{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1j/k1j586wad2","kaltura_id":"1_j586wad2","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session, 1101st meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session, 1101st meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2","date":"2026-04-20T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-04-20T13:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:03:32","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"65th session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1j/k1j586wad2"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Website","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/2026/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-a8fb37b2-e381-4e50-a9b0-7912ea8f1945","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":3102.51,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=3103","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good afternoon, distinguished delegates.","start":3102.51,"end":3105.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":3102.51,"end":3102.83},{"text":"afternoon,","start":3103.11,"end":3103.87},{"text":"distinguished","start":3103.87,"end":3104.63},{"text":"delegates.","start":3104.63,"end":3105.31}]},{"text":"I now declare open this meeting of the Legal Subcommittee.","start":3105.31,"end":3109.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3105.31,"end":3105.39},{"text":"now","start":3105.39,"end":3105.55},{"text":"declare","start":3105.55,"end":3106.03},{"text":"open","start":3106.11,"end":3106.71},{"text":"this","start":3106.71,"end":3106.99},{"text":"meeting","start":3106.99,"end":3107.63},{"text":"of","start":3107.63,"end":3107.87},{"text":"the","start":3107.87,"end":3107.99},{"text":"Legal","start":3108.19,"end":3108.59},{"text":"Subcommittee.","start":3108.59,"end":3109.47}]},{"text":"of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer 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will also continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 12, then agenda item 13, and we will begin and conclude our consideration of agenda item 14, and we'll see where we get to this afternoon.","start":3137.87,"end":3155.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3137.87,"end":3137.99},{"text":"will","start":3137.99,"end":3138.11},{"text":"also","start":3138.11,"end":3138.35},{"text":"continue","start":3138.35,"end":3138.99},{"text":"and","start":3139.15,"end":3139.47},{"text":"conclude","start":3139.47,"end":3139.95},{"text":"our","start":3139.95,"end":3140.03},{"text":"consideration","start":3140.03,"end":3140.71},{"text":"of","start":3140.71,"end":3140.79},{"text":"agenda","start":3140.79,"end":3141.19},{"text":"item","start":3141.19,"end":3141.47},{"text":"12,","start":3141.47,"end":3142.11},{"text":"then","start":3143.79,"end":3144.19},{"text":"agenda","start":3144.19,"end":3144.55},{"text":"item","start":3144.55,"end":3144.83},{"text":"13,","start":3144.83,"end":3145.55},{"text":"and","start":3145.55,"end":3145.67},{"text":"we","start":3146.75,"end":3146.99},{"text":"will","start":3146.99,"end":3147.15},{"text":"begin","start":3147.15,"end":3147.63},{"text":"and","start":3147.63,"end":3147.79},{"text":"conclude","start":3147.79,"end":3148.27},{"text":"our","start":3148.27,"end":3148.35},{"text":"consideration","start":3148.35,"end":3149.39},{"text":"of","start":3149.43,"end":3149.55},{"text":"agenda","start":3149.55,"end":3149.95},{"text":"item","start":3149.95,"end":3150.27},{"text":"14,","start":3150.27,"end":3151.07},{"text":"and","start":3153.55,"end":3153.71},{"text":"we'll","start":3153.71,"end":3153.95},{"text":"see","start":3153.95,"end":3154.35},{"text":"where","start":3154.51,"end":3154.71},{"text":"we","start":3154.71,"end":3154.83},{"text":"get","start":3154.83,"end":3155.03},{"text":"to","start":3155.03,"end":3155.11},{"text":"this","start":3155.15,"end":3155.39},{"text":"afternoon.","start":3155.39,"end":3155.95}]},{"text":"I would like then to move on to the general exchange of views, agenda item 4. I give the floor to the delegation of 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congratulates you on your appointment and assures your full support in guiding the work of this subcommittee.","start":3183.19,"end":3190.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Romania","start":3183.19,"end":3183.63},{"text":"congratulates","start":3183.63,"end":3184.47},{"text":"you","start":3184.47,"end":3184.59},{"text":"on","start":3184.59,"end":3184.71},{"text":"your","start":3184.71,"end":3184.87},{"text":"appointment","start":3184.87,"end":3185.59},{"text":"and","start":3185.79,"end":3185.95},{"text":"assures","start":3185.95,"end":3186.35},{"text":"your","start":3186.35,"end":3186.51},{"text":"full","start":3186.95,"end":3187.19},{"text":"support","start":3187.19,"end":3187.75},{"text":"in","start":3187.83,"end":3187.99},{"text":"guiding","start":3187.99,"end":3188.39},{"text":"the","start":3188.39,"end":3188.71},{"text":"work","start":3188.95,"end":3189.27},{"text":"of","start":3189.27,"end":3189.35},{"text":"this","start":3189.35,"end":3189.75},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":3189.75,"end":3190.47}]},{"text":"We also express our sincere appreciation to Mr. Santiago Ripoll Carullia of Spain for his dedicated leadership during his tenure as 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we thank the Office for Outer Space Affairs and its director, Arti Hulaimi, for their continued support in preparing the session.","start":3200.19,"end":3208.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":3200.19,"end":3200.91},{"text":"we","start":3201.15,"end":3201.27},{"text":"thank","start":3201.27,"end":3201.51},{"text":"the","start":3201.51,"end":3201.59},{"text":"Office","start":3201.59,"end":3201.95},{"text":"for","start":3201.95,"end":3202.11},{"text":"Outer","start":3202.11,"end":3202.35},{"text":"Space","start":3202.35,"end":3202.63},{"text":"Affairs","start":3202.63,"end":3203.15},{"text":"and","start":3203.15,"end":3203.35},{"text":"its","start":3203.35,"end":3203.47},{"text":"director,","start":3203.47,"end":3204.11},{"text":"Arti","start":3204.11,"end":3204.39},{"text":"Hulaimi,","start":3204.39,"end":3205.07},{"text":"for","start":3205.31,"end":3205.47},{"text":"their","start":3205.47,"end":3205.67},{"text":"continued","start":3205.67,"end":3206.07},{"text":"support","start":3206.07,"end":3206.51},{"text":"in","start":3206.51,"end":3206.75},{"text":"preparing","start":3206.75,"end":3207.47},{"text":"the","start":3207.75,"end":3208.03},{"text":"session.","start":3208.35,"end":3208.91}]},{"text":"Chair, Romania reaffirms a strong commitment to the rule-based international order in outer space.","start":3209.87,"end":3215.47,"topics":[{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. 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the spirit of cooperation and consensus that characterizes this committee remains essential to ensuring that outer space continues to be used for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all 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this respect, we are co-sponsoring a dedicated conference room paper that will outline the rationale and next 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the CRP expressly acknowledge and sincerely welcome existing efforts at national, regional and multilateral levels that contribute to international cooperation and capacity building for the benefit of all countries, regardless of their space capacities and level of development.","start":3496.95,"end":3515.59,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. 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distinguished delegates, we cordially invite all delegations to an informal meeting on this Friday, 24th April, from 12 to 1:15 in room CR5 and online, and we look forward to working hand in hand with all delegations, with all of you in this 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you very much.","start":3550.71,"end":3551.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3550.71,"end":3551.03},{"text":"you","start":3551.03,"end":3551.11},{"text":"very","start":3551.11,"end":3551.27},{"text":"much.","start":3551.27,"end":3551.59}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"DEU","affiliation_full":"Germany","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":5,"start":3553.71,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=3554","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Germany for that 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before moving to observers, I would like to give the floor to two delegations under the right of 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I would like to give the floor to the delegation of the United States.","start":3573.87,"end":3577.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":3573.87,"end":3574.51},{"text":"I","start":3574.51,"end":3574.55},{"text":"would","start":3574.55,"end":3574.67},{"text":"like","start":3574.67,"end":3574.79},{"text":"to","start":3574.79,"end":3574.87},{"text":"give","start":3574.87,"end":3575.03},{"text":"the","start":3575.03,"end":3575.15},{"text":"floor","start":3575.15,"end":3575.43},{"text":"to","start":3575.43,"end":3575.51},{"text":"the","start":3575.51,"end":3575.63},{"text":"delegation","start":3575.63,"end":3576.19},{"text":"of","start":3576.19,"end":3576.27},{"text":"the","start":3576.27,"end":3576.35},{"text":"United","start":3576.35,"end":3576.75},{"text":"States.","start":3576.75,"end":3577.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal 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this is not the forum, again, to raise geopolitical issues.","start":3595.63,"end":3599.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3595.63,"end":3595.83},{"text":"this","start":3595.83,"end":3595.95},{"text":"is","start":3595.95,"end":3596.11},{"text":"not","start":3596.11,"end":3596.35},{"text":"the","start":3596.35,"end":3596.43},{"text":"forum,","start":3596.43,"end":3596.99},{"text":"again,","start":3597.07,"end":3597.55},{"text":"to","start":3597.55,"end":3597.67},{"text":"raise","start":3597.67,"end":3598.03},{"text":"geopolitical","start":3598.03,"end":3598.63},{"text":"issues.","start":3598.63,"end":3599.07}]},{"text":"Doing so only distracts from this group's important work.","start":3599.55,"end":3602.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Doing","start":3599.55,"end":3599.87},{"text":"so","start":3599.87,"end":3600.23},{"text":"only","start":3600.23,"end":3600.43},{"text":"distracts","start":3600.43,"end":3600.95},{"text":"from","start":3600.95,"end":3601.11},{"text":"this","start":3601.11,"end":3601.23},{"text":"group's","start":3601.23,"end":3601.55},{"text":"important","start":3601.55,"end":3601.91},{"text":"work.","start":3601.91,"end":3602.27}]},{"text":"We do not intend to engage in repeated back-and-forth interventions on issues that are being discussed in other fora, but I am compelled again to respond briefly to an earlier intervention by 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Trump has been clear in his communications to the world why it was imperative for the United States to act, Our statements in the UN Security Council have been equally 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regret that Iran again decided to use this meeting on the topic of legal aspects of the peaceful uses of outer space to make political claims, and we respectfully request a return again to advancing our core technical work.","start":3624.07,"end":3635.87,"topics":[{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. 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you very much again, Chair.","start":3649.91,"end":3653.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3649.91,"end":3650.07},{"text":"you","start":3650.23,"end":3650.31},{"text":"very","start":3651.47,"end":3651.79},{"text":"much","start":3652.39,"end":3652.67},{"text":"again,","start":3652.67,"end":3653.03},{"text":"Chair.","start":3653.03,"end":3653.19}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"USA","affiliation_full":"United States of America","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":7,"start":3654.39,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=3655","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the of the United States.","start":3654.39,"end":3656.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3654.39,"end":3654.47},{"text":"thank","start":3654.47,"end":3654.71},{"text":"the","start":3654.83,"end":3654.91},{"text":"of","start":3655.11,"end":3655.19},{"text":"the","start":3655.27,"end":3655.43},{"text":"United","start":3655.43,"end":3655.95},{"text":"States.","start":3655.95,"end":3656.27}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to the delegation of the Russian Federation in right of 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Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":3667.43,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=3668","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chairperson.","start":3667.43,"end":3668.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3667.43,"end":3667.71},{"text":"you,","start":3667.71,"end":3667.79},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":3667.79,"end":3668.31}]},{"text":"Distinguished colleagues, in connection with the statement by Ukraine with respect to the Russian draft resolution in the GA on space science and technology, We would like to offer the following clarifications.","start":3669.51,"end":3685.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":3669.51,"end":3669.99},{"text":"colleagues,","start":3669.99,"end":3670.63},{"text":"in","start":3671.91,"end":3672.07},{"text":"connection","start":3672.07,"end":3672.51},{"text":"with","start":3672.51,"end":3672.75},{"text":"the","start":3672.75,"end":3672.83},{"text":"statement","start":3673.27,"end":3673.71},{"text":"by","start":3673.71,"end":3673.83},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3673.83,"end":3674.47},{"text":"with","start":3675.11,"end":3675.27},{"text":"respect","start":3675.27,"end":3675.95},{"text":"to","start":3675.95,"end":3676.15},{"text":"the","start":3676.15,"end":3676.35},{"text":"Russian","start":3676.95,"end":3677.39},{"text":"draft","start":3677.39,"end":3677.75},{"text":"resolution","start":3677.75,"end":3678.55},{"text":"in","start":3678.63,"end":3678.87},{"text":"the","start":3678.87,"end":3678.99},{"text":"GA","start":3679.03,"end":3679.83},{"text":"on","start":3679.83,"end":3680.23},{"text":"space","start":3680.47,"end":3680.83},{"text":"science","start":3680.83,"end":3681.71},{"text":"and","start":3681.71,"end":3681.87},{"text":"technology,","start":3681.87,"end":3682.47},{"text":"We","start":3683.03,"end":3683.07},{"text":"would","start":3683.07,"end":3683.27},{"text":"like","start":3683.27,"end":3683.43},{"text":"to","start":3683.43,"end":3683.79},{"text":"offer","start":3683.79,"end":3684.03},{"text":"the","start":3684.03,"end":3684.11},{"text":"following","start":3684.11,"end":3684.43},{"text":"clarifications.","start":3684.43,"end":3685.39}]},{"text":"The document was submitted by the Russian Federation in 2023 to the fourth committee of UNGA.","start":3686.83,"end":3694.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3686.83,"end":3686.91},{"text":"document","start":3686.91,"end":3687.39},{"text":"was","start":3687.39,"end":3687.55},{"text":"submitted","start":3687.55,"end":3688.07},{"text":"by","start":3688.07,"end":3688.27},{"text":"the","start":3688.27,"end":3688.43},{"text":"Russian","start":3688.43,"end":3688.67},{"text":"Federation","start":3688.67,"end":3689.23},{"text":"in","start":3689.23,"end":3689.71},{"text":"2023","start":3689.71,"end":3691.07},{"text":"to","start":3691.63,"end":3691.79},{"text":"the","start":3691.79,"end":3691.91},{"text":"fourth","start":3691.95,"end":3692.51},{"text":"committee","start":3692.51,"end":3693.07},{"text":"of","start":3693.07,"end":3693.63},{"text":"UNGA.","start":3693.63,"end":3694.19}]},{"text":"And then in light of comments from many delegations, it was submitted to COPUOS for 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that connection, we are impressed that the delegations reminded the Committee of the Russian draft, which focuses on the exclusively peaceful use of outer space for sustainable development purposes.","start":3713.35,"end":3731.11,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. 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states include the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.","start":3880.63,"end":3885.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3880.63,"end":3880.95},{"text":"states","start":3880.95,"end":3881.59},{"text":"include","start":3881.91,"end":3882.55},{"text":"the","start":3882.87,"end":3883.07},{"text":"Democratic","start":3883.27,"end":3883.79},{"text":"People's","start":3883.79,"end":3884.15},{"text":"Republic","start":3884.15,"end":3884.47},{"text":"of","start":3884.47,"end":3884.55},{"text":"Korea.","start":3884.55,"end":3885.03}]},{"text":"The sanctions that have been imposed in that country based on UN Security Council resolutions include inter alia the matter of nuclear testing and they do not impose restrictions on their access to outer 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would like our position to be reflected in the report of this meeting.","start":3904.39,"end":3908.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3904.39,"end":3904.51},{"text":"would","start":3904.51,"end":3904.63},{"text":"like","start":3904.63,"end":3904.95},{"text":"our","start":3905.03,"end":3905.27},{"text":"position","start":3905.27,"end":3905.67},{"text":"to","start":3905.67,"end":3905.79},{"text":"be","start":3905.79,"end":3906.07},{"text":"reflected","start":3906.07,"end":3906.79},{"text":"in","start":3906.79,"end":3906.95},{"text":"the","start":3906.95,"end":3907.15},{"text":"report","start":3907.15,"end":3907.75},{"text":"of","start":3907.83,"end":3908.15},{"text":"this","start":3908.15,"end":3908.47},{"text":"meeting.","start":3908.47,"end":3908.95}]},{"text":"Thank 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Mr. Chairman, the illegal act of aggression by the United States has no justification and constitutes a blatant violation of international law and international humanitarian 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the US delegation falsely claims that Iran poses an imminent threat, even its own intelligence reports have failed to substantiate such 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space facilities, historical sites, hospitals, museums, and schools, represent only a fraction of the US crimes in Iran.","start":3960.51,"end":3968.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Targeting","start":3960.51,"end":3961.15},{"text":"space","start":3961.15,"end":3961.43},{"text":"facilities,","start":3961.43,"end":3962.03},{"text":"historical","start":3962.03,"end":3962.59},{"text":"sites,","start":3962.59,"end":3963.11},{"text":"hospitals,","start":3963.11,"end":3963.79},{"text":"museums,","start":3963.79,"end":3964.35},{"text":"and","start":3964.35,"end":3964.51},{"text":"schools,","start":3964.51,"end":3965.23},{"text":"represent","start":3965.67,"end":3966.31},{"text":"only","start":3966.31,"end":3966.63},{"text":"a","start":3966.63,"end":3966.67},{"text":"fraction","start":3966.67,"end":3967.31},{"text":"of","start":3967.31,"end":3967.39},{"text":"the","start":3967.39,"end":3967.63},{"text":"US","start":3967.63,"end":3967.75},{"text":"crimes","start":3967.75,"end":3968.31},{"text":"in","start":3968.31,"end":3968.43},{"text":"Iran.","start":3968.43,"end":3968.95}]},{"text":"The US delegation seeks to justify the crimes through its statements by misusing every international platform.","start":3969.75,"end":3979.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3969.75,"end":3970.11},{"text":"US","start":3970.11,"end":3970.23},{"text":"delegation","start":3970.23,"end":3970.79},{"text":"seeks","start":3970.79,"end":3971.19},{"text":"to","start":3971.19,"end":3971.27},{"text":"justify","start":3971.27,"end":3971.75},{"text":"the","start":3971.75,"end":3971.87},{"text":"crimes","start":3971.87,"end":3972.63},{"text":"through","start":3973.27,"end":3973.63},{"text":"its","start":3974.39,"end":3974.99},{"text":"statements","start":3974.99,"end":3975.67},{"text":"by","start":3975.67,"end":3975.83},{"text":"misusing","start":3975.83,"end":3976.63},{"text":"every","start":3977.59,"end":3978.07},{"text":"international","start":3978.07,"end":3978.79},{"text":"platform.","start":3978.79,"end":3979.43}]},{"text":"It is a profound disgrace to attempt to rationalize the killing of children.","start":3980.23,"end":3984.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3980.23,"end":3980.31},{"text":"is","start":3980.31,"end":3980.43},{"text":"a","start":3980.43,"end":3980.47},{"text":"profound","start":3980.47,"end":3981.15},{"text":"disgrace","start":3981.15,"end":3981.83},{"text":"to","start":3981.99,"end":3982.15},{"text":"attempt","start":3982.15,"end":3982.59},{"text":"to","start":3982.59,"end":3982.67},{"text":"rationalize","start":3982.67,"end":3983.47},{"text":"the","start":3983.47,"end":3983.55},{"text":"killing","start":3983.55,"end":3983.91},{"text":"of","start":3983.91,"end":3983.99},{"text":"children.","start":3983.99,"end":3984.55}]},{"text":"The United States applies a clear double standard in its dealing with Iran and the whole world.","start":3985.43,"end":3990.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3985.43,"end":3985.59},{"text":"United","start":3985.59,"end":3985.99},{"text":"States","start":3985.99,"end":3986.35},{"text":"applies","start":3986.35,"end":3986.75},{"text":"a","start":3986.75,"end":3986.79},{"text":"clear","start":3986.79,"end":3987.27},{"text":"double","start":3987.27,"end":3987.51},{"text":"standard","start":3987.51,"end":3988.15},{"text":"in","start":3988.15,"end":3988.39},{"text":"its","start":3988.39,"end":3988.79},{"text":"dealing","start":3988.79,"end":3989.19},{"text":"with","start":3989.19,"end":3989.31},{"text":"Iran","start":3989.31,"end":3989.67},{"text":"and","start":3989.67,"end":3989.79},{"text":"the","start":3989.79,"end":3989.87},{"text":"whole","start":3989.87,"end":3990.15},{"text":"world.","start":3990.15,"end":3990.55}]},{"text":"An American child is entitled to life and education.","start":3991.11,"end":3994.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"An","start":3991.11,"end":3991.23},{"text":"American","start":3991.23,"end":3991.67},{"text":"child","start":3991.67,"end":3992.07},{"text":"is","start":3992.07,"end":3992.31},{"text":"entitled","start":3992.31,"end":3993.03},{"text":"to","start":3993.03,"end":3993.15},{"text":"life","start":3993.15,"end":3993.59},{"text":"and","start":3993.59,"end":3993.91},{"text":"education.","start":3993.91,"end":3994.63}]},{"text":"while Iranian children are killed and deprived of the same right by the fathers of US children serving in the US Army.","start":3995.39,"end":4004.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"while","start":3995.39,"end":3995.59},{"text":"Iranian","start":3995.59,"end":3996.23},{"text":"children","start":3996.23,"end":3996.71},{"text":"are","start":3996.71,"end":3996.87},{"text":"killed","start":3996.87,"end":3997.31},{"text":"and","start":3997.31,"end":3997.55},{"text":"deprived","start":3997.55,"end":3997.99},{"text":"of","start":3997.99,"end":3998.15},{"text":"the","start":3998.15,"end":3998.23},{"text":"same","start":3998.23,"end":3998.63},{"text":"right","start":3998.63,"end":3999.03},{"text":"by","start":3999.67,"end":3999.83},{"text":"the","start":3999.83,"end":3999.91},{"text":"fathers","start":3999.91,"end":4000.47},{"text":"of","start":4000.47,"end":4000.71},{"text":"US","start":4000.71,"end":4000.99},{"text":"children","start":4000.99,"end":4001.59},{"text":"serving","start":4002.39,"end":4003.03},{"text":"in","start":4003.03,"end":4003.19},{"text":"the","start":4003.19,"end":4003.31},{"text":"US","start":4003.43,"end":4003.59},{"text":"Army.","start":4003.59,"end":4004.15}]},{"text":"What heroic fathers and what a hollow claim to honor.","start":4004.83,"end":4009.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":4004.83,"end":4005.35},{"text":"heroic","start":4005.35,"end":4005.91},{"text":"fathers","start":4005.91,"end":4006.55},{"text":"and","start":4006.55,"end":4006.83},{"text":"what","start":4006.83,"end":4007.11},{"text":"a","start":4007.43,"end":4007.51},{"text":"hollow","start":4007.59,"end":4008.15},{"text":"claim","start":4008.15,"end":4008.55},{"text":"to","start":4008.55,"end":4008.71},{"text":"honor.","start":4008.71,"end":4009.19}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chairman.","start":4009.43,"end":4010.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4009.43,"end":4009.71},{"text":"you,","start":4009.71,"end":4009.79},{"text":"Mr.","start":4009.79,"end":4010.07},{"text":"Chairman.","start":4010.07,"end":4010.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":4013.35,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=4014","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Iran for that statement.","start":4013.35,"end":4015.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4013.35,"end":4013.51},{"text":"thank","start":4013.51,"end":4013.75},{"text":"the","start":4013.75,"end":4013.87},{"text":"delegation","start":4013.87,"end":4014.39},{"text":"of","start":4014.39,"end":4014.51},{"text":"Iran","start":4014.51,"end":4014.87},{"text":"for","start":4014.87,"end":4014.99},{"text":"that","start":4014.99,"end":4015.27},{"text":"statement.","start":4015.27,"end":4015.87}]},{"text":"And with that, we have concluded with interventions from Member 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observers.","start":4023.07,"end":4025.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4023.07,"end":4023.11},{"text":"would","start":4023.11,"end":4023.23},{"text":"like","start":4023.23,"end":4023.43},{"text":"to","start":4023.43,"end":4023.55},{"text":"move","start":4023.55,"end":4023.79},{"text":"now","start":4023.79,"end":4023.91},{"text":"to","start":4023.91,"end":4024.07},{"text":"statements","start":4024.07,"end":4024.59},{"text":"by","start":4024.59,"end":4024.83},{"text":"observers.","start":4024.83,"end":4025.71}]},{"text":"The first organisation on my list of speakers is the Committee on Space 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Chair, distinguished delegates, certain areas of the Moon are of great scientific and economic importance and therefore attract heightened interest from multiple stakeholders.","start":4037.15,"end":4049.87,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4037.15,"end":4037.51},{"text":"Chair,","start":4037.51,"end":4037.71},{"text":"distinguished","start":4037.87,"end":4038.51},{"text":"delegates,","start":4038.51,"end":4039.31},{"text":"certain","start":4039.71,"end":4040.27},{"text":"areas","start":4040.27,"end":4040.75},{"text":"of","start":4040.75,"end":4040.91},{"text":"the","start":4040.91,"end":4040.99},{"text":"Moon","start":4040.99,"end":4041.39},{"text":"are","start":4041.39,"end":4041.67},{"text":"of","start":4041.67,"end":4041.79},{"text":"great","start":4041.79,"end":4042.59},{"text":"scientific","start":4042.59,"end":4043.55},{"text":"and","start":4043.63,"end":4043.87},{"text":"economic","start":4043.87,"end":4044.67},{"text":"importance","start":4044.67,"end":4045.39},{"text":"and","start":4045.71,"end":4045.91},{"text":"therefore","start":4045.91,"end":4046.35},{"text":"attract","start":4046.35,"end":4046.83},{"text":"heightened","start":4046.83,"end":4047.47},{"text":"interest","start":4047.47,"end":4048.11},{"text":"from","start":4048.11,"end":4048.39},{"text":"multiple","start":4048.39,"end":4048.91},{"text":"stakeholders.","start":4048.91,"end":4049.87}]},{"text":"such as permanently shadowed regions, the far side of the Moon, and unique geological formations such as lava tubes, underscoring the need for effective management of these areas by ensuring their preservation for present and future scientific investigations while enabling responsible commercial use.","start":4050.31,"end":4071.83,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"such","start":4050.31,"end":4050.63},{"text":"as","start":4050.63,"end":4050.79},{"text":"permanently","start":4050.79,"end":4051.43},{"text":"shadowed","start":4051.43,"end":4051.91},{"text":"regions,","start":4051.91,"end":4053.35},{"text":"the","start":4053.67,"end":4053.83},{"text":"far","start":4053.83,"end":4054.11},{"text":"side","start":4054.11,"end":4054.51},{"text":"of","start":4054.51,"end":4054.59},{"text":"the","start":4054.59,"end":4054.71},{"text":"Moon,","start":4054.71,"end":4055.11},{"text":"and","start":4055.43,"end":4055.63},{"text":"unique","start":4055.63,"end":4056.03},{"text":"geological","start":4056.03,"end":4056.79},{"text":"formations","start":4056.79,"end":4057.55},{"text":"such","start":4057.55,"end":4057.83},{"text":"as","start":4057.83,"end":4057.99},{"text":"lava","start":4057.99,"end":4058.31},{"text":"tubes,","start":4058.31,"end":4058.87},{"text":"underscoring","start":4059.35,"end":4060.15},{"text":"the","start":4060.15,"end":4060.27},{"text":"need","start":4060.27,"end":4060.59},{"text":"for","start":4060.59,"end":4060.79},{"text":"effective","start":4060.79,"end":4061.35},{"text":"management","start":4061.35,"end":4062.03},{"text":"of","start":4062.03,"end":4062.15},{"text":"these","start":4062.15,"end":4062.39},{"text":"areas","start":4062.39,"end":4063.03},{"text":"by","start":4063.35,"end":4063.63},{"text":"ensuring","start":4063.63,"end":4064.31},{"text":"their","start":4064.31,"end":4064.51},{"text":"preservation","start":4064.51,"end":4065.43},{"text":"for","start":4065.43,"end":4065.59},{"text":"present","start":4065.59,"end":4066.15},{"text":"and","start":4066.47,"end":4066.63},{"text":"future","start":4066.63,"end":4067.03},{"text":"scientific","start":4067.03,"end":4067.67},{"text":"investigations","start":4067.67,"end":4068.71},{"text":"while","start":4068.91,"end":4069.35},{"text":"enabling","start":4069.35,"end":4070.07},{"text":"responsible","start":4070.07,"end":4070.79},{"text":"commercial","start":4070.79,"end":4071.35},{"text":"use.","start":4071.35,"end":4071.83}]},{"text":"Against this background, COSPAR established in March this year a new task group on the management of lunar special areas to study the scientific prerequisites for sustainable lunar activities.","start":4072.67,"end":4086.27,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"Against","start":4072.67,"end":4073.07},{"text":"this","start":4073.07,"end":4073.31},{"text":"background,","start":4073.31,"end":4073.95},{"text":"COSPAR","start":4074.03,"end":4074.95},{"text":"established","start":4074.95,"end":4075.31},{"text":"in","start":4075.31,"end":4075.47},{"text":"March","start":4075.47,"end":4075.95},{"text":"this","start":4075.95,"end":4076.27},{"text":"year","start":4076.27,"end":4076.67},{"text":"a","start":4076.67,"end":4076.71},{"text":"new","start":4076.71,"end":4077.07},{"text":"task","start":4077.07,"end":4077.51},{"text":"group","start":4077.51,"end":4077.87},{"text":"on","start":4078.19,"end":4078.35},{"text":"the","start":4078.35,"end":4078.47},{"text":"management","start":4078.47,"end":4079.15},{"text":"of","start":4079.15,"end":4079.23},{"text":"lunar","start":4079.23,"end":4079.63},{"text":"special","start":4079.63,"end":4080.11},{"text":"areas","start":4080.11,"end":4080.75},{"text":"to","start":4081.15,"end":4081.31},{"text":"study","start":4081.31,"end":4081.75},{"text":"the","start":4081.75,"end":4081.91},{"text":"scientific","start":4081.91,"end":4082.67},{"text":"prerequisites","start":4082.67,"end":4083.63},{"text":"for","start":4083.63,"end":4083.87},{"text":"sustainable","start":4083.87,"end":4084.67},{"text":"lunar","start":4084.83,"end":4085.47},{"text":"activities.","start":4085.47,"end":4086.27}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, the scientific community would benefit from dissemination of information and data under Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty.","start":4086.91,"end":4097.63,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Delegations and observers highlighted the need for information sharing, advance notification, and consultation mechanisms under the Outer Space Treaty, especially Article 11 and due-regard obligations. This was presented as essential for reducing misunderstandings, improving coordination, and supporting responsible operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4086.91,"end":4087.31},{"text":"Chair,","start":4087.31,"end":4087.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":4087.55,"end":4088.23},{"text":"delegates,","start":4088.23,"end":4088.99},{"text":"the","start":4089.23,"end":4089.39},{"text":"scientific","start":4089.39,"end":4089.99},{"text":"community","start":4089.99,"end":4090.59},{"text":"would","start":4090.59,"end":4090.83},{"text":"benefit","start":4090.83,"end":4091.47},{"text":"from","start":4091.47,"end":4091.71},{"text":"dissemination","start":4091.71,"end":4092.67},{"text":"of","start":4092.67,"end":4092.75},{"text":"information","start":4092.75,"end":4093.55},{"text":"and","start":4093.55,"end":4093.75},{"text":"data","start":4093.75,"end":4094.27},{"text":"under","start":4094.79,"end":4095.15},{"text":"Article","start":4095.15,"end":4095.63},{"text":"11","start":4095.63,"end":4096.07},{"text":"of","start":4096.07,"end":4096.19},{"text":"the","start":4096.19,"end":4096.35},{"text":"Outer","start":4096.35,"end":4096.67},{"text":"Space","start":4096.67,"end":4097.07},{"text":"Treaty.","start":4097.07,"end":4097.63}]},{"text":"In this context, I wish to mention one specific area of concern, namely the organic inventory requirement for lunar missions under the COSPAR policy on planetary protection.","start":4098.23,"end":4110.79,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4098.23,"end":4098.35},{"text":"this","start":4098.35,"end":4098.55},{"text":"context,","start":4098.55,"end":4099.51},{"text":"I","start":4099.51,"end":4099.67},{"text":"wish","start":4099.67,"end":4099.91},{"text":"to","start":4099.91,"end":4100.03},{"text":"mention","start":4100.03,"end":4100.55},{"text":"one","start":4100.55,"end":4100.79},{"text":"specific","start":4100.79,"end":4101.43},{"text":"area","start":4101.43,"end":4101.79},{"text":"of","start":4101.79,"end":4101.91},{"text":"concern,","start":4101.91,"end":4102.63},{"text":"namely","start":4103.03,"end":4103.67},{"text":"the","start":4103.83,"end":4104.11},{"text":"organic","start":4104.15,"end":4104.71},{"text":"inventory","start":4104.71,"end":4105.35},{"text":"requirement","start":4105.35,"end":4106.07},{"text":"for","start":4106.07,"end":4106.23},{"text":"lunar","start":4106.23,"end":4106.63},{"text":"missions","start":4106.63,"end":4107.27},{"text":"under","start":4107.63,"end":4107.83},{"text":"the","start":4107.83,"end":4107.91},{"text":"COSPAR","start":4107.91,"end":4108.87},{"text":"policy","start":4108.87,"end":4109.43},{"text":"on","start":4109.43,"end":4109.51},{"text":"planetary","start":4109.51,"end":4110.19},{"text":"protection.","start":4110.19,"end":4110.79}]},{"text":"In 2021, the moon was classified as category 2A and 2B to differentiate the lunar surface in line with areas of special astrobiological interest, particularly the polar regions and PSRs.","start":4111.91,"end":4128.03,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4111.91,"end":4112.11},{"text":"2021,","start":4112.11,"end":4113.35},{"text":"the","start":4113.35,"end":4113.55},{"text":"moon","start":4113.55,"end":4113.99},{"text":"was","start":4113.99,"end":4114.23},{"text":"classified","start":4114.23,"end":4115.11},{"text":"as","start":4115.11,"end":4115.35},{"text":"category","start":4115.35,"end":4116.07},{"text":"2A","start":4116.07,"end":4116.95},{"text":"and","start":4116.95,"end":4117.15},{"text":"2B","start":4117.15,"end":4117.75},{"text":"to","start":4118.15,"end":4118.31},{"text":"differentiate","start":4118.31,"end":4119.43},{"text":"the","start":4119.43,"end":4119.55},{"text":"lunar","start":4119.55,"end":4119.91},{"text":"surface","start":4119.91,"end":4120.55},{"text":"in","start":4120.55,"end":4120.71},{"text":"line","start":4120.71,"end":4121.11},{"text":"with","start":4121.11,"end":4121.35},{"text":"areas","start":4121.43,"end":4121.91},{"text":"of","start":4121.91,"end":4121.99},{"text":"special","start":4121.99,"end":4122.71},{"text":"astrobiological","start":4122.71,"end":4123.91},{"text":"interest,","start":4123.91,"end":4124.63},{"text":"particularly","start":4125.23,"end":4125.79},{"text":"the","start":4125.79,"end":4125.95},{"text":"polar","start":4125.95,"end":4126.35},{"text":"regions","start":4126.35,"end":4126.95},{"text":"and","start":4126.95,"end":4127.15},{"text":"PSRs.","start":4127.15,"end":4128.03}]},{"text":"The level of documented organic inventory is higher in category 2B regions and lower elsewhere on the lunar surface to support sustained and controlled exploration and utilization activities while accounting for information on organic materials that may be released into the lunar environment.","start":4129.07,"end":4150.51,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4129.07,"end":4129.23},{"text":"level","start":4129.23,"end":4129.63},{"text":"of","start":4129.63,"end":4129.71},{"text":"documented","start":4129.71,"end":4130.43},{"text":"organic","start":4130.43,"end":4130.95},{"text":"inventory","start":4130.95,"end":4131.71},{"text":"is","start":4131.71,"end":4131.87},{"text":"higher","start":4131.87,"end":4132.43},{"text":"in","start":4132.43,"end":4132.51},{"text":"category","start":4132.51,"end":4133.15},{"text":"2B","start":4133.15,"end":4133.95},{"text":"regions","start":4133.95,"end":4134.75},{"text":"and","start":4134.75,"end":4134.95},{"text":"lower","start":4134.95,"end":4135.47},{"text":"elsewhere","start":4135.47,"end":4136.23},{"text":"on","start":4136.23,"end":4136.35},{"text":"the","start":4136.35,"end":4136.47},{"text":"lunar","start":4136.47,"end":4136.83},{"text":"surface","start":4136.83,"end":4137.39},{"text":"to","start":4137.87,"end":4138.03},{"text":"support","start":4138.03,"end":4138.59},{"text":"sustained","start":4138.59,"end":4139.27},{"text":"and","start":4139.27,"end":4139.39},{"text":"controlled","start":4139.39,"end":4140.03},{"text":"exploration","start":4140.03,"end":4140.83},{"text":"and","start":4140.83,"end":4140.95},{"text":"utilization","start":4140.95,"end":4141.87},{"text":"activities","start":4141.87,"end":4142.67},{"text":"while","start":4143.03,"end":4143.55},{"text":"accounting","start":4143.55,"end":4144.19},{"text":"for","start":4144.19,"end":4144.35},{"text":"information","start":4144.35,"end":4145.23},{"text":"on","start":4145.23,"end":4145.39},{"text":"organic","start":4145.39,"end":4145.95},{"text":"materials","start":4145.95,"end":4146.91},{"text":"that","start":4146.99,"end":4147.31},{"text":"may","start":4147.31,"end":4147.63},{"text":"be","start":4147.63,"end":4147.79},{"text":"released","start":4147.79,"end":4148.51},{"text":"into","start":4148.51,"end":4148.91},{"text":"the","start":4148.91,"end":4149.03},{"text":"lunar","start":4149.03,"end":4149.55},{"text":"environment.","start":4149.55,"end":4150.51}]},{"text":"The objective of an organic inventory included in hardware flown to space is to capture knowledge of possible contaminants to use in future scientific investigations as a reference to avoid any misinterpretation of terrestrial organics as indigenous biosignatures.","start":4151.63,"end":4171.79,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4151.63,"end":4151.83},{"text":"objective","start":4151.83,"end":4152.35},{"text":"of","start":4152.35,"end":4152.43},{"text":"an","start":4152.47,"end":4152.63},{"text":"organic","start":4152.63,"end":4153.15},{"text":"inventory","start":4153.15,"end":4154.03},{"text":"included","start":4154.03,"end":4154.67},{"text":"in","start":4154.67,"end":4154.83},{"text":"hardware","start":4154.83,"end":4155.55},{"text":"flown","start":4155.55,"end":4156.11},{"text":"to","start":4156.11,"end":4156.27},{"text":"space","start":4156.27,"end":4156.91},{"text":"is","start":4157.31,"end":4157.55},{"text":"to","start":4157.55,"end":4157.71},{"text":"capture","start":4157.71,"end":4158.19},{"text":"knowledge","start":4158.19,"end":4158.83},{"text":"of","start":4158.91,"end":4159.07},{"text":"possible","start":4159.07,"end":4159.63},{"text":"contaminants","start":4159.63,"end":4160.59},{"text":"to","start":4160.59,"end":4160.79},{"text":"use","start":4160.79,"end":4161.39},{"text":"in","start":4161.63,"end":4161.79},{"text":"future","start":4161.79,"end":4162.27},{"text":"scientific","start":4162.27,"end":4162.91},{"text":"investigations","start":4162.91,"end":4164.03},{"text":"as","start":4164.11,"end":4164.35},{"text":"a","start":4164.35,"end":4164.39},{"text":"reference","start":4164.39,"end":4165.07},{"text":"to","start":4165.07,"end":4165.23},{"text":"avoid","start":4165.23,"end":4165.71},{"text":"any","start":4165.95,"end":4166.27},{"text":"misinterpretation","start":4166.27,"end":4167.71},{"text":"of","start":4167.71,"end":4167.95},{"text":"terrestrial","start":4167.95,"end":4168.59},{"text":"organics","start":4168.59,"end":4169.39},{"text":"as","start":4169.63,"end":4169.95},{"text":"indigenous","start":4170.03,"end":4170.75},{"text":"biosignatures.","start":4170.75,"end":4171.79}]},{"text":"For category two lander missions to the polar regions and PSRs, a complete organic inventory should consider contributions from all spacecraft hardware elements greater than one kilogram.","start":4172.91,"end":4187.11,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4172.91,"end":4173.03},{"text":"category","start":4173.03,"end":4173.67},{"text":"two","start":4173.67,"end":4174.07},{"text":"lander","start":4174.07,"end":4174.71},{"text":"missions","start":4174.71,"end":4175.27},{"text":"to","start":4175.27,"end":4175.47},{"text":"the","start":4175.47,"end":4175.59},{"text":"polar","start":4175.59,"end":4176.03},{"text":"regions","start":4176.03,"end":4176.71},{"text":"and","start":4176.71,"end":4176.87},{"text":"PSRs,","start":4176.87,"end":4177.83},{"text":"a","start":4178.31,"end":4178.35},{"text":"complete","start":4178.35,"end":4178.95},{"text":"organic","start":4178.95,"end":4179.51},{"text":"inventory","start":4179.51,"end":4180.23},{"text":"should","start":4180.23,"end":4180.63},{"text":"consider","start":4180.63,"end":4181.35},{"text":"contributions","start":4181.35,"end":4182.39},{"text":"from","start":4182.39,"end":4182.71},{"text":"all","start":4182.75,"end":4183.11},{"text":"spacecraft","start":4183.11,"end":4183.99},{"text":"hardware","start":4183.99,"end":4184.55},{"text":"elements","start":4184.55,"end":4185.19},{"text":"greater","start":4185.51,"end":4185.99},{"text":"than","start":4185.99,"end":4186.15},{"text":"one","start":4186.15,"end":4186.47},{"text":"kilogram.","start":4186.47,"end":4187.11}]},{"text":"For category 2A missions elsewhere to the lunar surface, the organic inventory would only consider the volatile organic material that remains or has been released into the lunar environment by the propulsion, attitude control, and other spacecraft systems.","start":4187.83,"end":4206.07,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. 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Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4347.83,"end":4347.99},{"text":"landings","start":4347.99,"end":4348.47},{"text":"and","start":4348.47,"end":4348.59},{"text":"surface","start":4348.59,"end":4348.95},{"text":"operations","start":4348.95,"end":4349.51},{"text":"increase,","start":4349.51,"end":4350.15},{"text":"unconstrained","start":4350.39,"end":4351.19},{"text":"freedom","start":4351.19,"end":4351.47},{"text":"of","start":4351.47,"end":4351.59},{"text":"access","start":4351.59,"end":4352.15},{"text":"risks","start":4352.15,"end":4352.63},{"text":"real","start":4352.63,"end":4352.99},{"text":"and","start":4352.99,"end":4353.15},{"text":"immediate","start":4353.15,"end":4353.51},{"text":"interference","start":4353.51,"end":4354.15},{"text":"between","start":4354.15,"end":4354.51},{"text":"missions.","start":4354.51,"end":4355.11}]},{"text":"Conversely, overly restrictive interpretations of due regard risk chilling the very exploration the treaty was designed to enable.","start":4355.67,"end":4363.67,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. 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Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."}],"words":[{"text":"Conversely,","start":4355.67,"end":4356.55},{"text":"overly","start":4356.87,"end":4357.27},{"text":"restrictive","start":4357.27,"end":4357.91},{"text":"interpretations","start":4357.91,"end":4358.83},{"text":"of","start":4358.83,"end":4358.95},{"text":"due","start":4358.95,"end":4359.03},{"text":"regard","start":4359.03,"end":4359.59},{"text":"risk","start":4359.83,"end":4360.23},{"text":"chilling","start":4360.23,"end":4360.71},{"text":"the","start":4360.71,"end":4360.83},{"text":"very","start":4360.83,"end":4361.11},{"text":"exploration","start":4361.11,"end":4361.91},{"text":"the","start":4361.91,"end":4362.07},{"text":"treaty","start":4362.07,"end":4362.39},{"text":"was","start":4362.39,"end":4362.55},{"text":"designed","start":4362.55,"end":4363.03},{"text":"to","start":4363.03,"end":4363.15},{"text":"enable.","start":4363.15,"end":4363.67}]},{"text":"So how can these tensions be addressed?","start":4364.71,"end":4366.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4364.71,"end":4364.87},{"text":"how","start":4364.87,"end":4365.03},{"text":"can","start":4365.03,"end":4365.23},{"text":"these","start":4365.23,"end":4365.43},{"text":"tensions","start":4365.43,"end":4365.91},{"text":"be","start":4365.91,"end":4365.99},{"text":"addressed?","start":4365.99,"end":4366.63}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, you can begin where the law is most workable, where the stakes are most concrete, where the prospects for consensus are highest, and where positioning information is already available and publicly shared.","start":4367.51,"end":4379.79,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Delegations and observers highlighted the need for information sharing, advance notification, and consultation mechanisms under the Outer Space Treaty, especially Article 11 and due-regard obligations. 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The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":4367.51,"end":4367.99},{"text":"delegates,","start":4367.99,"end":4368.55},{"text":"you","start":4368.79,"end":4368.95},{"text":"can","start":4368.95,"end":4369.11},{"text":"begin","start":4369.11,"end":4369.51},{"text":"where","start":4369.51,"end":4369.67},{"text":"the","start":4369.67,"end":4369.75},{"text":"law","start":4369.75,"end":4369.99},{"text":"is","start":4369.99,"end":4370.15},{"text":"most","start":4370.15,"end":4370.43},{"text":"workable,","start":4370.43,"end":4370.95},{"text":"where","start":4371.43,"end":4371.59},{"text":"the","start":4371.59,"end":4371.71},{"text":"stakes","start":4371.71,"end":4372.07},{"text":"are","start":4372.07,"end":4372.23},{"text":"most","start":4372.23,"end":4372.47},{"text":"concrete,","start":4372.47,"end":4373.11},{"text":"where","start":4373.55,"end":4373.75},{"text":"the","start":4373.75,"end":4373.83},{"text":"prospects","start":4373.83,"end":4374.39},{"text":"for","start":4374.39,"end":4374.55},{"text":"consensus","start":4374.55,"end":4375.19},{"text":"are","start":4375.19,"end":4375.35},{"text":"highest,","start":4375.35,"end":4375.91},{"text":"and","start":4376.31,"end":4376.43},{"text":"where","start":4376.43,"end":4376.59},{"text":"positioning","start":4376.59,"end":4377.15},{"text":"information","start":4377.15,"end":4377.71},{"text":"is","start":4377.71,"end":4377.87},{"text":"already","start":4377.87,"end":4378.19},{"text":"available","start":4378.19,"end":4378.75},{"text":"and","start":4378.75,"end":4378.91},{"text":"publicly","start":4378.91,"end":4379.31},{"text":"shared.","start":4379.31,"end":4379.79}]},{"text":"You can begin with sites and objects of historic significance.","start":4380.75,"end":4383.87,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."}],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4380.75,"end":4380.99},{"text":"can","start":4380.99,"end":4381.15},{"text":"begin","start":4381.15,"end":4381.47},{"text":"with","start":4381.47,"end":4381.59},{"text":"sites","start":4381.59,"end":4381.95},{"text":"and","start":4381.95,"end":4382.11},{"text":"objects","start":4382.11,"end":4382.51},{"text":"of","start":4382.51,"end":4382.59},{"text":"historic","start":4382.59,"end":4383.07},{"text":"significance.","start":4383.07,"end":4383.87}]},{"text":"Recognizing and protecting these sites and objects is not about exclusion or halting development.","start":4384.47,"end":4389.31,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. 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2025.","start":4535.55,"end":4540.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Last","start":4535.55,"end":4535.83},{"text":"November,","start":4535.83,"end":4536.75},{"text":"we","start":4536.75,"end":4536.99},{"text":"adopted","start":4537.03,"end":4537.35},{"text":"the","start":4537.35,"end":4537.47},{"text":"Tokyo","start":4537.47,"end":4537.95},{"text":"Declaration","start":4537.95,"end":4538.75},{"text":"to","start":4538.75,"end":4538.91},{"text":"2025.","start":4538.99,"end":4540.27}]},{"text":"This declaration emphasizes a simple but important idea.","start":4540.83,"end":4544.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4540.83,"end":4541.07},{"text":"declaration","start":4541.15,"end":4542.19},{"text":"emphasizes","start":4542.19,"end":4543.15},{"text":"a","start":4543.15,"end":4543.23},{"text":"simple","start":4543.23,"end":4543.87},{"text":"but","start":4543.87,"end":4544.03},{"text":"important","start":4544.03,"end":4544.59},{"text":"idea.","start":4544.59,"end":4544.99}]},{"text":"The long-term sustainability of outer space depends not only on technology, it also requires responsible behavior, international cooperation, and active engagement of the next generation.","start":4545.51,"end":4558.55,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. 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Capacity-building was presented as a practical way to help emerging space nations implement international obligations and develop national frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4545.51,"end":4545.63},{"text":"long-term","start":4545.63,"end":4546.27},{"text":"sustainability","start":4546.27,"end":4547.07},{"text":"of","start":4547.07,"end":4547.27},{"text":"outer","start":4547.27,"end":4547.55},{"text":"space","start":4547.55,"end":4548.07},{"text":"depends","start":4548.15,"end":4548.71},{"text":"not","start":4548.71,"end":4549.03},{"text":"only","start":4549.03,"end":4549.35},{"text":"on","start":4549.35,"end":4549.51},{"text":"technology,","start":4549.51,"end":4550.15},{"text":"it","start":4550.47,"end":4550.71},{"text":"also","start":4550.71,"end":4551.11},{"text":"requires","start":4551.11,"end":4551.91},{"text":"responsible","start":4551.99,"end":4552.71},{"text":"behavior,","start":4552.71,"end":4553.35},{"text":"international","start":4553.67,"end":4554.39},{"text":"cooperation,","start":4554.39,"end":4555.27},{"text":"and","start":4555.59,"end":4555.83},{"text":"active","start":4555.83,"end":4556.39},{"text":"engagement","start":4556.47,"end":4557.15},{"text":"of","start":4557.15,"end":4557.27},{"text":"the","start":4557.27,"end":4557.39},{"text":"next","start":4557.39,"end":4557.67},{"text":"generation.","start":4557.67,"end":4558.55}]},{"text":"In addition, ISAE Global submitted a contribution to this committee, promoting the long-term sustainability of outer space activities through education, capacity building, and responsible nano-microsatellite operations.","start":4558.95,"end":4573.99,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. 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Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4558.95,"end":4559.19},{"text":"addition,","start":4559.19,"end":4559.83},{"text":"ISAE","start":4560.39,"end":4560.91},{"text":"Global","start":4560.91,"end":4561.19},{"text":"submitted","start":4561.19,"end":4561.83},{"text":"a","start":4562.07,"end":4562.15},{"text":"contribution","start":4562.15,"end":4562.95},{"text":"to","start":4562.95,"end":4563.07},{"text":"this","start":4563.07,"end":4563.27},{"text":"committee,","start":4563.27,"end":4563.83},{"text":"promoting","start":4564.31,"end":4564.87},{"text":"the","start":4564.87,"end":4565.11},{"text":"long-term","start":4565.11,"end":4565.67},{"text":"sustainability","start":4565.67,"end":4566.47},{"text":"of","start":4566.55,"end":4566.75},{"text":"outer","start":4566.75,"end":4566.91},{"text":"space","start":4566.91,"end":4567.19},{"text":"activities","start":4567.19,"end":4567.99},{"text":"through","start":4568.11,"end":4568.31},{"text":"education,","start":4568.31,"end":4569.19},{"text":"capacity","start":4569.51,"end":4570.07},{"text":"building,","start":4570.07,"end":4570.63},{"text":"and","start":4570.87,"end":4571.19},{"text":"responsible","start":4571.19,"end":4571.83},{"text":"nano-microsatellite","start":4571.83,"end":4573.15},{"text":"operations.","start":4573.19,"end":4573.99}]},{"text":"This contribution highlights the key message, education and practical experience must be closely linked to responsible space operations.","start":4574.75,"end":4584.35,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. 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Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4574.75,"end":4574.91},{"text":"contribution","start":4574.91,"end":4575.63},{"text":"highlights","start":4575.63,"end":4576.11},{"text":"the","start":4576.11,"end":4576.27},{"text":"key","start":4576.27,"end":4576.43},{"text":"message,","start":4576.43,"end":4576.99},{"text":"education","start":4577.55,"end":4578.51},{"text":"and","start":4578.59,"end":4578.83},{"text":"practical","start":4578.91,"end":4579.47},{"text":"experience","start":4579.47,"end":4580.27},{"text":"must","start":4580.35,"end":4580.67},{"text":"be","start":4580.67,"end":4580.83},{"text":"closely","start":4580.83,"end":4581.55},{"text":"linked","start":4581.55,"end":4581.91},{"text":"to","start":4581.91,"end":4582.11},{"text":"responsible","start":4582.15,"end":4582.91},{"text":"space","start":4582.91,"end":4583.31},{"text":"operations.","start":4583.39,"end":4584.35}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, based on the perspective, we would like to present three points.","start":4585.07,"end":4590.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4585.07,"end":4585.39},{"text":"Chair,","start":4585.39,"end":4585.79},{"text":"based","start":4586.67,"end":4587.07},{"text":"on","start":4587.07,"end":4587.23},{"text":"the","start":4587.23,"end":4587.39},{"text":"perspective,","start":4587.39,"end":4588.35},{"text":"we","start":4588.35,"end":4588.59},{"text":"would","start":4588.59,"end":4588.71},{"text":"like","start":4588.71,"end":4588.91},{"text":"to","start":4588.91,"end":4589.11},{"text":"present","start":4589.15,"end":4589.79},{"text":"three","start":4589.79,"end":4590.03},{"text":"points.","start":4590.03,"end":4590.51}]},{"text":"First, capacity building in space law and policy is essential for implementing the LTS guidelines.","start":4590.99,"end":4598.19,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. 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This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space opportunities."}],"words":[{"text":"Today,","start":4598.67,"end":4599.39},{"text":"more","start":4599.39,"end":4599.63},{"text":"countries","start":4599.63,"end":4600.31},{"text":"are","start":4600.31,"end":4600.51},{"text":"entering","start":4600.51,"end":4600.99},{"text":"space","start":4600.99,"end":4601.35},{"text":"activities.","start":4601.35,"end":4602.11}]},{"text":"However, I'm afraid access to legal knowledge and regulatory frameworks remains uneven.","start":4602.63,"end":4608.71,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. 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Capacity-building was presented as a practical way to help emerging space nations implement international obligations and develop national frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Taking","start":4609.67,"end":4609.99},{"text":"the","start":4609.99,"end":4610.11},{"text":"matter","start":4610.11,"end":4610.39},{"text":"into","start":4610.39,"end":4610.75},{"text":"consideration,","start":4610.79,"end":4611.75},{"text":"UNICEF","start":4612.31,"end":4612.63},{"text":"Global","start":4612.63,"end":4613.19},{"text":"addresses","start":4613.19,"end":4613.91},{"text":"this","start":4614.07,"end":4614.31},{"text":"gap","start":4614.31,"end":4614.71},{"text":"through","start":4615.07,"end":4615.27},{"text":"educational","start":4615.31,"end":4615.99},{"text":"programs.","start":4615.99,"end":4616.63}]},{"text":"These programs combine technical training with legal and policy perspectives.","start":4617.51,"end":4622.63,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. Capacity-building was presented as a practical way to help emerging space nations implement international obligations and develop national frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":4617.51,"end":4617.83},{"text":"programs","start":4617.83,"end":4618.55},{"text":"combine","start":4618.55,"end":4619.19},{"text":"technical","start":4619.19,"end":4619.75},{"text":"training","start":4619.75,"end":4620.39},{"text":"with","start":4620.39,"end":4620.55},{"text":"legal","start":4620.55,"end":4621.03},{"text":"and","start":4621.11,"end":4621.27},{"text":"policy","start":4621.27,"end":4621.75},{"text":"perspectives.","start":4621.75,"end":4622.63}]},{"text":"I'm sure they have developed well-balanced future professionals.","start":4623.27,"end":4627.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":4623.27,"end":4623.51},{"text":"sure","start":4623.51,"end":4623.99},{"text":"they","start":4623.99,"end":4624.23},{"text":"have","start":4624.23,"end":4624.47},{"text":"developed","start":4624.47,"end":4624.99},{"text":"well-balanced","start":4625.03,"end":4625.83},{"text":"future","start":4625.83,"end":4626.19},{"text":"professionals.","start":4626.19,"end":4627.03}]},{"text":"Secondly, I believe that hands-on activities are essential to foster responsible space actors.","start":4628.07,"end":4633.51,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. 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Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":4641.99,"end":4642.23},{"text":"can","start":4642.23,"end":4642.47},{"text":"design,","start":4642.47,"end":4643.03},{"text":"build,","start":4643.03,"end":4643.59},{"text":"and","start":4643.59,"end":4643.75},{"text":"operate","start":4643.75,"end":4644.31},{"text":"small","start":4644.31,"end":4644.55},{"text":"satellite","start":4644.55,"end":4644.99},{"text":"systems.","start":4644.99,"end":4645.59}]},{"text":"At the same time, they can also learn about safety, international norms, and regulatory responsibilities.","start":4646.35,"end":4652.55,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."},{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris and Remediation","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly raised the risks posed by debris, derelict objects, and inadequate end-of-life planning. 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also extend our appreciation to Ms. Arty Holamaine, the director of UNOSA, and her team for very efficient planning and successfully organizing this 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ahead, we are pleased to confirm that in May 2026, SGAC will collaborate with the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics to co-organize SGX.","start":5080.07,"end":5091.03,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. 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commitments underscored ESA's credentials and tools in the development of space technologies and systems, including for security and 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warmly invite member states to share how we may best support your efforts.","start":5874.19,"end":5879.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5874.19,"end":5874.35},{"text":"warmly","start":5874.35,"end":5874.71},{"text":"invite","start":5874.71,"end":5875.07},{"text":"member","start":5875.87,"end":5876.11},{"text":"states","start":5876.11,"end":5876.83},{"text":"to","start":5877.07,"end":5877.19},{"text":"share","start":5877.19,"end":5877.47},{"text":"how","start":5877.47,"end":5877.63},{"text":"we","start":5877.63,"end":5877.79},{"text":"may","start":5877.79,"end":5877.95},{"text":"best","start":5877.95,"end":5878.19},{"text":"support","start":5878.19,"end":5878.63},{"text":"your","start":5878.63,"end":5878.83},{"text":"efforts.","start":5878.83,"end":5879.39}]},{"text":"We look forward to engaging with you here at the COPUOS, also at the International Astronautical Congress this year in Antalya, Turkey, or through any other 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much appreciation the Lifeboat Foundation.","start":6021.83,"end":6025.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"with","start":6021.83,"end":6022.07},{"text":"much","start":6022.15,"end":6022.43},{"text":"appreciation","start":6022.43,"end":6023.67},{"text":"the","start":6023.67,"end":6023.87},{"text":"Lifeboat","start":6023.91,"end":6024.35},{"text":"Foundation.","start":6024.35,"end":6025.19}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":6025.27,"end":6025.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6025.27,"end":6025.59},{"text":"you.","start":6025.59,"end":6025.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"Lifeboat Foundation","affiliation_full":"Lifeboat Foundation","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":29,"start":6028.07,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=6029","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Lifeboat Foundation for that statement and now I give the floor to the Chilean Space 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also commend Ms. Arti Holamaini, director of UNOSA and her team for the excellent organization of this session, reaffirming our recognition of COPUOS as being the main multilateral space for the development of a peaceful, inclusive and sustainable space regime to benefit all humanity.","start":6051.71,"end":6069.47,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. 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the intersessional period following that session, ATLAC held one intersessional meeting on 25 March 2026.","start":6274.35,"end":6282.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"During","start":6274.35,"end":6274.63},{"text":"the","start":6274.63,"end":6274.71},{"text":"intersessional","start":6274.71,"end":6275.47},{"text":"period","start":6275.47,"end":6275.87},{"text":"following","start":6275.87,"end":6276.35},{"text":"that","start":6276.35,"end":6276.59},{"text":"session,","start":6276.59,"end":6277.19},{"text":"ATLAC","start":6277.19,"end":6277.91},{"text":"held","start":6277.91,"end":6278.11},{"text":"one","start":6278.11,"end":6278.35},{"text":"intersessional","start":6278.35,"end":6279.03},{"text":"meeting","start":6279.03,"end":6279.55},{"text":"on","start":6279.79,"end":6279.95},{"text":"25","start":6279.95,"end":6280.51},{"text":"March","start":6280.51,"end":6280.91},{"text":"2026.","start":6280.91,"end":6282.03}]},{"text":"Immediately prior to and during the present session of the subcommittee, ATLAQ held three informal meetings on 14, 16, 17 April and one formal meeting on 19 April.","start":6282.59,"end":6293.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Immediately","start":6282.59,"end":6283.15},{"text":"prior","start":6283.15,"end":6283.55},{"text":"to","start":6283.55,"end":6283.95},{"text":"and","start":6283.95,"end":6284.15},{"text":"during","start":6284.15,"end":6284.43},{"text":"the","start":6284.43,"end":6284.51},{"text":"present","start":6284.51,"end":6284.95},{"text":"session","start":6284.95,"end":6285.31},{"text":"of","start":6285.31,"end":6285.39},{"text":"the","start":6285.39,"end":6285.51},{"text":"subcommittee,","start":6285.51,"end":6286.35},{"text":"ATLAQ","start":6286.39,"end":6287.07},{"text":"held","start":6287.07,"end":6287.27},{"text":"three","start":6287.27,"end":6287.47},{"text":"informal","start":6287.47,"end":6287.87},{"text":"meetings","start":6287.87,"end":6288.43},{"text":"on","start":6288.43,"end":6288.59},{"text":"14,","start":6288.59,"end":6289.31},{"text":"16,","start":6289.47,"end":6290.19},{"text":"17","start":6290.19,"end":6290.67},{"text":"April","start":6290.67,"end":6291.15},{"text":"and","start":6291.31,"end":6291.47},{"text":"one","start":6291.47,"end":6291.79},{"text":"formal","start":6291.79,"end":6292.11},{"text":"meeting","start":6292.11,"end":6292.59},{"text":"on","start":6292.59,"end":6292.79},{"text":"19","start":6292.79,"end":6293.15},{"text":"April.","start":6293.23,"end":6293.79}]},{"text":"During the intersessional period, ATLAQ discussed the organization of its work and reflected on inputs received to date on opportunities and challenges related to learner activities.","start":6294.43,"end":6304.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"During","start":6294.43,"end":6294.75},{"text":"the","start":6294.75,"end":6294.83},{"text":"intersessional","start":6294.83,"end":6295.63},{"text":"period,","start":6295.63,"end":6296.03},{"text":"ATLAQ","start":6296.03,"end":6296.71},{"text":"discussed","start":6296.71,"end":6297.27},{"text":"the","start":6297.27,"end":6297.43},{"text":"organization","start":6297.43,"end":6298.07},{"text":"of","start":6298.07,"end":6298.15},{"text":"its","start":6298.15,"end":6298.35},{"text":"work","start":6298.35,"end":6298.67},{"text":"and","start":6298.99,"end":6299.19},{"text":"reflected","start":6299.19,"end":6299.71},{"text":"on","start":6299.71,"end":6299.79},{"text":"inputs","start":6299.79,"end":6300.19},{"text":"received","start":6300.19,"end":6300.63},{"text":"to","start":6300.63,"end":6300.71},{"text":"date","start":6300.71,"end":6301.07},{"text":"on","start":6301.31,"end":6301.47},{"text":"opportunities","start":6301.47,"end":6302.03},{"text":"and","start":6302.03,"end":6302.15},{"text":"challenges","start":6302.15,"end":6302.67},{"text":"related","start":6302.67,"end":6303.07},{"text":"to","start":6303.07,"end":6303.19},{"text":"learner","start":6303.19,"end":6303.51},{"text":"activities.","start":6303.51,"end":6304.27}]},{"text":"ATLAC also noted a proposal to discuss on a potential international mechanism and for a background paper to be prepared by the Secretariat in close coordination with the co-chairs to examine existing international mechanisms relevant to lunar activities.","start":6304.63,"end":6318.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"ATLAC","start":6304.63,"end":6305.31},{"text":"also","start":6305.31,"end":6305.47},{"text":"noted","start":6305.47,"end":6305.67},{"text":"a","start":6305.67,"end":6305.71},{"text":"proposal","start":6305.71,"end":6306.27},{"text":"to","start":6306.27,"end":6306.39},{"text":"discuss","start":6306.39,"end":6307.07},{"text":"on","start":6307.23,"end":6307.39},{"text":"a","start":6307.39,"end":6307.47},{"text":"potential","start":6307.47,"end":6307.87},{"text":"international","start":6307.87,"end":6308.47},{"text":"mechanism","start":6308.47,"end":6309.15},{"text":"and","start":6309.23,"end":6309.55},{"text":"for","start":6309.55,"end":6309.67},{"text":"a","start":6309.67,"end":6309.71},{"text":"background","start":6309.71,"end":6310.19},{"text":"paper","start":6310.19,"end":6310.67},{"text":"to","start":6310.67,"end":6310.79},{"text":"be","start":6310.79,"end":6310.87},{"text":"prepared","start":6310.87,"end":6311.31},{"text":"by","start":6311.31,"end":6311.47},{"text":"the","start":6311.47,"end":6311.59},{"text":"Secretariat","start":6311.59,"end":6312.27},{"text":"in","start":6312.51,"end":6312.67},{"text":"close","start":6312.67,"end":6312.91},{"text":"coordination","start":6312.91,"end":6313.63},{"text":"with","start":6313.63,"end":6313.75},{"text":"the","start":6313.75,"end":6313.87},{"text":"co-chairs","start":6313.87,"end":6314.59},{"text":"to","start":6314.83,"end":6314.95},{"text":"examine","start":6314.95,"end":6315.39},{"text":"existing","start":6315.39,"end":6315.87},{"text":"international","start":6315.87,"end":6316.39},{"text":"mechanisms","start":6316.39,"end":6317.03},{"text":"relevant","start":6317.23,"end":6317.75},{"text":"to","start":6317.75,"end":6317.83},{"text":"lunar","start":6317.83,"end":6318.15},{"text":"activities.","start":6318.15,"end":6318.91}]},{"text":"Furthermore, ATLAC invited the co-chairs of the ICG Working Group on Lunar PNT to attend its meeting as observers to promote informal collaboration and mutual exchange of information.","start":6319.31,"end":6329.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":6319.31,"end":6319.95},{"text":"ATLAC","start":6319.95,"end":6320.67},{"text":"invited","start":6320.67,"end":6321.07},{"text":"the","start":6321.07,"end":6321.15},{"text":"co-chairs","start":6321.15,"end":6321.71},{"text":"of","start":6321.71,"end":6321.79},{"text":"the","start":6321.79,"end":6321.91},{"text":"ICG","start":6321.95,"end":6322.43},{"text":"Working","start":6322.43,"end":6322.75},{"text":"Group","start":6322.75,"end":6323.03},{"text":"on","start":6323.03,"end":6323.15},{"text":"Lunar","start":6323.15,"end":6323.55},{"text":"PNT","start":6323.55,"end":6324.19},{"text":"to","start":6324.43,"end":6324.55},{"text":"attend","start":6324.55,"end":6324.79},{"text":"its","start":6324.79,"end":6324.99},{"text":"meeting","start":6324.99,"end":6325.35},{"text":"as","start":6325.35,"end":6325.47},{"text":"observers","start":6325.47,"end":6326.11},{"text":"to","start":6326.11,"end":6326.31},{"text":"promote","start":6326.31,"end":6326.67},{"text":"informal","start":6326.67,"end":6326.99},{"text":"collaboration","start":6326.99,"end":6327.87},{"text":"and","start":6327.95,"end":6328.23},{"text":"mutual","start":6328.23,"end":6328.55},{"text":"exchange","start":6328.55,"end":6328.95},{"text":"of","start":6328.95,"end":6329.07},{"text":"information.","start":6329.07,"end":6329.79}]},{"text":"Immediately prior to the present session of the subcommittee, ADLAC agreed to focus on the next phase of its work on two areas, discussion on a potential international mechanism related to lunar activities and discussion of topics and issues that could be subsequently be addressed under or relevant to such a mechanism.","start":6330.59,"end":6348.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Immediately","start":6330.59,"end":6330.99},{"text":"prior","start":6330.99,"end":6331.31},{"text":"to","start":6331.31,"end":6331.47},{"text":"the","start":6331.47,"end":6331.55},{"text":"present","start":6331.55,"end":6331.91},{"text":"session","start":6331.91,"end":6332.31},{"text":"of","start":6332.31,"end":6332.43},{"text":"the","start":6332.43,"end":6332.51},{"text":"subcommittee,","start":6332.51,"end":6333.27},{"text":"ADLAC","start":6333.27,"end":6333.99},{"text":"agreed","start":6333.99,"end":6334.43},{"text":"to","start":6334.43,"end":6334.55},{"text":"focus","start":6334.55,"end":6334.87},{"text":"on","start":6334.87,"end":6334.99},{"text":"the","start":6334.99,"end":6335.07},{"text":"next","start":6335.07,"end":6335.39},{"text":"phase","start":6335.39,"end":6335.63},{"text":"of","start":6335.63,"end":6335.71},{"text":"its","start":6335.71,"end":6335.91},{"text":"work","start":6335.91,"end":6336.27},{"text":"on","start":6336.51,"end":6336.67},{"text":"two","start":6336.67,"end":6336.91},{"text":"areas,","start":6336.91,"end":6337.63},{"text":"discussion","start":6337.83,"end":6338.35},{"text":"on","start":6338.35,"end":6338.47},{"text":"a","start":6338.47,"end":6338.51},{"text":"potential","start":6338.51,"end":6338.95},{"text":"international","start":6338.95,"end":6339.51},{"text":"mechanism","start":6339.51,"end":6340.19},{"text":"related","start":6340.27,"end":6340.71},{"text":"to","start":6340.71,"end":6340.87},{"text":"lunar","start":6340.87,"end":6341.15},{"text":"activities","start":6341.15,"end":6341.87},{"text":"and","start":6342.11,"end":6342.39},{"text":"discussion","start":6342.39,"end":6343.07},{"text":"of","start":6343.15,"end":6343.31},{"text":"topics","start":6343.31,"end":6343.75},{"text":"and","start":6343.75,"end":6343.87},{"text":"issues","start":6343.87,"end":6344.27},{"text":"that","start":6344.27,"end":6344.51},{"text":"could","start":6344.51,"end":6344.67},{"text":"be","start":6344.67,"end":6344.79},{"text":"subsequently","start":6344.79,"end":6345.55},{"text":"be","start":6345.55,"end":6345.63},{"text":"addressed","start":6345.63,"end":6346.19},{"text":"under","start":6346.35,"end":6346.83},{"text":"or","start":6346.83,"end":6347.03},{"text":"relevant","start":6347.03,"end":6347.51},{"text":"to","start":6347.51,"end":6347.71},{"text":"such","start":6347.71,"end":6348.07},{"text":"a","start":6348.07,"end":6348.11},{"text":"mechanism.","start":6348.11,"end":6348.75}]},{"text":"In this context, ADLAC supported the preparation of the background paper and exchange preliminary reviews on key aspects of a potential international mechanism.","start":6349.23,"end":6357.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6349.23,"end":6349.39},{"text":"this","start":6349.39,"end":6349.55},{"text":"context,","start":6349.55,"end":6350.15},{"text":"ADLAC","start":6350.15,"end":6350.87},{"text":"supported","start":6350.87,"end":6351.19},{"text":"the","start":6351.19,"end":6351.31},{"text":"preparation","start":6351.31,"end":6351.91},{"text":"of","start":6351.91,"end":6352.03},{"text":"the","start":6352.03,"end":6352.11},{"text":"background","start":6352.11,"end":6352.51},{"text":"paper","start":6352.51,"end":6352.99},{"text":"and","start":6352.99,"end":6353.11},{"text":"exchange","start":6353.11,"end":6353.63},{"text":"preliminary","start":6353.63,"end":6354.15},{"text":"reviews","start":6354.15,"end":6354.67},{"text":"on","start":6354.83,"end":6355.07},{"text":"key","start":6355.07,"end":6355.23},{"text":"aspects","start":6355.23,"end":6355.75},{"text":"of","start":6355.75,"end":6355.83},{"text":"a","start":6355.83,"end":6355.87},{"text":"potential","start":6355.87,"end":6356.31},{"text":"international","start":6356.31,"end":6356.91},{"text":"mechanism.","start":6356.91,"end":6357.55}]},{"text":"ATLAC also considered a non-paper prepared by the co-chairs analyzing aforementioned inputs, which is issued as a conference room paper A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP32.","start":6358.07,"end":6371.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"ATLAC","start":6358.07,"end":6358.75},{"text":"also","start":6358.75,"end":6358.95},{"text":"considered","start":6358.95,"end":6359.39},{"text":"a","start":6359.39,"end":6359.43},{"text":"non-paper","start":6359.43,"end":6360.03},{"text":"prepared","start":6360.03,"end":6360.39},{"text":"by","start":6360.39,"end":6360.51},{"text":"the","start":6360.51,"end":6360.59},{"text":"co-chairs","start":6360.59,"end":6361.31},{"text":"analyzing","start":6361.39,"end":6362.31},{"text":"aforementioned","start":6362.31,"end":6362.99},{"text":"inputs,","start":6362.99,"end":6363.55},{"text":"which","start":6363.75,"end":6364.11},{"text":"is","start":6364.11,"end":6364.27},{"text":"issued","start":6364.27,"end":6364.67},{"text":"as","start":6364.67,"end":6364.79},{"text":"a","start":6364.79,"end":6364.83},{"text":"conference","start":6364.83,"end":6365.31},{"text":"room","start":6365.31,"end":6365.47},{"text":"paper","start":6365.47,"end":6365.95},{"text":"A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP32.","start":6365.95,"end":6371.55}]},{"text":"ATLAC further invited permanent observers to attend its meetings in an observer capacity with the possibility of ad hoc interventions for specific issues or invitation in accordance with its mandate.","start":6371.95,"end":6383.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"ATLAC","start":6371.95,"end":6372.71},{"text":"further","start":6372.71,"end":6373.03},{"text":"invited","start":6373.03,"end":6373.47},{"text":"permanent","start":6373.47,"end":6373.83},{"text":"observers","start":6373.83,"end":6374.27},{"text":"to","start":6374.27,"end":6374.43},{"text":"attend","start":6374.43,"end":6374.71},{"text":"its","start":6374.71,"end":6374.91},{"text":"meetings","start":6374.91,"end":6375.39},{"text":"in","start":6375.71,"end":6375.83},{"text":"an","start":6375.83,"end":6375.91},{"text":"observer","start":6375.91,"end":6376.31},{"text":"capacity","start":6376.31,"end":6376.99},{"text":"with","start":6376.99,"end":6377.15},{"text":"the","start":6377.15,"end":6377.23},{"text":"possibility","start":6377.23,"end":6377.83},{"text":"of","start":6377.83,"end":6377.95},{"text":"ad","start":6377.95,"end":6378.15},{"text":"hoc","start":6378.15,"end":6378.43},{"text":"interventions","start":6378.43,"end":6379.23},{"text":"for","start":6379.39,"end":6379.63},{"text":"specific","start":6379.63,"end":6380.11},{"text":"issues","start":6380.11,"end":6380.47},{"text":"or","start":6380.47,"end":6380.55},{"text":"invitation","start":6380.55,"end":6381.39},{"text":"in","start":6381.55,"end":6381.71},{"text":"accordance","start":6381.71,"end":6382.19},{"text":"with","start":6382.67,"end":6382.99},{"text":"its","start":6382.99,"end":6383.23},{"text":"mandate.","start":6383.23,"end":6383.95}]},{"text":"During the present session of the subcommittee, ATLAQ continued to exchange views on the key aspects of a potential international mechanism.","start":6384.55,"end":6391.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"During","start":6384.55,"end":6384.75},{"text":"the","start":6384.75,"end":6384.87},{"text":"present","start":6384.87,"end":6385.31},{"text":"session","start":6385.31,"end":6385.67},{"text":"of","start":6385.67,"end":6385.79},{"text":"the","start":6385.79,"end":6385.91},{"text":"subcommittee,","start":6385.91,"end":6386.63},{"text":"ATLAQ","start":6386.63,"end":6387.31},{"text":"continued","start":6387.31,"end":6387.71},{"text":"to","start":6387.71,"end":6387.79},{"text":"exchange","start":6387.79,"end":6388.31},{"text":"views","start":6388.31,"end":6388.71},{"text":"on","start":6388.71,"end":6388.83},{"text":"the","start":6388.83,"end":6388.95},{"text":"key","start":6388.95,"end":6389.19},{"text":"aspects","start":6389.19,"end":6389.79},{"text":"of","start":6389.79,"end":6389.87},{"text":"a","start":6389.87,"end":6389.91},{"text":"potential","start":6389.91,"end":6390.39},{"text":"international","start":6390.39,"end":6390.99},{"text":"mechanism.","start":6390.99,"end":6391.59}]},{"text":"ATLAQ also noted a set of aspects and questions, namely mandate and functions, structure and resources, related to a mechanism to facilitate substantive discussion during the intersessional period.","start":6391.71,"end":6403.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"ATLAQ","start":6391.71,"end":6392.51},{"text":"also","start":6392.51,"end":6392.71},{"text":"noted","start":6392.71,"end":6393.19},{"text":"a","start":6393.19,"end":6393.27},{"text":"set","start":6393.27,"end":6393.47},{"text":"of","start":6393.47,"end":6393.59},{"text":"aspects","start":6393.59,"end":6394.07},{"text":"and","start":6394.07,"end":6394.19},{"text":"questions,","start":6394.19,"end":6394.87},{"text":"namely","start":6395.11,"end":6395.43},{"text":"mandate","start":6395.43,"end":6395.83},{"text":"and","start":6395.83,"end":6395.95},{"text":"functions,","start":6395.95,"end":6396.63},{"text":"structure","start":6396.71,"end":6397.23},{"text":"and","start":6397.23,"end":6397.39},{"text":"resources,","start":6397.39,"end":6398.15},{"text":"related","start":6398.39,"end":6398.79},{"text":"to","start":6398.79,"end":6398.95},{"text":"a","start":6398.95,"end":6399.03},{"text":"mechanism","start":6399.03,"end":6399.51},{"text":"to","start":6399.51,"end":6399.59},{"text":"facilitate","start":6399.59,"end":6400.39},{"text":"substantive","start":6400.47,"end":6401.19},{"text":"discussion","start":6401.19,"end":6401.83},{"text":"during","start":6401.83,"end":6402.15},{"text":"the","start":6402.15,"end":6402.27},{"text":"intersessional","start":6402.27,"end":6402.95},{"text":"period.","start":6402.95,"end":6403.51}]},{"text":"ATLAQ also discussed on the background paper, noting that work on the paper would begin while substantive discussions continue during the intersessional period.","start":6403.91,"end":6413.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"ATLAQ","start":6403.91,"end":6404.59},{"text":"also","start":6404.59,"end":6404.75},{"text":"discussed","start":6404.75,"end":6405.27},{"text":"on","start":6405.27,"end":6405.43},{"text":"the","start":6405.43,"end":6405.51},{"text":"background","start":6405.51,"end":6405.91},{"text":"paper,","start":6405.91,"end":6406.39},{"text":"noting","start":6406.63,"end":6407.07},{"text":"that","start":6407.11,"end":6407.51},{"text":"work","start":6407.51,"end":6407.83},{"text":"on","start":6407.83,"end":6407.99},{"text":"the","start":6407.99,"end":6408.15},{"text":"paper","start":6408.15,"end":6408.63},{"text":"would","start":6408.63,"end":6408.87},{"text":"begin","start":6408.87,"end":6409.23},{"text":"while","start":6409.23,"end":6409.43},{"text":"substantive","start":6409.43,"end":6409.95},{"text":"discussions","start":6409.95,"end":6410.55},{"text":"continue","start":6410.55,"end":6411.11},{"text":"during","start":6411.35,"end":6411.63},{"text":"the","start":6411.63,"end":6411.71},{"text":"intersessional","start":6411.71,"end":6412.47},{"text":"period.","start":6412.47,"end":6413.11}]},{"text":"Furthermore, ATLAQ exchanged views on the non-paper and noted that it provided a useful basis to guide ATLAQ's deliberation towards developing those inputs into tangible draft recommendations in accordance with its mandate.","start":6413.63,"end":6427.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":6413.63,"end":6414.19},{"text":"ATLAQ","start":6414.19,"end":6414.87},{"text":"exchanged","start":6414.87,"end":6415.31},{"text":"views","start":6415.31,"end":6415.63},{"text":"on","start":6415.63,"end":6415.79},{"text":"the","start":6415.79,"end":6415.87},{"text":"non-paper","start":6415.87,"end":6416.51},{"text":"and","start":6416.51,"end":6416.71},{"text":"noted","start":6416.71,"end":6417.11},{"text":"that","start":6417.11,"end":6417.31},{"text":"it","start":6417.31,"end":6417.47},{"text":"provided","start":6417.47,"end":6418.03},{"text":"a","start":6418.03,"end":6418.11},{"text":"useful","start":6418.11,"end":6418.59},{"text":"basis","start":6418.59,"end":6419.15},{"text":"to","start":6419.15,"end":6419.23},{"text":"guide","start":6419.23,"end":6419.35},{"text":"ATLAQ's","start":6419.35,"end":6420.31},{"text":"deliberation","start":6420.31,"end":6421.07},{"text":"towards","start":6421.07,"end":6421.47},{"text":"developing","start":6421.47,"end":6422.19},{"text":"those","start":6422.19,"end":6422.43},{"text":"inputs","start":6422.43,"end":6422.99},{"text":"into","start":6423.23,"end":6423.55},{"text":"tangible","start":6423.55,"end":6424.03},{"text":"draft","start":6424.03,"end":6424.35},{"text":"recommendations","start":6424.35,"end":6425.31},{"text":"in","start":6425.55,"end":6425.71},{"text":"accordance","start":6425.71,"end":6426.23},{"text":"with","start":6426.23,"end":6426.43},{"text":"its","start":6426.43,"end":6426.59},{"text":"mandate.","start":6426.59,"end":6427.23}]},{"text":"We extend our sincere gratitude to all members of ATLAQ for their proactive engagement, invaluable insights and 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the intersessional period up to the 69th session of the 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this period, ADLOC will devote its substantive discussions on a potential international mechanism and begin drafting recommendations aimed at improving consultations related to lunar activities in accordance with its work plan for consideration by the committee at the 69th session in June 2026.","start":6443.43,"end":6460.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"During","start":6443.43,"end":6443.67},{"text":"this","start":6443.67,"end":6443.91},{"text":"period,","start":6443.91,"end":6444.23},{"text":"ADLOC","start":6444.23,"end":6445.03},{"text":"will","start":6445.03,"end":6445.15},{"text":"devote","start":6445.15,"end":6445.43},{"text":"its","start":6445.43,"end":6445.63},{"text":"substantive","start":6445.63,"end":6446.23},{"text":"discussions","start":6446.23,"end":6446.95},{"text":"on","start":6447.19,"end":6447.35},{"text":"a","start":6447.35,"end":6447.43},{"text":"potential","start":6447.43,"end":6447.79},{"text":"international","start":6447.79,"end":6448.43},{"text":"mechanism","start":6448.43,"end":6449.11},{"text":"and","start":6449.27,"end":6449.47},{"text":"begin","start":6449.47,"end":6449.75},{"text":"drafting","start":6449.75,"end":6450.23},{"text":"recommendations","start":6450.23,"end":6451.11},{"text":"aimed","start":6451.11,"end":6451.39},{"text":"at","start":6451.39,"end":6451.47},{"text":"improving","start":6451.47,"end":6451.87},{"text":"consultations","start":6451.87,"end":6452.63},{"text":"related","start":6452.63,"end":6453.03},{"text":"to","start":6453.03,"end":6453.15},{"text":"lunar","start":6453.15,"end":6453.39},{"text":"activities","start":6453.39,"end":6454.07},{"text":"in","start":6454.31,"end":6454.47},{"text":"accordance","start":6454.47,"end":6455.03},{"text":"with","start":6455.03,"end":6455.43},{"text":"its","start":6455.43,"end":6455.75},{"text":"work","start":6455.75,"end":6456.07},{"text":"plan","start":6456.07,"end":6456.47},{"text":"for","start":6456.71,"end":6456.95},{"text":"consideration","start":6456.95,"end":6457.59},{"text":"by","start":6457.59,"end":6457.67},{"text":"the","start":6457.67,"end":6457.75},{"text":"committee","start":6457.75,"end":6458.23},{"text":"at","start":6458.23,"end":6458.31},{"text":"the","start":6458.31,"end":6458.43},{"text":"69th","start":6458.47,"end":6459.07},{"text":"session","start":6459.07,"end":6459.39},{"text":"in","start":6459.39,"end":6459.51},{"text":"June","start":6459.51,"end":6459.67},{"text":"2026.","start":6459.67,"end":6460.79}]},{"text":"We reiterate our sincere gratitude to all members of ATLAC for their invaluable contributions and constructive engagement to advance the work of ATLAC.","start":6461.43,"end":6469.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6461.43,"end":6461.51},{"text":"reiterate","start":6461.51,"end":6462.15},{"text":"our","start":6462.15,"end":6462.47},{"text":"sincere","start":6462.47,"end":6462.79},{"text":"gratitude","start":6462.79,"end":6463.31},{"text":"to","start":6463.31,"end":6463.47},{"text":"all","start":6463.47,"end":6463.59},{"text":"members","start":6463.59,"end":6463.95},{"text":"of","start":6463.95,"end":6464.03},{"text":"ATLAC","start":6464.03,"end":6464.75},{"text":"for","start":6464.75,"end":6464.87},{"text":"their","start":6464.87,"end":6464.99},{"text":"invaluable","start":6464.99,"end":6465.51},{"text":"contributions","start":6465.51,"end":6466.31},{"text":"and","start":6466.55,"end":6466.79},{"text":"constructive","start":6466.79,"end":6467.35},{"text":"engagement","start":6467.35,"end":6468.07},{"text":"to","start":6468.23,"end":6468.35},{"text":"advance","start":6468.35,"end":6468.67},{"text":"the","start":6468.67,"end":6468.75},{"text":"work","start":6468.75,"end":6468.95},{"text":"of","start":6468.95,"end":6469.07},{"text":"ATLAC.","start":6469.07,"end":6469.83}]},{"text":"We look forward to continuing our work and productive exchanges.","start":6469.83,"end":6473.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6469.83,"end":6469.95},{"text":"look","start":6469.95,"end":6470.15},{"text":"forward","start":6470.15,"end":6470.51},{"text":"to","start":6470.51,"end":6470.67},{"text":"continuing","start":6470.67,"end":6471.19},{"text":"our","start":6471.19,"end":6471.43},{"text":"work","start":6471.43,"end":6471.75},{"text":"and","start":6471.75,"end":6471.91},{"text":"productive","start":6471.91,"end":6472.39},{"text":"exchanges.","start":6472.39,"end":6473.19}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":6473.27,"end":6473.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6473.27,"end":6473.59},{"text":"you.","start":6473.59,"end":6473.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ulpia Elena Bottazzato","affiliation":"ATLAC","affiliation_full":"ATLAC","group":null,"function":"Vice-Chair"}},{"statement_number":33,"start":6475.51,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=6476","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the co-chair of ATLAC, Ms. Botezatu, for her statement.","start":6475.51,"end":6482.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6475.51,"end":6475.55},{"text":"thank","start":6475.55,"end":6475.71},{"text":"the","start":6475.71,"end":6475.79},{"text":"co-chair","start":6477.39,"end":6478.07},{"text":"of","start":6478.07,"end":6478.15},{"text":"ATLAC,","start":6478.15,"end":6478.95},{"text":"Ms.","start":6479.15,"end":6479.67},{"text":"Botezatu,","start":6480.47,"end":6481.43},{"text":"for","start":6481.51,"end":6481.67},{"text":"her","start":6481.67,"end":6481.83},{"text":"statement.","start":6481.83,"end":6482.63}]},{"text":"And delegates, before closing this item, I would like to draw your attention to the report of the working group of the whole of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, which informed us of the ongoing intersessional consultations on measures to address the effects of the liquidity crisis and to improve the organisation and methods of work of the Committee and its 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this connection, and based on my experience and observations as Chair of the subcommittee, I would like to suggest, as Chair, that the Working Group of the whole may wish to consider, in the context of its inter-sessional consultations, the possible establishment of the office of Vice-Chair of this 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a decision could allow the Vice-Chair, as appropriate, to preside over parts of the plenary meetings, thereby enabling the Chair devote more time to consultations with delegations on issues of importance as circumstances may 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I would now like to continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 12.","start":6584.27,"end":6601.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6584.27,"end":6584.55},{"text":"that","start":6584.59,"end":6585.15},{"text":"we","start":6585.95,"end":6586.11},{"text":"have","start":6586.11,"end":6586.27},{"text":"therefore","start":6586.27,"end":6586.75},{"text":"concluded","start":6586.75,"end":6587.31},{"text":"our","start":6587.31,"end":6587.39},{"text":"consideration","start":6587.39,"end":6588.27},{"text":"of","start":6588.27,"end":6588.35},{"text":"agenda","start":6588.35,"end":6588.83},{"text":"item","start":6588.83,"end":6589.39},{"text":"8.","start":6589.55,"end":6590.11},{"text":"I","start":6593.39,"end":6593.47},{"text":"would","start":6593.47,"end":6593.63},{"text":"now","start":6593.63,"end":6593.79},{"text":"like","start":6593.79,"end":6594.07},{"text":"to","start":6594.07,"end":6594.31},{"text":"continue","start":6594.91,"end":6595.87},{"text":"and","start":6595.87,"end":6596.11},{"text":"conclude","start":6596.11,"end":6596.83},{"text":"our","start":6596.83,"end":6596.95},{"text":"consideration","start":6596.95,"end":6598.59},{"text":"of","start":6599.51,"end":6599.59},{"text":"agenda","start":6599.59,"end":6600.03},{"text":"item","start":6600.03,"end":6600.43},{"text":"12.","start":6600.43,"end":6601.27}]},{"text":"I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Germany to inform this subcommittee on the follow-up from this morning's discussions in response to some of the points which were raised in the room.","start":6603.15,"end":6617.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6603.15,"end":6603.16},{"text":"would","start":6603.15,"end":6603.27},{"text":"like","start":6603.27,"end":6603.39},{"text":"to","start":6603.39,"end":6603.51},{"text":"give","start":6603.51,"end":6603.71},{"text":"the","start":6603.71,"end":6603.79},{"text":"floor","start":6603.79,"end":6604.11},{"text":"to","start":6604.11,"end":6604.23},{"text":"the","start":6604.23,"end":6604.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":6604.35,"end":6605.31},{"text":"representative","start":6605.47,"end":6606.27},{"text":"of","start":6606.27,"end":6606.35},{"text":"Germany","start":6606.35,"end":6606.91},{"text":"to","start":6606.91,"end":6607.07},{"text":"inform","start":6607.07,"end":6607.47},{"text":"this","start":6607.47,"end":6607.71},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6607.71,"end":6608.43},{"text":"on","start":6608.99,"end":6609.15},{"text":"the","start":6609.15,"end":6609.23},{"text":"follow-up","start":6609.23,"end":6609.87},{"text":"from","start":6609.95,"end":6610.27},{"text":"this","start":6610.27,"end":6610.59},{"text":"morning's","start":6610.59,"end":6611.11},{"text":"discussions","start":6611.11,"end":6612.11},{"text":"in","start":6613.15,"end":6613.31},{"text":"response","start":6613.31,"end":6613.95},{"text":"to","start":6613.95,"end":6614.23},{"text":"some","start":6614.43,"end":6614.83},{"text":"of","start":6614.83,"end":6615.07},{"text":"the","start":6615.07,"end":6615.19},{"text":"points","start":6615.79,"end":6616.43},{"text":"which","start":6616.47,"end":6616.75},{"text":"were","start":6616.75,"end":6616.95},{"text":"raised","start":6616.95,"end":6617.27},{"text":"in","start":6617.27,"end":6617.35},{"text":"the","start":6617.35,"end":6617.43},{"text":"room.","start":6617.43,"end":6617.87}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":34,"start":6621.15,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=6622","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, for giving us the floor again.","start":6621.15,"end":6622.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6621.15,"end":6621.39},{"text":"you,","start":6621.39,"end":6621.47},{"text":"Chair,","start":6621.47,"end":6621.75},{"text":"for","start":6621.75,"end":6621.87},{"text":"giving","start":6621.87,"end":6622.07},{"text":"us","start":6622.07,"end":6622.19},{"text":"the","start":6622.19,"end":6622.27},{"text":"floor","start":6622.27,"end":6622.55},{"text":"again.","start":6622.55,"end":6622.91}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, for delegates who attended the informals on legal and policy aspects of space traffic in previous days, it should be no surprise that on this topic Germany would prefer a working mechanism over a non-working one.","start":6623.79,"end":6639.19,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"A major theme was the need to develop legal and policy approaches to manage growing orbital traffic, conjunction risks, and coordination among operators and states. 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this context, the statement by the representative of the Iranian regime was not only untrue, but also irrelevant to item 12 and exceeding the scope of the Subcommittee 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appropriate fora for addressing such issues are well established and active also here in Vienna.","start":6797.15,"end":6803.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6797.15,"end":6797.35},{"text":"appropriate","start":6797.35,"end":6797.79},{"text":"fora","start":6797.79,"end":6798.15},{"text":"for","start":6798.19,"end":6798.47},{"text":"addressing","start":6798.47,"end":6798.91},{"text":"such","start":6798.91,"end":6799.19},{"text":"issues","start":6799.19,"end":6799.75},{"text":"are","start":6799.75,"end":6799.87},{"text":"well","start":6799.87,"end":6800.11},{"text":"established","start":6800.11,"end":6800.87},{"text":"and","start":6800.87,"end":6800.99},{"text":"active","start":6800.99,"end":6801.55},{"text":"also","start":6801.79,"end":6802.27},{"text":"here","start":6802.27,"end":6802.55},{"text":"in","start":6802.55,"end":6802.67},{"text":"Vienna.","start":6802.67,"end":6803.07}]},{"text":"Thank you, 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is no need for this discussion.","start":6950.91,"end":6952.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":6950.91,"end":6951.03},{"text":"is","start":6951.03,"end":6951.15},{"text":"no","start":6951.15,"end":6951.31},{"text":"need","start":6951.31,"end":6951.51},{"text":"for","start":6951.51,"end":6951.63},{"text":"this","start":6951.63,"end":6951.87},{"text":"discussion.","start":6951.87,"end":6952.59}]},{"text":"Any statement by the representative of the Iranian regime should be recognized for what it is, a cynical manipulation of this forum and a misuse of legal terminology in an attempt to obscure its own violations of fundamental principles of international law and the rights of its own 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you very much.","start":6980.11,"end":6980.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6980.11,"end":6980.35},{"text":"you","start":6980.35,"end":6980.43},{"text":"very","start":6980.43,"end":6980.63},{"text":"much.","start":6980.63,"end":6980.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ISR","affiliation_full":"Israel","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":6982.99,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=6983","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Israel for that statement and with that we have concluded our consideration of agenda item 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Distinguished delegates, Indonesia associates itself with the statement delivered by the Group of 77 and China on this agenda item.","start":7203.95,"end":7212.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7203.95,"end":7204.11},{"text":"you,","start":7204.11,"end":7204.19},{"text":"Chair.","start":7204.19,"end":7204.59},{"text":"Distinguished","start":7205.23,"end":7205.75},{"text":"delegates,","start":7205.75,"end":7206.35},{"text":"Indonesia","start":7206.51,"end":7206.95},{"text":"associates","start":7206.95,"end":7207.55},{"text":"itself","start":7207.55,"end":7207.91},{"text":"with","start":7207.91,"end":7208.03},{"text":"the","start":7208.03,"end":7208.11},{"text":"statement","start":7208.11,"end":7208.55},{"text":"delivered","start":7208.55,"end":7208.99},{"text":"by","start":7208.99,"end":7209.23},{"text":"the","start":7209.23,"end":7209.31},{"text":"Group","start":7209.31,"end":7209.55},{"text":"of","start":7209.55,"end":7209.71},{"text":"77","start":7209.71,"end":7210.43},{"text":"and","start":7210.43,"end":7210.55},{"text":"China","start":7210.55,"end":7211.03},{"text":"on","start":7211.03,"end":7211.15},{"text":"this","start":7211.15,"end":7211.31},{"text":"agenda","start":7211.31,"end":7211.71},{"text":"item.","start":7211.71,"end":7212.11}]},{"text":"Indonesia is pleased to provide its views on the application of international law to small satellite activities which have expanded access to outer space and generated important socio-economic benefits for developing countries.","start":7212.75,"end":7225.87,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."},{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space 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an emerging space-faring nation, Indonesia continues to advance its small satellite capabilities through its national space program led by the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, or BRIN.","start":7226.31,"end":7238.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7226.31,"end":7226.51},{"text":"an","start":7226.51,"end":7226.59},{"text":"emerging","start":7226.59,"end":7227.11},{"text":"space-faring","start":7227.11,"end":7227.75},{"text":"nation,","start":7227.75,"end":7228.23},{"text":"Indonesia","start":7228.23,"end":7228.79},{"text":"continues","start":7228.79,"end":7229.43},{"text":"to","start":7229.43,"end":7229.59},{"text":"advance","start":7229.59,"end":7230.07},{"text":"its","start":7230.07,"end":7230.39},{"text":"small","start":7230.39,"end":7230.71},{"text":"satellite","start":7230.71,"end":7231.15},{"text":"capabilities","start":7231.15,"end":7232.07},{"text":"through","start":7232.47,"end":7232.63},{"text":"its","start":7232.63,"end":7232.87},{"text":"national","start":7232.87,"end":7233.35},{"text":"space","start":7233.35,"end":7233.67},{"text":"program","start":7233.67,"end":7234.31},{"text":"led","start":7234.31,"end":7234.55},{"text":"by","start":7234.55,"end":7234.79},{"text":"the","start":7234.83,"end":7234.91},{"text":"National","start":7234.91,"end":7235.51},{"text":"Research","start":7235.51,"end":7236.07},{"text":"and","start":7236.07,"end":7236.23},{"text":"Innovation","start":7236.23,"end":7236.79},{"text":"Agency","start":7236.79,"end":7237.23},{"text":"of","start":7237.23,"end":7237.35},{"text":"Indonesia,","start":7237.35,"end":7238.07},{"text":"or","start":7238.31,"end":7238.55},{"text":"BRIN.","start":7238.55,"end":7238.95}]},{"text":"Indonesia has already successfully launched several satellites in the small satellite category.","start":7239.43,"end":7244.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":7239.43,"end":7239.91},{"text":"has","start":7239.91,"end":7240.15},{"text":"already","start":7240.15,"end":7240.63},{"text":"successfully","start":7240.63,"end":7241.27},{"text":"launched","start":7241.27,"end":7241.67},{"text":"several","start":7241.67,"end":7242.07},{"text":"satellites","start":7242.07,"end":7242.63},{"text":"in","start":7242.71,"end":7242.79},{"text":"the","start":7242.79,"end":7242.87},{"text":"small","start":7242.87,"end":7243.27},{"text":"satellite","start":7243.27,"end":7243.71},{"text":"category.","start":7243.71,"end":7244.47}]},{"text":"Key milestones include the operation of LAPAN-A1 to LAPAN-A3, SuryaSat-1, and RidoSat-1.","start":7244.95,"end":7252.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Key","start":7244.95,"end":7245.11},{"text":"milestones","start":7245.11,"end":7245.91},{"text":"include","start":7245.91,"end":7246.31},{"text":"the","start":7246.35,"end":7246.43},{"text":"operation","start":7246.43,"end":7247.07},{"text":"of","start":7247.07,"end":7247.15},{"text":"LAPAN-A1","start":7247.15,"end":7248.39},{"text":"to","start":7248.39,"end":7248.55},{"text":"LAPAN-A3,","start":7248.55,"end":7249.59},{"text":"SuryaSat-1,","start":7249.83,"end":7251.11},{"text":"and","start":7251.11,"end":7251.35},{"text":"RidoSat-1.","start":7251.35,"end":7252.55}]},{"text":"These assets are actively used for Earth observation, amateur radio, maritime surveillance, and technology demonstration.","start":7253.03,"end":7259.91,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach 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This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space opportunities."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7253.03,"end":7253.19},{"text":"assets","start":7253.19,"end":7253.75},{"text":"are","start":7253.75,"end":7253.99},{"text":"actively","start":7253.99,"end":7254.47},{"text":"used","start":7254.47,"end":7254.75},{"text":"for","start":7254.75,"end":7254.95},{"text":"Earth","start":7254.95,"end":7255.19},{"text":"observation,","start":7255.19,"end":7255.91},{"text":"amateur","start":7255.91,"end":7256.43},{"text":"radio,","start":7256.43,"end":7256.95},{"text":"maritime","start":7257.19,"end":7257.75},{"text":"surveillance,","start":7257.75,"end":7258.31},{"text":"and","start":7258.31,"end":7258.47},{"text":"technology","start":7258.47,"end":7259.03},{"text":"demonstration.","start":7259.03,"end":7259.91}]},{"text":"Looking ahead, Indonesia is advancing its national program through development of its flagship microsatellite NEO-1, which is expected to be launched in 2026.","start":7260.39,"end":7271.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Looking","start":7260.39,"end":7260.71},{"text":"ahead,","start":7260.71,"end":7261.03},{"text":"Indonesia","start":7261.03,"end":7261.75},{"text":"is","start":7261.75,"end":7262.15},{"text":"advancing","start":7262.15,"end":7262.71},{"text":"its","start":7262.71,"end":7262.87},{"text":"national","start":7262.87,"end":7263.27},{"text":"program","start":7263.27,"end":7263.91},{"text":"through","start":7263.91,"end":7264.15},{"text":"development","start":7264.15,"end":7264.79},{"text":"of","start":7264.79,"end":7264.95},{"text":"its","start":7264.95,"end":7265.19},{"text":"flagship","start":7265.19,"end":7265.75},{"text":"microsatellite","start":7266.07,"end":7267.19},{"text":"NEO-1,","start":7267.19,"end":7268.07},{"text":"which","start":7268.27,"end":7268.47},{"text":"is","start":7268.47,"end":7268.59},{"text":"expected","start":7268.59,"end":7269.19},{"text":"to","start":7269.19,"end":7269.31},{"text":"be","start":7269.31,"end":7269.43},{"text":"launched","start":7269.43,"end":7270.07},{"text":"in","start":7270.07,"end":7270.23},{"text":"2026.","start":7270.31,"end":7271.19}]},{"text":"This satellite will further enhance national capabilities in maritime surveillance, disaster monitoring, and environmental observation, serving our vast archipelagic territory.","start":7271.59,"end":7281.99,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. 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Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."},{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."}],"words":[{"text":"share","start":7282.75,"end":7283.07},{"text":"with","start":7283.07,"end":7283.23},{"text":"regard","start":7283.23,"end":7283.59},{"text":"to","start":7283.59,"end":7283.75},{"text":"the","start":7283.87,"end":7283.99},{"text":"international","start":7283.99,"end":7284.63},{"text":"legal","start":7284.63,"end":7284.91},{"text":"framework,","start":7284.91,"end":7285.47},{"text":"Indonesia","start":7285.47,"end":7286.11},{"text":"emphasizes","start":7286.11,"end":7286.91},{"text":"that","start":7286.91,"end":7287.07},{"text":"small","start":7287.07,"end":7287.47},{"text":"satellite","start":7287.47,"end":7287.91},{"text":"activities","start":7287.91,"end":7288.67},{"text":"must","start":7288.99,"end":7289.23},{"text":"adhere","start":7289.23,"end":7289.71},{"text":"to","start":7289.71,"end":7289.83},{"text":"the","start":7289.83,"end":7289.95},{"text":"provisions","start":7289.95,"end":7290.59},{"text":"of","start":7290.59,"end":7290.79},{"text":"the","start":7290.79,"end":7290.87},{"text":"Outer","start":7290.87,"end":7291.15},{"text":"Space","start":7291.15,"end":7291.55},{"text":"Treaty,","start":7291.55,"end":7292.11},{"text":"the","start":7292.27,"end":7292.47},{"text":"Liability","start":7292.47,"end":7293.07},{"text":"Convention,","start":7293.07,"end":7293.87},{"text":"and","start":7293.87,"end":7294.03},{"text":"the","start":7294.11,"end":7294.23},{"text":"Registration","start":7294.23,"end":7295.07},{"text":"Convention.","start":7295.07,"end":7295.71}]},{"text":"In particular, we underline the importance of timely registration of small satellite in the UN Register of Objects launched into the outer space.","start":7296.11,"end":7304.75,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."},{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7296.11,"end":7296.35},{"text":"particular,","start":7296.35,"end":7296.91},{"text":"we","start":7296.91,"end":7297.15},{"text":"underline","start":7297.15,"end":7297.71},{"text":"the","start":7297.71,"end":7297.83},{"text":"importance","start":7297.83,"end":7298.39},{"text":"of","start":7298.39,"end":7298.51},{"text":"timely","start":7298.51,"end":7298.99},{"text":"registration","start":7298.99,"end":7299.71},{"text":"of","start":7299.71,"end":7299.79},{"text":"small","start":7299.79,"end":7300.11},{"text":"satellite","start":7300.11,"end":7300.75},{"text":"in","start":7301.07,"end":7301.31},{"text":"the","start":7301.31,"end":7301.39},{"text":"UN","start":7301.39,"end":7301.79},{"text":"Register","start":7301.79,"end":7302.39},{"text":"of","start":7302.39,"end":7302.59},{"text":"Objects","start":7302.59,"end":7303.15},{"text":"launched","start":7303.15,"end":7303.63},{"text":"into","start":7303.63,"end":7303.87},{"text":"the","start":7303.87,"end":7304.03},{"text":"outer","start":7304.03,"end":7304.27},{"text":"space.","start":7304.27,"end":7304.75}]},{"text":"Effective implementation of the Liability Convention to ensure adequate compensation in the event of damage caused by small satellite and compliance in the space debris mitigation guidelines and best practices, especially as the number of small satellites in orbit continues to increase.","start":7305.07,"end":7322.17,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris and Remediation","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly raised the risks posed by debris, derelict objects, and inadequate end-of-life planning. The topic included debris mitigation guidelines, active debris removal, remediation of high-risk objects, and the broader long-term sustainability of the space environment."},{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"Effective","start":7305.07,"end":7305.59},{"text":"implementation","start":7305.59,"end":7306.35},{"text":"of","start":7306.35,"end":7306.51},{"text":"the","start":7306.51,"end":7306.63},{"text":"Liability","start":7306.63,"end":7307.15},{"text":"Convention","start":7307.15,"end":7307.51},{"text":"to","start":7308.01,"end":7308.05},{"text":"ensure","start":7308.05,"end":7308.65},{"text":"adequate","start":7308.65,"end":7309.29},{"text":"compensation","start":7309.29,"end":7310.09},{"text":"in","start":7310.09,"end":7310.25},{"text":"the","start":7310.25,"end":7310.37},{"text":"event","start":7310.37,"end":7310.69},{"text":"of","start":7310.69,"end":7310.81},{"text":"damage","start":7310.81,"end":7311.29},{"text":"caused","start":7311.61,"end":7311.93},{"text":"by","start":7311.93,"end":7312.09},{"text":"small","start":7312.09,"end":7312.41},{"text":"satellite","start":7312.41,"end":7313.05},{"text":"and","start":7313.29,"end":7313.61},{"text":"compliance","start":7313.61,"end":7314.33},{"text":"in","start":7314.33,"end":7314.49},{"text":"the","start":7314.49,"end":7314.57},{"text":"space","start":7314.57,"end":7315.05},{"text":"debris","start":7315.05,"end":7315.37},{"text":"mitigation","start":7315.37,"end":7316.01},{"text":"guidelines","start":7316.01,"end":7316.65},{"text":"and","start":7316.65,"end":7316.85},{"text":"best","start":7316.85,"end":7317.17},{"text":"practices,","start":7317.17,"end":7317.85},{"text":"especially","start":7318.17,"end":7318.81},{"text":"as","start":7318.81,"end":7318.89},{"text":"the","start":7318.89,"end":7318.97},{"text":"number","start":7318.97,"end":7319.41},{"text":"of","start":7319.41,"end":7319.53},{"text":"small","start":7319.53,"end":7319.77},{"text":"satellites","start":7319.77,"end":7320.33},{"text":"in","start":7320.33,"end":7320.49},{"text":"orbit","start":7320.49,"end":7320.81},{"text":"continues","start":7320.81,"end":7321.45},{"text":"to","start":7321.45,"end":7321.61},{"text":"increase.","start":7321.61,"end":7322.17}]},{"text":"Indonesia also notes the rapid proliferation of small satellites, including constellations, creates new challenges in spectrum management, orbital safety, and collision risk.","start":7322.73,"end":7332.65,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":7322.73,"end":7323.17},{"text":"also","start":7323.17,"end":7323.45},{"text":"notes","start":7323.45,"end":7323.77},{"text":"the","start":7323.77,"end":7323.85},{"text":"rapid","start":7323.85,"end":7324.17},{"text":"proliferation","start":7324.17,"end":7324.89},{"text":"of","start":7324.89,"end":7324.97},{"text":"small","start":7324.97,"end":7325.21},{"text":"satellites,","start":7325.21,"end":7325.77},{"text":"including","start":7325.77,"end":7326.25},{"text":"constellations,","start":7326.25,"end":7327.13},{"text":"creates","start":7327.37,"end":7327.85},{"text":"new","start":7327.85,"end":7328.01},{"text":"challenges","start":7328.01,"end":7328.57},{"text":"in","start":7328.57,"end":7328.73},{"text":"spectrum","start":7328.73,"end":7329.21},{"text":"management,","start":7329.21,"end":7329.89},{"text":"orbital","start":7329.89,"end":7330.41},{"text":"safety,","start":7330.41,"end":7330.97},{"text":"and","start":7331.45,"end":7331.69},{"text":"collision","start":7331.69,"end":7332.17},{"text":"risk.","start":7332.17,"end":7332.65}]},{"text":"We therefore call upon the committee to further clarify how existing international law applies to frequency coordination responsibilities, liability in collision cases, and processes for orbital debris mitigation, and to develop practical guidance on small satellite registrations that supports both innovation and long-term sustainable particularly for developing countries.","start":7332.89,"end":7355.13,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":58,"start":7412.85,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=7413","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Speaking. Mr. Chair, China welcomes the continued discussion on the application of international law to small satellites activities.","start":7412.85,"end":7429.09,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."},{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."}],"words":[{"text":"Speaking.","start":7412.85,"end":7413.29},{"text":"Mr.","start":7418.93,"end":7419.17},{"text":"Chair,","start":7419.17,"end":7419.65},{"text":"China","start":7421.65,"end":7422.01},{"text":"welcomes","start":7422.01,"end":7422.45},{"text":"the","start":7422.45,"end":7422.61},{"text":"continued","start":7422.61,"end":7423.13},{"text":"discussion","start":7423.13,"end":7423.73},{"text":"on","start":7423.97,"end":7424.21},{"text":"the","start":7424.21,"end":7424.29},{"text":"application","start":7424.29,"end":7424.85},{"text":"of","start":7424.85,"end":7425.09},{"text":"international","start":7425.09,"end":7425.85},{"text":"law","start":7425.85,"end":7425.93},{"text":"to","start":7425.93,"end":7426.21},{"text":"small","start":7426.21,"end":7426.69},{"text":"satellites","start":7427.49,"end":7428.45},{"text":"activities.","start":7428.45,"end":7429.09}]},{"text":"We support the G77 and China for the statement.","start":7429.09,"end":7432.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7429.09,"end":7429.33},{"text":"support","start":7429.33,"end":7429.69},{"text":"the","start":7429.69,"end":7429.77},{"text":"G77","start":7429.81,"end":7430.93},{"text":"and","start":7431.01,"end":7431.21},{"text":"China","start":7431.21,"end":7431.57},{"text":"for","start":7431.57,"end":7431.81},{"text":"the","start":7431.81,"end":7431.89},{"text":"statement.","start":7431.89,"end":7432.37}]},{"text":"Small satellite activities constitute an important component of outer space activities.","start":7432.53,"end":7437.33,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"Small","start":7432.53,"end":7432.85},{"text":"satellite","start":7432.85,"end":7433.41},{"text":"activities","start":7433.41,"end":7433.97},{"text":"constitute","start":7433.97,"end":7434.41},{"text":"an","start":7434.41,"end":7434.53},{"text":"important","start":7434.53,"end":7435.01},{"text":"component","start":7435.01,"end":7435.53},{"text":"of","start":7435.89,"end":7436.13},{"text":"outer","start":7436.13,"end":7436.37},{"text":"space","start":7436.37,"end":7436.65},{"text":"activities.","start":7436.65,"end":7437.33}]},{"text":"With a low cost and extensive application, small satellites have played a useful role in fields such as communications and disaster risk reduction, and have provided significant opportunities for developing countries and emerging space-faring nations to engage in space activities.","start":7437.65,"end":7454.65,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. 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Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":7677.57,"end":7678.37},{"text":"The","start":7679.01,"end":7679.05},{"text":"accelerated","start":7679.05,"end":7679.69},{"text":"growth","start":7679.69,"end":7680.17},{"text":"of","start":7680.17,"end":7680.33},{"text":"the","start":7680.33,"end":7680.41},{"text":"commercial","start":7680.41,"end":7680.89},{"text":"space","start":7680.89,"end":7681.25},{"text":"sector,","start":7681.25,"end":7681.57},{"text":"in","start":7681.57,"end":7681.65},{"text":"particular","start":7681.65,"end":7682.21},{"text":"in","start":7682.21,"end":7682.33},{"text":"low-Earth","start":7682.33,"end":7682.89},{"text":"orbit,","start":7682.89,"end":7683.53},{"text":"has","start":7684.09,"end":7684.29},{"text":"led","start":7684.33,"end":7684.49},{"text":"to","start":7684.49,"end":7684.61},{"text":"new","start":7684.61,"end":7684.89},{"text":"challenges","start":7684.89,"end":7685.53},{"text":"related","start":7685.53,"end":7686.05},{"text":"to","start":7686.05,"end":7686.49},{"text":"orbital","start":7686.49,"end":7686.97},{"text":"saturation","start":7686.97,"end":7687.77},{"text":"and","start":7687.77,"end":7687.89},{"text":"space","start":7687.93,"end":7688.21},{"text":"traffic","start":7688.21,"end":7688.49},{"text":"management.","start":7688.49,"end":7689.13}]},{"text":"Therefore, we believe that there is a need to ensure the appropriate co-ordination of registration of small satellites, as well as their alignment with the principles of transparency, responsibility and sustainability, given that outer space is an environment that urgently needs protection and responsible long-term management.","start":7689.13,"end":7707.45,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space opportunities."}],"words":[{"text":"Columbia","start":7708.17,"end":7708.57},{"text":"reaffirms","start":7708.57,"end":7709.17},{"text":"that","start":7709.17,"end":7709.33},{"text":"respect","start":7709.33,"end":7710.05},{"text":"for","start":7710.05,"end":7710.45},{"text":"international","start":7710.45,"end":7711.05},{"text":"legal","start":7711.05,"end":7711.41},{"text":"frameworks","start":7711.41,"end":7712.05},{"text":"is","start":7712.05,"end":7712.45},{"text":"essential","start":7712.77,"end":7713.33},{"text":"to","start":7713.33,"end":7713.41},{"text":"guarantee","start":7713.41,"end":7713.89},{"text":"the","start":7713.89,"end":7714.01},{"text":"safety,","start":7714.13,"end":7714.85},{"text":"sustainability","start":7714.85,"end":7715.65},{"text":"and","start":7715.65,"end":7715.81},{"text":"equity","start":7715.81,"end":7716.45},{"text":"required","start":7716.81,"end":7717.17},{"text":"in","start":7717.17,"end":7717.25},{"text":"the","start":7717.25,"end":7717.33},{"text":"use","start":7717.33,"end":7717.73},{"text":"of","start":7717.73,"end":7717.89},{"text":"outer","start":7717.97,"end":7718.29},{"text":"space.","start":7718.29,"end":7718.85}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, we encourage Member States to consider and implement more robust multilateral mechanisms which respond to modern problems, particularly when it comes to the operation of small satellites.","start":7719.89,"end":7730.37,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."}],"words":[{"text":"Outer","start":7809.97,"end":7810.21},{"text":"space","start":7810.21,"end":7810.61},{"text":"needs","start":7810.61,"end":7810.81},{"text":"to","start":7810.81,"end":7810.89},{"text":"be","start":7810.89,"end":7811.01},{"text":"governed","start":7811.01,"end":7811.33},{"text":"by","start":7811.33,"end":7811.41},{"text":"principles","start":7811.41,"end":7811.97},{"text":"of","start":7811.97,"end":7812.05},{"text":"equity,","start":7812.05,"end":7812.45},{"text":"sustainability","start":7812.45,"end":7813.25},{"text":"and","start":7813.25,"end":7813.45},{"text":"shared","start":7813.49,"end":7813.77},{"text":"benefits.","start":7813.77,"end":7814.37}]},{"text":"avoiding the reproduction of inequalities.","start":7814.81,"end":7817.09,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. 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The South African delegation aligns itself with the statement delivered by the Group of 77 and China on this agenda item.","start":7825.97,"end":7833.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7825.97,"end":7826.13},{"text":"you,","start":7826.17,"end":7826.25},{"text":"Chair.","start":7826.29,"end":7826.69},{"text":"The","start":7827.41,"end":7827.57},{"text":"South","start":7827.57,"end":7827.77},{"text":"African","start":7827.77,"end":7828.13},{"text":"delegation","start":7828.13,"end":7828.77},{"text":"aligns","start":7828.77,"end":7829.13},{"text":"itself","start":7829.17,"end":7829.57},{"text":"with","start":7829.57,"end":7829.69},{"text":"the","start":7829.69,"end":7829.81},{"text":"statement","start":7829.81,"end":7830.29},{"text":"delivered","start":7830.29,"end":7830.69},{"text":"by","start":7830.69,"end":7830.81},{"text":"the","start":7830.81,"end":7830.93},{"text":"Group","start":7830.93,"end":7831.25},{"text":"of","start":7831.25,"end":7831.41},{"text":"77","start":7831.41,"end":7832.13},{"text":"and","start":7832.13,"end":7832.33},{"text":"China","start":7832.33,"end":7832.77},{"text":"on","start":7832.77,"end":7832.85},{"text":"this","start":7832.85,"end":7833.09},{"text":"agenda","start":7833.09,"end":7833.49},{"text":"item.","start":7833.49,"end":7833.89}]},{"text":"South Africa continues to regard small satellites as an important means by which new entrants can participate meaningfully in outer space activities.","start":7834.69,"end":7843.17,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"India","start":8132.05,"end":8132.33},{"text":"looks","start":8132.33,"end":8132.53},{"text":"forward","start":8132.53,"end":8133.09},{"text":"to","start":8133.25,"end":8133.37},{"text":"having","start":8133.37,"end":8133.69},{"text":"such","start":8133.73,"end":8133.93},{"text":"discussions","start":8133.93,"end":8134.69},{"text":"under","start":8134.85,"end":8135.13},{"text":"the","start":8135.13,"end":8135.21},{"text":"ambit","start":8135.21,"end":8135.61},{"text":"of","start":8135.61,"end":8135.73},{"text":"UN","start":8135.73,"end":8136.05},{"text":"COPUOS,","start":8136.05,"end":8136.97},{"text":"which","start":8136.97,"end":8137.17},{"text":"serves","start":8137.17,"end":8137.57},{"text":"as","start":8137.57,"end":8137.73},{"text":"the","start":8137.73,"end":8137.85},{"text":"appropriate","start":8137.85,"end":8138.53},{"text":"multilateral","start":8138.85,"end":8139.41},{"text":"platform","start":8139.41,"end":8139.89},{"text":"for","start":8139.89,"end":8140.05},{"text":"this","start":8140.05,"end":8140.29},{"text":"purpose.","start":8140.29,"end":8140.93}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair, and distinguished delegates for your kind attention.","start":8141.57,"end":8144.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8141.57,"end":8141.81},{"text":"you,","start":8141.81,"end":8141.97},{"text":"Chair,","start":8141.97,"end":8142.37},{"text":"and","start":8142.37,"end":8142.57},{"text":"distinguished","start":8142.57,"end":8143.01},{"text":"delegates","start":8143.01,"end":8143.37},{"text":"for","start":8143.37,"end":8143.53},{"text":"your","start":8143.53,"end":8143.65},{"text":"kind","start":8143.65,"end":8143.89},{"text":"attention.","start":8143.89,"end":8144.37}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IND","affiliation_full":"India","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":65,"start":8146.57,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=8147","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of India for that statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of Malaysia.","start":8146.57,"end":8151.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8146.57,"end":8146.65},{"text":"thank","start":8146.65,"end":8146.93},{"text":"the","start":8146.93,"end":8147.01},{"text":"delegation","start":8147.01,"end":8147.61},{"text":"of","start":8147.61,"end":8147.69},{"text":"India","start":8147.69,"end":8148.09},{"text":"for","start":8148.09,"end":8148.21},{"text":"that","start":8148.21,"end":8148.41},{"text":"statement","start":8148.41,"end":8148.89},{"text":"and","start":8148.89,"end":8149.01},{"text":"I","start":8149.01,"end":8149.05},{"text":"now","start":8149.05,"end":8149.21},{"text":"give","start":8149.21,"end":8149.41},{"text":"the","start":8149.41,"end":8149.53},{"text":"floor","start":8149.61,"end":8149.85},{"text":"to","start":8149.85,"end":8149.93},{"text":"the","start":8149.93,"end":8150.05},{"text":"delegation","start":8150.05,"end":8150.57},{"text":"of","start":8150.57,"end":8150.65},{"text":"Malaysia.","start":8150.65,"end":8151.29}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":66,"start":8153.61,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=8154","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":8153.61,"end":8154.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8153.61,"end":8153.77},{"text":"you,","start":8153.77,"end":8153.85},{"text":"Mr.","start":8153.85,"end":8154.09},{"text":"Chair.","start":8154.09,"end":8154.41}]},{"text":"Malaysia welcomes the exchange of views on this agenda item.","start":8154.97,"end":8157.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":8154.97,"end":8155.37},{"text":"welcomes","start":8155.37,"end":8155.69},{"text":"the","start":8155.69,"end":8155.81},{"text":"exchange","start":8155.85,"end":8156.25},{"text":"of","start":8156.25,"end":8156.33},{"text":"views","start":8156.33,"end":8156.61},{"text":"on","start":8156.61,"end":8156.69},{"text":"this","start":8156.69,"end":8156.81},{"text":"agenda","start":8156.81,"end":8157.21},{"text":"item.","start":8157.21,"end":8157.69}]},{"text":"Small satellites, including CubeSats and NanoSats, have significantly expanded access to outer space, enabling developing countries, universities, and startups to participate in scientific research and socioeconomic development.","start":8158.25,"end":8171.53,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space opportunities."}],"words":[{"text":"Small","start":8158.25,"end":8158.65},{"text":"satellites,","start":8158.65,"end":8159.13},{"text":"including","start":8159.13,"end":8159.49},{"text":"CubeSats","start":8159.49,"end":8160.09},{"text":"and","start":8160.09,"end":8160.21},{"text":"NanoSats,","start":8160.21,"end":8160.89},{"text":"have","start":8160.89,"end":8161.05},{"text":"significantly","start":8161.05,"end":8161.73},{"text":"expanded","start":8161.73,"end":8162.25},{"text":"access","start":8162.33,"end":8162.73},{"text":"to","start":8162.73,"end":8162.89},{"text":"outer","start":8162.89,"end":8163.05},{"text":"space,","start":8163.05,"end":8163.61},{"text":"enabling","start":8164.33,"end":8164.81},{"text":"developing","start":8164.81,"end":8165.21},{"text":"countries,","start":8165.21,"end":8165.77},{"text":"universities,","start":8165.77,"end":8166.81},{"text":"and","start":8166.81,"end":8167.01},{"text":"startups","start":8167.01,"end":8167.61},{"text":"to","start":8167.69,"end":8168.01},{"text":"participate","start":8168.33,"end":8168.97},{"text":"in","start":8168.97,"end":8169.13},{"text":"scientific","start":8169.13,"end":8169.53},{"text":"research","start":8169.53,"end":8170.01},{"text":"and","start":8170.01,"end":8170.17},{"text":"socioeconomic","start":8170.17,"end":8170.97},{"text":"development.","start":8170.97,"end":8171.53}]},{"text":"However, Malaysia emphasises that while space has become more accessible, the legal responsibilities of States remain unchanged.","start":8172.57,"end":8180.05,"topics":[{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."},{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space opportunities."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8172.57,"end":8173.05},{"text":"Malaysia","start":8173.45,"end":8173.85},{"text":"emphasises","start":8173.85,"end":8174.49},{"text":"that","start":8174.49,"end":8174.65},{"text":"while","start":8174.65,"end":8174.89},{"text":"space","start":8174.89,"end":8175.29},{"text":"has","start":8175.29,"end":8175.41},{"text":"become","start":8175.41,"end":8175.81},{"text":"more","start":8175.81,"end":8175.97},{"text":"accessible,","start":8175.97,"end":8176.73},{"text":"the","start":8177.05,"end":8177.21},{"text":"legal","start":8177.21,"end":8177.53},{"text":"responsibilities","start":8177.53,"end":8178.37},{"text":"of","start":8178.37,"end":8178.45},{"text":"States","start":8178.45,"end":8179.05},{"text":"remain","start":8179.13,"end":8179.45},{"text":"unchanged.","start":8179.45,"end":8180.05}]},{"text":"Under the existing UN space treaties, the term space object applies to all satellites regardless of their size.","start":8180.93,"end":8187.21,"topics":[{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."},{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":8180.93,"end":8181.17},{"text":"the","start":8181.17,"end":8181.25},{"text":"existing","start":8181.25,"end":8181.73},{"text":"UN","start":8181.73,"end":8182.01},{"text":"space","start":8182.01,"end":8182.33},{"text":"treaties,","start":8182.33,"end":8182.89},{"text":"the","start":8183.05,"end":8183.17},{"text":"term","start":8183.17,"end":8183.53},{"text":"space","start":8183.53,"end":8184.01},{"text":"object","start":8184.01,"end":8184.53},{"text":"applies","start":8184.53,"end":8184.97},{"text":"to","start":8184.97,"end":8185.13},{"text":"all","start":8185.13,"end":8185.45},{"text":"satellites","start":8185.45,"end":8185.93},{"text":"regardless","start":8185.93,"end":8186.45},{"text":"of","start":8186.45,"end":8186.53},{"text":"their","start":8186.53,"end":8186.65},{"text":"size.","start":8186.65,"end":8187.21}]},{"text":"Therefore, the principles of authorisation, continuing supervision and international responsibility apply equally to small satellite activities.","start":8187.93,"end":8196.41,"topics":[{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."},{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":8213.45,"end":8213.69},{"text":"the","start":8213.69,"end":8213.81},{"text":"increasing","start":8213.81,"end":8214.49},{"text":"orbital","start":8214.49,"end":8214.89},{"text":"congestion,","start":8214.89,"end":8215.69},{"text":"we","start":8216.01,"end":8216.09},{"text":"believe","start":8216.09,"end":8216.49},{"text":"that","start":8216.49,"end":8216.65},{"text":"effective","start":8216.65,"end":8217.21},{"text":"licensing","start":8217.21,"end":8217.77},{"text":"for","start":8217.77,"end":8217.93},{"text":"small","start":8217.93,"end":8218.17},{"text":"satellites","start":8218.17,"end":8218.65},{"text":"must","start":8218.65,"end":8219.01},{"text":"incorporate","start":8219.01,"end":8219.61},{"text":"space","start":8219.61,"end":8219.97},{"text":"situational","start":8219.97,"end":8220.65},{"text":"awareness","start":8220.65,"end":8221.09},{"text":"considerations.","start":8221.09,"end":8221.93}]},{"text":"Operators should demonstrate clear debris mitigation planning of life disposal strategies and collision avoidance capabilities to ensure safe and sustainable operations.","start":8222.89,"end":8233.49,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris and Remediation","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly raised the risks posed by debris, derelict objects, and inadequate end-of-life planning. The topic included debris mitigation guidelines, active debris removal, remediation of high-risk objects, and the broader long-term sustainability of the space environment."}],"words":[{"text":"Operators","start":8222.89,"end":8223.45},{"text":"should","start":8223.45,"end":8223.81},{"text":"demonstrate","start":8223.81,"end":8224.37},{"text":"clear","start":8224.37,"end":8224.65},{"text":"debris","start":8224.65,"end":8225.05},{"text":"mitigation","start":8225.05,"end":8225.57},{"text":"planning","start":8225.57,"end":8226.01},{"text":"of","start":8226.69,"end":8226.85},{"text":"life","start":8226.85,"end":8227.09},{"text":"disposal","start":8227.09,"end":8227.61},{"text":"strategies","start":8227.61,"end":8228.29},{"text":"and","start":8228.29,"end":8228.49},{"text":"collision","start":8228.49,"end":8229.01},{"text":"avoidance","start":8229.01,"end":8229.73},{"text":"capabilities","start":8230.05,"end":8230.85},{"text":"to","start":8231.25,"end":8231.37},{"text":"ensure","start":8231.37,"end":8231.65},{"text":"safe","start":8231.65,"end":8232.05},{"text":"and","start":8232.05,"end":8232.17},{"text":"sustainable","start":8232.17,"end":8232.73},{"text":"operations.","start":8232.73,"end":8233.49}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, Malaysia further observes that risk may arise from regulatory asymmetry where some states may lack comprehensive frameworks for small satellites deployments or large constellations.","start":8234.29,"end":8245.57,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8234.29,"end":8234.57},{"text":"Chair,","start":8234.57,"end":8234.85},{"text":"Malaysia","start":8235.49,"end":8235.97},{"text":"further","start":8235.97,"end":8236.25},{"text":"observes","start":8236.25,"end":8236.61},{"text":"that","start":8236.61,"end":8236.77},{"text":"risk","start":8236.77,"end":8237.09},{"text":"may","start":8237.09,"end":8237.21},{"text":"arise","start":8237.21,"end":8237.53},{"text":"from","start":8237.53,"end":8237.69},{"text":"regulatory","start":8237.69,"end":8238.49},{"text":"asymmetry","start":8238.49,"end":8239.17},{"text":"where","start":8239.45,"end":8239.81},{"text":"some","start":8239.81,"end":8240.05},{"text":"states","start":8240.05,"end":8240.37},{"text":"may","start":8240.37,"end":8240.49},{"text":"lack","start":8240.53,"end":8240.81},{"text":"comprehensive","start":8240.81,"end":8241.49},{"text":"frameworks","start":8241.49,"end":8242.05},{"text":"for","start":8242.05,"end":8242.29},{"text":"small","start":8242.29,"end":8242.61},{"text":"satellites","start":8242.61,"end":8243.17},{"text":"deployments","start":8243.17,"end":8243.81},{"text":"or","start":8244.29,"end":8244.41},{"text":"large","start":8244.41,"end":8244.69},{"text":"constellations.","start":8244.69,"end":8245.57}]},{"text":"This agenda item provides a crucial platform to promote capacity building for developing states and sharing of regulatory best practices.","start":8246.53,"end":8255.57,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. 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This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space opportunities."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8267.05,"end":8267.37},{"text":"Chair,","start":8267.37,"end":8267.61},{"text":"Malaysia","start":8267.85,"end":8268.25},{"text":"believes","start":8268.25,"end":8268.57},{"text":"that","start":8268.57,"end":8268.77},{"text":"accessibility","start":8268.77,"end":8270.01},{"text":"to","start":8270.01,"end":8270.09},{"text":"space","start":8270.09,"end":8270.49},{"text":"must","start":8270.49,"end":8270.73},{"text":"advance","start":8270.73,"end":8271.21},{"text":"together","start":8271.21,"end":8271.65},{"text":"with","start":8271.65,"end":8271.77},{"text":"accountability.","start":8271.77,"end":8272.65}]},{"text":"We wish to emphasize a core principle, the democratization of access to outer space must be matched by the democratization of responsible governance.","start":8273.29,"end":8281.37,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. 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Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."},{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris and Remediation","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly raised the risks posed by debris, derelict objects, and inadequate end-of-life planning. The topic included debris mitigation guidelines, active debris removal, remediation of high-risk objects, and the broader long-term sustainability of the space environment."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":8287.41,"end":8287.81},{"text":"expresses","start":8287.81,"end":8288.29},{"text":"its","start":8288.29,"end":8288.45},{"text":"hope","start":8288.45,"end":8288.77},{"text":"that","start":8288.77,"end":8289.01},{"text":"the","start":8289.09,"end":8289.29},{"text":"evolving","start":8289.29,"end":8289.77},{"text":"legal","start":8289.77,"end":8290.05},{"text":"framework","start":8290.05,"end":8290.53},{"text":"for","start":8290.53,"end":8290.69},{"text":"space","start":8290.69,"end":8291.01},{"text":"traffic","start":8291.01,"end":8291.33},{"text":"management","start":8291.33,"end":8291.89},{"text":"reflects","start":8291.89,"end":8292.37},{"text":"the","start":8292.37,"end":8292.45},{"text":"same","start":8292.45,"end":8292.77},{"text":"inclusivity","start":8292.77,"end":8293.73},{"text":"and","start":8294.13,"end":8294.29},{"text":"shared","start":8294.29,"end":8294.61},{"text":"responsibility","start":8294.61,"end":8295.33},{"text":"for","start":8295.33,"end":8295.49},{"text":"the","start":8295.49,"end":8295.57},{"text":"long-term","start":8295.57,"end":8296.05},{"text":"sustainability","start":8296.05,"end":8297.45},{"text":"of","start":8297.45,"end":8297.57},{"text":"the","start":8297.57,"end":8297.65},{"text":"space","start":8297.65,"end":8297.97},{"text":"environment.","start":8297.97,"end":8298.61}]},{"text":"By integrating space situational awareness into regulatory oversight and enhancing international cooperation, we ensure that the expansion of small satellite activities contribute positively to long-term sustainability.","start":8299.33,"end":8311.89,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"A major theme was the need to develop legal and policy approaches to manage growing orbital traffic, conjunction risks, and coordination among operators and states. Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."},{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris and Remediation","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly raised the risks posed by debris, derelict objects, and inadequate end-of-life planning. The topic included debris mitigation guidelines, active debris removal, remediation of high-risk objects, and the broader long-term sustainability of the space environment."}],"words":[{"text":"By","start":8299.33,"end":8299.49},{"text":"integrating","start":8299.49,"end":8300.21},{"text":"space","start":8300.21,"end":8300.65},{"text":"situational","start":8300.65,"end":8301.25},{"text":"awareness","start":8301.25,"end":8301.65},{"text":"into","start":8301.65,"end":8301.85},{"text":"regulatory","start":8301.85,"end":8302.53},{"text":"oversight","start":8302.53,"end":8303.09},{"text":"and","start":8303.17,"end":8303.41},{"text":"enhancing","start":8303.41,"end":8303.97},{"text":"international","start":8303.97,"end":8304.57},{"text":"cooperation,","start":8304.57,"end":8305.33},{"text":"we","start":8305.97,"end":8306.09},{"text":"ensure","start":8306.09,"end":8306.45},{"text":"that","start":8306.45,"end":8306.65},{"text":"the","start":8306.65,"end":8306.73},{"text":"expansion","start":8306.73,"end":8307.25},{"text":"of","start":8307.25,"end":8307.33},{"text":"small","start":8307.33,"end":8307.57},{"text":"satellite","start":8307.57,"end":8308.01},{"text":"activities","start":8308.01,"end":8308.69},{"text":"contribute","start":8308.69,"end":8309.33},{"text":"positively","start":8309.33,"end":8310.45},{"text":"to","start":8310.45,"end":8310.57},{"text":"long-term","start":8310.57,"end":8311.09},{"text":"sustainability.","start":8311.09,"end":8311.89}]},{"text":"Malaysia remains committed to working with all member states to ensure that increased participation strengthens rather than strains our shared orbital commons.","start":8313.01,"end":8320.57,"topics":[{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space opportunities."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"A major theme was the need to develop legal and policy approaches to manage growing orbital traffic, conjunction risks, and coordination among operators and states. Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":8313.01,"end":8313.29},{"text":"remains","start":8313.29,"end":8313.69},{"text":"committed","start":8313.69,"end":8314.13},{"text":"to","start":8314.13,"end":8314.29},{"text":"working","start":8314.29,"end":8314.65},{"text":"with","start":8314.65,"end":8314.77},{"text":"all","start":8314.77,"end":8314.97},{"text":"member","start":8314.97,"end":8315.29},{"text":"states","start":8315.29,"end":8315.77},{"text":"to","start":8315.77,"end":8315.85},{"text":"ensure","start":8315.85,"end":8316.25},{"text":"that","start":8316.25,"end":8316.41},{"text":"increased","start":8316.41,"end":8316.85},{"text":"participation","start":8316.85,"end":8317.61},{"text":"strengthens","start":8317.61,"end":8318.33},{"text":"rather","start":8318.49,"end":8318.77},{"text":"than","start":8318.77,"end":8318.89},{"text":"strains","start":8318.89,"end":8319.29},{"text":"our","start":8319.29,"end":8319.41},{"text":"shared","start":8319.45,"end":8319.77},{"text":"orbital","start":8319.77,"end":8320.09},{"text":"commons.","start":8320.09,"end":8320.57}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":8320.61,"end":8321.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8320.61,"end":8320.77},{"text":"you,","start":8320.77,"end":8320.85},{"text":"Mr.","start":8320.85,"end":8321.09},{"text":"Chair.","start":8321.09,"end":8321.29}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"MYS","affiliation_full":"Malaysia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":67,"start":8323.29,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=8324","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Malaysia for that statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of Pakistan.","start":8323.29,"end":8328.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8323.29,"end":8323.37},{"text":"thank","start":8323.45,"end":8323.65},{"text":"the","start":8323.65,"end":8323.73},{"text":"delegation","start":8323.77,"end":8324.25},{"text":"of","start":8324.25,"end":8324.33},{"text":"Malaysia","start":8324.33,"end":8324.89},{"text":"for","start":8324.89,"end":8325.01},{"text":"that","start":8325.01,"end":8325.13},{"text":"statement,","start":8325.13,"end":8325.69},{"text":"and","start":8325.69,"end":8325.85},{"text":"I","start":8325.85,"end":8325.89},{"text":"now","start":8325.89,"end":8326.01},{"text":"give","start":8326.01,"end":8326.17},{"text":"the","start":8326.17,"end":8326.29},{"text":"floor","start":8326.33,"end":8326.57},{"text":"to","start":8326.57,"end":8326.69},{"text":"the","start":8326.69,"end":8326.77},{"text":"delegation","start":8326.77,"end":8327.29},{"text":"of","start":8327.29,"end":8327.37},{"text":"Pakistan.","start":8327.37,"end":8328.01}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":68,"start":8328.73,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=8329","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, respected Chair.","start":8328.73,"end":8329.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8328.73,"end":8328.93},{"text":"you,","start":8328.93,"end":8329.01},{"text":"respected","start":8329.01,"end":8329.41},{"text":"Chair.","start":8329.41,"end":8329.77}]},{"text":"Pakistan welcomes discussion on this important agenda item.","start":8330.41,"end":8333.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Pakistan","start":8330.41,"end":8330.89},{"text":"welcomes","start":8330.89,"end":8331.33},{"text":"discussion","start":8331.33,"end":8331.93},{"text":"on","start":8331.93,"end":8332.01},{"text":"this","start":8332.01,"end":8332.25},{"text":"important","start":8332.33,"end":8332.97},{"text":"agenda","start":8332.97,"end":8333.33},{"text":"item.","start":8333.33,"end":8333.69}]},{"text":"The increasing deployment of small satellite constellations, particularly in low earth orbit, is raising multifaceted legal, environmental and operational concerns and warrants thorough deliberations.","start":8334.65,"end":8345.37,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8345.93,"end":8346.13},{"text":"the","start":8346.13,"end":8346.21},{"text":"number","start":8346.21,"end":8346.49},{"text":"of","start":8346.49,"end":8346.57},{"text":"small","start":8346.57,"end":8347.25},{"text":"satellites","start":8347.25,"end":8347.77},{"text":"multiply,","start":8347.77,"end":8348.41},{"text":"it","start":8348.81,"end":8349.05},{"text":"increases","start":8349.05,"end":8349.65},{"text":"the","start":8349.65,"end":8349.77},{"text":"risks","start":8349.77,"end":8350.09},{"text":"of","start":8350.09,"end":8350.33},{"text":"space","start":8350.33,"end":8350.73},{"text":"debris,","start":8350.73,"end":8351.13},{"text":"space","start":8351.13,"end":8351.77},{"text":"congestion","start":8351.77,"end":8352.41},{"text":"and","start":8352.41,"end":8352.77},{"text":"light","start":8352.81,"end":8353.05},{"text":"pollution","start":8353.05,"end":8353.49},{"text":"that","start":8353.49,"end":8353.73},{"text":"threatens","start":8353.73,"end":8354.17},{"text":"the","start":8354.17,"end":8354.25},{"text":"integrity","start":8354.25,"end":8354.85},{"text":"of","start":8354.85,"end":8355.05},{"text":"dark","start":8355.45,"end":8355.69},{"text":"skies.","start":8355.69,"end":8356.25}]},{"text":"Chair, Pakistan acknowledges the growing significance of small satellite and CubeSat platforms in facilitating scientific research, earth observation, communications, services, and capacity building initiatives.","start":8356.73,"end":8368.65,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."},{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}],"words":[{"text":"Pakistan","start":8383.73,"end":8384.29},{"text":"maintains","start":8384.29,"end":8384.77},{"text":"that","start":8384.77,"end":8385.09},{"text":"the","start":8385.09,"end":8385.21},{"text":"core","start":8385.25,"end":8385.57},{"text":"international","start":8385.57,"end":8386.17},{"text":"space","start":8386.17,"end":8386.53},{"text":"law","start":8386.53,"end":8386.61},{"text":"treaties","start":8386.61,"end":8387.17},{"text":"apply","start":8387.61,"end":8387.97},{"text":"equally","start":8387.97,"end":8388.61},{"text":"to","start":8388.85,"end":8389.01},{"text":"all","start":8389.01,"end":8389.25},{"text":"space","start":8389.25,"end":8389.57},{"text":"objects,","start":8389.57,"end":8390.93},{"text":"irrespective","start":8391.01,"end":8391.73},{"text":"of","start":8391.73,"end":8391.81},{"text":"their","start":8391.81,"end":8391.97},{"text":"size","start":8391.97,"end":8392.37},{"text":"or","start":8392.37,"end":8392.45},{"text":"technical","start":8392.45,"end":8392.93},{"text":"characteristics.","start":8392.93,"end":8393.73}]},{"text":"In this regard, Pakistan underscores the following.","start":8394.05,"end":8396.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8394.05,"end":8394.21},{"text":"this","start":8394.21,"end":8394.33},{"text":"regard,","start":8394.33,"end":8394.85},{"text":"Pakistan","start":8395.09,"end":8395.61},{"text":"underscores","start":8395.61,"end":8396.25},{"text":"the","start":8396.25,"end":8396.37},{"text":"following.","start":8396.37,"end":8396.77}]},{"text":"First, the responsibility of state to authorize and continuously supervise national space activities, including those conducted by governmental and non-governmental","start":8396.85,"end":8407.13,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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The topic included debris mitigation guidelines, active debris removal, remediation of high-risk objects, and the broader long-term sustainability of the space environment."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":8415.25,"end":8415.65},{"text":"integration","start":8415.73,"end":8416.37},{"text":"of","start":8416.37,"end":8416.45},{"text":"space","start":8416.45,"end":8416.77},{"text":"debris","start":8416.77,"end":8417.09},{"text":"mitigation","start":8417.09,"end":8417.73},{"text":"measures","start":8417.73,"end":8418.21},{"text":"into","start":8418.21,"end":8418.45},{"text":"the","start":8418.45,"end":8418.57},{"text":"design","start":8418.57,"end":8419.25},{"text":"and","start":8419.33,"end":8419.53},{"text":"operational","start":8419.53,"end":8420.01},{"text":"planning","start":8420.01,"end":8420.37},{"text":"of","start":8420.37,"end":8420.45},{"text":"small","start":8420.45,"end":8420.77},{"text":"satellite","start":8420.77,"end":8421.25},{"text":"missions,","start":8421.25,"end":8421.65},{"text":"including","start":8421.65,"end":8422.21},{"text":"end-of-life","start":8422.21,"end":8422.65},{"text":"disposal.","start":8422.65,"end":8423.17}]},{"text":"Fourth, ensuring that the rapid expansion of small satellite constellations does not adversely affect the long-term sustainability of outer space.","start":8423.81,"end":8431.65,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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The topic included debris mitigation guidelines, active debris removal, remediation of high-risk objects, and the broader long-term sustainability of the space environment."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":8423.81,"end":8424.17},{"text":"ensuring","start":8424.33,"end":8424.85},{"text":"that","start":8424.85,"end":8425.09},{"text":"the","start":8425.09,"end":8425.17},{"text":"rapid","start":8425.17,"end":8425.65},{"text":"expansion","start":8426.09,"end":8426.61},{"text":"of","start":8426.61,"end":8426.69},{"text":"small","start":8426.69,"end":8427.01},{"text":"satellite","start":8427.01,"end":8427.41},{"text":"constellations","start":8427.41,"end":8428.13},{"text":"does","start":8428.13,"end":8428.45},{"text":"not","start":8428.45,"end":8428.73},{"text":"adversely","start":8428.73,"end":8429.29},{"text":"affect","start":8429.29,"end":8429.61},{"text":"the","start":8429.61,"end":8429.69},{"text":"long-term","start":8429.69,"end":8430.13},{"text":"sustainability","start":8430.13,"end":8430.93},{"text":"of","start":8430.93,"end":8431.09},{"text":"outer","start":8431.09,"end":8431.25},{"text":"space.","start":8431.25,"end":8431.65}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":8431.97,"end":8432.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8431.97,"end":8432.05},{"text":"thank","start":8432.05,"end":8432.21},{"text":"you,","start":8432.21,"end":8432.29},{"text":"Chair.","start":8432.29,"end":8432.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PAK","affiliation_full":"Pakistan","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":69,"start":8434.49,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=8435","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Pakistan for the statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of Mexico.","start":8434.49,"end":8439.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8434.49,"end":8434.65},{"text":"thank","start":8434.65,"end":8434.89},{"text":"the","start":8434.89,"end":8434.97},{"text":"delegation","start":8434.97,"end":8435.49},{"text":"of","start":8435.49,"end":8435.57},{"text":"Pakistan","start":8435.57,"end":8436.17},{"text":"for","start":8436.17,"end":8436.33},{"text":"the","start":8436.33,"end":8436.41},{"text":"statement","start":8436.41,"end":8436.97},{"text":"and","start":8437.01,"end":8437.17},{"text":"I","start":8437.17,"end":8437.21},{"text":"now","start":8437.21,"end":8437.37},{"text":"give","start":8437.37,"end":8437.61},{"text":"the","start":8437.61,"end":8437.69},{"text":"floor","start":8437.69,"end":8438.01},{"text":"to","start":8438.01,"end":8438.13},{"text":"the","start":8438.13,"end":8438.21},{"text":"delegation","start":8438.21,"end":8438.65},{"text":"of","start":8438.65,"end":8438.73},{"text":"Mexico.","start":8438.73,"end":8439.25}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":70,"start":8444.25,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=8445","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":8444.25,"end":8445.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8444.25,"end":8444.45},{"text":"you","start":8444.45,"end":8444.53},{"text":"very","start":8444.53,"end":8444.69},{"text":"much,","start":8444.69,"end":8445.09},{"text":"Chair.","start":8445.09,"end":8445.29}]},{"text":"Mexico is interested in promoting the construction of small satellites and in capacity building on this topic, considering Inter-Alia, The development of these satellites is a versatile and accessible alternative due to its relevance for various applications and due to its low cost of production and launch.","start":8453.7,"end":8473.85,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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growth in activities related to small satellites is changing access to space, allowing for the entry of new actors, academic institutions and research institutions.","start":8643.73,"end":8655.81,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. 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thank the delegation of Panama, which is the last speaker on my list.","start":8790.33,"end":8796.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8790.33,"end":8790.49},{"text":"thank","start":8790.49,"end":8790.97},{"text":"the","start":8790.97,"end":8791.17},{"text":"delegation","start":8791.33,"end":8791.93},{"text":"of","start":8791.93,"end":8792.01},{"text":"Panama,","start":8792.01,"end":8792.45},{"text":"which","start":8792.45,"end":8792.65},{"text":"is","start":8792.65,"end":8793.21},{"text":"the","start":8793.29,"end":8793.45},{"text":"last","start":8793.45,"end":8794.25},{"text":"speaker","start":8794.25,"end":8794.89},{"text":"on","start":8794.89,"end":8795.37},{"text":"my","start":8795.45,"end":8795.77},{"text":"list.","start":8795.85,"end":8796.49}]},{"text":"I have a delegation which has requested the right of reply under this agenda item, I give the floor to the delegation of 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Mr. Chairman, once again, the U.S. representative raised issues irrelevant to this agenda item and expressed concerns over the so-called internet blackout in Iran, and I have to 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the U.S. really care about the Iranian people?","start":8822.09,"end":8824.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Does","start":8822.09,"end":8822.29},{"text":"the","start":8822.29,"end":8822.37},{"text":"U.S.","start":8822.37,"end":8822.73},{"text":"really","start":8822.73,"end":8823.05},{"text":"care","start":8823.05,"end":8823.41},{"text":"about","start":8823.41,"end":8823.69},{"text":"the","start":8823.69,"end":8823.81},{"text":"Iranian","start":8823.81,"end":8824.17},{"text":"people?","start":8824.17,"end":8824.73}]},{"text":"I will give you some examples of the U.S. policies and practices towards the Iranian people in the past, 48 years, and I leave the judgment to 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3rd July, 1988, the US Armed Forces shut down an Iranian passenger flight over the Persian Gulf and killed all 290 civilians on 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the crew of the warship from which the missiles were launched were awarded medal for committing war crimes and crimes against 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thank you, Mr. Chairman.","start":8926.29,"end":8927.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8926.29,"end":8926.45},{"text":"thank","start":8926.45,"end":8926.73},{"text":"you,","start":8926.73,"end":8926.85},{"text":"Mr.","start":8926.85,"end":8927.09},{"text":"Chairman.","start":8927.09,"end":8927.49}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":75,"start":8929.65,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1j/k1j586wad2?lang=en&t=8930","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Iran.","start":8929.65,"end":8930.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8929.65,"end":8929.81},{"text":"thank","start":8929.81,"end":8930.01},{"text":"the","start":8930.01,"end":8930.09},{"text":"delegation","start":8930.09,"end":8930.61},{"text":"of","start":8930.61,"end":8930.73},{"text":"Iran.","start":8930.73,"end":8930.97}]},{"text":"And with that, we have concluded our consideration 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the 12th to the 23rd of April 2027, following the pattern of meetings and based on the information provided by conference management 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was also informed by the Secretariat that the structure and duration of the sessions of the Committee and its subcommittees is one of the issues to be addressed by the working group of the whole during its intersessional meetings to be held over the following months Pending the outcome of these meetings which will be reported to the next session in June for its consideration of possible adoption the dates of the 66th session of the subcommittee may be 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that we have therefore concluded our consideration of agenda item 14.","start":9125.61,"end":9130.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":9125.61,"end":9125.81},{"text":"that","start":9125.81,"end":9126.25},{"text":"we","start":9126.25,"end":9126.41},{"text":"have","start":9126.41,"end":9126.73},{"text":"therefore","start":9126.89,"end":9127.33},{"text":"concluded","start":9127.33,"end":9127.89},{"text":"our","start":9127.89,"end":9127.97},{"text":"consideration","start":9127.97,"end":9128.89},{"text":"of","start":9128.89,"end":9128.97},{"text":"agenda","start":9128.97,"end":9129.53},{"text":"item","start":9129.53,"end":9129.85},{"text":"14.","start":9129.85,"end":9130.73}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, we have now exhausted the list of speakers under all substantive agenda 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reality, ten out of the sixteen documents which form the draft report have already been produced, three of which depend on working groups, so there are only three additional documents to be produced and to complete the draft 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adjourning the meeting in order to be able to hold informal consultations, I would like to inform you of our schedule of work for tomorrow morning's 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will meet at 10 a.m. and we will suspend the plenary so that the working group on the status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space can hold its fourth 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time allows we will also continue with our informal consultations on the report.","start":9285.73,"end":9292.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":9285.73,"end":9285.89},{"text":"time","start":9285.89,"end":9286.21},{"text":"allows","start":9286.21,"end":9286.85},{"text":"we","start":9288.37,"end":9288.45},{"text":"will","start":9288.45,"end":9288.61},{"text":"also","start":9288.61,"end":9288.81},{"text":"continue","start":9288.81,"end":9289.41},{"text":"with","start":9289.41,"end":9289.65},{"text":"our","start":9289.65,"end":9289.81},{"text":"informal","start":9289.81,"end":9290.37},{"text":"consultations","start":9290.37,"end":9291.57},{"text":"on","start":9291.57,"end":9291.73},{"text":"the","start":9291.73,"end":9291.85},{"text":"report.","start":9291.85,"end":9292.53}]},{"text":"I would also like to inform delegations that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities will hold its informal consultations from 9 till 10 a.m. tomorrow morning in conference 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you'll allow me then, would adjourn the session and I would give you some five to ten minutes break before inviting Member States to stay in this room to hold the informal consultations on the draft 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session is adjourned and we'll see each other again in five minutes.","start":9342.41,"end":9346.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9342.41,"end":9342.53},{"text":"session","start":9342.53,"end":9342.89},{"text":"is","start":9342.89,"end":9343.01},{"text":"adjourned","start":9343.01,"end":9343.77},{"text":"and","start":9344.65,"end":9344.77},{"text":"we'll","start":9344.77,"end":9345.01},{"text":"see","start":9345.01,"end":9345.17},{"text":"each","start":9345.17,"end":9345.29},{"text":"other","start":9345.29,"end":9345.49},{"text":"again","start":9345.49,"end":9345.77},{"text":"in","start":9345.77,"end":9345.85},{"text":"five","start":9345.85,"end":9346.09},{"text":"minutes.","start":9346.09,"end":9346.57}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}}],"topics":[{"key":"outer-space-law","label":"International Space Law","description":"Several speakers stressed that the Outer Space Treaty and related UN treaties remain the core legal framework for space activities. Discussion focused on how to apply and implement these rules effectively for new technologies and operations while preserving legal certainty, predictability, and equality of access."},{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Several speakers noted that large constellations and intensified space activity can interfere with astronomy through light pollution, radio interference, and orbital crowding. Protecting dark and quiet skies was linked to safeguarding scientific research and balancing commercial expansion with other legitimate uses of space."},{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"Multiple interventions addressed the rapid increase in lunar activity and the need for rules on consultation, due regard, special areas, heritage sites, planetary protection, and space resources. The discussion emphasized balancing scientific preservation, commercial activity, and freedom of exploration on the Moon."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Education","description":"Many statements emphasized training, legal and policy education, youth engagement, and institutional support as necessary for responsible participation in space activities. Capacity-building was presented as a practical way to help emerging space nations implement international obligations and develop national frameworks."},{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris and Remediation","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly raised the risks posed by debris, derelict objects, and inadequate end-of-life planning. The topic included debris mitigation guidelines, active debris removal, remediation of high-risk objects, and the broader long-term sustainability of the space environment."},{"key":"space-for-development","label":"Space for Development","description":"Speakers underscored the importance of ensuring that the benefits of space science and technology reach all countries, regardless of their level of development or space capacity. This included references to sustainable development, socioeconomic applications, and more equitable access to space opportunities."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"A major theme was the need to develop legal and policy approaches to manage growing orbital traffic, conjunction risks, and coordination among operators and states. Speakers called for further work on common practices, inclusive mechanisms, and practical frameworks that support safe and orderly space operations."},{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Delegations and observers highlighted the need for information sharing, advance notification, and consultation mechanisms under the Outer Space Treaty, especially Article 11 and due-regard obligations. This was presented as essential for reducing misunderstandings, improving coordination, and supporting responsible operations."},{"key":"small-satellite-regulation","label":"Small Satellite Regulation","description":"A large part of the discussion concerned how international law applies to small satellites and large constellations, including authorization, supervision, registration, liability, and spectrum and orbital safety. Speakers generally agreed that existing law applies, but called for clearer and more workable implementation, especially for new entrants."}]}}