95,"end":1660.15},{"text":"also","start":1660.15,"end":1660.47},{"text":"found","start":1660.47,"end":1660.79},{"text":"challenging.","start":1660.79,"end":1661.31}]},{"text":"To take just one example, if you had a chance yesterday to read the FFD Chronicle, and if you haven't, I really encourage you to read the FFD Chronicle, the next issue will come out tonight, I know you're expecting it, you probably saw the arbitration case brought against Germany, Denmark in the EU by the Jersey-based Clash Group.","start":1662.15,"end":1684.11,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness 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notice, Mr. Chair, that you asked for precision.","start":1684.91,"end":1688.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1684.91,"end":1684.99},{"text":"notice,","start":1684.99,"end":1685.47},{"text":"Mr.","start":1685.71,"end":1686.03},{"text":"Chair,","start":1686.03,"end":1686.51},{"text":"that","start":1686.51,"end":1686.99},{"text":"you","start":1686.99,"end":1687.15},{"text":"asked","start":1687.15,"end":1687.47},{"text":"for","start":1687.47,"end":1687.63},{"text":"precision.","start":1687.63,"end":1688.35}]},{"text":"and expertise.","start":1688.83,"end":1689.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":1688.83,"end":1688.95},{"text":"expertise.","start":1688.95,"end":1689.55}]},{"text":"So I looked up the exact number of the case.","start":1689.55,"end":1692.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1689.55,"end":1689.87},{"text":"I","start":1689.87,"end":1689.95},{"text":"looked","start":1689.95,"end":1690.27},{"text":"up","start":1690.27,"end":1690.43},{"text":"the","start":1690.43,"end":1690.75},{"text":"exact","start":1690.75,"end":1691.55},{"text":"number","start":1691.71,"end":1692.07},{"text":"of","start":1692.07,"end":1692.15},{"text":"the","start":1692.15,"end":1692.23},{"text":"case.","start":1692.23,"end":1692.55}]},{"text":"It's the case number ARB 2349 for the case of Germany.","start":1692.55,"end":1697.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":1692.55,"end":1692.79},{"text":"the","start":1692.79,"end":1692.87},{"text":"case","start":1692.87,"end":1693.39},{"text":"number","start":1693.39,"end":1694.03},{"text":"ARB","start":1694.11,"end":1694.43},{"text":"2349","start":1694.75,"end":1695.95},{"text":"for","start":1696.35,"end":1696.51},{"text":"the","start":1696.51,"end":1696.59},{"text":"case","start":1696.59,"end":1696.83},{"text":"of","start":1696.83,"end":1696.91},{"text":"Germany.","start":1696.91,"end":1697.39}]},{"text":"And in this case, this complaint is right now effectively stopping these countries from collecting much needed windfall taxes on fossil fuel companies that benefited from soaring prices due to the war in Ukraine.","start":1698.83,"end":1711.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1698.83,"end":1699.23},{"text":"in","start":1699.23,"end":1699.31},{"text":"this","start":1699.31,"end":1699.47},{"text":"case,","start":1699.47,"end":1699.75},{"text":"this","start":1699.75,"end":1699.95},{"text":"complaint","start":1699.95,"end":1700.59},{"text":"is","start":1700.67,"end":1700.99},{"text":"right","start":1700.99,"end":1701.23},{"text":"now","start":1701.23,"end":1701.55},{"text":"effectively","start":1701.71,"end":1702.51},{"text":"stopping","start":1702.51,"end":1703.15},{"text":"these","start":1703.47,"end":1703.83},{"text":"countries","start":1703.83,"end":1704.23},{"text":"from","start":1704.23,"end":1704.39},{"text":"collecting","start":1704.39,"end":1704.83},{"text":"much","start":1704.83,"end":1705.15},{"text":"needed","start":1705.15,"end":1705.63},{"text":"windfall","start":1705.63,"end":1706.11},{"text":"taxes","start":1706.11,"end":1706.47},{"text":"on","start":1706.47,"end":1706.59},{"text":"fossil","start":1706.59,"end":1706.99},{"text":"fuel","start":1706.99,"end":1707.23},{"text":"companies","start":1707.23,"end":1707.79},{"text":"that","start":1708.11,"end":1708.39},{"text":"benefited","start":1708.39,"end":1708.99},{"text":"from","start":1708.99,"end":1709.23},{"text":"soaring","start":1709.23,"end":1709.63},{"text":"prices","start":1709.63,"end":1710.11},{"text":"due","start":1710.11,"end":1710.31},{"text":"to","start":1710.31,"end":1710.39},{"text":"the","start":1710.39,"end":1710.51},{"text":"war","start":1710.51,"end":1710.67},{"text":"in","start":1710.67,"end":1710.75},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":1710.75,"end":1711.23}]},{"text":"And to be precise again, Germany is currently losing 47 million Euros because of that case in arbitration.","start":1711.63,"end":1719.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1711.63,"end":1711.83},{"text":"to","start":1711.83,"end":1711.91},{"text":"be","start":1711.91,"end":1712.03},{"text":"precise","start":1712.03,"end":1712.43},{"text":"again,","start":1712.43,"end":1712.91},{"text":"Germany","start":1713.15,"end":1713.63},{"text":"is","start":1713.63,"end":1713.87},{"text":"currently","start":1713.87,"end":1714.27},{"text":"losing","start":1714.27,"end":1714.67},{"text":"47","start":1714.67,"end":1715.39},{"text":"million","start":1715.39,"end":1715.87},{"text":"Euros","start":1716.51,"end":1717.15},{"text":"because","start":1717.15,"end":1717.47},{"text":"of","start":1717.47,"end":1717.59},{"text":"that","start":1717.59,"end":1717.79},{"text":"case","start":1717.79,"end":1718.19},{"text":"in","start":1718.19,"end":1718.35},{"text":"arbitration.","start":1718.35,"end":1719.07}]},{"text":"This is also an example of how of a tax, windfall taxes, that are widely demanded by voters across Europe and are currently right now blocked by a private tribunal, which shows how arbitration mechanisms is also a major democratic risk at a time where more than ever we need to rebuild social contracts.","start":1720.27,"end":1740.19,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1720.27,"end":1720.51},{"text":"is","start":1720.51,"end":1720.59},{"text":"also","start":1720.59,"end":1721.07},{"text":"an","start":1721.07,"end":1721.23},{"text":"example","start":1721.23,"end":1721.83},{"text":"of","start":1721.83,"end":1721.95},{"text":"how","start":1721.95,"end":1722.43},{"text":"of","start":1723.27,"end":1723.39},{"text":"a","start":1723.39,"end":1723.47},{"text":"tax,","start":1723.47,"end":1723.95},{"text":"windfall","start":1723.95,"end":1724.35},{"text":"taxes,","start":1724.35,"end":1724.91},{"text":"that","start":1725.23,"end":1725.39},{"text":"are","start":1725.39,"end":1725.47},{"text":"widely","start":1725.47,"end":1726.19},{"text":"demanded","start":1726.19,"end":1726.83},{"text":"by","start":1726.83,"end":1726.99},{"text":"voters","start":1726.99,"end":1727.39},{"text":"across","start":1727.39,"end":1727.79},{"text":"Europe","start":1727.79,"end":1728.19},{"text":"and","start":1728.59,"end":1728.83},{"text":"are","start":1728.83,"end":1728.99},{"text":"currently","start":1728.99,"end":1729.63},{"text":"right","start":1729.63,"end":1729.87},{"text":"now","start":1729.87,"end":1730.19},{"text":"blocked","start":1730.27,"end":1730.67},{"text":"by","start":1730.67,"end":1730.83},{"text":"a","start":1730.83,"end":1730.91},{"text":"private","start":1730.91,"end":1731.27},{"text":"tribunal,","start":1731.27,"end":1731.87},{"text":"which","start":1732.27,"end":1732.51},{"text":"shows","start":1732.51,"end":1732.71},{"text":"how","start":1732.71,"end":1732.79},{"text":"arbitration","start":1732.79,"end":1733.35},{"text":"mechanisms","start":1733.35,"end":1734.11},{"text":"is","start":1734.35,"end":1734.59},{"text":"also","start":1734.59,"end":1734.87},{"text":"a","start":1734.87,"end":1734.91},{"text":"major","start":1734.91,"end":1735.47},{"text":"democratic","start":1735.47,"end":1736.11},{"text":"risk","start":1736.11,"end":1736.51},{"text":"at","start":1736.59,"end":1736.99},{"text":"a","start":1736.99,"end":1737.03},{"text":"time","start":1737.03,"end":1737.31},{"text":"where","start":1737.31,"end":1737.47},{"text":"more","start":1737.47,"end":1737.71},{"text":"than","start":1737.71,"end":1737.87},{"text":"ever","start":1737.87,"end":1738.27},{"text":"we","start":1738.43,"end":1738.55},{"text":"need","start":1738.55,"end":1738.71},{"text":"to","start":1738.71,"end":1738.83},{"text":"rebuild","start":1738.83,"end":1739.23},{"text":"social","start":1739.23,"end":1739.55},{"text":"contracts.","start":1739.55,"end":1740.19}]},{"text":"Secondly, second point, civil society organizations and UN agencies have conducted extensive research and have identified a range of concerns regarding arbitration.","start":1741.63,"end":1753.07,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. 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Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":1753.55,"end":1753.83},{"text":"of","start":1753.83,"end":1753.91},{"text":"these","start":1753.91,"end":1754.03},{"text":"concerns","start":1754.03,"end":1754.75},{"text":"have","start":1754.75,"end":1754.87},{"text":"been","start":1754.87,"end":1755.07},{"text":"raised","start":1755.07,"end":1755.39},{"text":"by","start":1755.39,"end":1755.55},{"text":"countries","start":1755.55,"end":1755.95},{"text":"here,","start":1755.95,"end":1756.35},{"text":"such","start":1756.51,"end":1756.91},{"text":"as","start":1756.91,"end":1757.03},{"text":"the","start":1757.03,"end":1757.11},{"text":"African","start":1757.11,"end":1757.47},{"text":"group,","start":1757.47,"end":1757.71},{"text":"Colombia,","start":1757.71,"end":1758.27},{"text":"Honduras,","start":1758.27,"end":1758.99},{"text":"and","start":1758.99,"end":1759.31},{"text":"they","start":1759.31,"end":1759.39},{"text":"clearly","start":1759.39,"end":1759.79},{"text":"laid","start":1759.79,"end":1760.07},{"text":"out","start":1760.07,"end":1760.19},{"text":"the","start":1760.27,"end":1760.47},{"text":"issues.","start":1760.47,"end":1760.91}]},{"text":"We'd like to highlight six of these issues.","start":1761.23,"end":1763.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We'd","start":1761.23,"end":1761.47},{"text":"like","start":1761.47,"end":1761.63},{"text":"to","start":1761.63,"end":1761.75},{"text":"highlight","start":1761.75,"end":1762.19},{"text":"six","start":1762.19,"end":1762.47},{"text":"of","start":1762.47,"end":1762.55},{"text":"these","start":1762.55,"end":1762.71},{"text":"issues.","start":1762.71,"end":1763.23}]},{"text":"Uh, first, arbitration, uh, mechanism generally don't have a mandate over the full legal framework, and they contribute to legal fragmentation that privileges investors' interest over public interest.","start":1764.47,"end":1774.07,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Uh,","start":1764.47,"end":1764.51},{"text":"first,","start":1764.51,"end":1764.95},{"text":"arbitration,","start":1765.03,"end":1765.91},{"text":"uh,","start":1766.07,"end":1766.11},{"text":"mechanism","start":1766.11,"end":1766.59},{"text":"generally","start":1766.59,"end":1766.95},{"text":"don't","start":1766.95,"end":1767.27},{"text":"have","start":1767.27,"end":1767.59},{"text":"a","start":1767.59,"end":1767.67},{"text":"mandate","start":1767.67,"end":1768.07},{"text":"over","start":1768.07,"end":1768.27},{"text":"the","start":1768.27,"end":1768.35},{"text":"full","start":1768.35,"end":1768.59},{"text":"legal","start":1768.59,"end":1768.87},{"text":"framework,","start":1768.87,"end":1769.43},{"text":"and","start":1769.51,"end":1769.71},{"text":"they","start":1769.71,"end":1769.83},{"text":"contribute","start":1769.83,"end":1770.27},{"text":"to","start":1770.27,"end":1770.35},{"text":"legal","start":1770.35,"end":1770.71},{"text":"fragmentation","start":1770.71,"end":1771.39},{"text":"that","start":1771.39,"end":1771.51},{"text":"privileges","start":1771.51,"end":1772.07},{"text":"investors'","start":1772.07,"end":1772.59},{"text":"interest","start":1772.59,"end":1773.03},{"text":"over","start":1773.03,"end":1773.23},{"text":"public","start":1773.23,"end":1773.59},{"text":"interest.","start":1773.59,"end":1774.07}]},{"text":"Second, they undermine fiscal sovereignty, leaving the understanding of complex legal issues to unaccountable private arbitrators.","start":1774.71,"end":1780.79,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":1774.71,"end":1775.19},{"text":"they","start":1775.19,"end":1775.27},{"text":"undermine","start":1775.27,"end":1775.83},{"text":"fiscal","start":1775.83,"end":1776.23},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":1776.23,"end":1776.79},{"text":"leaving","start":1776.79,"end":1777.07},{"text":"the","start":1777.07,"end":1777.15},{"text":"understanding","start":1777.15,"end":1777.67},{"text":"of","start":1777.67,"end":1777.75},{"text":"complex","start":1777.75,"end":1778.23},{"text":"legal","start":1778.23,"end":1778.47},{"text":"issues","start":1778.47,"end":1778.79},{"text":"to","start":1778.79,"end":1778.91},{"text":"unaccountable","start":1778.91,"end":1779.67},{"text":"private","start":1779.67,"end":1780.11},{"text":"arbitrators.","start":1780.11,"end":1780.79}]},{"text":"Thirdly, they lack transparency.","start":1781.91,"end":1783.43,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-information","label":"Transparency and Information Sharing","description":"A number of participants linked better dispute prevention and resolution to stronger transparency and access to information. Proposals included country-by-country reporting, improved data sharing, digital tools, and broader access to transfer pricing information."}],"words":[{"text":"Thirdly,","start":1781.91,"end":1782.31},{"text":"they","start":1782.31,"end":1782.39},{"text":"lack","start":1782.39,"end":1782.67},{"text":"transparency.","start":1782.67,"end":1783.43}]},{"text":"The decisions are not consistently published, whereas they set negative precedents that benefit individual corporations.","start":1783.75,"end":1789.03,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-information","label":"Transparency and Information Sharing","description":"A number of participants linked better dispute prevention and resolution to stronger transparency and access to information. Proposals included country-by-country reporting, improved data sharing, digital tools, and broader access to transfer pricing information."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1783.75,"end":1783.91},{"text":"decisions","start":1783.91,"end":1784.39},{"text":"are","start":1784.39,"end":1784.47},{"text":"not","start":1784.47,"end":1784.63},{"text":"consistently","start":1784.63,"end":1785.19},{"text":"published,","start":1785.19,"end":1785.59},{"text":"whereas","start":1785.59,"end":1785.99},{"text":"they","start":1785.99,"end":1786.07},{"text":"set","start":1786.07,"end":1786.39},{"text":"negative","start":1786.39,"end":1786.87},{"text":"precedents","start":1786.87,"end":1787.35},{"text":"that","start":1787.35,"end":1787.51},{"text":"benefit","start":1787.51,"end":1787.91},{"text":"individual","start":1787.91,"end":1788.31},{"text":"corporations.","start":1788.31,"end":1789.03}]},{"text":"Fourthly, they create a regulatory chill, including on fiscal laws and often used to challenge public interest laws, including environmental protection and health regulations that are critical to address issues we're all facing nowadays.","start":1790.11,"end":1801.23,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourthly,","start":1790.11,"end":1790.51},{"text":"they","start":1790.51,"end":1790.59},{"text":"create","start":1790.59,"end":1791.07},{"text":"a","start":1791.07,"end":1791.11},{"text":"regulatory","start":1791.11,"end":1791.71},{"text":"chill,","start":1791.71,"end":1792.11},{"text":"including","start":1792.11,"end":1792.47},{"text":"on","start":1792.47,"end":1792.59},{"text":"fiscal","start":1792.59,"end":1793.07},{"text":"laws","start":1793.07,"end":1793.27},{"text":"and","start":1793.27,"end":1793.43},{"text":"often","start":1793.43,"end":1793.67},{"text":"used","start":1793.67,"end":1793.95},{"text":"to","start":1793.95,"end":1794.03},{"text":"challenge","start":1794.03,"end":1794.39},{"text":"public","start":1794.39,"end":1794.83},{"text":"interest","start":1794.83,"end":1795.23},{"text":"laws,","start":1795.23,"end":1795.55},{"text":"including","start":1795.55,"end":1795.99},{"text":"environmental","start":1795.99,"end":1796.51},{"text":"protection","start":1796.51,"end":1797.03},{"text":"and","start":1797.03,"end":1797.15},{"text":"health","start":1797.15,"end":1797.39},{"text":"regulations","start":1797.39,"end":1798.03},{"text":"that","start":1798.43,"end":1798.59},{"text":"are","start":1798.59,"end":1798.67},{"text":"critical","start":1798.67,"end":1799.15},{"text":"to","start":1799.15,"end":1799.27},{"text":"address","start":1799.27,"end":1799.71},{"text":"issues","start":1799.71,"end":1800.11},{"text":"we're","start":1800.11,"end":1800.27},{"text":"all","start":1800.27,"end":1800.35},{"text":"facing","start":1800.35,"end":1800.75},{"text":"nowadays.","start":1800.75,"end":1801.23}]},{"text":"Fifthly, they give multinational corporations a privileged legal avenue that is not available to citizens or domestic businesses, while excluding communities and civil society.","start":1802.03,"end":1811.79,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Fifthly,","start":1802.03,"end":1802.55},{"text":"they","start":1802.55,"end":1802.67},{"text":"give","start":1802.67,"end":1802.95},{"text":"multinational","start":1802.95,"end":1803.47},{"text":"corporations","start":1803.47,"end":1804.27},{"text":"a","start":1804.43,"end":1804.51},{"text":"privileged","start":1804.51,"end":1804.99},{"text":"legal","start":1804.99,"end":1805.27},{"text":"avenue","start":1805.27,"end":1805.63},{"text":"that","start":1805.63,"end":1805.75},{"text":"is","start":1805.75,"end":1805.87},{"text":"not","start":1805.87,"end":1806.11},{"text":"available","start":1806.11,"end":1806.47},{"text":"to","start":1806.47,"end":1806.55},{"text":"citizens","start":1806.55,"end":1807.11},{"text":"or","start":1807.11,"end":1807.27},{"text":"domestic","start":1807.27,"end":1807.75},{"text":"businesses,","start":1807.75,"end":1808.43},{"text":"while","start":1808.63,"end":1809.03},{"text":"excluding","start":1809.03,"end":1809.79},{"text":"communities","start":1810.11,"end":1810.91},{"text":"and","start":1810.91,"end":1811.15},{"text":"civil","start":1811.15,"end":1811.35},{"text":"society.","start":1811.35,"end":1811.79}]},{"text":"And sixthly, they often fail to deliver equitable outcomes.","start":1812.43,"end":1815.47,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1812.43,"end":1812.59},{"text":"sixthly,","start":1812.59,"end":1813.11},{"text":"they","start":1813.11,"end":1813.23},{"text":"often","start":1813.23,"end":1813.63},{"text":"fail","start":1813.63,"end":1813.87},{"text":"to","start":1813.87,"end":1813.99},{"text":"deliver","start":1813.99,"end":1814.35},{"text":"equitable","start":1814.35,"end":1814.87},{"text":"outcomes.","start":1814.87,"end":1815.47}]},{"text":"Not least because tribunals often lack expertise in domestic tax law, development policies, and something that we are very concerned about ourselves, the Human Rights Watch, human rights.","start":1815.91,"end":1825.19,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."}],"words":[{"text":"Not","start":1815.91,"end":1816.23},{"text":"least","start":1816.23,"end":1816.71},{"text":"because","start":1816.71,"end":1817.27},{"text":"tribunals","start":1817.27,"end":1817.91},{"text":"often","start":1817.91,"end":1818.23},{"text":"lack","start":1818.23,"end":1818.43},{"text":"expertise","start":1818.43,"end":1818.91},{"text":"in","start":1818.91,"end":1818.99},{"text":"domestic","start":1818.99,"end":1819.43},{"text":"tax","start":1819.43,"end":1819.67},{"text":"law,","start":1819.67,"end":1819.91},{"text":"development","start":1819.91,"end":1820.43},{"text":"policies,","start":1820.43,"end":1820.95},{"text":"and","start":1820.95,"end":1821.39},{"text":"something","start":1821.51,"end":1821.95},{"text":"that","start":1821.95,"end":1822.07},{"text":"we","start":1822.07,"end":1822.23},{"text":"are","start":1822.23,"end":1822.31},{"text":"very","start":1822.31,"end":1822.55},{"text":"concerned","start":1822.55,"end":1822.91},{"text":"about","start":1822.91,"end":1823.35},{"text":"ourselves,","start":1823.67,"end":1823.99},{"text":"the","start":1823.99,"end":1824.07},{"text":"Human","start":1824.07,"end":1824.31},{"text":"Rights","start":1824.31,"end":1824.47},{"text":"Watch,","start":1824.47,"end":1824.63},{"text":"human","start":1824.63,"end":1824.87},{"text":"rights.","start":1824.87,"end":1825.19}]},{"text":"We hear the argument, and I know it will come up and it has come up, that a lot of this evidence I just quoted concerns tax-related arbitration in trade or investment treaties.","start":1826.23,"end":1835.43,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1826.23,"end":1826.47},{"text":"hear","start":1826.47,"end":1826.71},{"text":"the","start":1826.71,"end":1826.83},{"text":"argument,","start":1826.83,"end":1827.51},{"text":"and","start":1827.55,"end":1827.67},{"text":"I","start":1827.67,"end":1827.75},{"text":"know","start":1827.75,"end":1828.03},{"text":"it","start":1828.03,"end":1828.11},{"text":"will","start":1828.11,"end":1828.23},{"text":"come","start":1828.23,"end":1828.47},{"text":"up","start":1828.47,"end":1828.59},{"text":"and","start":1828.59,"end":1828.71},{"text":"it","start":1828.71,"end":1828.79},{"text":"has","start":1828.79,"end":1828.95},{"text":"come","start":1828.95,"end":1829.19},{"text":"up,","start":1829.19,"end":1829.43},{"text":"that","start":1829.51,"end":1829.79},{"text":"a","start":1829.79,"end":1829.83},{"text":"lot","start":1829.83,"end":1830.15},{"text":"of","start":1830.15,"end":1830.27},{"text":"this","start":1830.27,"end":1830.43},{"text":"evidence","start":1830.43,"end":1830.87},{"text":"I","start":1830.87,"end":1831.03},{"text":"just","start":1831.03,"end":1831.27},{"text":"quoted","start":1831.27,"end":1831.75},{"text":"concerns","start":1831.75,"end":1832.23},{"text":"tax-related","start":1832.23,"end":1832.87},{"text":"arbitration","start":1832.87,"end":1833.59},{"text":"in","start":1833.59,"end":1833.83},{"text":"trade","start":1833.83,"end":1834.23},{"text":"or","start":1834.23,"end":1834.47},{"text":"investment","start":1834.47,"end":1834.99},{"text":"treaties.","start":1834.99,"end":1835.43}]},{"text":"But, and it's very critical, there is no reason to think that arbitration specific to cross-border tax issues would be any different.","start":1836.15,"end":1843.83,"topics":[{"key":"cross-border-scope","label":"Cross-Border Scope","description":"Several speakers argued that the protocol should focus on tax disputes arising from cross-border transactions and exclude purely domestic disputes. This was presented as a way to keep the instrument targeted and consistent with existing domestic legal remedies."},{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"But,","start":1836.15,"end":1836.55},{"text":"and","start":1836.55,"end":1836.67},{"text":"it's","start":1836.67,"end":1836.91},{"text":"very","start":1836.91,"end":1837.11},{"text":"critical,","start":1837.11,"end":1837.59},{"text":"there","start":1837.59,"end":1837.71},{"text":"is","start":1837.71,"end":1837.83},{"text":"no","start":1837.83,"end":1838.07},{"text":"reason","start":1838.07,"end":1838.39},{"text":"to","start":1838.39,"end":1838.55},{"text":"think","start":1838.55,"end":1838.79},{"text":"that","start":1838.79,"end":1838.91},{"text":"arbitration","start":1838.91,"end":1839.59},{"text":"specific","start":1839.59,"end":1840.15},{"text":"to","start":1840.15,"end":1840.31},{"text":"cross-border","start":1840.95,"end":1841.75},{"text":"tax","start":1841.75,"end":1842.07},{"text":"issues","start":1842.07,"end":1842.39},{"text":"would","start":1842.39,"end":1842.63},{"text":"be","start":1842.63,"end":1843.11},{"text":"any","start":1843.11,"end":1843.35},{"text":"different.","start":1843.35,"end":1843.83}]},{"text":"The pragmatic logic and mechanism of arbitrations are the same.","start":1844.35,"end":1847.55,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. 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thank you very much for this substantive contribution.","start":1919.35,"end":1922.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Honestly,","start":1919.35,"end":1919.75},{"text":"thank","start":1919.91,"end":1920.11},{"text":"you","start":1920.11,"end":1920.19},{"text":"very","start":1920.19,"end":1920.39},{"text":"much","start":1920.39,"end":1920.59},{"text":"for","start":1920.63,"end":1920.79},{"text":"this","start":1920.79,"end":1921.11},{"text":"substantive","start":1921.27,"end":1921.83},{"text":"contribution.","start":1921.83,"end":1922.63}]},{"text":"The floor goes now to the African 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Chair.","start":1929.43,"end":1930.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1929.43,"end":1929.67},{"text":"you,","start":1929.67,"end":1929.75},{"text":"Mr.","start":1929.75,"end":1930.07},{"text":"Chair.","start":1930.07,"end":1930.55}]},{"text":"Excellencies, distinguished delegates, the Africa Union fully aligns with the position of the Africa group as delivered this morning by Ghana, the positions of Nigeria, Morocco, Cote d'Ivoire, Zambia, Algeria, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Tanzania, Lesotho, Cameroon, and EITAF.","start":1931.99,"end":1948.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Excellencies,","start":1931.99,"end":1932.79},{"text":"distinguished","start":1932.79,"end":1933.39},{"text":"delegates,","start":1933.39,"end":1933.99},{"text":"the","start":1933.99,"end":1934.19},{"text":"Africa","start":1934.19,"end":1934.63},{"text":"Union","start":1934.63,"end":1935.03},{"text":"fully","start":1935.03,"end":1935.43},{"text":"aligns","start":1935.43,"end":1935.83},{"text":"with","start":1935.83,"end":1935.95},{"text":"the","start":1935.95,"end":1936.03},{"text":"position","start":1936.03,"end":1936.51},{"text":"of","start":1936.51,"end":1936.59},{"text":"the","start":1936.59,"end":1936.67},{"text":"Africa","start":1936.67,"end":1937.15},{"text":"group","start":1937.15,"end":1937.51},{"text":"as","start":1937.51,"end":1937.59},{"text":"delivered","start":1937.59,"end":1938.07},{"text":"this","start":1938.07,"end":1938.23},{"text":"morning","start":1938.23,"end":1938.63},{"text":"by","start":1938.63,"end":1938.79},{"text":"Ghana,","start":1938.79,"end":1939.27},{"text":"the","start":1939.67,"end":1939.79},{"text":"positions","start":1939.79,"end":1940.31},{"text":"of","start":1940.31,"end":1940.43},{"text":"Nigeria,","start":1940.43,"end":1940.95},{"text":"Morocco,","start":1940.95,"end":1941.59},{"text":"Cote","start":1941.59,"end":1941.87},{"text":"d'Ivoire,","start":1941.87,"end":1942.39},{"text":"Zambia,","start":1942.39,"end":1942.99},{"text":"Algeria,","start":1942.99,"end":1943.75},{"text":"Kenya,","start":1943.75,"end":1944.31},{"text":"Sierra","start":1944.39,"end":1944.75},{"text":"Leone,","start":1944.79,"end":1945.27},{"text":"Senegal,","start":1945.27,"end":1945.91},{"text":"Tanzania,","start":1945.91,"end":1946.63},{"text":"Lesotho,","start":1946.63,"end":1947.27},{"text":"Cameroon,","start":1947.27,"end":1947.99},{"text":"and","start":1948.03,"end":1948.19},{"text":"EITAF.","start":1948.19,"end":1948.87}]},{"text":"The African Union extends its sincere appreciation to the co-leads, particularly Marlene and Michael, the Secretariat, the Member States for their guidance in advancing the Workstream 3 issues note and the current discussions.","start":1949.39,"end":1963.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1949.39,"end":1949.43},{"text":"African","start":1949.43,"end":1949.83},{"text":"Union","start":1949.83,"end":1950.11},{"text":"extends","start":1950.11,"end":1950.51},{"text":"its","start":1950.51,"end":1950.63},{"text":"sincere","start":1950.63,"end":1950.95},{"text":"appreciation","start":1950.95,"end":1951.71},{"text":"to","start":1951.71,"end":1951.79},{"text":"the","start":1951.79,"end":1951.91},{"text":"co-leads,","start":1951.91,"end":1952.51},{"text":"particularly","start":1952.51,"end":1953.15},{"text":"Marlene","start":1953.15,"end":1953.63},{"text":"and","start":1953.63,"end":1953.79},{"text":"Michael,","start":1953.79,"end":1954.43},{"text":"the","start":1954.59,"end":1954.71},{"text":"Secretariat,","start":1954.71,"end":1955.63},{"text":"the","start":1955.87,"end":1956.03},{"text":"Member","start":1956.03,"end":1956.35},{"text":"States","start":1956.35,"end":1956.67},{"text":"for","start":1956.67,"end":1956.79},{"text":"their","start":1956.79,"end":1956.95},{"text":"guidance","start":1956.95,"end":1957.79},{"text":"in","start":1957.79,"end":1957.95},{"text":"advancing","start":1957.95,"end":1958.59},{"text":"the","start":1958.59,"end":1958.71},{"text":"Workstream","start":1958.71,"end":1959.71},{"text":"3","start":1959.79,"end":1960.19},{"text":"issues","start":1960.19,"end":1960.83},{"text":"note","start":1960.99,"end":1961.39},{"text":"and","start":1961.87,"end":1961.99},{"text":"the","start":1961.99,"end":1962.07},{"text":"current","start":1962.07,"end":1962.39},{"text":"discussions.","start":1962.39,"end":1963.15}]},{"text":"We appreciate these negotiations and come at it with a clear objective.","start":1963.39,"end":1968.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1963.39,"end":1963.63},{"text":"appreciate","start":1963.63,"end":1964.27},{"text":"these","start":1964.27,"end":1964.51},{"text":"negotiations","start":1964.51,"end":1965.55},{"text":"and","start":1966.59,"end":1966.75},{"text":"come","start":1966.75,"end":1967.07},{"text":"at","start":1967.07,"end":1967.31},{"text":"it","start":1967.31,"end":1967.47},{"text":"with","start":1967.47,"end":1967.63},{"text":"a","start":1967.63,"end":1967.67},{"text":"clear","start":1967.67,"end":1967.95},{"text":"objective.","start":1967.95,"end":1968.67}]},{"text":"to secure a protocol that delivers fairness, certainty and capacity for all, especially those historically marginalized by tax dispute systems that we have currently.","start":1970.15,"end":1980.87,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' 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Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."}],"words":[{"text":"to","start":1970.15,"end":1970.19},{"text":"secure","start":1970.19,"end":1970.63},{"text":"a","start":1970.63,"end":1970.71},{"text":"protocol","start":1970.71,"end":1971.43},{"text":"that","start":1971.43,"end":1971.59},{"text":"delivers","start":1971.59,"end":1972.15},{"text":"fairness,","start":1972.15,"end":1972.87},{"text":"certainty","start":1973.27,"end":1974.07},{"text":"and","start":1974.07,"end":1974.23},{"text":"capacity","start":1974.23,"end":1974.83},{"text":"for","start":1974.83,"end":1975.15},{"text":"all,","start":1975.15,"end":1975.35},{"text":"especially","start":1975.35,"end":1975.99},{"text":"those","start":1975.99,"end":1976.23},{"text":"historically","start":1976.23,"end":1976.95},{"text":"marginalized","start":1976.95,"end":1977.83},{"text":"by","start":1978.07,"end":1978.23},{"text":"tax","start":1978.23,"end":1978.59},{"text":"dispute","start":1978.59,"end":1979.07},{"text":"systems","start":1979.07,"end":1979.59},{"text":"that","start":1979.59,"end":1979.83},{"text":"we","start":1979.83,"end":1979.99},{"text":"have","start":1979.99,"end":1980.23},{"text":"currently.","start":1980.23,"end":1980.87}]},{"text":"First, section three of the issued notes broadly captures the range of barriers, but it also may understate additional structural disadvantages that our member states face.","start":1981.35,"end":1992.15,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. 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Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":2063.43,"end":2064.31},{"text":"technical","start":2064.55,"end":2065.19},{"text":"assistance","start":2065.19,"end":2065.99},{"text":"must","start":2066.07,"end":2066.47},{"text":"be","start":2066.47,"end":2066.63},{"text":"a","start":2066.63,"end":2066.67},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":2066.67,"end":2067.43},{"text":"pillar.","start":2067.43,"end":2067.91}]},{"text":"Small capacitated constraint administrations, especially in developing countries in Africa, cannot meaningfully participate without sustained institutional and human resource support.","start":2070.03,"end":2080.83,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. 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Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2088.43,"end":2088.67},{"text":"Chair","start":2088.67,"end":2089.07},{"text":"and","start":2089.15,"end":2089.39},{"text":"colleagues,","start":2089.39,"end":2090.03},{"text":"the","start":2090.27,"end":2090.39},{"text":"African","start":2090.43,"end":2090.91},{"text":"Union","start":2090.91,"end":2091.23},{"text":"is","start":2091.23,"end":2091.39},{"text":"committed","start":2091.39,"end":2091.87},{"text":"to","start":2091.87,"end":2092.07},{"text":"support","start":2092.07,"end":2092.55},{"text":"this","start":2092.55,"end":2092.83},{"text":"process","start":2092.83,"end":2093.47},{"text":"to","start":2093.47,"end":2093.67},{"text":"ensure","start":2093.71,"end":2094.19},{"text":"the","start":2094.19,"end":2094.39},{"text":"final","start":2094.39,"end":2094.83},{"text":"text","start":2094.83,"end":2095.31},{"text":"embeds","start":2095.39,"end":2095.87},{"text":"principles","start":2096.03,"end":2096.75},{"text":"of","start":2096.75,"end":2096.91},{"text":"equity,","start":2096.95,"end":2097.63},{"text":"flexibility,","start":2097.95,"end":2098.87},{"text":"and","start":2098.87,"end":2099.03},{"text":"capacity","start":2099.03,"end":2099.63},{"text":"building.","start":2099.63,"end":2100.11}]},{"text":"Our objective is to design a robust framework that addresses the unique needs of all states, promoting fairness, effectiveness, and international tax cooperation.","start":2100.43,"end":2112.43,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. 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And I appreciate the opportunity to come in a second time on this discussion.","start":2286.07,"end":2295.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2286.07,"end":2286.31},{"text":"you,","start":2286.31,"end":2286.63},{"text":"Mr.","start":2287.03,"end":2287.35},{"text":"Khalid.","start":2287.35,"end":2287.83},{"text":"And","start":2289.19,"end":2289.35},{"text":"I","start":2289.35,"end":2289.43},{"text":"appreciate","start":2289.43,"end":2289.95},{"text":"the","start":2289.95,"end":2290.03},{"text":"opportunity","start":2290.03,"end":2290.71},{"text":"to","start":2290.71,"end":2290.79},{"text":"come","start":2290.79,"end":2291.03},{"text":"in","start":2291.03,"end":2291.35},{"text":"a","start":2291.67,"end":2291.83},{"text":"second","start":2291.83,"end":2292.11},{"text":"time","start":2292.11,"end":2292.95},{"text":"on","start":2294.23,"end":2294.39},{"text":"this","start":2294.39,"end":2294.67},{"text":"discussion.","start":2294.67,"end":2295.43}]},{"text":"And I want to address the issue that has been raised for a desire to have a dispute prevention and resolution mechanism.","start":2296.23,"end":2304.71,"topics":[{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2296.23,"end":2296.47},{"text":"I","start":2296.47,"end":2296.51},{"text":"want","start":2296.63,"end":2296.91},{"text":"to","start":2296.91,"end":2296.99},{"text":"address","start":2296.99,"end":2297.43},{"text":"the","start":2297.43,"end":2297.55},{"text":"issue","start":2297.59,"end":2297.91},{"text":"that","start":2297.91,"end":2298.07},{"text":"has","start":2298.07,"end":2298.23},{"text":"been","start":2298.23,"end":2298.47},{"text":"raised","start":2298.47,"end":2298.95},{"text":"for","start":2298.95,"end":2299.15},{"text":"a","start":2299.15,"end":2299.19},{"text":"desire","start":2299.19,"end":2299.91},{"text":"to","start":2300.15,"end":2300.27},{"text":"have","start":2300.27,"end":2300.55},{"text":"a","start":2300.55,"end":2300.59},{"text":"dispute","start":2300.59,"end":2301.35},{"text":"prevention","start":2302.95,"end":2303.43},{"text":"and","start":2303.43,"end":2303.55},{"text":"resolution","start":2303.55,"end":2304.15},{"text":"mechanism.","start":2304.15,"end":2304.71}]},{"text":"I think maybe it's a resolution mechanism that was more discussed in this context when there is no tax treaty in place.","start":2304.71,"end":2311.99,"topics":[{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. 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Proposals included country-by-country reporting, improved data sharing, digital tools, and broader access to transfer pricing information."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2312.31,"end":2312.51},{"text":"I","start":2312.51,"end":2312.55},{"text":"think","start":2312.55,"end":2312.79},{"text":"in","start":2312.79,"end":2312.87},{"text":"my","start":2312.87,"end":2313.03},{"text":"earlier","start":2313.11,"end":2313.51},{"text":"intervention,","start":2313.51,"end":2314.47},{"text":"I","start":2315.19,"end":2315.27},{"text":"had","start":2315.27,"end":2315.51},{"text":"stated","start":2315.51,"end":2315.91},{"text":"that","start":2315.91,"end":2316.15},{"text":"with","start":2316.31,"end":2316.51},{"text":"no","start":2316.51,"end":2316.71},{"text":"common","start":2316.71,"end":2317.15},{"text":"legal","start":2317.15,"end":2317.47},{"text":"basis,","start":2317.47,"end":2318.07},{"text":"I","start":2319.75,"end":2319.83},{"text":"wasn't","start":2319.83,"end":2320.39},{"text":"sure","start":2320.39,"end":2320.63},{"text":"beyond","start":2320.63,"end":2321.19},{"text":"kind","start":2321.19,"end":2321.43},{"text":"of","start":2321.43,"end":2321.51},{"text":"facilitating","start":2321.51,"end":2322.79},{"text":"an","start":2325.11,"end":2325.23},{"text":"ability","start":2325.23,"end":2325.95},{"text":"to","start":2325.95,"end":2326.15},{"text":"discuss","start":2326.27,"end":2326.87},{"text":"and","start":2326.87,"end":2327.03},{"text":"exchange","start":2327.03,"end":2327.55},{"text":"information","start":2327.55,"end":2328.59},{"text":"that","start":2329.23,"end":2329.39},{"text":"I","start":2329.39,"end":2329.47},{"text":"wasn't","start":2329.47,"end":2329.83},{"text":"sure","start":2329.83,"end":2330.03},{"text":"that","start":2330.03,"end":2330.15},{"text":"we","start":2330.15,"end":2330.27},{"text":"could","start":2330.27,"end":2330.43},{"text":"go","start":2330.43,"end":2330.75},{"text":"beyond","start":2330.75,"end":2331.27},{"text":"that.","start":2331.27,"end":2331.63}]},{"text":"In further reflecting and listening to the other interventions that I've heard and reflecting on what Norway said this morning, you know, I think we have maybe a couple of different cases.","start":2332.51,"end":2348.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2332.51,"end":2332.99},{"text":"further","start":2332.99,"end":2333.43},{"text":"reflecting","start":2333.43,"end":2333.91},{"text":"and","start":2333.91,"end":2334.39},{"text":"listening","start":2334.39,"end":2334.91},{"text":"to","start":2334.91,"end":2335.03},{"text":"the","start":2335.03,"end":2335.15},{"text":"other","start":2335.31,"end":2335.71},{"text":"interventions","start":2336.27,"end":2337.07},{"text":"that","start":2337.07,"end":2337.23},{"text":"I've","start":2337.23,"end":2337.47},{"text":"heard","start":2337.47,"end":2337.87},{"text":"and","start":2339.07,"end":2339.63},{"text":"reflecting","start":2339.63,"end":2340.11},{"text":"on","start":2340.11,"end":2340.23},{"text":"what","start":2340.23,"end":2340.51},{"text":"Norway","start":2340.51,"end":2341.07},{"text":"said","start":2341.07,"end":2341.55},{"text":"this","start":2342.35,"end":2342.67},{"text":"morning,","start":2342.67,"end":2343.23},{"text":"you","start":2344.19,"end":2344.27},{"text":"know,","start":2344.27,"end":2344.39},{"text":"I","start":2344.39,"end":2344.51},{"text":"think","start":2344.75,"end":2344.95},{"text":"we","start":2344.95,"end":2345.07},{"text":"have","start":2345.07,"end":2345.47},{"text":"maybe","start":2345.47,"end":2345.95},{"text":"a","start":2346.67,"end":2346.75},{"text":"couple","start":2346.75,"end":2347.15},{"text":"of","start":2347.15,"end":2347.23},{"text":"different","start":2347.23,"end":2347.59},{"text":"cases.","start":2347.59,"end":2348.35}]},{"text":"If I look at the first case, And the first case is one where we simply have two very different ways of taxing the same income in two different states, and therefore kind of no convergence on a common legal basis.","start":2348.75,"end":2367.83,"topics":[{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. 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This was presented as a way to keep the instrument targeted and consistent with existing domestic legal remedies."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2367.83,"end":2368.03},{"text":"for","start":2368.03,"end":2368.19},{"text":"example","start":2368.19,"end":2368.67},{"text":"here,","start":2368.67,"end":2369.03},{"text":"I","start":2369.03,"end":2369.07},{"text":"would","start":2369.07,"end":2369.23},{"text":"give","start":2369.23,"end":2369.43},{"text":"an","start":2369.43,"end":2369.55},{"text":"example","start":2369.55,"end":2370.19},{"text":"of","start":2370.19,"end":2370.67},{"text":"the","start":2372.43,"end":2372.51},{"text":"provision","start":2372.51,"end":2373.23},{"text":"of","start":2373.51,"end":2373.79},{"text":"services","start":2374.35,"end":2375.23},{"text":"remotely.","start":2375.23,"end":2375.95}]},{"text":"You may have one country that's the resident of the service provider provides services to another country, and there is a payment from that other country cross-border to the resident's country.","start":2377.03,"end":2392.83,"topics":[{"key":"cross-border-scope","label":"Cross-Border Scope","description":"Several speakers argued that the protocol should focus on tax disputes arising from cross-border transactions and exclude purely domestic disputes. 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do we mean by domestic?","start":2845.75,"end":2847.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":2845.75,"end":2846.11},{"text":"do","start":2846.23,"end":2846.43},{"text":"we","start":2846.43,"end":2846.51},{"text":"mean","start":2846.51,"end":2846.75},{"text":"by","start":2846.75,"end":2846.99},{"text":"domestic?","start":2846.99,"end":2847.63}]},{"text":"So is it the domestic which is the dispute that maybe be raised domestically but with like one of its side or have some reflections internationally, so it's part of this dispute is related to other country, or when we say domestically, which is a super domestic one which is inside the 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no arm that affect other jurisdictions.","start":2870.55,"end":2874.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"with","start":2870.55,"end":2870.75},{"text":"no","start":2870.75,"end":2871.19},{"text":"arm","start":2871.83,"end":2872.23},{"text":"that","start":2872.23,"end":2872.63},{"text":"affect","start":2872.71,"end":2873.27},{"text":"other","start":2873.27,"end":2873.75},{"text":"jurisdictions.","start":2873.99,"end":2874.91}]},{"text":"So I think we need to be clear about this when we are saying whether to be domestic or 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common understanding, so it's cross-border, like super cross-border or domestic with some extension that affect other jurisdictions, or domestic is domestic when we are talking about do not include domestic, so we all understand that mean domestic like super domestic doesn't have any extension 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lot.","start":2920.46,"end":2922.22,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2920.46,"end":2920.7},{"text":"have","start":2920.7,"end":2920.94},{"text":"just","start":2921.26,"end":2921.54},{"text":"heard","start":2921.54,"end":2921.78},{"text":"a","start":2921.78,"end":2921.82},{"text":"lot.","start":2921.82,"end":2922.22}]},{"text":"Those were many thought-provoking ideas and questions.","start":2923.18,"end":2927.5,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":2923.18,"end":2923.5},{"text":"were","start":2923.5,"end":2923.74},{"text":"many","start":2923.9,"end":2924.46},{"text":"thought-provoking","start":2925.06,"end":2926.06},{"text":"ideas","start":2926.06,"end":2926.62},{"text":"and","start":2926.66,"end":2926.82},{"text":"questions.","start":2926.86,"end":2927.5}]},{"text":"I don't know whether Canada would want to take the floor again, follow up on that and explain as was just requested by by the 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I can think hardly of anyone better than the distinguished delegate from Chile to follow up on the previous 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I would also be highly interested in hearing further reactions to Canada's proposal or approach, for example, the one or the the outlined concept of having something like Article 9 included into the protocol in order to make work what was discussed previously.","start":2949.03,"end":2974.11,"topics":[{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. 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Thank you, co-lead, most generous of you to give me An awfully difficult question right back and challenging us.","start":3377.79,"end":3389.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yes.","start":3377.79,"end":3378.19},{"text":"Thank","start":3378.91,"end":3379.31},{"text":"you,","start":3379.31,"end":3379.71},{"text":"co-lead,","start":3380.91,"end":3381.55},{"text":"most","start":3381.95,"end":3382.23},{"text":"generous","start":3382.23,"end":3382.67},{"text":"of","start":3382.67,"end":3382.75},{"text":"you","start":3382.75,"end":3382.99},{"text":"to","start":3383.31,"end":3383.47},{"text":"give","start":3383.47,"end":3383.71},{"text":"me","start":3383.71,"end":3384.11},{"text":"An","start":3385.15,"end":3385.27},{"text":"awfully","start":3385.27,"end":3385.67},{"text":"difficult","start":3385.67,"end":3386.27},{"text":"question","start":3386.27,"end":3386.95},{"text":"right","start":3387.11,"end":3387.51},{"text":"back","start":3387.51,"end":3387.91},{"text":"and","start":3387.91,"end":3388.79},{"text":"challenging","start":3388.79,"end":3389.43},{"text":"us.","start":3389.43,"end":3389.75}]},{"text":"And it is correct with regards to the cases, cross-border transactions where there are no treaties, how would you deal with those and a dispute resolution mechanism?","start":3389.75,"end":3405.47,"topics":[{"key":"cross-border-scope","label":"Cross-Border Scope","description":"Several speakers argued that the protocol should focus on tax disputes arising from cross-border transactions and exclude purely domestic disputes. 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Several speakers said a common multilateral legal basis would be necessary for disputes to be resolved coherently."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3598.23,"end":3598.31},{"text":"think","start":3598.31,"end":3598.55},{"text":"we","start":3598.55,"end":3598.67},{"text":"have,","start":3598.67,"end":3598.87},{"text":"I","start":3600.55,"end":3600.71},{"text":"think","start":3600.71,"end":3600.87},{"text":"the","start":3600.87,"end":3600.95},{"text":"best","start":3600.95,"end":3601.23},{"text":"approach","start":3601.23,"end":3601.67},{"text":"so","start":3601.67,"end":3601.99},{"text":"far","start":3601.99,"end":3602.23},{"text":"would","start":3602.23,"end":3602.47},{"text":"be","start":3602.47,"end":3602.71},{"text":"to","start":3602.71,"end":3602.91},{"text":"have","start":3602.91,"end":3603.19},{"text":"a","start":3603.19,"end":3603.43},{"text":"program","start":3604.47,"end":3605.11},{"text":"In","start":3605.75,"end":3605.83},{"text":"relation","start":3605.83,"end":3606.23},{"text":"to","start":3606.23,"end":3606.47},{"text":"extending","start":3606.47,"end":3607.19},{"text":"the","start":3607.19,"end":3607.39},{"text":"dispute","start":3607.39,"end":3607.91},{"text":"resolution","start":3607.91,"end":3608.47},{"text":"to","start":3608.47,"end":3608.71},{"text":"cases","start":3608.71,"end":3609.51},{"text":"beyond","start":3609.83,"end":3610.35},{"text":"tax","start":3610.35,"end":3610.55},{"text":"treaties,","start":3610.55,"end":3611.19},{"text":"I","start":3611.43,"end":3611.83},{"text":"don't","start":3613.19,"end":3613.47},{"text":"have","start":3613.47,"end":3613.63},{"text":"a","start":3613.63,"end":3613.67},{"text":"final","start":3613.67,"end":3614.03},{"text":"position,","start":3614.03,"end":3614.55},{"text":"but","start":3615.59,"end":3615.91},{"text":"definitely","start":3616.95,"end":3617.55},{"text":"it","start":3617.55,"end":3617.67},{"text":"could","start":3617.67,"end":3617.87},{"text":"be","start":3617.87,"end":3617.99},{"text":"seen","start":3617.99,"end":3618.23},{"text":"as","start":3618.23,"end":3618.39},{"text":"an","start":3618.39,"end":3618.47},{"text":"incentive.","start":3618.47,"end":3619.03}]},{"text":"I mean, if developing countries don't want to have tax treaties, that could also be a good way out.","start":3619.11,"end":3625.11,"topics":[{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. Several speakers said a common multilateral legal basis would be necessary for disputes to be resolved coherently."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3619.11,"end":3619.15},{"text":"mean,","start":3619.15,"end":3619.27},{"text":"if","start":3619.27,"end":3619.43},{"text":"developing","start":3619.47,"end":3620.07},{"text":"countries","start":3620.07,"end":3620.39},{"text":"don't","start":3620.39,"end":3620.67},{"text":"want","start":3620.67,"end":3620.83},{"text":"to","start":3620.83,"end":3620.91},{"text":"have","start":3620.91,"end":3621.11},{"text":"tax","start":3621.11,"end":3621.35},{"text":"treaties,","start":3621.35,"end":3621.83},{"text":"that","start":3622.31,"end":3622.55},{"text":"could","start":3622.55,"end":3622.75},{"text":"also","start":3622.75,"end":3623.03},{"text":"be","start":3623.03,"end":3623.23},{"text":"a","start":3623.23,"end":3623.27},{"text":"good","start":3623.27,"end":3623.51},{"text":"way","start":3624.55,"end":3624.79},{"text":"out.","start":3624.79,"end":3625.11}]},{"text":"It would definitely reduce the incentive to negotiate tax treaties if they do have access to a dispute resolution mechanism.","start":3626.99,"end":3635.11,"topics":[{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. Several speakers said a common multilateral legal basis would be necessary for disputes to be resolved coherently."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3626.99,"end":3627.11},{"text":"would","start":3627.11,"end":3627.31},{"text":"definitely","start":3627.31,"end":3627.71},{"text":"reduce","start":3627.71,"end":3628.07},{"text":"the","start":3628.07,"end":3628.19},{"text":"incentive","start":3628.19,"end":3628.87},{"text":"to","start":3628.95,"end":3629.35},{"text":"negotiate","start":3629.35,"end":3630.03},{"text":"tax","start":3630.03,"end":3630.27},{"text":"treaties","start":3630.27,"end":3630.71},{"text":"if","start":3630.71,"end":3630.95},{"text":"they","start":3630.95,"end":3631.11},{"text":"do","start":3631.11,"end":3631.35},{"text":"have","start":3631.35,"end":3631.67},{"text":"access","start":3631.67,"end":3632.07},{"text":"to","start":3632.07,"end":3632.43},{"text":"a","start":3632.43,"end":3632.47},{"text":"dispute","start":3633.59,"end":3633.99},{"text":"resolution","start":3633.99,"end":3634.55},{"text":"mechanism.","start":3634.55,"end":3635.11}]},{"text":"outside of tax treaties to solve transfer pricing cases.","start":3636.43,"end":3639.95,"topics":[{"key":"cross-border-scope","label":"Cross-Border Scope","description":"Several speakers argued that the protocol should focus on tax disputes arising from cross-border transactions and exclude purely domestic disputes. This was presented as a way to keep the instrument targeted and consistent with existing domestic legal remedies."},{"key":"transfer-pricing-rules","label":"Transfer Pricing Rules","description":"Transfer pricing was repeatedly identified as a major source of international tax disputes. Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"outside","start":3636.43,"end":3636.91},{"text":"of","start":3636.91,"end":3637.07},{"text":"tax","start":3637.07,"end":3637.31},{"text":"treaties","start":3637.31,"end":3637.63},{"text":"to","start":3637.63,"end":3637.75},{"text":"solve","start":3637.75,"end":3638.19},{"text":"transfer","start":3638.67,"end":3639.11},{"text":"pricing","start":3639.11,"end":3639.47},{"text":"cases.","start":3639.47,"end":3639.95}]},{"text":"And definitely it would affect their bargaining power to negotiate tax treaties.","start":3642.95,"end":3646.43,"topics":[{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. Several speakers said a common multilateral legal basis would be necessary for disputes to be resolved coherently."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3642.95,"end":3643.11},{"text":"definitely","start":3643.11,"end":3643.55},{"text":"it","start":3643.55,"end":3643.63},{"text":"would","start":3643.63,"end":3643.79},{"text":"affect","start":3643.79,"end":3644.15},{"text":"their","start":3644.15,"end":3644.27},{"text":"bargaining","start":3644.27,"end":3644.75},{"text":"power","start":3644.75,"end":3645.15},{"text":"to","start":3645.15,"end":3645.23},{"text":"negotiate","start":3645.23,"end":3645.75},{"text":"tax","start":3645.75,"end":3645.99},{"text":"treaties.","start":3645.99,"end":3646.43}]},{"text":"I have also heard the idea of having a tribunal or something like that, a whole structure maybe within the UN.","start":3652.67,"end":3661.55,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3652.67,"end":3652.91},{"text":"have","start":3652.91,"end":3653.15},{"text":"also","start":3653.15,"end":3653.43},{"text":"heard","start":3653.43,"end":3653.71},{"text":"the","start":3653.71,"end":3653.83},{"text":"idea","start":3653.87,"end":3654.23},{"text":"of","start":3654.23,"end":3654.51},{"text":"having","start":3655.71,"end":3656.11},{"text":"a","start":3656.11,"end":3656.19},{"text":"tribunal","start":3656.19,"end":3656.91},{"text":"or","start":3657.23,"end":3657.39},{"text":"something","start":3657.39,"end":3657.71},{"text":"like","start":3657.71,"end":3657.91},{"text":"that,","start":3657.91,"end":3658.11},{"text":"a","start":3658.11,"end":3658.19},{"text":"whole","start":3658.67,"end":3658.91},{"text":"structure","start":3658.91,"end":3659.47},{"text":"maybe","start":3660.03,"end":3660.35},{"text":"within","start":3660.35,"end":3660.75},{"text":"the","start":3660.75,"end":3660.87},{"text":"UN.","start":3660.91,"end":3661.55}]},{"text":"I also believe that it's a bit premature to go in depth in that direction.","start":3662.79,"end":3668.39,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3662.79,"end":3662.8},{"text":"also","start":3662.79,"end":3663.19},{"text":"believe","start":3663.19,"end":3663.59},{"text":"that","start":3663.59,"end":3663.75},{"text":"it's","start":3663.75,"end":3663.99},{"text":"a","start":3663.99,"end":3664.03},{"text":"bit","start":3664.03,"end":3664.23},{"text":"premature","start":3664.23,"end":3664.79},{"text":"to","start":3664.79,"end":3665.11},{"text":"go","start":3666.15,"end":3666.63},{"text":"in","start":3666.79,"end":3667.03},{"text":"depth","start":3667.03,"end":3667.35},{"text":"in","start":3667.51,"end":3667.63},{"text":"that","start":3667.63,"end":3667.75},{"text":"direction.","start":3667.75,"end":3668.39}]},{"text":"We simply don't know, I mean, at least from my side, we are not sure how it would work.","start":3671.91,"end":3678.95,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3671.91,"end":3672.07},{"text":"simply","start":3672.07,"end":3672.47},{"text":"don't","start":3672.47,"end":3672.99},{"text":"know,","start":3672.99,"end":3673.11},{"text":"I","start":3673.35,"end":3673.39},{"text":"mean,","start":3673.39,"end":3673.59},{"text":"at","start":3673.71,"end":3674.07},{"text":"least","start":3675.51,"end":3675.71},{"text":"from","start":3675.71,"end":3675.87},{"text":"my","start":3675.87,"end":3675.99},{"text":"side,","start":3675.99,"end":3676.39},{"text":"we","start":3676.71,"end":3676.91},{"text":"are","start":3676.91,"end":3677.03},{"text":"not","start":3677.43,"end":3677.75},{"text":"sure","start":3677.75,"end":3677.99},{"text":"how","start":3677.99,"end":3678.15},{"text":"it","start":3678.15,"end":3678.31},{"text":"would","start":3678.31,"end":3678.55},{"text":"work.","start":3678.55,"end":3678.95}]},{"text":"There are so many uncertainties and whether the size of this structure, how it would be managed and all of the implications about it.","start":3679.27,"end":3688.15,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":3679.27,"end":3679.43},{"text":"are","start":3679.43,"end":3679.51},{"text":"so","start":3679.51,"end":3679.67},{"text":"many","start":3679.67,"end":3679.87},{"text":"uncertainties","start":3679.87,"end":3680.59},{"text":"and","start":3680.59,"end":3680.71},{"text":"whether","start":3680.71,"end":3681.11},{"text":"the","start":3682.23,"end":3682.35},{"text":"size","start":3682.35,"end":3682.79},{"text":"of","start":3682.79,"end":3682.87},{"text":"this","start":3682.87,"end":3683.07},{"text":"structure,","start":3683.07,"end":3683.51},{"text":"how","start":3683.51,"end":3683.67},{"text":"it","start":3683.67,"end":3683.75},{"text":"would","start":3683.75,"end":3683.99},{"text":"be","start":3683.99,"end":3684.23},{"text":"managed","start":3685.51,"end":3686.15},{"text":"and","start":3686.43,"end":3686.55},{"text":"all","start":3686.55,"end":3686.75},{"text":"of","start":3686.75,"end":3686.87},{"text":"the","start":3686.87,"end":3686.99},{"text":"implications","start":3686.99,"end":3687.67},{"text":"about","start":3687.67,"end":3687.99},{"text":"it.","start":3687.99,"end":3688.15}]},{"text":"It doesn't mean that we could not explore other approaches, maybe having a list of experts that could be maybe funded to help in addressing some cases, not in the same model as the tax inspectors without borders when they go to other countries, but just as experts to express their views maybe.","start":3689.79,"end":3711.75,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."},{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3689.79,"end":3689.83},{"text":"doesn't","start":3689.83,"end":3690.15},{"text":"mean","start":3690.15,"end":3690.27},{"text":"that","start":3690.27,"end":3690.39},{"text":"we","start":3690.39,"end":3690.47},{"text":"could","start":3690.47,"end":3690.59},{"text":"not","start":3690.59,"end":3690.79},{"text":"explore","start":3690.79,"end":3691.27},{"text":"other","start":3691.51,"end":3691.75},{"text":"approaches,","start":3691.75,"end":3692.31},{"text":"maybe","start":3692.31,"end":3692.55},{"text":"having","start":3692.55,"end":3693.03},{"text":"a","start":3693.11,"end":3693.19},{"text":"list","start":3694.23,"end":3694.63},{"text":"of","start":3694.63,"end":3694.95},{"text":"experts","start":3695.43,"end":3696.07},{"text":"that","start":3696.07,"end":3696.31},{"text":"could","start":3696.31,"end":3696.63},{"text":"be","start":3696.63,"end":3696.87},{"text":"maybe","start":3697.35,"end":3697.67},{"text":"funded","start":3697.67,"end":3698.15},{"text":"to","start":3698.15,"end":3698.31},{"text":"help","start":3698.87,"end":3699.35},{"text":"in","start":3699.75,"end":3699.91},{"text":"addressing","start":3699.91,"end":3700.39},{"text":"some","start":3700.39,"end":3700.63},{"text":"cases,","start":3700.63,"end":3701.19},{"text":"not","start":3701.35,"end":3701.59},{"text":"in","start":3701.59,"end":3701.91},{"text":"the","start":3702.23,"end":3702.35},{"text":"same","start":3702.35,"end":3702.67},{"text":"model","start":3702.67,"end":3703.03},{"text":"as","start":3703.03,"end":3703.19},{"text":"the","start":3703.19,"end":3703.27},{"text":"tax","start":3703.99,"end":3704.23},{"text":"inspectors","start":3704.23,"end":3704.75},{"text":"without","start":3704.75,"end":3705.11},{"text":"borders","start":3705.11,"end":3705.59},{"text":"when","start":3705.83,"end":3706.03},{"text":"they","start":3706.03,"end":3706.15},{"text":"go","start":3706.15,"end":3706.47},{"text":"to","start":3706.47,"end":3706.75},{"text":"other","start":3706.75,"end":3706.91},{"text":"countries,","start":3706.91,"end":3707.31},{"text":"but","start":3707.31,"end":3707.59},{"text":"just","start":3707.59,"end":3707.83},{"text":"as","start":3707.83,"end":3708.07},{"text":"experts","start":3709.11,"end":3709.59},{"text":"to","start":3709.59,"end":3709.83},{"text":"express","start":3710.31,"end":3710.71},{"text":"their","start":3710.71,"end":3710.87},{"text":"views","start":3710.87,"end":3711.35},{"text":"maybe.","start":3711.35,"end":3711.75}]},{"text":"That could also help as in the mediation part of it.","start":3712.47,"end":3716.71,"topics":[{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":3712.47,"end":3712.71},{"text":"could","start":3712.71,"end":3712.87},{"text":"also","start":3712.87,"end":3713.19},{"text":"help","start":3713.19,"end":3713.51},{"text":"as","start":3714.59,"end":3714.75},{"text":"in","start":3714.75,"end":3714.87},{"text":"the","start":3714.87,"end":3714.99},{"text":"mediation","start":3715.35,"end":3715.99},{"text":"part","start":3715.99,"end":3716.31},{"text":"of","start":3716.31,"end":3716.47},{"text":"it.","start":3716.47,"end":3716.71}]},{"text":"And finally, I think that the most important one is in relation to having a starting point of the discussions on transfer pricing.","start":3718.59,"end":3726.19,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-pricing-rules","label":"Transfer Pricing Rules","description":"Transfer pricing was repeatedly identified as a major source of international tax disputes. Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3718.59,"end":3718.95},{"text":"finally,","start":3718.95,"end":3719.39},{"text":"I","start":3719.39,"end":3719.47},{"text":"think","start":3719.47,"end":3719.67},{"text":"that","start":3719.67,"end":3719.87},{"text":"the","start":3719.87,"end":3720.03},{"text":"most","start":3720.27,"end":3720.51},{"text":"important","start":3720.51,"end":3720.95},{"text":"one","start":3720.95,"end":3721.15},{"text":"is","start":3721.15,"end":3721.63},{"text":"in","start":3722.03,"end":3722.19},{"text":"relation","start":3722.19,"end":3722.55},{"text":"to","start":3722.55,"end":3722.95},{"text":"having","start":3723.39,"end":3723.79},{"text":"a","start":3723.79,"end":3723.83},{"text":"starting","start":3723.83,"end":3724.27},{"text":"point","start":3724.27,"end":3724.51},{"text":"of","start":3724.51,"end":3724.59},{"text":"the","start":3724.59,"end":3724.71},{"text":"discussions","start":3724.71,"end":3725.23},{"text":"on","start":3725.23,"end":3725.35},{"text":"transfer","start":3725.35,"end":3725.71},{"text":"pricing.","start":3725.71,"end":3726.19}]},{"text":"I believe that it's not only agreeing or not agreeing with the guidelines.","start":3726.83,"end":3730.03,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-pricing-rules","label":"Transfer Pricing Rules","description":"Transfer pricing was repeatedly identified as a major source of international tax disputes. Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3726.83,"end":3727.11},{"text":"believe","start":3727.11,"end":3727.31},{"text":"that","start":3727.31,"end":3727.43},{"text":"it's","start":3727.43,"end":3727.67},{"text":"not","start":3727.67,"end":3727.79},{"text":"only","start":3727.79,"end":3728.03},{"text":"agreeing","start":3728.03,"end":3728.39},{"text":"or","start":3728.39,"end":3728.47},{"text":"not","start":3728.47,"end":3728.67},{"text":"agreeing","start":3728.67,"end":3729.07},{"text":"with","start":3729.07,"end":3729.27},{"text":"the","start":3729.27,"end":3729.35},{"text":"guidelines.","start":3729.35,"end":3730.03}]},{"text":"The guidelines leave a lot of room for interpretation and option for national legislations.","start":3730.91,"end":3737.71,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-pricing-rules","label":"Transfer Pricing Rules","description":"Transfer pricing was repeatedly identified as a major source of international tax disputes. Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3730.91,"end":3731.03},{"text":"guidelines","start":3731.07,"end":3731.71},{"text":"leave","start":3732.43,"end":3732.83},{"text":"a","start":3732.83,"end":3732.87},{"text":"lot","start":3732.87,"end":3733.07},{"text":"of","start":3733.07,"end":3733.31},{"text":"room","start":3733.95,"end":3734.27},{"text":"for","start":3734.27,"end":3734.63},{"text":"interpretation","start":3734.63,"end":3735.47},{"text":"and","start":3735.63,"end":3735.87},{"text":"option","start":3735.87,"end":3736.35},{"text":"for","start":3736.35,"end":3736.51},{"text":"national","start":3736.51,"end":3736.95},{"text":"legislations.","start":3736.95,"end":3737.71}]},{"text":"I could quote quite a few dozens of those examples when it's open for the countries to choose, for instance, the interquartile range.","start":3739.23,"end":3747.59,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-pricing-rules","label":"Transfer Pricing Rules","description":"Transfer pricing was repeatedly identified as a major source of international tax disputes. 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Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3764.31,"end":3765.43},{"text":"how","start":3766.47,"end":3766.87},{"text":"the","start":3767.51,"end":3767.63},{"text":"guidelines","start":3767.75,"end":3768.35},{"text":"are","start":3768.35,"end":3768.47},{"text":"implemented","start":3768.47,"end":3769.19},{"text":"or","start":3769.27,"end":3769.47},{"text":"regulated","start":3769.47,"end":3770.07},{"text":"within","start":3770.07,"end":3770.43},{"text":"the","start":3770.43,"end":3770.51},{"text":"domestic","start":3770.51,"end":3771.03},{"text":"laws","start":3771.03,"end":3771.35},{"text":"could","start":3771.51,"end":3771.79},{"text":"differ.","start":3771.79,"end":3772.23}]},{"text":"I believe that it's also possible to address that in such a case is not having a binding resolution.","start":3773.51,"end":3780.39,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. 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Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":3781.43,"end":3781.67},{"text":"could","start":3781.67,"end":3781.83},{"text":"be","start":3781.83,"end":3781.99},{"text":"also","start":3781.99,"end":3782.27},{"text":"one","start":3782.27,"end":3782.47},{"text":"way","start":3782.47,"end":3782.71},{"text":"to","start":3782.71,"end":3782.83},{"text":"address","start":3782.83,"end":3783.19},{"text":"it.","start":3783.19,"end":3783.35}]},{"text":"So if two legislations differ and both of them are sufficiently justifiable, then we could have a non-binding resolution of the case or something like that.","start":3783.35,"end":3792.07,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. 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Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":3794.67,"end":3794.75},{"text":"I","start":3794.75,"end":3794.83},{"text":"think","start":3794.83,"end":3795.03},{"text":"it's","start":3795.03,"end":3795.27},{"text":"not","start":3795.27,"end":3795.47},{"text":"so","start":3795.47,"end":3795.67},{"text":"simple","start":3795.67,"end":3795.95},{"text":"as","start":3795.95,"end":3796.19},{"text":"relying","start":3796.51,"end":3797.15},{"text":"on","start":3797.15,"end":3797.31},{"text":"the","start":3797.31,"end":3797.43},{"text":"guidelines","start":3797.87,"end":3798.43},{"text":"because","start":3798.43,"end":3798.71},{"text":"the","start":3798.71,"end":3798.79},{"text":"guidelines","start":3798.79,"end":3799.23},{"text":"are","start":3799.23,"end":3799.31},{"text":"not","start":3799.31,"end":3799.67},{"text":"as","start":3799.67,"end":3799.79},{"text":"clear","start":3799.79,"end":3800.23},{"text":"as","start":3800.23,"end":3800.31},{"text":"they","start":3800.31,"end":3800.51},{"text":"should","start":3800.75,"end":3801.07},{"text":"be.","start":3801.07,"end":3801.31}]},{"text":"And I could go on with more examples.","start":3801.31,"end":3803.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3801.31,"end":3801.51},{"text":"I","start":3801.79,"end":3801.87},{"text":"could","start":3801.87,"end":3802.07},{"text":"go","start":3802.07,"end":3802.19},{"text":"on","start":3802.19,"end":3802.35},{"text":"with","start":3802.35,"end":3802.51},{"text":"more","start":3802.51,"end":3802.71},{"text":"examples.","start":3802.71,"end":3803.15}]},{"text":"Business restructuring could be even worse.","start":3803.55,"end":3805.47,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-pricing-rules","label":"Transfer Pricing Rules","description":"Transfer pricing was repeatedly identified as a major source of international tax disputes. Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Business","start":3803.55,"end":3803.87},{"text":"restructuring","start":3803.87,"end":3804.51},{"text":"could","start":3804.51,"end":3804.67},{"text":"be","start":3804.67,"end":3804.79},{"text":"even","start":3804.79,"end":3805.07},{"text":"worse.","start":3805.07,"end":3805.47}]},{"text":"So thank you.","start":3806.11,"end":3808.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3806.11,"end":3806.59},{"text":"thank","start":3808.67,"end":3808.83},{"text":"you.","start":3808.83,"end":3808.95}]},{"text":"I think those are my remarks.","start":3808.95,"end":3810.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3808.95,"end":3808.99},{"text":"think","start":3808.99,"end":3809.23},{"text":"those","start":3809.23,"end":3809.39},{"text":"are","start":3809.39,"end":3809.63},{"text":"my","start":3810.03,"end":3810.23},{"text":"remarks.","start":3810.23,"end":3810.63}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":3810.63,"end":3810.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3810.63,"end":3810.79},{"text":"you.","start":3810.79,"end":3810.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"BRA","affiliation_full":"Brazil","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":35,"start":3813.55,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=3814","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you for 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the question that was put to us, I think that the first inconsistency which I note, even in the question itself, is about knowing whether, as it 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in such instances, we could see possible ways forward.","start":4057.97,"end":4062.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4057.97,"end":4058.21},{"text":"in","start":4058.21,"end":4058.45},{"text":"such","start":4058.45,"end":4058.77},{"text":"instances,","start":4058.77,"end":4059.33},{"text":"we","start":4059.33,"end":4059.57},{"text":"could","start":4059.57,"end":4059.81},{"text":"see","start":4059.81,"end":4060.29},{"text":"possible","start":4061.01,"end":4061.49},{"text":"ways","start":4061.49,"end":4061.73},{"text":"forward.","start":4061.73,"end":4062.45}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"So that's what I wanted to share with you, and I thank you for your 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thank you, Senegal, for sharing those considerations with us.","start":4075.07,"end":4078.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4075.07,"end":4075.15},{"text":"thank","start":4075.15,"end":4075.39},{"text":"you,","start":4075.39,"end":4075.51},{"text":"Senegal,","start":4075.55,"end":4076.11},{"text":"for","start":4076.11,"end":4076.55},{"text":"sharing","start":4076.67,"end":4077.31},{"text":"those","start":4077.51,"end":4077.79},{"text":"considerations","start":4077.79,"end":4078.59},{"text":"with","start":4078.59,"end":4078.75},{"text":"us.","start":4078.75,"end":4078.99}]},{"text":"I think you rightly reminds us that our consideration may be too 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question, allow me one question and a follow-up question.","start":4106.21,"end":4108.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"One","start":4106.21,"end":4106.61},{"text":"question,","start":4106.61,"end":4106.93},{"text":"allow","start":4106.93,"end":4107.17},{"text":"me","start":4107.17,"end":4107.33},{"text":"one","start":4107.33,"end":4107.57},{"text":"question","start":4107.57,"end":4107.89},{"text":"and","start":4107.89,"end":4108.01},{"text":"a","start":4108.01,"end":4108.05},{"text":"follow-up","start":4108.05,"end":4108.37},{"text":"question.","start":4108.37,"end":4108.85}]},{"text":"You spoke about the lack of progress in the substantive 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Kenya.","start":4115.97,"end":4118.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4115.97,"end":4116.09},{"text":"in","start":4116.09,"end":4116.25},{"text":"the","start":4116.25,"end":4116.33},{"text":"meantime,","start":4116.33,"end":4116.73},{"text":"I","start":4116.73,"end":4116.77},{"text":"would","start":4116.77,"end":4116.93},{"text":"like","start":4116.93,"end":4117.09},{"text":"to","start":4117.09,"end":4117.21},{"text":"give","start":4117.21,"end":4117.49},{"text":"the","start":4117.49,"end":4117.65},{"text":"floor","start":4117.65,"end":4117.93},{"text":"to","start":4117.93,"end":4118.05},{"text":"Kenya.","start":4118.05,"end":4118.53}]},{"text":"Kenya, 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Thank you, Mr. Khalid.","start":4125.41,"end":4127.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4125.41,"end":4125.73},{"text":"you.","start":4125.73,"end":4125.89},{"text":"Thank","start":4125.97,"end":4126.29},{"text":"you,","start":4126.29,"end":4126.53},{"text":"Mr.","start":4126.53,"end":4127.25},{"text":"Khalid.","start":4127.25,"end":4127.73}]},{"text":"Starting with the point that you've just raised about resolution of disputes outside the framework of bilateral tax treaties.","start":4128.85,"end":4138.69,"topics":[{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. 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Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."},{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. 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think our colleagues promised with a coffee break.","start":4661.21,"end":4664.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4661.21,"end":4661.29},{"text":"think","start":4661.45,"end":4661.85},{"text":"our","start":4662.41,"end":4662.57},{"text":"colleagues","start":4662.57,"end":4663.05},{"text":"promised","start":4663.05,"end":4663.53},{"text":"with","start":4663.53,"end":4663.85},{"text":"a","start":4663.85,"end":4663.93},{"text":"coffee","start":4663.93,"end":4664.21},{"text":"break.","start":4664.21,"end":4664.65}]},{"text":"So I think are we ready to go for 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Khalid","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":40,"start":4817.41,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=4818","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Yeah, it's just a lot.","start":4817.41,"end":4818.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yeah,","start":4817.41,"end":4817.53},{"text":"it's","start":4817.53,"end":4817.77},{"text":"just","start":4817.77,"end":4817.93},{"text":"a","start":4818.29,"end":4818.33},{"text":"lot.","start":4818.33,"end":4818.49}]},{"text":"Play trailer of the movie, The Kapil Sharma Show.","start":5007.37,"end":5008.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Play","start":5007.37,"end":5007.49},{"text":"trailer","start":5007.49,"end":5007.73},{"text":"of","start":5007.77,"end":5007.85},{"text":"the","start":5007.85,"end":5007.93},{"text":"movie,","start":5007.93,"end":5008.09},{"text":"The","start":5008.13,"end":5008.21},{"text":"Kapil","start":5008.29,"end":5008.49},{"text":"Sharma","start":5008.49,"end":5008.69},{"text":"Show.","start":5008.73,"end":5008.81}]},{"text":"Well, I think.","start":5040.25,"end":5040.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Well,","start":5040.25,"end":5040.41},{"text":"I","start":5040.57,"end":5040.61},{"text":"think.","start":5040.61,"end":5040.77}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Play all songs of the drama.","start":5070.45,"end":5071.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Play","start":5070.45,"end":5070.53},{"text":"all","start":5070.57,"end":5070.65},{"text":"songs","start":5070.85,"end":5071.01},{"text":"of","start":5071.21,"end":5071.29},{"text":"the","start":5071.29,"end":5071.37},{"text":"drama.","start":5071.65,"end":5071.85}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":6233.53,"end":6235.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6233.53,"end":6233.65},{"text":"you.","start":6235.41,"end":6235.49}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":41,"start":6578.85,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=6579","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Welcome back.","start":6578.85,"end":6579.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Welcome","start":6578.85,"end":6579.21},{"text":"back.","start":6579.21,"end":6579.49}]},{"text":"I hope you get some caffeine in this coffee break.","start":6579.81,"end":6582.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6579.81,"end":6579.89},{"text":"hope","start":6579.89,"end":6580.21},{"text":"you","start":6580.21,"end":6580.37},{"text":"get","start":6580.53,"end":6580.77},{"text":"some","start":6580.77,"end":6581.09},{"text":"caffeine","start":6581.09,"end":6581.37},{"text":"in","start":6581.37,"end":6581.57},{"text":"this","start":6581.57,"end":6581.73},{"text":"coffee","start":6581.73,"end":6582.01},{"text":"break.","start":6582.01,"end":6582.37}]},{"text":"Now we will continue with our two distinguished colleagues.","start":6582.93,"end":6587.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":6582.93,"end":6583.09},{"text":"we","start":6583.09,"end":6583.37},{"text":"will","start":6583.57,"end":6583.89},{"text":"continue","start":6583.89,"end":6584.45},{"text":"with","start":6584.45,"end":6584.65},{"text":"our","start":6585.01,"end":6585.25},{"text":"two","start":6586.53,"end":6586.77},{"text":"distinguished","start":6586.77,"end":6587.25},{"text":"colleagues.","start":6587.25,"end":6587.81}]},{"text":"Please go ahead.","start":6588.57,"end":6589.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please","start":6588.57,"end":6588.93},{"text":"go","start":6589.25,"end":6589.41},{"text":"ahead.","start":6589.41,"end":6589.65}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Mr. Khalid","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":6604.49,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=6605","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you for being 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and you can think on that while we're hearing from civil society.","start":6918.37,"end":6924.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":6918.37,"end":6918.53},{"text":"and","start":6919.61,"end":6920.13},{"text":"you","start":6920.21,"end":6920.33},{"text":"can","start":6920.33,"end":6920.45},{"text":"think","start":6920.45,"end":6920.69},{"text":"on","start":6920.69,"end":6920.85},{"text":"that","start":6920.85,"end":6921.17},{"text":"while","start":6921.33,"end":6921.65},{"text":"we're","start":6921.65,"end":6922.13},{"text":"hearing","start":6922.21,"end":6922.77},{"text":"from","start":6923.49,"end":6923.73},{"text":"civil","start":6923.73,"end":6924.05},{"text":"society.","start":6924.05,"end":6924.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"UN Secretariat","affiliation_full":"UN Secretariat","group":null,"function":"Secretariat"}},{"statement_number":44,"start":6930.29,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=6931","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Exactly, as just 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again, I stand to be corrected.","start":7202.37,"end":7204.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7202.37,"end":7202.57},{"text":"again,","start":7202.57,"end":7202.85},{"text":"I","start":7202.85,"end":7203.01},{"text":"stand","start":7203.01,"end":7203.25},{"text":"to","start":7203.25,"end":7203.33},{"text":"be","start":7203.33,"end":7203.49},{"text":"corrected.","start":7203.49,"end":7204.21}]},{"text":"And this leads me to another point, to avoid misunderstandings.","start":7204.61,"end":7208.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7204.61,"end":7204.81},{"text":"this","start":7204.81,"end":7204.93},{"text":"leads","start":7204.93,"end":7205.13},{"text":"me","start":7205.17,"end":7205.33},{"text":"to","start":7205.33,"end":7205.45},{"text":"another","start":7205.45,"end":7205.77},{"text":"point,","start":7205.77,"end":7206.21},{"text":"to","start":7206.77,"end":7206.93},{"text":"avoid","start":7206.93,"end":7207.41},{"text":"misunderstandings.","start":7207.41,"end":7208.53}]},{"text":"I think all the instruments that have been covered in the slides we have seen today, but also in the intercessional work, eventually it was always state to state instruments or 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is taxpayer who kind of triggers those instruments to be applied.","start":7231.57,"end":7237.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7231.57,"end":7231.69},{"text":"is","start":7231.69,"end":7232.01},{"text":"taxpayer","start":7232.25,"end":7232.89},{"text":"who","start":7233.21,"end":7233.69},{"text":"kind","start":7233.69,"end":7233.97},{"text":"of","start":7233.97,"end":7234.25},{"text":"triggers","start":7234.25,"end":7234.97},{"text":"those","start":7235.21,"end":7235.53},{"text":"instruments","start":7235.53,"end":7236.09},{"text":"to","start":7236.09,"end":7236.21},{"text":"be","start":7236.21,"end":7236.41},{"text":"applied.","start":7236.41,"end":7237.13}]},{"text":"But it is--I cannot think of--well, there are instruments in which, of course, the taxpayer does play a role, but primarily it is always the competent authorities, normally, or it has been so far, who are engaged in the resolution or prevention of tax 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again, so that goes to all of you.","start":7261.17,"end":7262.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7261.17,"end":7261.29},{"text":"again,","start":7261.29,"end":7261.65},{"text":"so","start":7261.65,"end":7261.89},{"text":"that","start":7261.89,"end":7262.05},{"text":"goes","start":7262.05,"end":7262.37},{"text":"to","start":7262.37,"end":7262.49},{"text":"all","start":7262.49,"end":7262.69},{"text":"of","start":7262.69,"end":7262.77},{"text":"you.","start":7262.77,"end":7262.97}]},{"text":"Please correct me if I'm wrong.","start":7263.33,"end":7264.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please","start":7263.33,"end":7263.57},{"text":"correct","start":7263.57,"end":7263.89},{"text":"me","start":7263.89,"end":7264.05},{"text":"if","start":7264.05,"end":7264.21},{"text":"I'm","start":7264.21,"end":7264.41},{"text":"wrong.","start":7264.41,"end":7264.85}]},{"text":"And maybe this will be done by the next speaker, which is the major group for children and youth.","start":7266.17,"end":7272.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7266.17,"end":7266.57},{"text":"maybe","start":7266.57,"end":7266.97},{"text":"this","start":7266.97,"end":7267.21},{"text":"will","start":7267.21,"end":7267.45},{"text":"be","start":7267.45,"end":7267.69},{"text":"done","start":7267.69,"end":7268.09},{"text":"by","start":7268.09,"end":7268.21},{"text":"the","start":7268.57,"end":7268.73},{"text":"next","start":7268.73,"end":7268.97},{"text":"speaker,","start":7268.97,"end":7269.29},{"text":"which","start":7269.29,"end":7269.53},{"text":"is","start":7269.53,"end":7269.77},{"text":"the","start":7269.85,"end":7270.01},{"text":"major","start":7270.01,"end":7270.37},{"text":"group","start":7270.37,"end":7270.57},{"text":"for","start":7270.57,"end":7270.77},{"text":"children","start":7271.25,"end":7271.61},{"text":"and","start":7271.61,"end":7271.73},{"text":"youth.","start":7271.77,"end":7272.01}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Michael","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Co-Lead"}},{"statement_number":47,"start":7274.65,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=7275","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank 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delegates, Mr. Chair, colleagues, I want you to take a moment and dream with me.","start":7284.73,"end":7289.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":7284.73,"end":7285.21},{"text":"delegates,","start":7285.21,"end":7285.77},{"text":"Mr.","start":7285.77,"end":7286.09},{"text":"Chair,","start":7286.09,"end":7286.57},{"text":"colleagues,","start":7286.65,"end":7287.37},{"text":"I","start":7287.77,"end":7287.85},{"text":"want","start":7287.85,"end":7288.09},{"text":"you","start":7288.09,"end":7288.17},{"text":"to","start":7288.17,"end":7288.25},{"text":"take","start":7288.25,"end":7288.57},{"text":"a","start":7288.57,"end":7288.61},{"text":"moment","start":7288.61,"end":7289.01},{"text":"and","start":7289.05,"end":7289.25},{"text":"dream","start":7289.25,"end":7289.41},{"text":"with","start":7289.41,"end":7289.53},{"text":"me.","start":7289.53,"end":7289.77}]},{"text":"I want you to imagine what your ideal future looks 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future isn't promised us.","start":7300.05,"end":7304.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7300.05,"end":7300.29},{"text":"an","start":7300.29,"end":7300.37},{"text":"ever-changing","start":7300.37,"end":7300.93},{"text":"world","start":7300.93,"end":7301.33},{"text":"and","start":7301.33,"end":7301.53},{"text":"geopolitical","start":7301.53,"end":7302.17},{"text":"landscape,","start":7302.17,"end":7302.69},{"text":"the","start":7302.93,"end":7303.05},{"text":"future","start":7303.05,"end":7303.49},{"text":"isn't","start":7303.49,"end":7303.85},{"text":"promised","start":7303.85,"end":7304.33},{"text":"us.","start":7304.33,"end":7304.61}]},{"text":"The next 20 to 30 years are far from guaranteed, yet we continue to hold out, to push things back, to play a never-ending waiting game, creating short-term policies that fail to even address the problems of the present, yet alone problems of the 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I close my eyes and I dream of tomorrow, I dream of conventions that aren't mere formalities, imitations of a solution using ambiguous language to perpetuate equity, thus blinding our shared global vision, but actionable clauses that don't fall short in the face of 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in creating a convention that helps save our future, we cannot solely limit the protocol to address tax disputes, but actively cite mechanisms for resolution and prevention of tax disputes while strengthening and establishing global tax deals across all nations.","start":7369.73,"end":7384.53,"topics":[{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. 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and Youth call for the clear and precise language in defining various tax relations, thus allowing all nations to have a united understanding of rules and regulations of 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delegates, colleagues, Mr. Chair, I ask you to join Children and Youth in dreaming of our tomorrow and making it a 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up and I'm back to 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Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."},{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. Several speakers said a common multilateral legal basis would be necessary for disputes to be resolved coherently."}],"words":[{"text":"Because","start":7469.69,"end":7470.25},{"text":"as","start":7472.33,"end":7472.57},{"text":"we've","start":7472.57,"end":7472.73},{"text":"been","start":7472.73,"end":7472.85},{"text":"discussing","start":7472.85,"end":7473.33},{"text":"arbitration,","start":7473.41,"end":7474.09},{"text":"I","start":7474.17,"end":7474.25},{"text":"get","start":7474.25,"end":7474.37},{"text":"confused","start":7474.37,"end":7475.05},{"text":"just","start":7475.05,"end":7475.29},{"text":"now,","start":7475.29,"end":7475.45},{"text":"I","start":7475.45,"end":7475.85},{"text":"think","start":7475.85,"end":7476.17},{"text":"the","start":7476.89,"end":7477.01},{"text":"issue","start":7477.01,"end":7477.29},{"text":"cropped","start":7477.29,"end":7477.53},{"text":"up","start":7477.53,"end":7477.77},{"text":"that,","start":7477.93,"end":7478.49},{"text":"okay,","start":7478.73,"end":7479.13},{"text":"if","start":7479.13,"end":7479.25},{"text":"there's","start":7479.25,"end":7479.53},{"text":"no","start":7479.53,"end":7479.93},{"text":"double","start":7480.61,"end":7480.85},{"text":"tax","start":7480.85,"end":7481.13},{"text":"agreement","start":7481.53,"end":7482.25},{"text":"or","start":7482.41,"end":7482.57},{"text":"convention,","start":7482.57,"end":7483.13},{"text":"then","start":7483.13,"end":7483.29},{"text":"basically","start":7483.29,"end":7483.65},{"text":"there's","start":7483.65,"end":7483.93},{"text":"no","start":7483.93,"end":7484.09},{"text":"basis","start":7484.09,"end":7484.37},{"text":"for","start":7484.37,"end":7484.49},{"text":"dispute.","start":7484.49,"end":7484.97}]},{"text":"Michael gave a reaction to that.","start":7485.45,"end":7486.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Michael","start":7485.45,"end":7485.77},{"text":"gave","start":7485.77,"end":7485.97},{"text":"a","start":7485.97,"end":7486.01},{"text":"reaction","start":7486.01,"end":7486.41},{"text":"to","start":7486.41,"end":7486.57},{"text":"that.","start":7486.57,"end":7486.81}]},{"text":"But what disputes are we discussing?","start":7487.65,"end":7492.29,"topics":[{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. Several speakers said a common multilateral legal basis would be necessary for disputes to be resolved coherently."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7487.65,"end":7488.13},{"text":"what","start":7489.29,"end":7489.81},{"text":"disputes","start":7490.45,"end":7491.41},{"text":"are","start":7491.41,"end":7491.53},{"text":"we","start":7491.53,"end":7491.73},{"text":"discussing?","start":7491.73,"end":7492.29}]},{"text":"I think it's one of the things we need to settle on.","start":7492.29,"end":7494.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7492.29,"end":7492.33},{"text":"think","start":7492.33,"end":7492.49},{"text":"it's","start":7492.49,"end":7492.73},{"text":"one","start":7492.73,"end":7492.89},{"text":"of","start":7492.89,"end":7492.97},{"text":"the","start":7492.97,"end":7493.05},{"text":"things","start":7493.05,"end":7493.33},{"text":"we","start":7493.33,"end":7493.45},{"text":"need","start":7493.45,"end":7493.57},{"text":"to","start":7493.57,"end":7493.85},{"text":"settle","start":7493.89,"end":7494.57},{"text":"on.","start":7494.57,"end":7494.77}]},{"text":"Otherwise, we'll continue going around in circles.","start":7495.41,"end":7497.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Otherwise,","start":7495.41,"end":7495.69},{"text":"we'll","start":7495.69,"end":7495.93},{"text":"continue","start":7495.93,"end":7496.25},{"text":"going","start":7496.25,"end":7496.41},{"text":"around","start":7496.41,"end":7496.65},{"text":"in","start":7496.65,"end":7496.77},{"text":"circles.","start":7496.77,"end":7497.21}]},{"text":"So it's something we need to settle on.","start":7497.21,"end":7499.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7497.21,"end":7497.37},{"text":"it's","start":7497.85,"end":7498.17},{"text":"something","start":7498.17,"end":7498.41},{"text":"we","start":7498.41,"end":7498.53},{"text":"need","start":7498.53,"end":7498.65},{"text":"to","start":7498.65,"end":7498.77},{"text":"settle","start":7498.77,"end":7499.21},{"text":"on.","start":7499.21,"end":7499.33}]},{"text":"Now, another, but something else, we are talking about arbitration.","start":7500.45,"end":7504.21,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":7500.45,"end":7500.85},{"text":"another,","start":7500.85,"end":7501.65},{"text":"but","start":7501.89,"end":7502.05},{"text":"something","start":7502.05,"end":7502.41},{"text":"else,","start":7502.41,"end":7502.61},{"text":"we","start":7502.61,"end":7502.81},{"text":"are","start":7502.81,"end":7502.89},{"text":"talking","start":7502.89,"end":7503.09},{"text":"about","start":7503.09,"end":7503.41},{"text":"arbitration.","start":7503.45,"end":7504.21}]},{"text":"For those of us in Africa, if you followed the history of malaria, We've been changing malaria drugs several times.","start":7507.33,"end":7517.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7507.33,"end":7507.57},{"text":"those","start":7507.57,"end":7507.77},{"text":"of","start":7507.77,"end":7507.97},{"text":"us","start":7507.97,"end":7508.29},{"text":"in","start":7508.29,"end":7508.61},{"text":"Africa,","start":7508.69,"end":7509.33},{"text":"if","start":7509.33,"end":7509.53},{"text":"you","start":7509.57,"end":7509.73},{"text":"followed","start":7509.73,"end":7510.29},{"text":"the","start":7511.57,"end":7511.69},{"text":"history","start":7512.05,"end":7512.53},{"text":"of","start":7512.53,"end":7512.69},{"text":"malaria,","start":7512.69,"end":7513.25},{"text":"We've","start":7514.61,"end":7514.81},{"text":"been","start":7514.81,"end":7515.01},{"text":"changing","start":7515.01,"end":7515.25},{"text":"malaria","start":7515.25,"end":7515.73},{"text":"drugs","start":7515.73,"end":7516.05},{"text":"several","start":7516.05,"end":7516.85},{"text":"times.","start":7516.85,"end":7517.41}]},{"text":"It gets to a point that one of them that you're using is no more effective, so you drop it.","start":7517.97,"end":7522.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7517.97,"end":7518.13},{"text":"gets","start":7518.13,"end":7518.41},{"text":"to","start":7518.41,"end":7518.49},{"text":"a","start":7518.49,"end":7518.53},{"text":"point","start":7518.53,"end":7518.89},{"text":"that","start":7519.01,"end":7519.17},{"text":"one","start":7519.17,"end":7519.49},{"text":"of","start":7519.49,"end":7519.57},{"text":"them","start":7519.57,"end":7519.97},{"text":"that","start":7520.05,"end":7520.21},{"text":"you're","start":7520.21,"end":7520.37},{"text":"using","start":7520.37,"end":7520.85},{"text":"is","start":7521.33,"end":7521.49},{"text":"no","start":7521.49,"end":7521.65},{"text":"more","start":7521.65,"end":7521.77},{"text":"effective,","start":7521.77,"end":7522.21},{"text":"so","start":7522.21,"end":7522.33},{"text":"you","start":7522.37,"end":7522.49},{"text":"drop","start":7522.49,"end":7522.73},{"text":"it.","start":7522.73,"end":7522.93}]},{"text":"When it comes to arbitration, I'm wondering how many arbitration cases a developing country has come out on top.","start":7524.13,"end":7534.45,"topics":[{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. 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are there any other member states, speakers, stakeholders who are eager to contribute or to respond to the question that were raised by the 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any other aspects?","start":7696.77,"end":7698.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What,","start":7696.77,"end":7697.09},{"text":"any","start":7697.25,"end":7697.65},{"text":"other","start":7697.65,"end":7698.05},{"text":"aspects?","start":7698.21,"end":7698.89}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Michael","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Co-Lead"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":7726.33,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1e/k1e9qzili8?lang=en&t=7727","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"As a side talk here, we were discussing what Daniel actually, our colleague Daniel said about that it was clear that whatever form of arbitration, it's not desirable for 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so, as I don't see any requests for the floor from Member States or other stakeholders, we can close today informal discussions and see you all tomorrow morning at 10 a.m. in the same 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you all and have a good evening.","start":7800.17,"end":7801.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7800.17,"end":7800.37},{"text":"you","start":7800.37,"end":7800.49},{"text":"all","start":7800.49,"end":7800.69},{"text":"and","start":7800.69,"end":7800.85},{"text":"have","start":7800.85,"end":7801.05},{"text":"a","start":7801.05,"end":7801.13},{"text":"good","start":7801.13,"end":7801.29},{"text":"evening.","start":7801.29,"end":7801.61}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Mr. Khalid","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}}],"topics":[{"key":"unitary-taxation","label":"Unitary Taxation Reform","description":"Some civil society speakers argued that the deeper solution is structural reform of multinational taxation, moving away from the arm's-length standard and toward taxation based on global profits apportioned across countries. They presented this as a fairer and more durable way to reduce disputes."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building","description":"Developing countries' administrative constraints were highlighted as a central concern, including limited treaty networks, constitutional constraints, and lack of technical resources. Speakers called for sustained technical assistance and designs that are workable for lower-capacity tax administrations."},{"key":"arbitration-design","label":"Arbitration Design","description":"Delegates and stakeholders debated whether arbitration should be included at all, and if so whether it should be optional, mandatory, traditional, or last-best-offer. Supporters emphasized finality and certainty, while critics warned about sovereignty, transparency, and fairness concerns."},{"key":"cross-border-scope","label":"Cross-Border Scope","description":"Several speakers argued that the protocol should focus on tax disputes arising from cross-border transactions and exclude purely domestic disputes. This was presented as a way to keep the instrument targeted and consistent with existing domestic legal remedies."},{"key":"dispute-prevention","label":"Dispute Prevention","description":"Many interventions stressed that preventing disputes is preferable to resolving them after they arise. Suggested tools included clearer rules, cooperative compliance, advance pricing arrangements, joint audits, and other early-stage administrative mechanisms."},{"key":"protocol-legal-basis","label":"Legal Basis of the Protocol","description":"A recurring issue was how a dispute resolution mechanism would operate when no bilateral tax treaty exists, and how the protocol should relate to the framework convention and other protocols. Several speakers said a common multilateral legal basis would be necessary for disputes to be resolved coherently."},{"key":"transfer-pricing-rules","label":"Transfer Pricing Rules","description":"Transfer pricing was repeatedly identified as a major source of international tax disputes. Speakers discussed the complexity of current rules, difficulties in finding comparables, and the need for simpler and more workable approaches."},{"key":"transparency-information","label":"Transparency and Information Sharing","description":"A number of participants linked better dispute prevention and resolution to stronger transparency and access to information. Proposals included country-by-country reporting, improved data sharing, digital tools, and broader access to transfer pricing information."}]}}