{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1n/k1nj88gfi8","kaltura_id":"1_nj88gfi8","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session, 1100th meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session, 1100th meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8","date":"2026-04-20T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-04-20T08:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:04:38","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"65th session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Website","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/2026/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-482a2d76-1487-4009-b5c4-a6fffda1b220","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":2080.99,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=2081","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, distinguished delegates.","start":2080.99,"end":2083.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":2080.99,"end":2081.19},{"text":"morning,","start":2081.19,"end":2081.87},{"text":"distinguished","start":2081.87,"end":2082.71},{"text":"delegates.","start":2082.71,"end":2083.47}]},{"text":"I declare open our meeting of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer 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and that we are ready and prepared to successfully conclude our work this week in a couple of days.","start":2096.27,"end":2112.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2096.27,"end":2096.43},{"text":"hope","start":2096.43,"end":2096.83},{"text":"that","start":2096.91,"end":2097.39},{"text":"you","start":2098.11,"end":2098.31},{"text":"have","start":2098.31,"end":2098.59},{"text":"all","start":2098.59,"end":2099.07},{"text":"had","start":2099.07,"end":2099.63},{"text":"a","start":2099.87,"end":2099.91},{"text":"good","start":2099.91,"end":2100.19},{"text":"weekend","start":2100.19,"end":2100.91},{"text":"and","start":2102.59,"end":2102.91},{"text":"that","start":2102.91,"end":2103.07},{"text":"we","start":2103.07,"end":2103.23},{"text":"are","start":2103.23,"end":2103.47},{"text":"ready","start":2103.47,"end":2103.87},{"text":"and","start":2103.87,"end":2104.03},{"text":"prepared","start":2104.03,"end":2104.75},{"text":"to","start":2105.71,"end":2105.91},{"text":"successfully","start":2106.51,"end":2107.47},{"text":"conclude","start":2107.47,"end":2107.87},{"text":"our","start":2107.87,"end":2108.03},{"text":"work","start":2108.03,"end":2108.59},{"text":"this","start":2109.23,"end":2109.47},{"text":"week","start":2109.47,"end":2109.95},{"text":"in","start":2111.47,"end":2111.67},{"text":"a","start":2111.67,"end":2111.71},{"text":"couple","start":2111.71,"end":2112.03},{"text":"of","start":2112.03,"end":2112.11},{"text":"days.","start":2112.11,"end":2112.67}]},{"text":"This morning, as I said last Friday, we will begin our consideration of agenda item 4, general exchange of views, then we will continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 12, general exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic 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we will begin and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 13 and then we will adjourn the plenary so that the working group on legal aspects of space resource activities can hold its third 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mentioned all of this, I would now begin with the list of speakers that we have for agenda item four, and I give the floor to the delegation of Poland.","start":2168.79,"end":2183.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":2168.79,"end":2169.27},{"text":"mentioned","start":2169.27,"end":2170.23},{"text":"all","start":2170.39,"end":2170.59},{"text":"of","start":2170.59,"end":2170.71},{"text":"this,","start":2170.71,"end":2171.19},{"text":"I","start":2171.99,"end":2172.07},{"text":"would","start":2172.07,"end":2172.23},{"text":"now","start":2172.23,"end":2172.47},{"text":"begin","start":2172.47,"end":2173.11},{"text":"with","start":2173.19,"end":2173.87},{"text":"the","start":2173.87,"end":2173.95},{"text":"list","start":2174.07,"end":2174.55},{"text":"of","start":2174.59,"end":2174.79},{"text":"speakers","start":2174.79,"end":2175.67},{"text":"that","start":2175.67,"end":2175.83},{"text":"we","start":2175.83,"end":2176.07},{"text":"have","start":2176.07,"end":2176.55},{"text":"for","start":2176.55,"end":2176.79},{"text":"agenda","start":2176.79,"end":2177.19},{"text":"item","start":2177.19,"end":2177.43},{"text":"four,","start":2177.43,"end":2177.83},{"text":"and","start":2179.83,"end":2180.03},{"text":"I","start":2180.07,"end":2180.31},{"text":"give","start":2180.31,"end":2180.63},{"text":"the","start":2180.63,"end":2180.75},{"text":"floor","start":2181.39,"end":2181.83},{"text":"to","start":2181.91,"end":2182.07},{"text":"the","start":2182.07,"end":2182.19},{"text":"delegation","start":2182.19,"end":2182.87},{"text":"of","start":2182.87,"end":2183.03},{"text":"Poland.","start":2183.03,"end":2183.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":2187.83,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=2188","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. Mr. Chair, Excellencies, distinguished delegates, At the outset, I would like to congratulate you, Mr. Chair, on your election.","start":2187.83,"end":2198.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2187.83,"end":2188.15},{"text":"you,","start":2188.15,"end":2188.39},{"text":"Chair.","start":2188.39,"end":2188.87},{"text":"Mr.","start":2189.99,"end":2190.23},{"text":"Chair,","start":2190.23,"end":2190.71},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":2191.19,"end":2192.07},{"text":"distinguished","start":2192.55,"end":2193.11},{"text":"delegates,","start":2193.11,"end":2193.91},{"text":"At","start":2194.67,"end":2194.71},{"text":"the","start":2194.71,"end":2194.95},{"text":"outset,","start":2194.95,"end":2195.35},{"text":"I","start":2195.35,"end":2195.43},{"text":"would","start":2195.43,"end":2195.55},{"text":"like","start":2195.55,"end":2195.79},{"text":"to","start":2195.79,"end":2195.91},{"text":"congratulate","start":2195.91,"end":2196.63},{"text":"you,","start":2196.63,"end":2196.71},{"text":"Mr.","start":2196.71,"end":2197.07},{"text":"Chair,","start":2197.07,"end":2197.51},{"text":"on","start":2197.63,"end":2197.75},{"text":"your","start":2197.75,"end":2197.95},{"text":"election.","start":2197.95,"end":2198.63}]},{"text":"On behalf of the Polish delegation, I wish you every success in leading the 65th session of the Legal Subcommittee.","start":2199.35,"end":2207.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2199.35,"end":2199.43},{"text":"behalf","start":2199.43,"end":2199.83},{"text":"of","start":2199.83,"end":2199.91},{"text":"the","start":2199.91,"end":2200.03},{"text":"Polish","start":2200.03,"end":2200.35},{"text":"delegation,","start":2200.35,"end":2201.19},{"text":"I","start":2201.43,"end":2201.59},{"text":"wish","start":2201.59,"end":2201.83},{"text":"you","start":2201.83,"end":2201.91},{"text":"every","start":2201.91,"end":2202.23},{"text":"success","start":2202.23,"end":2202.95},{"text":"in","start":2203.35,"end":2203.55},{"text":"leading","start":2203.55,"end":2203.91},{"text":"the","start":2203.91,"end":2204.07},{"text":"65th","start":2204.07,"end":2205.35},{"text":"session","start":2205.43,"end":2206.15},{"text":"of","start":2206.59,"end":2206.67},{"text":"the","start":2206.67,"end":2206.79},{"text":"Legal","start":2206.79,"end":2207.11},{"text":"Subcommittee.","start":2207.11,"end":2207.99}]},{"text":"We also thank former Chair, Mr. Ripoll Carrulla, for successfully guiding us through the last two sessions.","start":2209.03,"end":2215.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2209.03,"end":2209.19},{"text":"also","start":2209.19,"end":2209.43},{"text":"thank","start":2209.43,"end":2209.75},{"text":"former","start":2209.75,"end":2210.07},{"text":"Chair,","start":2210.07,"end":2210.63},{"text":"Mr.","start":2210.67,"end":2210.99},{"text":"Ripoll","start":2210.99,"end":2211.27},{"text":"Carrulla,","start":2211.27,"end":2211.71},{"text":"for","start":2211.75,"end":2211.99},{"text":"successfully","start":2211.99,"end":2212.63},{"text":"guiding","start":2212.63,"end":2213.11},{"text":"us","start":2213.11,"end":2213.43},{"text":"through","start":2213.83,"end":2213.99},{"text":"the","start":2213.99,"end":2214.11},{"text":"last","start":2214.11,"end":2214.43},{"text":"two","start":2214.43,"end":2214.63},{"text":"sessions.","start":2214.63,"end":2215.43}]},{"text":"I would like also to express our appreciation to Ms. Arty Holamini, Director of the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, and the entire Secretariat for their outstanding work in preparing and managing the current session.","start":2216.07,"end":2232.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2216.07,"end":2216.19},{"text":"would","start":2216.19,"end":2216.31},{"text":"like","start":2216.31,"end":2216.71},{"text":"also","start":2216.71,"end":2217.19},{"text":"to","start":2217.19,"end":2217.35},{"text":"express","start":2217.35,"end":2217.87},{"text":"our","start":2217.87,"end":2218.07},{"text":"appreciation","start":2218.07,"end":2219.11},{"text":"to","start":2219.79,"end":2219.83},{"text":"Ms.","start":2219.83,"end":2220.27},{"text":"Arty","start":2220.27,"end":2220.75},{"text":"Holamini,","start":2220.75,"end":2221.67},{"text":"Director","start":2221.95,"end":2222.67},{"text":"of","start":2222.67,"end":2222.83},{"text":"the","start":2222.83,"end":2222.99},{"text":"UN","start":2222.99,"end":2223.31},{"text":"Office","start":2223.31,"end":2223.79},{"text":"for","start":2223.79,"end":2224.03},{"text":"Outer","start":2224.03,"end":2224.35},{"text":"Space","start":2224.35,"end":2224.75},{"text":"Affairs,","start":2224.75,"end":2225.39},{"text":"and","start":2225.71,"end":2225.91},{"text":"the","start":2225.91,"end":2225.99},{"text":"entire","start":2225.99,"end":2226.35},{"text":"Secretariat","start":2226.35,"end":2227.07},{"text":"for","start":2227.07,"end":2227.31},{"text":"their","start":2227.31,"end":2227.47},{"text":"outstanding","start":2227.47,"end":2228.11},{"text":"work","start":2228.11,"end":2228.67},{"text":"in","start":2229.07,"end":2229.23},{"text":"preparing","start":2229.23,"end":2229.95},{"text":"and","start":2230.03,"end":2230.27},{"text":"managing","start":2230.27,"end":2230.91},{"text":"the","start":2230.99,"end":2231.15},{"text":"current","start":2231.15,"end":2231.51},{"text":"session.","start":2231.51,"end":2232.03}]},{"text":"Poland fully aligns itself with the statement delivered by the European Union, inter alia with the call to respect international law, and we share the strong condemnation of Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine.","start":2233.15,"end":2248.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Poland","start":2233.15,"end":2233.55},{"text":"fully","start":2233.55,"end":2233.79},{"text":"aligns","start":2233.79,"end":2234.19},{"text":"itself","start":2234.19,"end":2234.79},{"text":"with","start":2234.79,"end":2234.91},{"text":"the","start":2234.91,"end":2234.99},{"text":"statement","start":2234.99,"end":2235.51},{"text":"delivered","start":2235.51,"end":2235.95},{"text":"by","start":2235.95,"end":2236.11},{"text":"the","start":2236.11,"end":2236.35},{"text":"European","start":2236.35,"end":2236.91},{"text":"Union,","start":2236.91,"end":2237.47},{"text":"inter","start":2237.87,"end":2238.35},{"text":"alia","start":2238.39,"end":2238.83},{"text":"with","start":2238.99,"end":2239.27},{"text":"the","start":2239.27,"end":2239.39},{"text":"call","start":2239.39,"end":2239.79},{"text":"to","start":2239.79,"end":2239.91},{"text":"respect","start":2239.91,"end":2240.51},{"text":"international","start":2240.51,"end":2241.75},{"text":"law,","start":2241.75,"end":2241.83},{"text":"and","start":2242.43,"end":2242.83},{"text":"we","start":2243.15,"end":2243.31},{"text":"share","start":2243.31,"end":2243.63},{"text":"the","start":2243.63,"end":2243.71},{"text":"strong","start":2243.71,"end":2244.03},{"text":"condemnation","start":2244.03,"end":2245.07},{"text":"of","start":2245.31,"end":2245.55},{"text":"Russia's","start":2245.55,"end":2246.03},{"text":"war","start":2246.03,"end":2246.35},{"text":"of","start":2246.35,"end":2246.43},{"text":"aggression","start":2246.43,"end":2247.15},{"text":"against","start":2247.39,"end":2248.03},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":2248.11,"end":2248.75}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, I am pleased to announce that on 13 February 2026, the Polish Parliament adopted the Act on Space Activities, marking a significant step in aligning Poland's national legal framework with the international obligations arising from the United Nations space treaties.","start":2249.95,"end":2273.55,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2249.95,"end":2250.27},{"text":"Chair,","start":2250.27,"end":2250.75},{"text":"distinguished","start":2251.15,"end":2251.71},{"text":"delegates,","start":2251.71,"end":2252.59},{"text":"I","start":2253.15,"end":2253.27},{"text":"am","start":2253.27,"end":2253.39},{"text":"pleased","start":2253.39,"end":2253.63},{"text":"to","start":2253.63,"end":2253.75},{"text":"announce","start":2253.75,"end":2254.19},{"text":"that","start":2254.19,"end":2254.43},{"text":"on","start":2254.43,"end":2254.83},{"text":"13","start":2255.07,"end":2255.63},{"text":"February","start":2255.63,"end":2256.35},{"text":"2026,","start":2256.51,"end":2257.71},{"text":"the","start":2258.03,"end":2258.19},{"text":"Polish","start":2258.19,"end":2258.51},{"text":"Parliament","start":2258.51,"end":2259.15},{"text":"adopted","start":2259.15,"end":2259.83},{"text":"the","start":2259.83,"end":2259.91},{"text":"Act","start":2259.91,"end":2260.35},{"text":"on","start":2260.35,"end":2260.51},{"text":"Space","start":2260.51,"end":2261.15},{"text":"Activities,","start":2261.15,"end":2262.11},{"text":"marking","start":2262.51,"end":2263.03},{"text":"a","start":2263.03,"end":2263.07},{"text":"significant","start":2263.07,"end":2263.75},{"text":"step","start":2263.75,"end":2264.11},{"text":"in","start":2264.11,"end":2264.27},{"text":"aligning","start":2264.27,"end":2265.07},{"text":"Poland's","start":2265.55,"end":2266.11},{"text":"national","start":2266.11,"end":2266.67},{"text":"legal","start":2266.67,"end":2266.91},{"text":"framework","start":2266.91,"end":2267.63},{"text":"with","start":2267.87,"end":2268.15},{"text":"the","start":2268.15,"end":2268.23},{"text":"international","start":2268.23,"end":2268.87},{"text":"obligations","start":2268.87,"end":2269.71},{"text":"arising","start":2269.71,"end":2270.51},{"text":"from","start":2270.83,"end":2271.03},{"text":"the","start":2271.03,"end":2271.11},{"text":"United","start":2271.11,"end":2271.55},{"text":"Nations","start":2271.55,"end":2272.15},{"text":"space","start":2272.15,"end":2272.75},{"text":"treaties.","start":2272.75,"end":2273.55}]},{"text":"The new Space Act establishes a coherent set of rules for the functioning of the space sector, simultaneously strengthening national security and protecting the financial interests of the Polish State.","start":2274.51,"end":2290.35,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2274.51,"end":2274.59},{"text":"new","start":2274.59,"end":2274.75},{"text":"Space","start":2274.75,"end":2275.31},{"text":"Act","start":2275.31,"end":2275.79},{"text":"establishes","start":2275.79,"end":2276.75},{"text":"a","start":2276.83,"end":2276.87},{"text":"coherent","start":2276.87,"end":2277.63},{"text":"set","start":2277.95,"end":2278.35},{"text":"of","start":2278.39,"end":2278.51},{"text":"rules","start":2278.51,"end":2279.15},{"text":"for","start":2279.39,"end":2279.63},{"text":"the","start":2279.63,"end":2279.79},{"text":"functioning","start":2279.79,"end":2280.51},{"text":"of","start":2280.59,"end":2280.75},{"text":"the","start":2280.75,"end":2280.83},{"text":"space","start":2280.83,"end":2281.35},{"text":"sector,","start":2281.35,"end":2281.95},{"text":"simultaneously","start":2282.35,"end":2283.47},{"text":"strengthening","start":2283.47,"end":2284.19},{"text":"national","start":2284.19,"end":2284.67},{"text":"security","start":2284.67,"end":2285.47},{"text":"and","start":2285.95,"end":2286.27},{"text":"protecting","start":2286.27,"end":2286.99},{"text":"the","start":2286.99,"end":2287.23},{"text":"financial","start":2287.23,"end":2287.83},{"text":"interests","start":2287.83,"end":2288.59},{"text":"of","start":2288.95,"end":2289.07},{"text":"the","start":2289.07,"end":2289.15},{"text":"Polish","start":2289.15,"end":2289.71},{"text":"State.","start":2289.71,"end":2290.35}]},{"text":"Specifically, this new piece of legislation provides a framework for both the evaluation of licence applications and the subsequent supervision of operators.","start":2291.23,"end":2304.39,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Specifically,","start":2291.23,"end":2292.27},{"text":"this","start":2292.51,"end":2292.83},{"text":"new","start":2292.83,"end":2293.07},{"text":"piece","start":2293.07,"end":2293.39},{"text":"of","start":2293.39,"end":2293.47},{"text":"legislation","start":2293.47,"end":2294.51},{"text":"provides","start":2294.83,"end":2295.39},{"text":"a","start":2295.47,"end":2295.51},{"text":"framework","start":2295.51,"end":2296.19},{"text":"for","start":2296.59,"end":2296.91},{"text":"both","start":2296.91,"end":2297.23},{"text":"the","start":2297.23,"end":2297.43},{"text":"evaluation","start":2297.43,"end":2298.67},{"text":"of","start":2298.67,"end":2298.83},{"text":"licence","start":2298.83,"end":2299.47},{"text":"applications","start":2299.47,"end":2300.43},{"text":"and","start":2300.95,"end":2301.07},{"text":"the","start":2301.07,"end":2301.15},{"text":"subsequent","start":2301.15,"end":2301.91},{"text":"supervision","start":2301.91,"end":2302.79},{"text":"of","start":2303.11,"end":2303.43},{"text":"operators.","start":2303.43,"end":2304.39}]},{"text":"Accordingly, operators are required to consider the long term sustainable use of outer space for peaceful purposes and to eliminate or minimise negative impacts on the natural environment of Earth or outer space, including preventing the formation of space debris.","start":2305.19,"end":2326.39,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Accordingly,","start":2305.19,"end":2305.99},{"text":"operators","start":2306.31,"end":2307.11},{"text":"are","start":2307.11,"end":2307.23},{"text":"required","start":2307.23,"end":2307.87},{"text":"to","start":2307.87,"end":2307.99},{"text":"consider","start":2307.99,"end":2308.55},{"text":"the","start":2308.55,"end":2308.67},{"text":"long","start":2308.67,"end":2308.95},{"text":"term","start":2308.95,"end":2309.35},{"text":"sustainable","start":2309.35,"end":2309.99},{"text":"use","start":2309.99,"end":2310.47},{"text":"of","start":2310.83,"end":2311.03},{"text":"outer","start":2311.03,"end":2311.43},{"text":"space","start":2311.43,"end":2311.83},{"text":"for","start":2311.83,"end":2311.99},{"text":"peaceful","start":2311.99,"end":2312.47},{"text":"purposes","start":2312.47,"end":2313.27},{"text":"and","start":2313.75,"end":2314.03},{"text":"to","start":2314.03,"end":2314.19},{"text":"eliminate","start":2314.23,"end":2315.11},{"text":"or","start":2315.35,"end":2315.67},{"text":"minimise","start":2315.67,"end":2316.47},{"text":"negative","start":2316.87,"end":2318.07},{"text":"impacts","start":2318.07,"end":2318.71},{"text":"on","start":2318.71,"end":2318.87},{"text":"the","start":2318.87,"end":2318.99},{"text":"natural","start":2318.99,"end":2319.59},{"text":"environment","start":2319.59,"end":2320.35},{"text":"of","start":2320.35,"end":2320.63},{"text":"Earth","start":2320.63,"end":2321.03},{"text":"or","start":2321.51,"end":2321.75},{"text":"outer","start":2321.83,"end":2322.15},{"text":"space,","start":2322.15,"end":2322.79},{"text":"including","start":2323.19,"end":2323.75},{"text":"preventing","start":2323.75,"end":2324.39},{"text":"the","start":2324.39,"end":2324.51},{"text":"formation","start":2324.51,"end":2325.19},{"text":"of","start":2325.19,"end":2325.35},{"text":"space","start":2325.35,"end":2325.79},{"text":"debris.","start":2325.79,"end":2326.39}]},{"text":"Let me emphasise that the Polish Parliament, while developing the Space Act took into consideration the internationally agreed legal framework, including the provisions of guidelines for the long term sustainability of outer space activities.","start":2327.51,"end":2342.95,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":2327.51,"end":2327.71},{"text":"me","start":2327.71,"end":2327.91},{"text":"emphasise","start":2327.91,"end":2328.63},{"text":"that","start":2328.63,"end":2328.75},{"text":"the","start":2328.75,"end":2328.87},{"text":"Polish","start":2328.87,"end":2329.27},{"text":"Parliament,","start":2329.27,"end":2329.99},{"text":"while","start":2330.43,"end":2330.71},{"text":"developing","start":2330.71,"end":2331.27},{"text":"the","start":2331.27,"end":2331.35},{"text":"Space","start":2331.35,"end":2331.83},{"text":"Act","start":2331.83,"end":2332.19},{"text":"took","start":2332.19,"end":2332.39},{"text":"into","start":2332.39,"end":2332.63},{"text":"consideration","start":2332.63,"end":2333.47},{"text":"the","start":2333.47,"end":2333.55},{"text":"internationally","start":2333.55,"end":2334.31},{"text":"agreed","start":2334.31,"end":2334.71},{"text":"legal","start":2334.71,"end":2335.03},{"text":"framework,","start":2335.03,"end":2335.67},{"text":"including","start":2336.07,"end":2336.63},{"text":"the","start":2336.63,"end":2336.75},{"text":"provisions","start":2336.75,"end":2337.59},{"text":"of","start":2337.59,"end":2337.83},{"text":"guidelines","start":2337.83,"end":2338.55},{"text":"for","start":2338.55,"end":2338.79},{"text":"the","start":2338.79,"end":2338.91},{"text":"long","start":2338.91,"end":2339.27},{"text":"term","start":2339.27,"end":2339.67},{"text":"sustainability","start":2339.67,"end":2340.79},{"text":"of","start":2341.15,"end":2341.35},{"text":"outer","start":2341.35,"end":2341.71},{"text":"space","start":2341.71,"end":2342.11},{"text":"activities.","start":2342.11,"end":2342.95}]},{"text":"Furthermore, the Act establishes the national register of space objects.","start":2343.75,"end":2348.79,"topics":[{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":2343.75,"end":2344.71},{"text":"the","start":2344.95,"end":2345.15},{"text":"Act","start":2345.15,"end":2345.47},{"text":"establishes","start":2345.47,"end":2346.23},{"text":"the","start":2346.23,"end":2346.31},{"text":"national","start":2346.31,"end":2346.79},{"text":"register","start":2346.79,"end":2347.47},{"text":"of","start":2347.47,"end":2347.59},{"text":"space","start":2347.59,"end":2348.07},{"text":"objects.","start":2348.07,"end":2348.79}]},{"text":"Another significant element is the set of provisions governing liability for damage caused by space objects.","start":2349.35,"end":2357.43,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Another","start":2349.35,"end":2349.75},{"text":"significant","start":2349.75,"end":2350.39},{"text":"element","start":2350.39,"end":2351.11},{"text":"is","start":2351.43,"end":2351.59},{"text":"the","start":2351.59,"end":2351.71},{"text":"set","start":2351.71,"end":2352.07},{"text":"of","start":2352.11,"end":2352.23},{"text":"provisions","start":2352.23,"end":2352.87},{"text":"governing","start":2352.87,"end":2353.35},{"text":"liability","start":2353.35,"end":2354.31},{"text":"for","start":2354.47,"end":2354.79},{"text":"damage","start":2354.79,"end":2355.43},{"text":"caused","start":2355.51,"end":2355.99},{"text":"by","start":2355.99,"end":2356.23},{"text":"space","start":2356.23,"end":2356.71},{"text":"objects.","start":2356.79,"end":2357.43}]},{"text":"Additionally, the Act enhances the security of citizens and the state by creating a legal regime for the operation of the national satellite information system and the space security system, both being of utmost importance for crisis management and national security in terms of threats to public safety, environment and infrastructure.","start":2358.55,"end":2384.39,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":2358.55,"end":2359.35},{"text":"the","start":2359.51,"end":2359.71},{"text":"Act","start":2359.71,"end":2360.07},{"text":"enhances","start":2360.07,"end":2360.71},{"text":"the","start":2360.71,"end":2360.83},{"text":"security","start":2360.83,"end":2361.39},{"text":"of","start":2361.39,"end":2361.51},{"text":"citizens","start":2361.51,"end":2362.23},{"text":"and","start":2362.23,"end":2362.43},{"text":"the","start":2362.43,"end":2362.55},{"text":"state","start":2362.55,"end":2363.11},{"text":"by","start":2363.43,"end":2363.67},{"text":"creating","start":2363.67,"end":2364.19},{"text":"a","start":2364.23,"end":2364.31},{"text":"legal","start":2364.31,"end":2364.79},{"text":"regime","start":2364.79,"end":2365.43},{"text":"for","start":2365.67,"end":2365.91},{"text":"the","start":2365.95,"end":2366.03},{"text":"operation","start":2366.03,"end":2366.79},{"text":"of","start":2366.79,"end":2366.95},{"text":"the","start":2366.95,"end":2367.07},{"text":"national","start":2367.07,"end":2367.59},{"text":"satellite","start":2367.59,"end":2368.11},{"text":"information","start":2368.11,"end":2368.79},{"text":"system","start":2368.79,"end":2369.43},{"text":"and","start":2369.99,"end":2370.23},{"text":"the","start":2370.23,"end":2370.31},{"text":"space","start":2370.31,"end":2371.15},{"text":"security","start":2371.15,"end":2371.75},{"text":"system,","start":2371.75,"end":2372.39},{"text":"both","start":2373.03,"end":2373.35},{"text":"being","start":2373.35,"end":2373.75},{"text":"of","start":2373.75,"end":2373.91},{"text":"utmost","start":2373.91,"end":2374.39},{"text":"importance","start":2374.39,"end":2375.27},{"text":"for","start":2375.51,"end":2375.75},{"text":"crisis","start":2375.75,"end":2376.31},{"text":"management","start":2376.31,"end":2377.11},{"text":"and","start":2377.35,"end":2377.71},{"text":"national","start":2377.71,"end":2378.15},{"text":"security","start":2378.15,"end":2378.95},{"text":"in","start":2379.27,"end":2379.43},{"text":"terms","start":2379.43,"end":2379.83},{"text":"of","start":2379.87,"end":2379.99},{"text":"threats","start":2379.99,"end":2380.39},{"text":"to","start":2380.39,"end":2380.51},{"text":"public","start":2380.51,"end":2380.95},{"text":"safety,","start":2380.95,"end":2381.67},{"text":"environment","start":2382.15,"end":2383.03},{"text":"and","start":2383.27,"end":2383.43},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":2383.43,"end":2384.39}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, The foreseeable human exploration of the Moon and increasing frequency of lunar missions will heighten the risk of harmful impact on lunar environment and heritage lunar sites.","start":2385.31,"end":2399.15,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Governance","description":"Some speakers focused on the increasing pace of lunar missions and the need for policy guidance on issues such as lunar information sharing, heritage protection, science and ethics, and the use of technologies like lunar nuclear reactors. The discussion framed the Moon as an area requiring peaceful, safe, and sustainable governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2385.31,"end":2385.67},{"text":"Chair,","start":2385.67,"end":2386.15},{"text":"The","start":2386.83,"end":2386.91},{"text":"foreseeable","start":2386.91,"end":2387.55},{"text":"human","start":2387.55,"end":2387.91},{"text":"exploration","start":2387.91,"end":2388.91},{"text":"of","start":2388.99,"end":2389.15},{"text":"the","start":2389.15,"end":2389.31},{"text":"Moon","start":2389.31,"end":2389.87},{"text":"and","start":2390.11,"end":2390.39},{"text":"increasing","start":2390.43,"end":2390.99},{"text":"frequency","start":2390.99,"end":2391.55},{"text":"of","start":2391.55,"end":2391.71},{"text":"lunar","start":2391.71,"end":2392.11},{"text":"missions","start":2392.11,"end":2392.83},{"text":"will","start":2393.23,"end":2393.47},{"text":"heighten","start":2393.47,"end":2393.95},{"text":"the","start":2393.95,"end":2394.07},{"text":"risk","start":2394.07,"end":2394.59},{"text":"of","start":2394.63,"end":2394.75},{"text":"harmful","start":2394.75,"end":2395.31},{"text":"impact","start":2395.31,"end":2395.79},{"text":"on","start":2395.83,"end":2396.03},{"text":"lunar","start":2396.03,"end":2396.27},{"text":"environment","start":2396.27,"end":2397.07},{"text":"and","start":2397.31,"end":2397.51},{"text":"heritage","start":2397.51,"end":2398.19},{"text":"lunar","start":2398.19,"end":2398.51},{"text":"sites.","start":2398.51,"end":2399.15}]},{"text":"Therefore, we welcome progress made by the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultations and advocate for preservation of human heritage on the Moon in the interest of all mankind and future generations.","start":2399.71,"end":2413.15,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Governance","description":"Some speakers focused on the increasing pace of lunar missions and the need for policy guidance on issues such as lunar information sharing, heritage protection, science and ethics, and the use of technologies like lunar nuclear reactors. The discussion framed the Moon as an area requiring peaceful, safe, and sustainable governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":2399.71,"end":2400.51},{"text":"we","start":2400.67,"end":2400.91},{"text":"welcome","start":2400.91,"end":2401.31},{"text":"progress","start":2401.31,"end":2401.79},{"text":"made","start":2401.79,"end":2402.03},{"text":"by","start":2402.03,"end":2402.19},{"text":"the","start":2402.19,"end":2402.31},{"text":"Action","start":2402.31,"end":2402.75},{"text":"Team","start":2402.75,"end":2402.99},{"text":"on","start":2402.99,"end":2403.15},{"text":"Lunar","start":2403.15,"end":2403.43},{"text":"Activities","start":2403.43,"end":2403.95},{"text":"Consultations","start":2403.95,"end":2404.99},{"text":"and","start":2405.39,"end":2405.63},{"text":"advocate","start":2405.63,"end":2406.27},{"text":"for","start":2406.27,"end":2406.43},{"text":"preservation","start":2406.43,"end":2407.23},{"text":"of","start":2407.23,"end":2407.39},{"text":"human","start":2407.39,"end":2407.67},{"text":"heritage","start":2407.67,"end":2408.27},{"text":"on","start":2408.27,"end":2408.43},{"text":"the","start":2408.43,"end":2408.59},{"text":"Moon","start":2408.59,"end":2408.99},{"text":"in","start":2409.39,"end":2409.63},{"text":"the","start":2409.63,"end":2409.71},{"text":"interest","start":2409.71,"end":2410.39},{"text":"of","start":2410.43,"end":2410.59},{"text":"all","start":2410.59,"end":2410.91},{"text":"mankind","start":2410.91,"end":2411.63},{"text":"and","start":2411.63,"end":2411.87},{"text":"future","start":2411.87,"end":2412.27},{"text":"generations.","start":2412.27,"end":2413.15}]},{"text":"We also look forward to an agreement on the objectives, venue, organisation and funding of the UniSpace4 conference.","start":2413.71,"end":2422.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2413.71,"end":2413.91},{"text":"also","start":2413.91,"end":2414.23},{"text":"look","start":2414.23,"end":2414.43},{"text":"forward","start":2414.43,"end":2414.99},{"text":"to","start":2415.55,"end":2415.59},{"text":"an","start":2415.59,"end":2415.71},{"text":"agreement","start":2415.71,"end":2416.51},{"text":"on","start":2416.51,"end":2416.63},{"text":"the","start":2416.63,"end":2416.71},{"text":"objectives,","start":2416.71,"end":2417.55},{"text":"venue,","start":2417.55,"end":2417.95},{"text":"organisation","start":2417.95,"end":2418.91},{"text":"and","start":2419.15,"end":2419.47},{"text":"funding","start":2419.47,"end":2420.03},{"text":"of","start":2420.35,"end":2420.51},{"text":"the","start":2420.51,"end":2420.63},{"text":"UniSpace4","start":2420.63,"end":2421.71},{"text":"conference.","start":2421.71,"end":2422.51}]},{"text":"Finally, I would like to announce that Poland was selected to organise the 78th International Astronautical Congress, which will be held in Poznan, Poland, from 27 September to 1 October 2027.","start":2423.15,"end":2438.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":2423.15,"end":2423.87},{"text":"I","start":2423.87,"end":2423.95},{"text":"would","start":2423.95,"end":2424.11},{"text":"like","start":2424.11,"end":2424.35},{"text":"to","start":2424.35,"end":2424.47},{"text":"announce","start":2424.47,"end":2424.79},{"text":"that","start":2424.83,"end":2424.99},{"text":"Poland","start":2424.99,"end":2425.47},{"text":"was","start":2425.47,"end":2425.59},{"text":"selected","start":2425.59,"end":2426.07},{"text":"to","start":2426.07,"end":2426.23},{"text":"organise","start":2426.23,"end":2426.99},{"text":"the","start":2427.31,"end":2427.51},{"text":"78th","start":2427.51,"end":2428.59},{"text":"International","start":2428.75,"end":2429.63},{"text":"Astronautical","start":2429.79,"end":2430.59},{"text":"Congress,","start":2430.59,"end":2431.31},{"text":"which","start":2431.63,"end":2431.87},{"text":"will","start":2431.87,"end":2432.03},{"text":"be","start":2432.03,"end":2432.19},{"text":"held","start":2432.19,"end":2432.51},{"text":"in","start":2432.51,"end":2432.75},{"text":"Poznan,","start":2432.75,"end":2433.31},{"text":"Poland,","start":2433.31,"end":2433.87},{"text":"from","start":2434.19,"end":2434.75},{"text":"27","start":2434.75,"end":2435.55},{"text":"September","start":2435.55,"end":2436.59},{"text":"to","start":2436.59,"end":2436.71},{"text":"1","start":2436.71,"end":2436.83},{"text":"October","start":2436.83,"end":2437.39},{"text":"2027.","start":2437.63,"end":2438.75}]},{"text":"Therefore, let me take this opportunity to cordially invite you to this important event on the topic One space, shared future'.","start":2439.47,"end":2449.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":2439.47,"end":2440.11},{"text":"let","start":2440.35,"end":2440.59},{"text":"me","start":2440.59,"end":2440.71},{"text":"take","start":2440.71,"end":2440.91},{"text":"this","start":2440.91,"end":2441.11},{"text":"opportunity","start":2441.11,"end":2441.87},{"text":"to","start":2441.87,"end":2441.99},{"text":"cordially","start":2442.03,"end":2442.63},{"text":"invite","start":2442.63,"end":2443.15},{"text":"you","start":2443.15,"end":2443.31},{"text":"to","start":2443.31,"end":2443.47},{"text":"this","start":2443.79,"end":2444.11},{"text":"important","start":2444.11,"end":2444.75},{"text":"event","start":2444.75,"end":2445.23},{"text":"on","start":2445.63,"end":2445.71},{"text":"the","start":2445.71,"end":2445.83},{"text":"topic","start":2445.83,"end":2446.43},{"text":"One","start":2446.59,"end":2446.99},{"text":"space,","start":2446.99,"end":2447.63},{"text":"shared","start":2447.87,"end":2448.43},{"text":"future'.","start":2448.51,"end":2449.07}]},{"text":"I thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":2449.47,"end":2451.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2449.47,"end":2449.63},{"text":"thank","start":2449.63,"end":2449.83},{"text":"you,","start":2449.83,"end":2449.91},{"text":"Mr.","start":2449.91,"end":2450.43},{"text":"Chair.","start":2451.35,"end":2451.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"POL","affiliation_full":"Poland","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":2452.67,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=2453","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Poland for that statement, which is the last Member State that I have on my list.","start":2452.67,"end":2459.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2452.67,"end":2452.83},{"text":"thank","start":2452.83,"end":2453.15},{"text":"the","start":2453.15,"end":2453.23},{"text":"delegation","start":2453.23,"end":2453.79},{"text":"of","start":2453.79,"end":2453.87},{"text":"Poland","start":2453.87,"end":2454.39},{"text":"for","start":2454.39,"end":2454.51},{"text":"that","start":2454.51,"end":2454.67},{"text":"statement,","start":2454.67,"end":2455.47},{"text":"which","start":2456.23,"end":2456.59},{"text":"is","start":2456.59,"end":2456.83},{"text":"the","start":2456.83,"end":2456.91},{"text":"last","start":2456.99,"end":2457.39},{"text":"Member","start":2457.39,"end":2457.79},{"text":"State","start":2457.79,"end":2458.15},{"text":"that","start":2458.15,"end":2458.27},{"text":"I","start":2458.27,"end":2458.31},{"text":"have","start":2458.31,"end":2458.55},{"text":"on","start":2458.55,"end":2458.63},{"text":"my","start":2458.63,"end":2458.75},{"text":"list.","start":2458.75,"end":2459.23}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to observers, beginning with the Lunar Policy Platform Foundation.","start":2459.63,"end":2467.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2459.63,"end":2459.71},{"text":"now","start":2459.71,"end":2459.95},{"text":"give","start":2459.95,"end":2460.19},{"text":"the","start":2460.19,"end":2460.31},{"text":"floor","start":2460.31,"end":2460.75},{"text":"to","start":2461.87,"end":2462.03},{"text":"observers,","start":2462.11,"end":2463.07},{"text":"beginning","start":2463.63,"end":2464.19},{"text":"with","start":2464.19,"end":2464.47},{"text":"the","start":2464.51,"end":2464.63},{"text":"Lunar","start":2464.75,"end":2465.07},{"text":"Policy","start":2465.07,"end":2465.71},{"text":"Platform","start":2465.71,"end":2466.27},{"text":"Foundation.","start":2466.27,"end":2467.23}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":4,"start":2468.47,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=2469","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":2468.47,"end":2470.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2468.47,"end":2469.31},{"text":"you","start":2469.87,"end":2469.99},{"text":"very","start":2469.99,"end":2470.19},{"text":"much,","start":2470.19,"end":2470.63},{"text":"Chair.","start":2470.63,"end":2470.79}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"I am delighted to congratulate you on your election as Chair of the Legal Subcommittee and would like to assure you of our full 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also wish to sincerely thank Professor Santiago Ripoll from Spain for guiding the Subcommittee over the past two years, as well as the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs for the excellent organization of this year's meetings despite the many challenges of the liquidity crisis.","start":2477.87,"end":2491.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2477.87,"end":2478.07},{"text":"also","start":2478.07,"end":2478.35},{"text":"wish","start":2478.35,"end":2478.55},{"text":"to","start":2478.55,"end":2478.67},{"text":"sincerely","start":2478.67,"end":2479.11},{"text":"thank","start":2479.11,"end":2479.39},{"text":"Professor","start":2479.39,"end":2479.87},{"text":"Santiago","start":2479.87,"end":2480.27},{"text":"Ripoll","start":2480.27,"end":2480.59},{"text":"from","start":2480.59,"end":2480.79},{"text":"Spain","start":2480.79,"end":2481.23},{"text":"for","start":2481.39,"end":2481.63},{"text":"guiding","start":2481.63,"end":2481.95},{"text":"the","start":2481.95,"end":2482.03},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2482.03,"end":2482.67},{"text":"over","start":2482.67,"end":2482.83},{"text":"the","start":2482.83,"end":2482.91},{"text":"past","start":2482.91,"end":2483.19},{"text":"two","start":2483.19,"end":2483.39},{"text":"years,","start":2483.39,"end":2483.79},{"text":"as","start":2483.95,"end":2484.11},{"text":"well","start":2484.11,"end":2484.27},{"text":"as","start":2484.27,"end":2484.35},{"text":"the","start":2484.35,"end":2484.47},{"text":"UN","start":2484.47,"end":2484.75},{"text":"Office","start":2484.75,"end":2485.11},{"text":"for","start":2485.11,"end":2485.23},{"text":"Outer","start":2485.23,"end":2485.39},{"text":"Space","start":2485.39,"end":2485.71},{"text":"Affairs","start":2485.71,"end":2486.19},{"text":"for","start":2486.35,"end":2486.51},{"text":"the","start":2486.51,"end":2486.63},{"text":"excellent","start":2486.63,"end":2487.07},{"text":"organization","start":2487.07,"end":2487.71},{"text":"of","start":2487.71,"end":2487.79},{"text":"this","start":2487.79,"end":2488.11},{"text":"year's","start":2488.11,"end":2488.39},{"text":"meetings","start":2488.39,"end":2488.83},{"text":"despite","start":2488.83,"end":2489.31},{"text":"the","start":2489.31,"end":2489.39},{"text":"many","start":2489.39,"end":2489.71},{"text":"challenges","start":2489.71,"end":2490.27},{"text":"of","start":2490.27,"end":2490.43},{"text":"the","start":2490.43,"end":2490.51},{"text":"liquidity","start":2490.51,"end":2490.91},{"text":"crisis.","start":2490.91,"end":2491.47}]},{"text":"The Lunar Policy Platform or LPP is an expert, neutral, global, non-governmental organization specializing in lunar 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sustainable exploration and use of the Moon for the benefit of all humanity.","start":2500.55,"end":2510.31,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Governance","description":"Some speakers focused on the increasing pace of lunar missions and the need for policy guidance on issues such as lunar information sharing, heritage protection, science and ethics, and the use of technologies like lunar nuclear reactors. 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Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":2511.27,"end":2511.51},{"text":"work","start":2511.51,"end":2511.83},{"text":"covers","start":2511.91,"end":2512.27},{"text":"the","start":2512.27,"end":2512.35},{"text":"entire","start":2512.35,"end":2512.79},{"text":"value","start":2512.79,"end":2513.03},{"text":"chain","start":2513.03,"end":2513.27},{"text":"of","start":2513.27,"end":2513.35},{"text":"policy,","start":2513.35,"end":2513.91},{"text":"development,","start":2514.15,"end":2514.87},{"text":"implementation","start":2514.87,"end":2515.83},{"text":"and","start":2515.83,"end":2515.99},{"text":"education","start":2515.99,"end":2516.63},{"text":"and","start":2516.87,"end":2517.03},{"text":"is","start":2517.03,"end":2517.11},{"text":"designed","start":2517.11,"end":2517.55},{"text":"to","start":2517.55,"end":2517.63},{"text":"support","start":2517.63,"end":2518.11},{"text":"the","start":2518.11,"end":2518.19},{"text":"leading","start":2518.19,"end":2518.63},{"text":"work","start":2518.63,"end":2518.83},{"text":"of","start":2518.83,"end":2518.91},{"text":"COPUOS","start":2518.91,"end":2519.83},{"text":"as","start":2519.83,"end":2519.91},{"text":"the","start":2519.91,"end":2519.99},{"text":"multilateral","start":2519.99,"end":2520.47},{"text":"body","start":2520.47,"end":2520.71},{"text":"in","start":2520.71,"end":2520.87},{"text":"charge","start":2520.87,"end":2521.15},{"text":"of","start":2521.15,"end":2521.23},{"text":"space","start":2521.23,"end":2521.51},{"text":"governance.","start":2521.51,"end":2522.07}]},{"text":"In policy development, with gratitude to our former funder and trusted partner, the Open Lunar Foundation, last year we produced three groundbreaking reports advancing lunar policy worldwide.","start":2522.79,"end":2532.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2522.79,"end":2522.95},{"text":"policy","start":2522.95,"end":2523.27},{"text":"development,","start":2523.27,"end":2523.83},{"text":"with","start":2523.91,"end":2524.11},{"text":"gratitude","start":2524.11,"end":2524.63},{"text":"to","start":2524.63,"end":2524.75},{"text":"our","start":2524.75,"end":2524.87},{"text":"former","start":2524.87,"end":2525.19},{"text":"funder","start":2525.19,"end":2525.55},{"text":"and","start":2525.55,"end":2525.71},{"text":"trusted","start":2525.71,"end":2526.03},{"text":"partner,","start":2526.03,"end":2526.47},{"text":"the","start":2526.47,"end":2526.67},{"text":"Open","start":2526.67,"end":2526.91},{"text":"Lunar","start":2526.91,"end":2527.19},{"text":"Foundation,","start":2527.19,"end":2527.83},{"text":"last","start":2528.07,"end":2528.47},{"text":"year","start":2528.47,"end":2528.71},{"text":"we","start":2528.87,"end":2529.03},{"text":"produced","start":2529.03,"end":2529.43},{"text":"three","start":2529.43,"end":2529.67},{"text":"groundbreaking","start":2529.67,"end":2530.23},{"text":"reports","start":2530.23,"end":2530.71},{"text":"advancing","start":2530.71,"end":2531.35},{"text":"lunar","start":2531.35,"end":2531.59},{"text":"policy","start":2531.59,"end":2532.07},{"text":"worldwide.","start":2532.07,"end":2532.79}]},{"text":"First, we developed a lunar information sharing one-on-one to clarify common ground between all actors on the core elements of lunar information sharing and foster the development of guiding principles and streamline practices.","start":2533.59,"end":2545.83,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Governance","description":"Some speakers focused on the increasing pace of lunar missions and the need for policy guidance on issues such as lunar information sharing, heritage protection, science and ethics, and the use of technologies like lunar nuclear reactors. 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Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2597.79,"end":2597.91},{"text":"series","start":2597.95,"end":2598.35},{"text":"featured","start":2598.35,"end":2598.71},{"text":"nearly","start":2598.71,"end":2598.99},{"text":"300","start":2598.99,"end":2599.51},{"text":"participants","start":2599.51,"end":2600.11},{"text":"from","start":2600.11,"end":2600.31},{"text":"over","start":2600.31,"end":2600.51},{"text":"30","start":2600.51,"end":2600.75},{"text":"countries,","start":2600.75,"end":2601.23},{"text":"fostering","start":2601.31,"end":2601.99},{"text":"capacity","start":2601.99,"end":2602.43},{"text":"building","start":2602.43,"end":2602.79},{"text":"worldwide.","start":2602.79,"end":2603.39}]},{"text":"Together with the Royal Astronomical Society and in partnership with the UK Space Agency, we hosted the first Lunar Community Building Workshop in London.","start":2604.43,"end":2611.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Together","start":2604.43,"end":2604.75},{"text":"with","start":2604.75,"end":2604.87},{"text":"the","start":2604.87,"end":2604.95},{"text":"Royal","start":2604.95,"end":2605.19},{"text":"Astronomical","start":2605.19,"end":2605.79},{"text":"Society","start":2605.79,"end":2606.31},{"text":"and","start":2606.31,"end":2606.43},{"text":"in","start":2606.43,"end":2606.51},{"text":"partnership","start":2606.51,"end":2606.99},{"text":"with","start":2606.99,"end":2607.11},{"text":"the","start":2607.11,"end":2607.19},{"text":"UK","start":2607.19,"end":2607.47},{"text":"Space","start":2607.47,"end":2607.71},{"text":"Agency,","start":2607.71,"end":2608.35},{"text":"we","start":2608.51,"end":2608.67},{"text":"hosted","start":2608.67,"end":2609.03},{"text":"the","start":2609.03,"end":2609.11},{"text":"first","start":2609.11,"end":2609.47},{"text":"Lunar","start":2609.55,"end":2610.03},{"text":"Community","start":2610.03,"end":2610.47},{"text":"Building","start":2610.47,"end":2610.83},{"text":"Workshop","start":2610.83,"end":2611.31},{"text":"in","start":2611.31,"end":2611.47},{"text":"London.","start":2611.47,"end":2611.95}]},{"text":"This intimate event featured 50 participants across the UK space sector and fostered open discussions to identify synergies and promote cooperation.","start":2612.43,"end":2620.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2612.43,"end":2612.67},{"text":"intimate","start":2612.67,"end":2613.07},{"text":"event","start":2613.07,"end":2613.47},{"text":"featured","start":2613.47,"end":2613.87},{"text":"50","start":2613.87,"end":2614.15},{"text":"participants","start":2614.15,"end":2614.83},{"text":"across","start":2614.83,"end":2615.15},{"text":"the","start":2615.15,"end":2615.23},{"text":"UK","start":2615.23,"end":2615.55},{"text":"space","start":2615.55,"end":2615.83},{"text":"sector","start":2615.83,"end":2616.35},{"text":"and","start":2616.35,"end":2616.51},{"text":"fostered","start":2616.51,"end":2616.95},{"text":"open","start":2616.95,"end":2617.27},{"text":"discussions","start":2617.27,"end":2617.87},{"text":"to","start":2617.87,"end":2618.03},{"text":"identify","start":2618.03,"end":2618.59},{"text":"synergies","start":2618.59,"end":2619.15},{"text":"and","start":2619.15,"end":2619.27},{"text":"promote","start":2619.27,"end":2619.63},{"text":"cooperation.","start":2619.63,"end":2620.27}]},{"text":"After becoming fully independent and establishing our own legal entities, in 2026 we're scaling up our impact in collaboration with new partners worldwide.","start":2621.79,"end":2629.31,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"After","start":2621.79,"end":2622.11},{"text":"becoming","start":2622.11,"end":2622.43},{"text":"fully","start":2622.43,"end":2622.79},{"text":"independent","start":2622.79,"end":2623.43},{"text":"and","start":2623.43,"end":2623.55},{"text":"establishing","start":2623.55,"end":2624.03},{"text":"our","start":2624.03,"end":2624.11},{"text":"own","start":2624.11,"end":2624.19},{"text":"legal","start":2624.19,"end":2624.51},{"text":"entities,","start":2624.51,"end":2624.99},{"text":"in","start":2624.99,"end":2625.15},{"text":"2026","start":2625.15,"end":2625.95},{"text":"we're","start":2625.95,"end":2626.11},{"text":"scaling","start":2626.11,"end":2626.47},{"text":"up","start":2626.47,"end":2626.59},{"text":"our","start":2626.59,"end":2626.75},{"text":"impact","start":2626.75,"end":2627.15},{"text":"in","start":2627.15,"end":2627.31},{"text":"collaboration","start":2627.31,"end":2627.95},{"text":"with","start":2627.95,"end":2628.07},{"text":"new","start":2628.07,"end":2628.27},{"text":"partners","start":2628.27,"end":2628.67},{"text":"worldwide.","start":2628.67,"end":2629.31}]},{"text":"In policy development, we're conducting consultations on the legal and policy aspects of lunar nuclear reactors.","start":2630.43,"end":2635.71,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Governance","description":"Some speakers focused on the increasing pace of lunar missions and the need for policy guidance on issues such as lunar information sharing, heritage protection, science and ethics, and the use of technologies like lunar nuclear reactors. 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Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2630.43,"end":2630.51},{"text":"policy","start":2630.51,"end":2630.79},{"text":"development,","start":2630.79,"end":2631.39},{"text":"we're","start":2631.39,"end":2631.59},{"text":"conducting","start":2631.59,"end":2632.03},{"text":"consultations","start":2632.03,"end":2632.79},{"text":"on","start":2632.79,"end":2632.91},{"text":"the","start":2632.91,"end":2632.99},{"text":"legal","start":2632.99,"end":2633.35},{"text":"and","start":2633.35,"end":2633.47},{"text":"policy","start":2633.47,"end":2633.79},{"text":"aspects","start":2633.79,"end":2634.23},{"text":"of","start":2634.23,"end":2634.35},{"text":"lunar","start":2634.35,"end":2634.75},{"text":"nuclear","start":2634.75,"end":2635.07},{"text":"reactors.","start":2635.07,"end":2635.71}]},{"text":"Over 20 organizations participated so far and we're welcoming initial contributions until April 30.","start":2636.11,"end":2641.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":2636.11,"end":2636.31},{"text":"20","start":2636.31,"end":2636.59},{"text":"organizations","start":2636.59,"end":2637.19},{"text":"participated","start":2637.19,"end":2637.83},{"text":"so","start":2637.83,"end":2638.03},{"text":"far","start":2638.03,"end":2638.43},{"text":"and","start":2638.59,"end":2638.75},{"text":"we're","start":2638.75,"end":2638.91},{"text":"welcoming","start":2638.91,"end":2639.43},{"text":"initial","start":2639.43,"end":2639.79},{"text":"contributions","start":2639.79,"end":2640.51},{"text":"until","start":2640.51,"end":2640.75},{"text":"April","start":2640.75,"end":2641.03},{"text":"30.","start":2641.03,"end":2641.39}]},{"text":"Further information is provided in CRP number six.","start":2641.87,"end":2644.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Further","start":2641.87,"end":2642.15},{"text":"information","start":2642.15,"end":2642.75},{"text":"is","start":2642.75,"end":2642.91},{"text":"provided","start":2642.91,"end":2643.31},{"text":"in","start":2643.31,"end":2643.47},{"text":"CRP","start":2643.47,"end":2643.87},{"text":"number","start":2643.87,"end":2644.15},{"text":"six.","start":2644.15,"end":2644.59}]},{"text":"In policy education, we are collaborating with partners across four continents to organizing impactful events for a shared future in space.","start":2645.39,"end":2651.95,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2645.39,"end":2645.55},{"text":"policy","start":2645.55,"end":2645.91},{"text":"education,","start":2645.91,"end":2646.51},{"text":"we","start":2646.51,"end":2646.67},{"text":"are","start":2646.67,"end":2646.75},{"text":"collaborating","start":2646.75,"end":2647.39},{"text":"with","start":2647.39,"end":2647.55},{"text":"partners","start":2647.55,"end":2647.95},{"text":"across","start":2647.95,"end":2648.27},{"text":"four","start":2648.27,"end":2648.51},{"text":"continents","start":2648.51,"end":2649.15},{"text":"to","start":2649.15,"end":2649.23},{"text":"organizing","start":2649.23,"end":2649.67},{"text":"impactful","start":2649.67,"end":2650.11},{"text":"events","start":2650.11,"end":2650.51},{"text":"for","start":2650.51,"end":2650.71},{"text":"a","start":2650.71,"end":2650.75},{"text":"shared","start":2650.75,"end":2650.99},{"text":"future","start":2650.99,"end":2651.31},{"text":"in","start":2651.31,"end":2651.47},{"text":"space.","start":2651.47,"end":2651.95}]},{"text":"Last month, on March 9, together with the University of Tokyo, we co-hosted the first Space Law and Policy Symposium on Space Resource Activities of Japan.","start":2652.67,"end":2660.79,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Governance","description":"Some speakers focused on the increasing pace of lunar missions and the need for policy guidance on issues such as lunar information sharing, heritage protection, science and ethics, and the use of technologies like lunar nuclear reactors. 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we will co-host the Global Leaders Space Exploration Forum, convening a curated group of space agencies, industry leaders, and policy officials to foster strategic alignment and impactful action in Washington, 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invite all delegations interested in our activities to find us during the session.","start":2684.23,"end":2688.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2684.23,"end":2684.43},{"text":"invite","start":2684.43,"end":2684.83},{"text":"all","start":2684.83,"end":2684.99},{"text":"delegations","start":2684.99,"end":2685.59},{"text":"interested","start":2685.59,"end":2686.03},{"text":"in","start":2686.03,"end":2686.15},{"text":"our","start":2686.15,"end":2686.35},{"text":"activities","start":2686.35,"end":2686.79},{"text":"to","start":2686.79,"end":2686.91},{"text":"find","start":2686.95,"end":2687.27},{"text":"us","start":2687.27,"end":2687.35},{"text":"during","start":2687.35,"end":2687.59},{"text":"the","start":2687.59,"end":2687.67},{"text":"session.","start":2687.67,"end":2688.15}]},{"text":"We will be delighted to answer any questions, exchange views, and explore opportunities to collaborate.","start":2688.47,"end":2693.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2688.47,"end":2688.59},{"text":"will","start":2688.59,"end":2688.71},{"text":"be","start":2688.71,"end":2688.83},{"text":"delighted","start":2688.83,"end":2689.19},{"text":"to","start":2689.19,"end":2689.39},{"text":"answer","start":2689.39,"end":2689.67},{"text":"any","start":2689.67,"end":2689.83},{"text":"questions,","start":2689.83,"end":2690.47},{"text":"exchange","start":2690.47,"end":2690.95},{"text":"views,","start":2690.95,"end":2691.27},{"text":"and","start":2691.27,"end":2691.39},{"text":"explore","start":2691.39,"end":2691.87},{"text":"opportunities","start":2691.87,"end":2692.35},{"text":"to","start":2692.35,"end":2692.55},{"text":"collaborate.","start":2692.55,"end":2693.03}]},{"text":"Thank you very much for your kind 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distinguished delegates, on behalf of the Square Kilometre Array Observatory, SKAO, I'm pleased to report the outcomes of the United Nations and SKAO workshop on dark and quiet skies for science and society held from the 9th to the 11th of December 2025 here in Vienna and online.","start":2706.15,"end":2723.99,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Several interventions addressed the impact of large satellite constellations, radio interference, satellite flares, and re-entry effects on astronomy and the broader environment for scientific observation. 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report highlights three important areas of progress.","start":2792.63,"end":2795.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2792.63,"end":2792.75},{"text":"report","start":2792.75,"end":2793.19},{"text":"highlights","start":2793.19,"end":2793.63},{"text":"three","start":2793.63,"end":2793.79},{"text":"important","start":2793.79,"end":2794.31},{"text":"areas","start":2794.31,"end":2794.71},{"text":"of","start":2794.71,"end":2794.79},{"text":"progress.","start":2794.79,"end":2795.51}]},{"text":"First, the participants examined advances made in prediction and measurement tools designed to better assess and mitigate the impacts of satellite constellations.","start":2796.39,"end":2804.67,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Several interventions addressed the impact of large satellite constellations, radio interference, satellite flares, and re-entry effects on astronomy and the broader environment for scientific observation. 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look forward to continuing our collaboration with all member states and partners as COPUOS advances its critical work on these 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thank you, Chair.","start":2965.47,"end":2966.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2965.47,"end":2965.55},{"text":"thank","start":2965.55,"end":2965.87},{"text":"you,","start":2965.87,"end":2965.95},{"text":"Chair.","start":2965.95,"end":2966.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"SKAO","affiliation_full":"SKAO","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":7,"start":2968.35,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=2969","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank SKAO for that statement, and that is the last statement to be heard under agenda item four this 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will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of this agenda item this afternoon.","start":2978.59,"end":2985.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2978.59,"end":2978.91},{"text":"will","start":2978.91,"end":2979.15},{"text":"continue","start":2979.15,"end":2980.03},{"text":"and","start":2980.07,"end":2980.19},{"text":"hopefully","start":2980.19,"end":2980.59},{"text":"conclude","start":2980.59,"end":2981.23},{"text":"our","start":2981.23,"end":2981.31},{"text":"consideration","start":2981.31,"end":2982.19},{"text":"of","start":2982.19,"end":2982.51},{"text":"this","start":2982.51,"end":2982.91},{"text":"agenda","start":2983.15,"end":2983.59},{"text":"item","start":2983.59,"end":2983.95},{"text":"this","start":2983.95,"end":2984.19},{"text":"afternoon.","start":2984.19,"end":2985.07}]},{"text":"I would now like to continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 12.","start":2986.67,"end":2993.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2986.67,"end":2986.71},{"text":"would","start":2986.71,"end":2986.83},{"text":"now","start":2986.83,"end":2986.91},{"text":"like","start":2986.91,"end":2987.03},{"text":"to","start":2987.03,"end":2987.23},{"text":"continue","start":2987.23,"end":2988.03},{"text":"and","start":2990.63,"end":2990.79},{"text":"conclude","start":2990.79,"end":2991.27},{"text":"our","start":2991.27,"end":2991.35},{"text":"consideration","start":2991.35,"end":2992.11},{"text":"of","start":2992.11,"end":2992.19},{"text":"agenda","start":2992.19,"end":2992.59},{"text":"item","start":2992.59,"end":2992.95},{"text":"12.","start":2992.95,"end":2993.83}]},{"text":"In this context, I would like to give the floor to the first delegation on my list, which is the delegation of Indonesia.","start":2995.91,"end":3003.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2995.91,"end":2996.03},{"text":"this","start":2996.03,"end":2996.23},{"text":"context,","start":2996.23,"end":2996.95},{"text":"I","start":2996.95,"end":2997.11},{"text":"would","start":2997.11,"end":2997.23},{"text":"like","start":2997.23,"end":2997.39},{"text":"to","start":2997.39,"end":2997.63},{"text":"give","start":2997.67,"end":2997.91},{"text":"the","start":2997.91,"end":2998.07},{"text":"floor","start":2998.07,"end":2998.55},{"text":"to","start":2998.55,"end":2998.75},{"text":"the","start":2998.79,"end":2998.99},{"text":"first","start":2999.03,"end":2999.47},{"text":"delegation","start":2999.47,"end":2999.99},{"text":"on","start":2999.99,"end":3000.07},{"text":"my","start":3000.07,"end":3000.23},{"text":"list,","start":3000.23,"end":3000.71},{"text":"which","start":3001.03,"end":3001.31},{"text":"is","start":3001.31,"end":3001.43},{"text":"the","start":3001.43,"end":3001.55},{"text":"delegation","start":3001.55,"end":3002.11},{"text":"of","start":3002.11,"end":3002.23},{"text":"Indonesia.","start":3002.23,"end":3003.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":3005.35,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=3006","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias, señor Presidente.","start":3005.35,"end":3007.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":3005.35,"end":3005.59},{"text":"gracias,","start":3005.59,"end":3006.03},{"text":"señor","start":3006.03,"end":3006.27},{"text":"Presidente.","start":3006.27,"end":3007.03}]},{"text":"As a developing archipelagic nation increasingly reliant on space-based services, Indonesia views space traffic management as a critical element for the safe and sustainable use of outer space.","start":3008.07,"end":3020.07,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3008.07,"end":3008.31},{"text":"a","start":3008.31,"end":3008.39},{"text":"developing","start":3008.39,"end":3009.35},{"text":"archipelagic","start":3009.35,"end":3010.15},{"text":"nation","start":3010.15,"end":3010.79},{"text":"increasingly","start":3010.79,"end":3011.43},{"text":"reliant","start":3011.43,"end":3011.99},{"text":"on","start":3011.99,"end":3012.23},{"text":"space-based","start":3012.23,"end":3012.83},{"text":"services,","start":3012.83,"end":3013.59},{"text":"Indonesia","start":3014.07,"end":3014.55},{"text":"views","start":3014.55,"end":3014.91},{"text":"space","start":3014.91,"end":3015.27},{"text":"traffic","start":3015.27,"end":3015.67},{"text":"management","start":3015.67,"end":3016.27},{"text":"as","start":3016.27,"end":3016.39},{"text":"a","start":3016.39,"end":3016.47},{"text":"critical","start":3016.47,"end":3016.87},{"text":"element","start":3016.87,"end":3017.43},{"text":"for","start":3017.51,"end":3017.67},{"text":"the","start":3017.67,"end":3017.79},{"text":"safe","start":3017.79,"end":3018.15},{"text":"and","start":3018.15,"end":3018.27},{"text":"sustainable","start":3018.27,"end":3018.87},{"text":"use","start":3018.87,"end":3019.19},{"text":"of","start":3019.19,"end":3019.27},{"text":"outer","start":3019.27,"end":3019.51},{"text":"space.","start":3019.51,"end":3020.07}]},{"text":"Indonesia's growing space activities, ranging from small satellite development, earth observation missions, to national communication satellites, make it particularly vulnerable to congestion, collision risks, and the cascading efforts of space debris.","start":3020.95,"end":3035.67,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia's","start":3020.95,"end":3021.51},{"text":"growing","start":3021.51,"end":3021.83},{"text":"space","start":3021.83,"end":3022.19},{"text":"activities,","start":3022.19,"end":3022.87},{"text":"ranging","start":3023.03,"end":3023.59},{"text":"from","start":3023.59,"end":3023.75},{"text":"small","start":3023.75,"end":3024.15},{"text":"satellite","start":3024.15,"end":3024.63},{"text":"development,","start":3024.63,"end":3025.27},{"text":"earth","start":3025.75,"end":3025.95},{"text":"observation","start":3025.99,"end":3026.59},{"text":"missions,","start":3026.59,"end":3027.19},{"text":"to","start":3027.19,"end":3027.35},{"text":"national","start":3027.35,"end":3027.79},{"text":"communication","start":3027.79,"end":3028.39},{"text":"satellites,","start":3028.39,"end":3029.03},{"text":"make","start":3029.35,"end":3029.59},{"text":"it","start":3029.59,"end":3029.67},{"text":"particularly","start":3029.67,"end":3030.39},{"text":"vulnerable","start":3030.39,"end":3031.03},{"text":"to","start":3031.03,"end":3031.27},{"text":"congestion,","start":3031.27,"end":3032.15},{"text":"collision","start":3032.15,"end":3032.63},{"text":"risks,","start":3032.63,"end":3033.11},{"text":"and","start":3033.43,"end":3033.59},{"text":"the","start":3033.59,"end":3033.67},{"text":"cascading","start":3033.67,"end":3034.23},{"text":"efforts","start":3034.23,"end":3034.75},{"text":"of","start":3034.75,"end":3034.87},{"text":"space","start":3034.87,"end":3035.19},{"text":"debris.","start":3035.19,"end":3035.67}]},{"text":"At the same time, as a country with limited space infrastructure and technical resources compared to advanced space-faring nations, Indonesia has a strong interest in ensuring any space traffic management framework is inclusive, equitable, and accessible to all states.","start":3036.47,"end":3052.87,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":3036.47,"end":3036.51},{"text":"the","start":3036.51,"end":3036.63},{"text":"same","start":3036.63,"end":3036.87},{"text":"time,","start":3036.87,"end":3037.35},{"text":"as","start":3037.67,"end":3037.87},{"text":"a","start":3037.87,"end":3037.91},{"text":"country","start":3037.91,"end":3038.31},{"text":"with","start":3038.31,"end":3038.47},{"text":"limited","start":3038.47,"end":3038.79},{"text":"space","start":3038.79,"end":3039.19},{"text":"infrastructure","start":3039.19,"end":3040.15},{"text":"and","start":3040.15,"end":3040.55},{"text":"technical","start":3040.55,"end":3040.91},{"text":"resources","start":3040.91,"end":3041.67},{"text":"compared","start":3041.83,"end":3042.27},{"text":"to","start":3042.27,"end":3042.39},{"text":"advanced","start":3042.39,"end":3042.91},{"text":"space-faring","start":3042.91,"end":3043.43},{"text":"nations,","start":3043.43,"end":3044.07},{"text":"Indonesia","start":3044.39,"end":3044.95},{"text":"has","start":3044.95,"end":3045.11},{"text":"a","start":3045.11,"end":3045.15},{"text":"strong","start":3045.15,"end":3045.47},{"text":"interest","start":3045.47,"end":3046.07},{"text":"in","start":3046.07,"end":3046.19},{"text":"ensuring","start":3046.19,"end":3046.79},{"text":"any","start":3046.79,"end":3047.03},{"text":"space","start":3047.03,"end":3047.43},{"text":"traffic","start":3047.43,"end":3047.91},{"text":"management","start":3047.91,"end":3048.31},{"text":"framework","start":3048.31,"end":3048.83},{"text":"is","start":3049.19,"end":3049.39},{"text":"inclusive,","start":3049.39,"end":3050.07},{"text":"equitable,","start":3050.35,"end":3051.03},{"text":"and","start":3051.35,"end":3051.51},{"text":"accessible","start":3051.51,"end":3051.99},{"text":"to","start":3051.99,"end":3052.15},{"text":"all","start":3052.15,"end":3052.31},{"text":"states.","start":3052.31,"end":3052.87}]},{"text":"Indonesia recalls that the basic principles of international space law, including those in the Outer Space Treaty and related instruments, already provide a foundation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space.","start":3053.59,"end":3065.51,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":3053.59,"end":3054.07},{"text":"recalls","start":3054.07,"end":3054.79},{"text":"that","start":3054.79,"end":3054.95},{"text":"the","start":3054.95,"end":3055.03},{"text":"basic","start":3055.03,"end":3055.35},{"text":"principles","start":3055.35,"end":3055.95},{"text":"of","start":3055.95,"end":3056.03},{"text":"international","start":3056.03,"end":3056.59},{"text":"space","start":3056.59,"end":3056.95},{"text":"law,","start":3056.95,"end":3057.31},{"text":"including","start":3057.59,"end":3058.07},{"text":"those","start":3058.07,"end":3058.47},{"text":"in","start":3058.47,"end":3058.55},{"text":"the","start":3058.55,"end":3058.67},{"text":"Outer","start":3058.71,"end":3058.95},{"text":"Space","start":3058.95,"end":3059.27},{"text":"Treaty","start":3059.27,"end":3059.75},{"text":"and","start":3059.75,"end":3059.95},{"text":"related","start":3059.95,"end":3060.23},{"text":"instruments,","start":3060.23,"end":3060.87},{"text":"already","start":3061.19,"end":3061.47},{"text":"provide","start":3061.47,"end":3062.03},{"text":"a","start":3062.03,"end":3062.07},{"text":"foundation","start":3062.07,"end":3062.79},{"text":"for","start":3062.79,"end":3062.95},{"text":"the","start":3062.95,"end":3063.07},{"text":"peaceful","start":3063.07,"end":3063.71},{"text":"and","start":3063.71,"end":3063.83},{"text":"orderly","start":3063.83,"end":3064.23},{"text":"use","start":3064.23,"end":3064.59},{"text":"of","start":3064.59,"end":3064.71},{"text":"outer","start":3064.71,"end":3064.95},{"text":"space.","start":3064.95,"end":3065.51}]},{"text":"However, the rapid growth of satellite constellations, more frequent launches, and increasing diversity of operators create new challenges.","start":3066.15,"end":3074.63,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3066.15,"end":3066.67},{"text":"the","start":3066.87,"end":3067.07},{"text":"rapid","start":3067.07,"end":3067.39},{"text":"growth","start":3067.39,"end":3067.75},{"text":"of","start":3067.75,"end":3067.91},{"text":"satellite","start":3067.91,"end":3068.35},{"text":"constellations,","start":3068.35,"end":3069.35},{"text":"more","start":3069.59,"end":3069.83},{"text":"frequent","start":3069.83,"end":3070.23},{"text":"launches,","start":3070.23,"end":3071.03},{"text":"and","start":3071.27,"end":3071.51},{"text":"increasing","start":3071.51,"end":3071.99},{"text":"diversity","start":3071.99,"end":3072.59},{"text":"of","start":3072.59,"end":3072.71},{"text":"operators","start":3072.71,"end":3073.27},{"text":"create","start":3073.27,"end":3073.63},{"text":"new","start":3073.63,"end":3073.91},{"text":"challenges.","start":3073.91,"end":3074.63}]},{"text":"Indonesia therefore believes the legal aspects of space traffic management should be developed in a manner that reinforces the existing treaty frameworks, avoids exclusive zones or privileges that marginalize developing countries, and supports the long-term sustainability of outer space for all humanity.","start":3075.19,"end":3093.51,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":3075.19,"end":3075.75},{"text":"therefore","start":3075.75,"end":3076.03},{"text":"believes","start":3076.03,"end":3076.71},{"text":"the","start":3076.87,"end":3077.03},{"text":"legal","start":3077.03,"end":3077.35},{"text":"aspects","start":3077.35,"end":3077.91},{"text":"of","start":3077.91,"end":3077.99},{"text":"space","start":3077.99,"end":3078.35},{"text":"traffic","start":3078.35,"end":3078.71},{"text":"management","start":3078.71,"end":3079.27},{"text":"should","start":3079.59,"end":3079.91},{"text":"be","start":3079.91,"end":3079.99},{"text":"developed","start":3079.99,"end":3080.47},{"text":"in","start":3080.47,"end":3080.63},{"text":"a","start":3080.63,"end":3080.67},{"text":"manner","start":3080.67,"end":3080.95},{"text":"that","start":3080.95,"end":3081.11},{"text":"reinforces","start":3081.11,"end":3081.99},{"text":"the","start":3081.99,"end":3082.11},{"text":"existing","start":3082.11,"end":3082.63},{"text":"treaty","start":3082.63,"end":3082.95},{"text":"frameworks,","start":3082.95,"end":3083.75},{"text":"avoids","start":3084.15,"end":3084.55},{"text":"exclusive","start":3084.55,"end":3085.15},{"text":"zones","start":3085.15,"end":3085.83},{"text":"or","start":3085.91,"end":3086.15},{"text":"privileges","start":3086.15,"end":3086.87},{"text":"that","start":3086.87,"end":3087.11},{"text":"marginalize","start":3087.11,"end":3087.67},{"text":"developing","start":3087.67,"end":3088.23},{"text":"countries,","start":3088.23,"end":3088.87},{"text":"and","start":3089.27,"end":3089.51},{"text":"supports","start":3089.51,"end":3090.07},{"text":"the","start":3090.07,"end":3090.23},{"text":"long-term","start":3090.23,"end":3090.63},{"text":"sustainability","start":3090.63,"end":3091.55},{"text":"of","start":3091.55,"end":3091.75},{"text":"outer","start":3091.75,"end":3091.99},{"text":"space","start":3091.99,"end":3092.39},{"text":"for","start":3092.39,"end":3092.55},{"text":"all","start":3092.55,"end":3092.79},{"text":"humanity.","start":3092.79,"end":3093.51}]},{"text":"Indonesia also stresses that space traffic management should pay special attention to archipelagic and geographically dispersed states.","start":3094.39,"end":3102.51,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":3094.39,"end":3094.91},{"text":"also","start":3094.91,"end":3095.23},{"text":"stresses","start":3095.23,"end":3095.95},{"text":"that","start":3096.03,"end":3096.27},{"text":"space","start":3096.27,"end":3096.63},{"text":"traffic","start":3096.63,"end":3096.99},{"text":"management","start":3096.99,"end":3097.55},{"text":"should","start":3097.55,"end":3097.75},{"text":"pay","start":3097.75,"end":3097.95},{"text":"special","start":3097.95,"end":3098.39},{"text":"attention","start":3098.39,"end":3098.99},{"text":"to","start":3099.23,"end":3099.43},{"text":"archipelagic","start":3099.43,"end":3100.27},{"text":"and","start":3100.27,"end":3100.51},{"text":"geographically","start":3100.51,"end":3101.23},{"text":"dispersed","start":3101.23,"end":3101.87},{"text":"states.","start":3101.87,"end":3102.51}]},{"text":"These states depend on reliable satellite services for communication, maritime operations, and disaster management.","start":3103.15,"end":3110.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3103.15,"end":3103.43},{"text":"states","start":3103.43,"end":3103.79},{"text":"depend","start":3103.79,"end":3104.35},{"text":"on","start":3104.35,"end":3104.43},{"text":"reliable","start":3104.43,"end":3104.99},{"text":"satellite","start":3104.99,"end":3105.47},{"text":"services","start":3105.47,"end":3106.15},{"text":"for","start":3106.15,"end":3106.27},{"text":"communication,","start":3106.27,"end":3107.39},{"text":"maritime","start":3107.71,"end":3108.23},{"text":"operations,","start":3108.23,"end":3109.15},{"text":"and","start":3109.15,"end":3109.43},{"text":"disaster","start":3109.43,"end":3109.95},{"text":"management.","start":3109.95,"end":3110.55}]},{"text":"Disruptions from collisions, debris, or opaque coordination practices could have serious consequences for such countries.","start":3111.15,"end":3118.51,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."},{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"Disruptions","start":3111.15,"end":3111.79},{"text":"from","start":3111.79,"end":3111.95},{"text":"collisions,","start":3111.95,"end":3112.67},{"text":"debris,","start":3112.75,"end":3113.47},{"text":"or","start":3113.63,"end":3113.87},{"text":"opaque","start":3113.87,"end":3114.39},{"text":"coordination","start":3114.39,"end":3114.83},{"text":"practices","start":3114.83,"end":3115.55},{"text":"could","start":3115.87,"end":3116.03},{"text":"have","start":3116.03,"end":3116.27},{"text":"serious","start":3116.27,"end":3116.75},{"text":"consequences","start":3116.75,"end":3117.47},{"text":"for","start":3117.47,"end":3117.63},{"text":"such","start":3117.63,"end":3117.87},{"text":"countries.","start":3117.87,"end":3118.51}]},{"text":"Indonesia therefore advocates SDM arrangements that are transparent, non-discriminatory, equitably share burdens, including formation sharing mechanisms, and built on clear rules and procedures, emphasizing the need for capacity building for developing nations.","start":3119.35,"end":3135.67,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."},{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":3119.35,"end":3119.83},{"text":"therefore","start":3119.83,"end":3120.15},{"text":"advocates","start":3120.15,"end":3120.87},{"text":"SDM","start":3120.87,"end":3121.31},{"text":"arrangements","start":3121.31,"end":3121.91},{"text":"that","start":3121.91,"end":3122.07},{"text":"are","start":3122.07,"end":3122.15},{"text":"transparent,","start":3122.15,"end":3122.87},{"text":"non-discriminatory,","start":3123.35,"end":3124.71},{"text":"equitably","start":3124.91,"end":3125.51},{"text":"share","start":3125.51,"end":3125.87},{"text":"burdens,","start":3125.87,"end":3126.55},{"text":"including","start":3126.87,"end":3127.35},{"text":"formation","start":3127.35,"end":3127.91},{"text":"sharing","start":3127.91,"end":3128.31},{"text":"mechanisms,","start":3128.31,"end":3129.03},{"text":"and","start":3129.27,"end":3129.51},{"text":"built","start":3129.51,"end":3129.91},{"text":"on","start":3129.91,"end":3130.15},{"text":"clear","start":3130.15,"end":3130.63},{"text":"rules","start":3130.63,"end":3130.87},{"text":"and","start":3130.87,"end":3130.99},{"text":"procedures,","start":3130.99,"end":3131.75},{"text":"emphasizing","start":3132.23,"end":3132.87},{"text":"the","start":3132.87,"end":3132.95},{"text":"need","start":3132.95,"end":3133.19},{"text":"for","start":3133.19,"end":3133.35},{"text":"capacity","start":3133.35,"end":3133.83},{"text":"building","start":3133.83,"end":3134.39},{"text":"for","start":3134.39,"end":3134.55},{"text":"developing","start":3134.55,"end":3135.03},{"text":"nations.","start":3135.03,"end":3135.67}]},{"text":"We call for inclusive participation to ensure benefits are shared.","start":3136.23,"end":3139.19,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3136.23,"end":3136.39},{"text":"call","start":3136.39,"end":3136.63},{"text":"for","start":3136.63,"end":3136.79},{"text":"inclusive","start":3136.79,"end":3137.23},{"text":"participation","start":3137.23,"end":3137.83},{"text":"to","start":3137.83,"end":3137.95},{"text":"ensure","start":3137.95,"end":3138.23},{"text":"benefits","start":3138.23,"end":3138.63},{"text":"are","start":3138.63,"end":3138.71},{"text":"shared.","start":3138.71,"end":3139.19}]},{"text":"Indonesia looks forward to contributing constructively to the development of legal approaches that serve the interest of all states, especially developing countries.","start":3139.59,"end":3147.67,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":3139.59,"end":3140.07},{"text":"looks","start":3140.07,"end":3140.27},{"text":"forward","start":3140.27,"end":3140.59},{"text":"to","start":3140.59,"end":3140.67},{"text":"contributing","start":3140.67,"end":3141.15},{"text":"constructively","start":3141.15,"end":3141.91},{"text":"to","start":3141.91,"end":3142.03},{"text":"the","start":3142.03,"end":3142.11},{"text":"development","start":3142.11,"end":3142.79},{"text":"of","start":3142.79,"end":3142.87},{"text":"legal","start":3142.87,"end":3143.19},{"text":"approaches","start":3143.19,"end":3143.83},{"text":"that","start":3144.07,"end":3144.31},{"text":"serve","start":3144.31,"end":3144.67},{"text":"the","start":3144.67,"end":3144.75},{"text":"interest","start":3144.75,"end":3145.15},{"text":"of","start":3145.15,"end":3145.27},{"text":"all","start":3145.27,"end":3145.47},{"text":"states,","start":3145.47,"end":3145.99},{"text":"especially","start":3146.15,"end":3146.59},{"text":"developing","start":3146.59,"end":3147.11},{"text":"countries.","start":3147.11,"end":3147.67}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":3147.83,"end":3148.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3147.83,"end":3148.11},{"text":"you.","start":3148.11,"end":3148.23}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IDN","affiliation_full":"Indonesia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":3149.35,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=3150","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Indonesia for that statement.","start":3149.35,"end":3153.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3149.35,"end":3149.36},{"text":"thank","start":3149.43,"end":3149.75},{"text":"the","start":3150.79,"end":3150.91},{"text":"delegation","start":3150.91,"end":3151.51},{"text":"of","start":3151.51,"end":3151.59},{"text":"Indonesia","start":3151.59,"end":3152.23},{"text":"for","start":3152.23,"end":3152.39},{"text":"that","start":3152.39,"end":3152.51},{"text":"statement.","start":3152.51,"end":3153.19}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Belgium.","start":3153.27,"end":3158.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3153.27,"end":3153.35},{"text":"now","start":3153.35,"end":3153.59},{"text":"give","start":3153.59,"end":3153.83},{"text":"the","start":3153.83,"end":3153.91},{"text":"floor","start":3153.91,"end":3154.23},{"text":"to","start":3154.23,"end":3154.35},{"text":"the","start":3154.35,"end":3154.43},{"text":"delegation","start":3154.43,"end":3155.03},{"text":"of","start":3156.23,"end":3156.39},{"text":"Belgium.","start":3157.35,"end":3158.71}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":3158.95,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=3159","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, Chairperson, distinguished delegates.","start":3158.95,"end":3160.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3158.95,"end":3159.19},{"text":"you,","start":3159.19,"end":3159.27},{"text":"Chair,","start":3159.27,"end":3159.59},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":3159.59,"end":3160.07},{"text":"distinguished","start":3160.07,"end":3160.51},{"text":"delegates.","start":3160.51,"end":3160.87}]},{"text":"In recent years, space has become essential to many aspects of life on Earth.","start":3160.87,"end":3165.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3160.87,"end":3160.95},{"text":"recent","start":3160.95,"end":3161.43},{"text":"years,","start":3161.43,"end":3161.83},{"text":"space","start":3161.83,"end":3162.31},{"text":"has","start":3162.31,"end":3162.47},{"text":"become","start":3162.47,"end":3162.71},{"text":"essential","start":3162.71,"end":3163.19},{"text":"to","start":3163.19,"end":3163.27},{"text":"many","start":3163.27,"end":3163.59},{"text":"aspects","start":3163.59,"end":3164.31},{"text":"of","start":3164.83,"end":3164.91},{"text":"life","start":3164.91,"end":3165.23},{"text":"on","start":3165.23,"end":3165.35},{"text":"Earth.","start":3165.35,"end":3165.67}]},{"text":"Technological progress and reduced costs have brought about fast growth, leading to increasing risks.","start":3166.63,"end":3173.47,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. 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Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Mega","start":3573.79,"end":3574.11},{"text":"satellite","start":3574.11,"end":3574.59},{"text":"constellations","start":3574.59,"end":3575.31},{"text":"are","start":3575.31,"end":3575.39},{"text":"being","start":3575.39,"end":3575.59},{"text":"deployed","start":3575.59,"end":3576.03},{"text":"gradually","start":3576.03,"end":3576.55},{"text":"and","start":3576.55,"end":3576.71},{"text":"this","start":3576.71,"end":3576.91},{"text":"has","start":3576.91,"end":3577.03},{"text":"intensified","start":3577.03,"end":3577.79},{"text":"congestion","start":3578.11,"end":3578.83},{"text":"in","start":3578.83,"end":3579.15},{"text":"low","start":3579.47,"end":3579.87},{"text":"earth","start":3579.87,"end":3580.11},{"text":"orbit.","start":3580.11,"end":3580.83}]},{"text":"At the same time, large scale orbital maneuvers by mega constellations have made a space environment more complex.","start":3581.23,"end":3586.83,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":3581.23,"end":3581.31},{"text":"the","start":3581.31,"end":3581.39},{"text":"same","start":3581.39,"end":3581.63},{"text":"time,","start":3581.63,"end":3581.95},{"text":"large","start":3581.95,"end":3582.27},{"text":"scale","start":3582.27,"end":3582.51},{"text":"orbital","start":3582.51,"end":3583.07},{"text":"maneuvers","start":3583.07,"end":3583.63},{"text":"by","start":3583.63,"end":3583.79},{"text":"mega","start":3583.79,"end":3584.03},{"text":"constellations","start":3584.03,"end":3584.75},{"text":"have","start":3584.75,"end":3584.91},{"text":"made","start":3584.91,"end":3585.11},{"text":"a","start":3585.11,"end":3585.15},{"text":"space","start":3585.15,"end":3585.47},{"text":"environment","start":3585.47,"end":3586.03},{"text":"more","start":3586.03,"end":3586.19},{"text":"complex.","start":3586.19,"end":3586.83}]},{"text":"As a result, collision avoidance and space traffic management for spacecraft in orbit are facing unprecedented challenges.","start":3587.07,"end":3594.19,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3587.07,"end":3587.31},{"text":"a","start":3587.31,"end":3587.35},{"text":"result,","start":3587.35,"end":3587.95},{"text":"collision","start":3588.35,"end":3588.99},{"text":"avoidance","start":3588.99,"end":3589.55},{"text":"and","start":3589.55,"end":3589.67},{"text":"space","start":3589.67,"end":3589.95},{"text":"traffic","start":3589.95,"end":3590.31},{"text":"management","start":3590.31,"end":3590.91},{"text":"for","start":3590.91,"end":3591.11},{"text":"spacecraft","start":3591.11,"end":3591.87},{"text":"in","start":3591.87,"end":3592.03},{"text":"orbit","start":3592.03,"end":3592.35},{"text":"are","start":3592.35,"end":3592.43},{"text":"facing","start":3592.43,"end":3592.83},{"text":"unprecedented","start":3592.83,"end":3593.59},{"text":"challenges.","start":3593.59,"end":3594.19}]},{"text":"China welcomes the continued discussion at the legal committee.","start":3594.51,"end":3597.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":3594.51,"end":3594.83},{"text":"welcomes","start":3594.83,"end":3595.35},{"text":"the","start":3595.35,"end":3595.47},{"text":"continued","start":3595.47,"end":3596.15},{"text":"discussion","start":3596.15,"end":3596.75},{"text":"at","start":3596.75,"end":3596.91},{"text":"the","start":3596.91,"end":3596.99},{"text":"legal","start":3596.99,"end":3597.27},{"text":"committee.","start":3597.27,"end":3597.79}]},{"text":"on the agenda item general exchange of views on legal space of space traffic management and wishes to express the following views.","start":3598.39,"end":3605.83,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":3629.59,"end":3630.15},{"text":"we","start":3630.47,"end":3630.63},{"text":"must","start":3630.63,"end":3630.87},{"text":"fully","start":3630.87,"end":3631.35},{"text":"consider","start":3631.35,"end":3631.99},{"text":"the","start":3632.39,"end":3632.63},{"text":"differences","start":3632.63,"end":3633.43},{"text":"in","start":3633.67,"end":3633.83},{"text":"space","start":3633.83,"end":3634.23},{"text":"capability","start":3634.23,"end":3634.91},{"text":"and","start":3634.91,"end":3635.07},{"text":"technical","start":3635.07,"end":3635.63},{"text":"levels","start":3635.63,"end":3636.07},{"text":"of","start":3636.07,"end":3636.15},{"text":"different","start":3636.15,"end":3636.51},{"text":"countries.","start":3636.51,"end":3637.03}]},{"text":"Space traffic management involves launch and different stages of outer space activities with numerous complex technical issues.","start":3637.19,"end":3649.27,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"countries","start":3649.67,"end":3650.03},{"text":"have","start":3650.03,"end":3650.27},{"text":"significant","start":3650.27,"end":3650.87},{"text":"differences","start":3650.87,"end":3651.63},{"text":"in","start":3651.71,"end":3651.87},{"text":"their","start":3651.87,"end":3652.11},{"text":"understanding","start":3652.11,"end":3652.75},{"text":"and","start":3652.75,"end":3653.15},{"text":"practices.","start":3653.15,"end":3654.03}]},{"text":"Relevant discussions should avoid imposing excessive restrictions on exploration and use of outer space so that all countries, in particular developing countries and emerging space-faring nations have equal access to and use of outer space.","start":3654.35,"end":3670.43,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Relevant","start":3654.35,"end":3654.87},{"text":"discussions","start":3654.87,"end":3655.47},{"text":"should","start":3655.47,"end":3655.71},{"text":"avoid","start":3655.71,"end":3656.35},{"text":"imposing","start":3656.59,"end":3657.11},{"text":"excessive","start":3657.11,"end":3657.55},{"text":"restrictions","start":3657.55,"end":3658.35},{"text":"on","start":3658.35,"end":3658.55},{"text":"exploration","start":3658.55,"end":3659.23},{"text":"and","start":3659.23,"end":3659.35},{"text":"use","start":3659.35,"end":3659.63},{"text":"of","start":3659.63,"end":3659.79},{"text":"outer","start":3659.79,"end":3660.03},{"text":"space","start":3660.03,"end":3660.51},{"text":"so","start":3661.31,"end":3661.47},{"text":"that","start":3661.47,"end":3661.87},{"text":"all","start":3662.43,"end":3662.59},{"text":"countries,","start":3662.59,"end":3663.07},{"text":"in","start":3663.07,"end":3663.19},{"text":"particular","start":3663.19,"end":3663.71},{"text":"developing","start":3663.71,"end":3664.27},{"text":"countries","start":3664.27,"end":3664.67},{"text":"and","start":3664.67,"end":3664.83},{"text":"emerging","start":3664.83,"end":3665.39},{"text":"space-faring","start":3665.87,"end":3666.83},{"text":"nations","start":3666.83,"end":3667.31},{"text":"have","start":3667.31,"end":3667.47},{"text":"equal","start":3667.47,"end":3667.79},{"text":"access","start":3667.79,"end":3668.43},{"text":"to","start":3668.59,"end":3668.91},{"text":"and","start":3668.91,"end":3669.15},{"text":"use","start":3669.15,"end":3669.55},{"text":"of","start":3669.59,"end":3669.71},{"text":"outer","start":3669.71,"end":3669.99},{"text":"space.","start":3670.11,"end":3670.43}]},{"text":"Third, we must make full use of existing international space legal system.","start":3670.63,"end":3675.95,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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have noticed that some delegations have once again noted the issue of the prohibition of direct ascent anti-satellite 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is under discussion in Geneva, and this is an arms control issue.","start":3784.87,"end":3788.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3784.87,"end":3785.19},{"text":"is","start":3785.19,"end":3785.39},{"text":"under","start":3785.39,"end":3785.63},{"text":"discussion","start":3785.63,"end":3786.23},{"text":"in","start":3786.23,"end":3786.39},{"text":"Geneva,","start":3786.39,"end":3786.95},{"text":"and","start":3787.19,"end":3787.39},{"text":"this","start":3787.39,"end":3787.75},{"text":"is","start":3787.75,"end":3787.83},{"text":"an","start":3787.83,"end":3787.99},{"text":"arms","start":3787.99,"end":3788.23},{"text":"control","start":3788.23,"end":3788.63},{"text":"issue.","start":3788.63,"end":3788.95}]},{"text":"We hope that discussions in Vienna will be more focused on the peaceful uses of outer 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Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, in light of the rapid growth in the number of space objects, including satellites and space debris, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia would like to emphasize the importance of addressing the legal aspects related to space traffic coordination and space traffic management, in order to support the safety and sustainability of space operations.","start":3808.99,"end":3837.15,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."},{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Excellency,","start":3808.99,"end":3809.63},{"text":"Mr.","start":3809.63,"end":3809.95},{"text":"Chair,","start":3809.95,"end":3810.51},{"text":"distinguished","start":3811.15,"end":3811.71},{"text":"delegates,","start":3811.71,"end":3812.35},{"text":"ladies","start":3812.51,"end":3812.91},{"text":"and","start":3812.91,"end":3813.15},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":3813.15,"end":3813.71},{"text":"in","start":3814.11,"end":3814.27},{"text":"light","start":3814.27,"end":3814.63},{"text":"of","start":3814.63,"end":3814.75},{"text":"the","start":3814.75,"end":3814.83},{"text":"rapid","start":3814.83,"end":3815.31},{"text":"growth","start":3815.31,"end":3815.87},{"text":"in","start":3815.87,"end":3816.11},{"text":"the","start":3816.11,"end":3816.19},{"text":"number","start":3816.19,"end":3816.55},{"text":"of","start":3816.55,"end":3816.67},{"text":"space","start":3816.67,"end":3817.15},{"text":"objects,","start":3817.15,"end":3817.95},{"text":"including","start":3818.35,"end":3819.15},{"text":"satellites","start":3819.39,"end":3820.27},{"text":"and","start":3820.27,"end":3820.47},{"text":"space","start":3820.47,"end":3820.91},{"text":"debris,","start":3820.95,"end":3821.63},{"text":"the","start":3823.07,"end":3823.15},{"text":"Kingdom","start":3823.39,"end":3823.87},{"text":"of","start":3823.95,"end":3824.11},{"text":"Saudi","start":3824.11,"end":3824.39},{"text":"Arabia","start":3824.39,"end":3824.83},{"text":"would","start":3824.83,"end":3824.99},{"text":"like","start":3824.99,"end":3825.19},{"text":"to","start":3825.19,"end":3825.35},{"text":"emphasize","start":3825.35,"end":3825.87},{"text":"the","start":3825.87,"end":3825.99},{"text":"importance","start":3825.99,"end":3826.59},{"text":"of","start":3826.59,"end":3826.67},{"text":"addressing","start":3826.67,"end":3827.23},{"text":"the","start":3827.23,"end":3827.35},{"text":"legal","start":3827.39,"end":3827.79},{"text":"aspects","start":3827.79,"end":3828.51},{"text":"related","start":3828.51,"end":3829.23},{"text":"to","start":3829.23,"end":3829.43},{"text":"space","start":3829.43,"end":3829.79},{"text":"traffic","start":3829.79,"end":3830.23},{"text":"coordination","start":3830.23,"end":3831.07},{"text":"and","start":3831.07,"end":3831.23},{"text":"space","start":3831.23,"end":3831.47},{"text":"traffic","start":3831.47,"end":3831.95},{"text":"management,","start":3831.95,"end":3832.67},{"text":"in","start":3832.99,"end":3833.23},{"text":"order","start":3833.23,"end":3833.55},{"text":"to","start":3833.55,"end":3833.67},{"text":"support","start":3833.67,"end":3834.15},{"text":"the","start":3834.15,"end":3834.27},{"text":"safety","start":3834.27,"end":3834.75},{"text":"and","start":3834.75,"end":3834.91},{"text":"sustainability","start":3834.91,"end":3835.83},{"text":"of","start":3835.83,"end":3835.95},{"text":"space","start":3835.95,"end":3836.35},{"text":"operations.","start":3836.35,"end":3837.15}]},{"text":"In this regard, the Kingdom confirms the importance of developing legal frameworks that support space traffic coordination and management, particularly in light of the rapid increase in the number of space objects and the associated notable rise in the likelihood of collisions and orbital maneuvers, which further highlights the need to develop such legal frameworks.","start":3837.15,"end":3861.79,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3837.15,"end":3837.31},{"text":"this","start":3837.31,"end":3837.55},{"text":"regard,","start":3837.55,"end":3837.95},{"text":"the","start":3837.95,"end":3838.07},{"text":"Kingdom","start":3838.07,"end":3838.75},{"text":"confirms","start":3838.99,"end":3839.55},{"text":"the","start":3839.55,"end":3839.67},{"text":"importance","start":3839.67,"end":3840.23},{"text":"of","start":3840.23,"end":3840.35},{"text":"developing","start":3840.35,"end":3841.07},{"text":"legal","start":3841.23,"end":3841.63},{"text":"frameworks","start":3841.63,"end":3842.27},{"text":"that","start":3842.27,"end":3842.51},{"text":"support","start":3842.51,"end":3842.99},{"text":"space","start":3842.99,"end":3843.39},{"text":"traffic","start":3843.39,"end":3843.75},{"text":"coordination","start":3843.75,"end":3844.67},{"text":"and","start":3844.91,"end":3845.23},{"text":"management,","start":3845.23,"end":3845.95},{"text":"particularly","start":3846.19,"end":3847.15},{"text":"in","start":3847.47,"end":3847.63},{"text":"light","start":3847.63,"end":3847.95},{"text":"of","start":3847.95,"end":3848.11},{"text":"the","start":3848.11,"end":3848.23},{"text":"rapid","start":3848.23,"end":3848.75},{"text":"increase","start":3848.75,"end":3849.35},{"text":"in","start":3849.35,"end":3849.47},{"text":"the","start":3849.47,"end":3849.55},{"text":"number","start":3849.55,"end":3849.95},{"text":"of","start":3849.95,"end":3850.11},{"text":"space","start":3850.11,"end":3850.51},{"text":"objects","start":3850.51,"end":3851.07},{"text":"and","start":3851.31,"end":3851.59},{"text":"the","start":3851.59,"end":3851.67},{"text":"associated","start":3851.71,"end":3852.59},{"text":"notable","start":3852.67,"end":3853.31},{"text":"rise","start":3853.31,"end":3853.71},{"text":"in","start":3853.71,"end":3853.87},{"text":"the","start":3853.87,"end":3853.95},{"text":"likelihood","start":3853.95,"end":3854.63},{"text":"of","start":3854.63,"end":3854.83},{"text":"collisions","start":3854.83,"end":3855.39},{"text":"and","start":3855.39,"end":3855.63},{"text":"orbital","start":3855.63,"end":3856.35},{"text":"maneuvers,","start":3856.75,"end":3857.55},{"text":"which","start":3857.95,"end":3858.27},{"text":"further","start":3858.27,"end":3858.75},{"text":"highlights","start":3858.75,"end":3859.23},{"text":"the","start":3859.23,"end":3859.35},{"text":"need","start":3859.35,"end":3859.71},{"text":"to","start":3859.71,"end":3859.95},{"text":"develop","start":3859.95,"end":3860.35},{"text":"such","start":3860.35,"end":3860.67},{"text":"legal","start":3860.67,"end":3860.99},{"text":"frameworks.","start":3860.99,"end":3861.79}]},{"text":"Chair, the Kingdom considers that the main key enablers for space traffic management are the importance of national regulation and supervision of space object operations and control throughout the various phases of their journey, whether at launch, in orbit, or upon their return to Earth to achieve the peaceful, responsible, and sustainable use of outer space.","start":3861.79,"end":3887.39,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3861.79,"end":3862.19},{"text":"the","start":3862.51,"end":3862.59},{"text":"Kingdom","start":3862.59,"end":3862.87},{"text":"considers","start":3862.95,"end":3863.55},{"text":"that","start":3863.55,"end":3863.87},{"text":"the","start":3863.87,"end":3863.95},{"text":"main","start":3863.95,"end":3864.35},{"text":"key","start":3864.35,"end":3864.63},{"text":"enablers","start":3864.63,"end":3865.39},{"text":"for","start":3865.55,"end":3865.87},{"text":"space","start":3865.87,"end":3866.19},{"text":"traffic","start":3866.19,"end":3866.67},{"text":"management","start":3866.67,"end":3867.47},{"text":"are","start":3867.71,"end":3868.11},{"text":"the","start":3868.11,"end":3868.23},{"text":"importance","start":3868.23,"end":3868.83},{"text":"of","start":3868.83,"end":3868.99},{"text":"national","start":3868.99,"end":3869.47},{"text":"regulation","start":3869.47,"end":3870.27},{"text":"and","start":3870.27,"end":3870.39},{"text":"supervision","start":3870.39,"end":3871.07},{"text":"of","start":3871.07,"end":3871.23},{"text":"space","start":3871.23,"end":3871.71},{"text":"object","start":3871.71,"end":3872.27},{"text":"operations","start":3872.27,"end":3873.23},{"text":"and","start":3873.23,"end":3873.63},{"text":"control","start":3873.87,"end":3874.59},{"text":"throughout","start":3874.83,"end":3875.71},{"text":"the","start":3875.71,"end":3875.87},{"text":"various","start":3875.87,"end":3876.51},{"text":"phases","start":3876.51,"end":3876.99},{"text":"of","start":3876.99,"end":3877.15},{"text":"their","start":3877.15,"end":3877.47},{"text":"journey,","start":3877.47,"end":3877.99},{"text":"whether","start":3877.99,"end":3878.35},{"text":"at","start":3878.35,"end":3878.51},{"text":"launch,","start":3878.51,"end":3878.91},{"text":"in","start":3879.23,"end":3879.39},{"text":"orbit,","start":3879.39,"end":3879.95},{"text":"or","start":3879.95,"end":3880.15},{"text":"upon","start":3880.15,"end":3880.51},{"text":"their","start":3880.51,"end":3880.71},{"text":"return","start":3880.71,"end":3881.15},{"text":"to","start":3881.15,"end":3881.27},{"text":"Earth","start":3881.27,"end":3881.71},{"text":"to","start":3882.11,"end":3882.23},{"text":"achieve","start":3882.27,"end":3882.99},{"text":"the","start":3883.71,"end":3883.91},{"text":"peaceful,","start":3884.03,"end":3884.59},{"text":"responsible,","start":3884.59,"end":3885.31},{"text":"and","start":3885.31,"end":3885.47},{"text":"sustainable","start":3885.47,"end":3886.03},{"text":"use","start":3886.03,"end":3886.35},{"text":"of","start":3886.35,"end":3886.51},{"text":"outer","start":3886.51,"end":3886.83},{"text":"space.","start":3886.83,"end":3887.39}]},{"text":"The Kingdom also confirms the importance of developing technical capabilities related to space situational awareness given its key role in supporting space traffic management.","start":3887.79,"end":3900.07,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3887.79,"end":3887.95},{"text":"Kingdom","start":3887.95,"end":3888.51},{"text":"also","start":3888.67,"end":3888.99},{"text":"confirms","start":3888.99,"end":3889.71},{"text":"the","start":3889.79,"end":3889.95},{"text":"importance","start":3889.95,"end":3890.75},{"text":"of","start":3890.75,"end":3890.91},{"text":"developing","start":3890.91,"end":3891.51},{"text":"technical","start":3892.27,"end":3892.91},{"text":"capabilities","start":3892.91,"end":3893.87},{"text":"related","start":3893.87,"end":3894.63},{"text":"to","start":3894.63,"end":3894.75},{"text":"space","start":3894.75,"end":3895.03},{"text":"situational","start":3895.03,"end":3895.63},{"text":"awareness","start":3895.63,"end":3896.27},{"text":"given","start":3896.51,"end":3896.83},{"text":"its","start":3896.83,"end":3897.07},{"text":"key","start":3897.07,"end":3897.39},{"text":"role","start":3897.47,"end":3897.71},{"text":"in","start":3897.71,"end":3897.87},{"text":"supporting","start":3897.87,"end":3898.43},{"text":"space","start":3898.43,"end":3898.75},{"text":"traffic","start":3898.75,"end":3899.31},{"text":"management.","start":3899.39,"end":3900.07}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, in this context, the Kingdom is developing a national regulatory framework that includes the regulation of space object operations, space surveillance and tracking activities, as well as developing sustainability guidelines related to space activities in order to enable regulatory environment for space traffic management.","start":3900.07,"end":3921.39,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."},{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3900.07,"end":3900.35},{"text":"Chair,","start":3900.35,"end":3900.67},{"text":"in","start":3900.67,"end":3900.75},{"text":"this","start":3900.75,"end":3900.91},{"text":"context,","start":3900.91,"end":3901.63},{"text":"the","start":3902.03,"end":3902.15},{"text":"Kingdom","start":3902.19,"end":3902.59},{"text":"is","start":3902.59,"end":3902.71},{"text":"developing","start":3902.71,"end":3903.35},{"text":"a","start":3903.35,"end":3903.39},{"text":"national","start":3903.39,"end":3903.99},{"text":"regulatory","start":3903.99,"end":3904.75},{"text":"framework","start":3904.75,"end":3905.31},{"text":"that","start":3905.63,"end":3905.87},{"text":"includes","start":3905.87,"end":3906.35},{"text":"the","start":3906.35,"end":3906.47},{"text":"regulation","start":3906.51,"end":3907.19},{"text":"of","start":3907.19,"end":3907.31},{"text":"space","start":3907.31,"end":3907.71},{"text":"object","start":3907.71,"end":3908.15},{"text":"operations,","start":3908.15,"end":3908.99},{"text":"space","start":3909.15,"end":3909.59},{"text":"surveillance","start":3909.59,"end":3910.35},{"text":"and","start":3910.35,"end":3910.63},{"text":"tracking","start":3910.63,"end":3911.07},{"text":"activities,","start":3911.07,"end":3911.87},{"text":"as","start":3911.87,"end":3911.95},{"text":"well","start":3911.95,"end":3912.19},{"text":"as","start":3912.19,"end":3912.47},{"text":"developing","start":3912.47,"end":3912.99},{"text":"sustainability","start":3912.99,"end":3913.95},{"text":"guidelines","start":3913.95,"end":3914.75},{"text":"related","start":3915.31,"end":3915.95},{"text":"to","start":3915.95,"end":3916.35},{"text":"space","start":3916.35,"end":3916.75},{"text":"activities","start":3916.75,"end":3917.55},{"text":"in","start":3917.55,"end":3917.71},{"text":"order","start":3917.71,"end":3917.95},{"text":"to","start":3917.95,"end":3918.07},{"text":"enable","start":3918.07,"end":3918.51},{"text":"regulatory","start":3918.51,"end":3919.15},{"text":"environment","start":3919.15,"end":3919.79},{"text":"for","start":3919.79,"end":3919.95},{"text":"space","start":3919.95,"end":3920.19},{"text":"traffic","start":3920.19,"end":3920.75},{"text":"management.","start":3920.75,"end":3921.39}]},{"text":"The Kingdom is also working in cooperation with the private sector to develop infrastructure within the Kingdom for surveillance and tracking space objects in a manner that contributes to enhancing space situational awareness and supporting international efforts related to space traffic management.","start":3922.99,"end":3940.91,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":3966.75,"end":3967.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3966.75,"end":3966.99},{"text":"you,","start":3966.99,"end":3967.15},{"text":"Mr.","start":3967.15,"end":3967.55},{"text":"Chair.","start":3967.55,"end":3967.87}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"SAU","affiliation_full":"Saudi Arabia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":17,"start":3970.11,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=3971","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Saudi Arabia for that statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of 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you, Chair.","start":3976.75,"end":3977.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3976.75,"end":3977.03},{"text":"you,","start":3977.03,"end":3977.15},{"text":"Chair.","start":3977.15,"end":3977.63}]},{"text":"Establishing clear and effective legal frameworks for space traffic management is a matter of the utmost importance for the future of space exploration and utilization.","start":3978.87,"end":3989.67,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Establishing","start":3978.87,"end":3979.63},{"text":"clear","start":3979.63,"end":3980.19},{"text":"and","start":3980.19,"end":3980.39},{"text":"effective","start":3980.39,"end":3981.07},{"text":"legal","start":3981.07,"end":3981.47},{"text":"frameworks","start":3981.47,"end":3982.27},{"text":"for","start":3982.27,"end":3982.51},{"text":"space","start":3982.51,"end":3982.83},{"text":"traffic","start":3982.83,"end":3983.23},{"text":"management","start":3983.23,"end":3984.03},{"text":"is","start":3984.03,"end":3984.23},{"text":"a","start":3984.23,"end":3984.27},{"text":"matter","start":3984.27,"end":3984.75},{"text":"of","start":3984.75,"end":3984.91},{"text":"the","start":3984.91,"end":3985.03},{"text":"utmost","start":3985.07,"end":3985.51},{"text":"importance","start":3985.51,"end":3986.19},{"text":"for","start":3986.19,"end":3986.35},{"text":"the","start":3986.35,"end":3986.43},{"text":"future","start":3986.43,"end":3986.91},{"text":"of","start":3986.91,"end":3986.99},{"text":"space","start":3986.99,"end":3987.39},{"text":"exploration","start":3987.47,"end":3988.35},{"text":"and","start":3988.67,"end":3988.91},{"text":"utilization.","start":3988.91,"end":3989.67}]},{"text":"As access to space intensifies, it is urgent to develop a robust regulatory framework that ensures safety, sustainability, and international cooperation in the space environment.","start":3990.51,"end":4003.63,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. 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Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"Slovenia","start":4905.79,"end":4906.23},{"text":"welcomed","start":4906.23,"end":4906.71},{"text":"that","start":4906.71,"end":4906.83},{"text":"COPUOS","start":4906.83,"end":4908.07},{"text":"requested","start":4908.07,"end":4908.59},{"text":"UNOOSA","start":4908.59,"end":4909.47},{"text":"to","start":4909.47,"end":4909.55},{"text":"collect","start":4909.55,"end":4909.83},{"text":"information","start":4909.83,"end":4910.55},{"text":"on","start":4910.55,"end":4910.63},{"text":"the","start":4910.63,"end":4910.75},{"text":"relevant","start":4910.75,"end":4911.19},{"text":"regulation,","start":4911.19,"end":4911.91},{"text":"policies","start":4912.35,"end":4912.95},{"text":"and","start":4912.95,"end":4913.11},{"text":"requirements","start":4913.11,"end":4913.75},{"text":"regarding","start":4913.75,"end":4914.15},{"text":"space","start":4914.15,"end":4914.47},{"text":"traffic","start":4914.47,"end":4914.87},{"text":"management","start":4914.87,"end":4915.39},{"text":"from","start":4915.39,"end":4915.63},{"text":"all","start":4915.67,"end":4915.83},{"text":"member","start":4915.83,"end":4916.15},{"text":"states","start":4916.15,"end":4916.39},{"text":"and","start":4916.39,"end":4916.51},{"text":"permanent","start":4916.51,"end":4916.91},{"text":"observers.","start":4916.91,"end":4917.51}]},{"text":"We have long recognized space traffic management as one of the most urgent and strategically important challenges facing the international space community.","start":4918.11,"end":4925.47,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4918.11,"end":4918.15},{"text":"have","start":4918.15,"end":4918.35},{"text":"long","start":4918.35,"end":4918.59},{"text":"recognized","start":4918.59,"end":4919.15},{"text":"space","start":4919.15,"end":4919.47},{"text":"traffic","start":4919.47,"end":4919.79},{"text":"management","start":4919.79,"end":4920.35},{"text":"as","start":4920.35,"end":4920.51},{"text":"one","start":4920.51,"end":4920.75},{"text":"of","start":4920.75,"end":4920.83},{"text":"the","start":4920.83,"end":4920.99},{"text":"most","start":4920.99,"end":4921.31},{"text":"urgent","start":4921.31,"end":4921.71},{"text":"and","start":4921.71,"end":4921.87},{"text":"strategically","start":4921.87,"end":4922.51},{"text":"important","start":4922.51,"end":4923.03},{"text":"challenges","start":4923.03,"end":4923.55},{"text":"facing","start":4923.55,"end":4923.95},{"text":"the","start":4923.95,"end":4924.03},{"text":"international","start":4924.03,"end":4924.55},{"text":"space","start":4924.55,"end":4924.83},{"text":"community.","start":4924.83,"end":4925.47}]},{"text":"In our view, it is only through an effective space traffic system that we can assure that our space systems remain protected and operational.","start":4926.03,"end":4933.63,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4934.03,"end":4934.19},{"text":"light","start":4934.19,"end":4934.43},{"text":"of","start":4934.43,"end":4934.51},{"text":"this,","start":4934.51,"end":4934.75},{"text":"we","start":4934.75,"end":4934.99},{"text":"again","start":4934.99,"end":4935.31},{"text":"welcome","start":4935.31,"end":4935.63},{"text":"the","start":4935.63,"end":4935.75},{"text":"establishment","start":4935.75,"end":4936.39},{"text":"of","start":4936.39,"end":4936.51},{"text":"the","start":4936.51,"end":4936.59},{"text":"expert","start":4936.59,"end":4936.95},{"text":"group","start":4936.95,"end":4937.19},{"text":"on","start":4937.19,"end":4937.27},{"text":"the","start":4937.27,"end":4937.35},{"text":"space","start":4937.39,"end":4937.67},{"text":"situational","start":4937.67,"end":4938.31},{"text":"awareness","start":4938.31,"end":4938.83},{"text":"and","start":4938.83,"end":4938.99},{"text":"thank","start":4938.99,"end":4939.19},{"text":"the","start":4939.19,"end":4939.27},{"text":"United","start":4939.27,"end":4939.71},{"text":"Arab","start":4939.71,"end":4940.03},{"text":"Emirates","start":4940.03,"end":4941.03},{"text":"for","start":4941.03,"end":4941.15},{"text":"their","start":4941.15,"end":4941.47},{"text":"able","start":4941.55,"end":4942.11},{"text":"leadership.","start":4942.15,"end":4942.63}]},{"text":"Yet besides technical aspects of space traffic, we firmly believe that this subcommittee is required to focus on the legal and policy aspects of space traffic, in particular the governance, use and sharing of technical and operational information in effective space situational awareness.","start":4943.51,"end":4958.23,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."},{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"Yet","start":4943.51,"end":4943.63},{"text":"besides","start":4943.63,"end":4944.15},{"text":"technical","start":4944.15,"end":4944.63},{"text":"aspects","start":4944.63,"end":4945.19},{"text":"of","start":4945.19,"end":4945.51},{"text":"space","start":4945.51,"end":4945.83},{"text":"traffic,","start":4945.83,"end":4946.23},{"text":"we","start":4946.23,"end":4946.39},{"text":"firmly","start":4946.39,"end":4946.79},{"text":"believe","start":4946.79,"end":4947.11},{"text":"that","start":4947.11,"end":4947.23},{"text":"this","start":4947.23,"end":4947.39},{"text":"subcommittee","start":4947.39,"end":4947.91},{"text":"is","start":4947.91,"end":4948.15},{"text":"required","start":4948.15,"end":4948.55},{"text":"to","start":4948.55,"end":4948.63},{"text":"focus","start":4948.63,"end":4949.03},{"text":"on","start":4949.03,"end":4949.11},{"text":"the","start":4949.11,"end":4949.19},{"text":"legal","start":4949.19,"end":4949.59},{"text":"and","start":4949.59,"end":4949.75},{"text":"policy","start":4949.75,"end":4950.23},{"text":"aspects","start":4950.23,"end":4950.67},{"text":"of","start":4950.67,"end":4950.87},{"text":"space","start":4950.87,"end":4951.19},{"text":"traffic,","start":4951.19,"end":4951.67},{"text":"in","start":4951.99,"end":4952.11},{"text":"particular","start":4952.11,"end":4952.63},{"text":"the","start":4952.63,"end":4952.75},{"text":"governance,","start":4952.75,"end":4953.27},{"text":"use","start":4953.35,"end":4953.71},{"text":"and","start":4953.75,"end":4953.91},{"text":"sharing","start":4953.91,"end":4954.27},{"text":"of","start":4954.27,"end":4954.39},{"text":"technical","start":4954.39,"end":4954.87},{"text":"and","start":4954.87,"end":4954.99},{"text":"operational","start":4954.99,"end":4955.55},{"text":"information","start":4955.55,"end":4956.15},{"text":"in","start":4956.15,"end":4956.27},{"text":"effective","start":4956.27,"end":4956.75},{"text":"space","start":4956.75,"end":4957.07},{"text":"situational","start":4957.07,"end":4957.71},{"text":"awareness.","start":4957.71,"end":4958.23}]},{"text":"We fully support the German proposal and their conference room paper on the legal aspects of space traffic management.","start":4958.95,"end":4964.47,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4958.95,"end":4959.03},{"text":"fully","start":4959.03,"end":4959.27},{"text":"support","start":4959.27,"end":4959.67},{"text":"the","start":4959.67,"end":4959.75},{"text":"German","start":4959.75,"end":4960.07},{"text":"proposal","start":4960.07,"end":4960.63},{"text":"and","start":4960.63,"end":4960.83},{"text":"their","start":4960.83,"end":4960.95},{"text":"conference","start":4960.95,"end":4961.51},{"text":"room","start":4961.51,"end":4961.67},{"text":"paper","start":4961.67,"end":4962.07},{"text":"on","start":4962.07,"end":4962.19},{"text":"the","start":4962.19,"end":4962.27},{"text":"legal","start":4962.27,"end":4962.59},{"text":"aspects","start":4962.59,"end":4963.15},{"text":"of","start":4963.15,"end":4963.23},{"text":"space","start":4963.23,"end":4963.51},{"text":"traffic","start":4963.51,"end":4963.87},{"text":"management.","start":4963.87,"end":4964.47}]},{"text":"In particular, we are of the view that the ongoing work within the scientific and technical subcommittee, including the activities of the working group on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities and its expert group on space situational awareness, would be complemented by the work done in this subcommittee and would potentially lead to more solutions in a timely manner.","start":4964.79,"end":4983.51,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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organization of this event is a significant milestone and therefore Slovenia, in collaboration with the European Commission, decided to organize the follow up event in Slovenia this 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conclusion, Slovenia reaffirms its belief that SDM is not merely a technical issue.","start":5047.03,"end":5052.23,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Malaysia welcomes this important discussion.","start":5748.83,"end":5755.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5748.83,"end":5749.15},{"text":"you,","start":5749.23,"end":5749.31},{"text":"Mr.","start":5749.39,"end":5751.07},{"text":"Chen.","start":5752.27,"end":5752.67},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5753.35,"end":5753.71},{"text":"welcomes","start":5753.71,"end":5754.19},{"text":"this","start":5754.19,"end":5754.43},{"text":"important","start":5754.43,"end":5754.87},{"text":"discussion.","start":5754.87,"end":5755.55}]},{"text":"The increasing congestion in Earth orbits and the rise in conjunction alerts demonstrate that space traffic management, STM, is no longer a theoretical concept, but an operational necessity.","start":5755.87,"end":5768.03,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. 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Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":5768.43,"end":5768.75},{"text":"the","start":5768.75,"end":5768.83},{"text":"term","start":5768.83,"end":5769.15},{"text":"STM","start":5769.15,"end":5769.63},{"text":"does","start":5769.63,"end":5769.83},{"text":"not","start":5769.83,"end":5770.03},{"text":"explicitly","start":5770.03,"end":5770.75},{"text":"appear","start":5770.75,"end":5771.23},{"text":"in","start":5771.23,"end":5771.47},{"text":"existing","start":5771.47,"end":5771.87},{"text":"treaties,","start":5771.87,"end":5772.51},{"text":"its","start":5772.83,"end":5773.15},{"text":"legal","start":5773.15,"end":5773.47},{"text":"foundations","start":5773.47,"end":5774.19},{"text":"are","start":5774.19,"end":5774.27},{"text":"firmly","start":5774.27,"end":5774.83},{"text":"anchored","start":5774.83,"end":5775.23},{"text":"in","start":5775.23,"end":5775.43},{"text":"the","start":5775.43,"end":5775.51},{"text":"OST","start":5775.51,"end":5776.03},{"text":"1967,","start":5776.03,"end":5777.47},{"text":"particularly","start":5777.95,"end":5778.59},{"text":"Article","start":5778.59,"end":5778.99},{"text":"6,","start":5778.99,"end":5779.47},{"text":"which","start":5779.83,"end":5780.11},{"text":"mandates","start":5780.11,"end":5780.67},{"text":"authorisation","start":5780.67,"end":5781.47},{"text":"and","start":5781.47,"end":5781.59},{"text":"continuing","start":5781.63,"end":5782.19},{"text":"supervision,","start":5782.19,"end":5782.99},{"text":"and","start":5783.15,"end":5783.55},{"text":"Article","start":5783.55,"end":5783.99},{"text":"9,","start":5783.99,"end":5784.43},{"text":"which","start":5784.67,"end":5784.91},{"text":"requires","start":5784.91,"end":5785.47},{"text":"due","start":5785.47,"end":5785.79},{"text":"regard","start":5785.79,"end":5786.11},{"text":"to","start":5786.11,"end":5786.43},{"text":"avoid","start":5786.43,"end":5786.71},{"text":"interference","start":5786.71,"end":5787.55},{"text":"with","start":5787.55,"end":5787.75},{"text":"other","start":5787.79,"end":5788.03},{"text":"States'","start":5788.03,"end":5788.51},{"text":"activities.","start":5788.51,"end":5789.23}]},{"text":"These principles are operationalised through national regulatory measures, including the Malaysian Space Board Act 2022, and must be complemented by standardised coordination and transparency at the international level.","start":5790.11,"end":5804.27,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"to","start":5886.99,"end":5887.27},{"text":"operationalise","start":5887.27,"end":5887.95},{"text":"Article","start":5887.95,"end":5888.27},{"text":"9","start":5888.27,"end":5888.75},{"text":"and","start":5888.75,"end":5888.91},{"text":"support","start":5888.91,"end":5889.31},{"text":"States","start":5889.31,"end":5889.71},{"text":"in","start":5889.71,"end":5889.87},{"text":"fulfilling","start":5889.87,"end":5890.51},{"text":"Article","start":5890.51,"end":5890.91},{"text":"6","start":5890.91,"end":5891.47},{"text":"for","start":5891.71,"end":5892.07},{"text":"authorisation","start":5892.07,"end":5892.75},{"text":"and","start":5892.75,"end":5892.99},{"text":"supervision.","start":5892.99,"end":5893.71}]},{"text":"Without such coordination, regulatory fragmentation may disadvantage emerging space nations.","start":5894.11,"end":5900.19,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":5894.11,"end":5894.35},{"text":"such","start":5894.35,"end":5894.75},{"text":"coordination,","start":5894.75,"end":5895.63},{"text":"regulatory","start":5895.79,"end":5896.59},{"text":"fragmentation","start":5896.59,"end":5897.47},{"text":"may","start":5897.47,"end":5897.87},{"text":"disadvantage","start":5897.87,"end":5898.67},{"text":"emerging","start":5898.67,"end":5899.15},{"text":"space","start":5899.15,"end":5899.63},{"text":"nations.","start":5899.63,"end":5900.19}]},{"text":"Malaysia supports the gradual development of practical guidance that both operationalises and reinforces the principle of due regard as well as promotes transparency in manoeuvre planning.","start":5900.75,"end":5913.31,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":5900.75,"end":5901.07},{"text":"supports","start":5901.07,"end":5901.55},{"text":"the","start":5901.55,"end":5901.67},{"text":"gradual","start":5901.67,"end":5902.11},{"text":"development","start":5902.11,"end":5902.95},{"text":"of","start":5902.95,"end":5903.15},{"text":"practical","start":5903.15,"end":5903.63},{"text":"guidance","start":5903.63,"end":5904.35},{"text":"that","start":5904.67,"end":5904.99},{"text":"both","start":5904.99,"end":5905.39},{"text":"operationalises","start":5905.39,"end":5906.83},{"text":"and","start":5906.83,"end":5907.11},{"text":"reinforces","start":5907.11,"end":5908.03},{"text":"the","start":5908.19,"end":5908.51},{"text":"principle","start":5908.51,"end":5909.07},{"text":"of","start":5909.07,"end":5909.19},{"text":"due","start":5909.19,"end":5909.31},{"text":"regard","start":5909.31,"end":5909.87},{"text":"as","start":5909.87,"end":5910.19},{"text":"well","start":5910.19,"end":5910.51},{"text":"as","start":5910.51,"end":5910.67},{"text":"promotes","start":5910.67,"end":5911.15},{"text":"transparency","start":5911.15,"end":5912.19},{"text":"in","start":5912.19,"end":5912.43},{"text":"manoeuvre","start":5912.43,"end":5912.91},{"text":"planning.","start":5912.91,"end":5913.31}]},{"text":"To conclude, Mr. Chair, space today is an essential infrastructure.","start":5914.47,"end":5919.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":5914.47,"end":5914.55},{"text":"conclude,","start":5914.55,"end":5914.99},{"text":"Mr.","start":5914.99,"end":5915.27},{"text":"Chair,","start":5915.27,"end":5915.67},{"text":"space","start":5915.91,"end":5916.63},{"text":"today","start":5916.63,"end":5917.11},{"text":"is","start":5917.11,"end":5917.43},{"text":"an","start":5917.43,"end":5917.67},{"text":"essential","start":5917.67,"end":5918.31},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":5918.31,"end":5919.35}]},{"text":"Strengthening the implementation of the United Nations guidelines for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities and the space debris mitigation guideline, improving data sharing practices are crucial for the resilience of the services our societies depend on.","start":5919.99,"end":5937.27,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. 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Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."},{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Respected","start":5957.15,"end":5957.63},{"text":"Chair,","start":5957.63,"end":5957.99},{"text":"space","start":5958.47,"end":5958.87},{"text":"traffic","start":5958.87,"end":5959.27},{"text":"management","start":5959.27,"end":5959.83},{"text":"is","start":5959.83,"end":5959.99},{"text":"becoming","start":5959.99,"end":5960.39},{"text":"increasingly","start":5960.39,"end":5960.99},{"text":"important","start":5960.99,"end":5961.51},{"text":"as","start":5961.51,"end":5961.75},{"text":"outer","start":5961.75,"end":5961.99},{"text":"space","start":5961.99,"end":5962.35},{"text":"becomes","start":5962.35,"end":5962.71},{"text":"more","start":5962.71,"end":5962.91},{"text":"crowded.","start":5962.91,"end":5963.51}]},{"text":"The deployment of large satellite constellations has significantly increased the complexity of space operations and the potential for orbital congestion.","start":5963.83,"end":5972.39,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."},{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5963.83,"end":5963.95},{"text":"deployment","start":5963.95,"end":5964.51},{"text":"of","start":5964.51,"end":5964.63},{"text":"large","start":5964.63,"end":5964.95},{"text":"satellite","start":5964.95,"end":5965.39},{"text":"constellations","start":5965.39,"end":5966.23},{"text":"has","start":5966.23,"end":5966.35},{"text":"significantly","start":5966.47,"end":5967.39},{"text":"increased","start":5967.39,"end":5967.87},{"text":"the","start":5967.87,"end":5967.95},{"text":"complexity","start":5967.95,"end":5968.79},{"text":"of","start":5968.95,"end":5969.15},{"text":"space","start":5969.15,"end":5969.51},{"text":"operations","start":5969.51,"end":5970.15},{"text":"and","start":5970.15,"end":5970.35},{"text":"the","start":5970.35,"end":5970.43},{"text":"potential","start":5970.43,"end":5970.91},{"text":"for","start":5970.95,"end":5971.11},{"text":"orbital","start":5971.11,"end":5971.47},{"text":"congestion.","start":5971.79,"end":5972.39}]},{"text":"In this context, the development of effective approaches to space traffic management is of increasing importance to promote the safe, secure and sustainable conduct of space activities.","start":5972.79,"end":5982.95,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5972.79,"end":5972.99},{"text":"this","start":5972.99,"end":5973.19},{"text":"context,","start":5973.19,"end":5973.91},{"text":"the","start":5974.07,"end":5974.23},{"text":"development","start":5974.23,"end":5974.79},{"text":"of","start":5974.79,"end":5974.87},{"text":"effective","start":5974.87,"end":5975.35},{"text":"approaches","start":5975.35,"end":5975.91},{"text":"to","start":5975.91,"end":5976.03},{"text":"space","start":5976.03,"end":5976.39},{"text":"traffic","start":5976.39,"end":5976.83},{"text":"management","start":5976.83,"end":5977.51},{"text":"is","start":5977.67,"end":5977.87},{"text":"of","start":5977.87,"end":5977.99},{"text":"increasing","start":5977.99,"end":5978.47},{"text":"importance","start":5978.47,"end":5978.99},{"text":"to","start":5978.99,"end":5979.15},{"text":"promote","start":5979.15,"end":5979.51},{"text":"the","start":5979.51,"end":5979.59},{"text":"safe,","start":5979.59,"end":5979.99},{"text":"secure","start":5979.99,"end":5980.63},{"text":"and","start":5980.63,"end":5980.83},{"text":"sustainable","start":5980.83,"end":5981.35},{"text":"conduct","start":5981.35,"end":5981.79},{"text":"of","start":5981.79,"end":5981.87},{"text":"space","start":5981.87,"end":5982.23},{"text":"activities.","start":5982.23,"end":5982.95}]},{"text":"Chair, the existing international legal framework governing outer space establishes fundamental principles, including the responsibility of states for national space activities and the obligation to avoid harmful interference.","start":5983.83,"end":5996.23,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5983.83,"end":5984.15},{"text":"the","start":5984.47,"end":5984.67},{"text":"existing","start":5984.67,"end":5985.11},{"text":"international","start":5985.11,"end":5985.71},{"text":"legal","start":5985.71,"end":5985.99},{"text":"framework","start":5985.99,"end":5986.43},{"text":"governing","start":5986.43,"end":5986.95},{"text":"outer","start":5986.95,"end":5987.27},{"text":"space","start":5987.27,"end":5987.83},{"text":"establishes","start":5987.83,"end":5988.55},{"text":"fundamental","start":5988.55,"end":5989.27},{"text":"principles,","start":5989.27,"end":5989.91},{"text":"including","start":5989.99,"end":5990.67},{"text":"the","start":5990.67,"end":5990.75},{"text":"responsibility","start":5990.75,"end":5991.59},{"text":"of","start":5991.59,"end":5991.67},{"text":"states","start":5991.67,"end":5992.15},{"text":"for","start":5992.15,"end":5992.31},{"text":"national","start":5992.31,"end":5992.75},{"text":"space","start":5992.75,"end":5993.11},{"text":"activities","start":5993.11,"end":5993.75},{"text":"and","start":5993.75,"end":5994.03},{"text":"the","start":5994.03,"end":5994.11},{"text":"obligation","start":5994.11,"end":5994.71},{"text":"to","start":5994.71,"end":5994.79},{"text":"avoid","start":5994.79,"end":5995.11},{"text":"harmful","start":5995.11,"end":5995.47},{"text":"interference.","start":5995.47,"end":5996.23}]},{"text":"However, the evolving operational environment suggests the need for continued dialogue on practical mechanisms to facilitate coordination among space actors.","start":5996.71,"end":6005.43,"topics":[{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."},{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5996.71,"end":5997.43},{"text":"the","start":5997.47,"end":5997.55},{"text":"evolving","start":5997.55,"end":5997.99},{"text":"operational","start":5997.99,"end":5998.63},{"text":"environment","start":5998.63,"end":5999.15},{"text":"suggests","start":5999.15,"end":5999.67},{"text":"the","start":5999.67,"end":5999.75},{"text":"need","start":5999.75,"end":6000.07},{"text":"for","start":6000.07,"end":6000.31},{"text":"continued","start":6000.31,"end":6001.15},{"text":"dialogue","start":6001.15,"end":6001.59},{"text":"on","start":6001.59,"end":6001.75},{"text":"practical","start":6001.75,"end":6002.23},{"text":"mechanisms","start":6002.23,"end":6002.87},{"text":"to","start":6002.87,"end":6002.99},{"text":"facilitate","start":6002.99,"end":6003.59},{"text":"coordination","start":6003.59,"end":6004.23},{"text":"among","start":6004.23,"end":6004.55},{"text":"space","start":6004.55,"end":6004.87},{"text":"actors.","start":6004.87,"end":6005.43}]},{"text":"Chair, accordingly, the importance of following aspects is emphasized, promoting transparency and confidence building measures among states and satellite operators.","start":6006.99,"end":6015.79,"topics":[{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6006.99,"end":6007.31},{"text":"accordingly,","start":6007.55,"end":6008.19},{"text":"the","start":6008.19,"end":6008.27},{"text":"importance","start":6008.27,"end":6008.83},{"text":"of","start":6008.83,"end":6008.91},{"text":"following","start":6008.91,"end":6009.31},{"text":"aspects","start":6009.31,"end":6009.79},{"text":"is","start":6009.79,"end":6009.95},{"text":"emphasized,","start":6009.95,"end":6010.67},{"text":"promoting","start":6011.03,"end":6011.51},{"text":"transparency","start":6011.51,"end":6012.35},{"text":"and","start":6012.35,"end":6012.55},{"text":"confidence","start":6012.55,"end":6013.07},{"text":"building","start":6013.07,"end":6013.39},{"text":"measures","start":6013.39,"end":6013.91},{"text":"among","start":6013.91,"end":6014.19},{"text":"states","start":6014.19,"end":6014.59},{"text":"and","start":6014.59,"end":6014.75},{"text":"satellite","start":6014.75,"end":6015.15},{"text":"operators.","start":6015.15,"end":6015.79}]},{"text":"Second, strengthening data sharing and coordination mechanisms related to space situational awareness and encouraging the development of internationally recognized norms, guidelines, and best practices that support responsible orbital behavior.","start":6016.43,"end":6030.91,"topics":[{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. 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Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6039.11,"end":6039.31},{"text":"system","start":6039.31,"end":6039.67},{"text":"should","start":6039.67,"end":6039.83},{"text":"include","start":6039.83,"end":6040.23},{"text":"a","start":6040.23,"end":6040.27},{"text":"comprehensive","start":6040.27,"end":6040.95},{"text":"database","start":6040.95,"end":6041.51},{"text":"of","start":6041.51,"end":6041.59},{"text":"space","start":6041.59,"end":6041.99},{"text":"objects","start":6041.99,"end":6042.35},{"text":"and","start":6042.35,"end":6042.51},{"text":"events","start":6042.51,"end":6042.87},{"text":"in","start":6042.87,"end":6043.03},{"text":"space","start":6043.03,"end":6043.43},{"text":"along","start":6043.43,"end":6043.75},{"text":"with","start":6043.75,"end":6043.91},{"text":"protocols","start":6043.91,"end":6044.47},{"text":"for","start":6044.47,"end":6044.63},{"text":"its","start":6044.63,"end":6044.83},{"text":"operation.","start":6044.83,"end":6045.43}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":6045.67,"end":6046.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6045.67,"end":6045.83},{"text":"thank","start":6045.87,"end":6046.15},{"text":"you,","start":6046.15,"end":6046.27},{"text":"Chair.","start":6046.27,"end":6046.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PAK","affiliation_full":"Pakistan","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":6048.39,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=6049","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Pakistan for that statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of Chile.","start":6048.39,"end":6052.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6048.39,"end":6048.47},{"text":"thank","start":6048.55,"end":6048.79},{"text":"the","start":6048.79,"end":6048.95},{"text":"delegation","start":6048.95,"end":6049.47},{"text":"of","start":6049.47,"end":6049.55},{"text":"Pakistan","start":6049.55,"end":6050.11},{"text":"for","start":6050.11,"end":6050.23},{"text":"that","start":6050.23,"end":6050.39},{"text":"statement,","start":6050.39,"end":6050.87},{"text":"and","start":6050.87,"end":6050.99},{"text":"I","start":6050.99,"end":6051.03},{"text":"now","start":6051.03,"end":6051.19},{"text":"give","start":6051.19,"end":6051.35},{"text":"the","start":6051.35,"end":6051.47},{"text":"floor","start":6051.47,"end":6051.75},{"text":"to","start":6051.75,"end":6051.83},{"text":"the","start":6051.83,"end":6051.91},{"text":"delegation","start":6051.91,"end":6052.39},{"text":"of","start":6052.39,"end":6052.47},{"text":"Chile.","start":6052.47,"end":6052.95}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":6055.75,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=6056","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson.","start":6055.75,"end":6057.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6055.75,"end":6056.07},{"text":"you","start":6056.07,"end":6056.15},{"text":"very","start":6056.15,"end":6056.39},{"text":"much,","start":6056.39,"end":6056.71},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":6056.71,"end":6057.35}]},{"text":"Chile promotes the development of international technical standards with metrics that are measurable, reportable and verifiable, particularly when it comes to electromagnetic interference and satellite flare.","start":6058.63,"end":6072.11,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Several interventions addressed the impact of large satellite constellations, radio interference, satellite flares, and re-entry effects on astronomy and the broader environment for scientific observation. The discussion focused on mitigation measures, technical standards, and cooperation between scientists, regulators, and operators."}],"words":[{"text":"Chile","start":6058.63,"end":6059.11},{"text":"promotes","start":6059.35,"end":6059.91},{"text":"the","start":6059.91,"end":6059.99},{"text":"development","start":6059.99,"end":6060.55},{"text":"of","start":6060.59,"end":6060.87},{"text":"international","start":6060.95,"end":6061.91},{"text":"technical","start":6061.91,"end":6062.31},{"text":"standards","start":6062.31,"end":6062.95},{"text":"with","start":6062.95,"end":6063.27},{"text":"metrics","start":6064.07,"end":6064.91},{"text":"that","start":6064.91,"end":6065.11},{"text":"are","start":6065.11,"end":6065.31},{"text":"measurable,","start":6065.35,"end":6066.07},{"text":"reportable","start":6066.07,"end":6066.59},{"text":"and","start":6066.59,"end":6066.71},{"text":"verifiable,","start":6066.71,"end":6067.43},{"text":"particularly","start":6067.67,"end":6068.39},{"text":"when","start":6068.39,"end":6068.55},{"text":"it","start":6068.55,"end":6068.63},{"text":"comes","start":6068.63,"end":6069.03},{"text":"to","start":6069.03,"end":6069.27},{"text":"electromagnetic","start":6069.43,"end":6070.31},{"text":"interference","start":6070.31,"end":6071.19},{"text":"and","start":6071.19,"end":6071.35},{"text":"satellite","start":6071.35,"end":6071.79},{"text":"flare.","start":6071.79,"end":6072.11}]},{"text":"In this regard, we would like to highlight the importance of strengthening operational transparency, including the exchange of high-precision tracking data as a key element for orbital security and the mitigation of impact on astronomical observation, our country believes that developing an international approach in this regard should be based on cooperation, interoperability and mutual trust between states, allowing us to make progress towards compatible technical solutions and implementing those.","start":6073.11,"end":6107.79,"topics":[{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. 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The discussion focused on mitigation measures, technical standards, and cooperation between scientists, regulators, and operators."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6073.11,"end":6073.19},{"text":"this","start":6073.19,"end":6073.43},{"text":"regard,","start":6073.43,"end":6073.83},{"text":"we","start":6073.83,"end":6073.91},{"text":"would","start":6073.91,"end":6074.03},{"text":"like","start":6074.03,"end":6074.15},{"text":"to","start":6074.15,"end":6074.31},{"text":"highlight","start":6074.39,"end":6074.83},{"text":"the","start":6074.83,"end":6074.91},{"text":"importance","start":6074.91,"end":6075.67},{"text":"of","start":6075.71,"end":6075.83},{"text":"strengthening","start":6075.83,"end":6076.63},{"text":"operational","start":6076.63,"end":6077.23},{"text":"transparency,","start":6077.23,"end":6078.07},{"text":"including","start":6078.07,"end":6078.87},{"text":"the","start":6078.87,"end":6078.99},{"text":"exchange","start":6078.99,"end":6079.75},{"text":"of","start":6080.23,"end":6080.47},{"text":"high-precision","start":6080.71,"end":6081.51},{"text":"tracking","start":6081.91,"end":6082.39},{"text":"data","start":6082.39,"end":6082.95},{"text":"as","start":6083.15,"end":6083.23},{"text":"a","start":6083.43,"end":6083.51},{"text":"key","start":6083.59,"end":6083.91},{"text":"element","start":6083.91,"end":6084.47},{"text":"for","start":6085.07,"end":6085.27},{"text":"orbital","start":6085.55,"end":6086.03},{"text":"security","start":6086.03,"end":6086.63},{"text":"and","start":6086.63,"end":6086.75},{"text":"the","start":6086.75,"end":6086.83},{"text":"mitigation","start":6086.83,"end":6087.43},{"text":"of","start":6087.43,"end":6087.55},{"text":"impact","start":6087.55,"end":6088.27},{"text":"on","start":6088.27,"end":6088.67},{"text":"astronomical","start":6089.39,"end":6089.95},{"text":"observation,","start":6089.95,"end":6090.75},{"text":"our","start":6090.75,"end":6090.99},{"text":"country","start":6091.07,"end":6091.43},{"text":"believes","start":6091.43,"end":6091.87},{"text":"that","start":6091.87,"end":6092.27},{"text":"developing","start":6092.59,"end":6092.99},{"text":"an","start":6092.99,"end":6093.07},{"text":"international","start":6093.07,"end":6093.67},{"text":"approach","start":6093.67,"end":6094.07},{"text":"in","start":6094.07,"end":6094.15},{"text":"this","start":6094.15,"end":6094.35},{"text":"regard","start":6094.35,"end":6094.83},{"text":"should","start":6095.55,"end":6095.95},{"text":"be","start":6096.03,"end":6096.19},{"text":"based","start":6096.19,"end":6096.67},{"text":"on","start":6096.83,"end":6096.99},{"text":"cooperation,","start":6096.99,"end":6097.95},{"text":"interoperability","start":6098.03,"end":6099.15},{"text":"and","start":6100.43,"end":6100.59},{"text":"mutual","start":6100.59,"end":6101.15},{"text":"trust","start":6101.15,"end":6101.47},{"text":"between","start":6101.47,"end":6101.79},{"text":"states,","start":6101.79,"end":6102.51},{"text":"allowing","start":6102.67,"end":6103.07},{"text":"us","start":6103.07,"end":6103.23},{"text":"to","start":6103.23,"end":6103.31},{"text":"make","start":6103.31,"end":6103.47},{"text":"progress","start":6103.47,"end":6104.03},{"text":"towards","start":6104.03,"end":6104.51},{"text":"compatible","start":6104.51,"end":6105.03},{"text":"technical","start":6105.03,"end":6105.39},{"text":"solutions","start":6105.39,"end":6105.99},{"text":"and","start":6105.99,"end":6106.11},{"text":"implementing","start":6106.11,"end":6106.91},{"text":"those.","start":6107.55,"end":6107.79}]},{"text":"We would like to reiterate the growing scientific impact on launches and re-entries into the atmosphere, including possible impacts on chemistry in the atmosphere and the astronomical observations.","start":6108.71,"end":6125.83,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Several interventions addressed the impact of large satellite constellations, radio interference, satellite flares, and re-entry effects on astronomy and the broader environment for scientific observation. The discussion focused on mitigation measures, technical standards, and cooperation between scientists, regulators, and operators."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6108.71,"end":6108.79},{"text":"would","start":6108.79,"end":6108.91},{"text":"like","start":6108.91,"end":6109.07},{"text":"to","start":6109.07,"end":6109.19},{"text":"reiterate","start":6109.19,"end":6110.11},{"text":"the","start":6111.51,"end":6111.59},{"text":"growing","start":6111.71,"end":6112.43},{"text":"scientific","start":6112.59,"end":6113.35},{"text":"impact","start":6113.55,"end":6114.27},{"text":"on","start":6115.19,"end":6115.43},{"text":"launches","start":6115.99,"end":6116.39},{"text":"and","start":6116.39,"end":6116.51},{"text":"re-entries","start":6116.51,"end":6116.95},{"text":"into","start":6116.95,"end":6117.11},{"text":"the","start":6117.11,"end":6117.23},{"text":"atmosphere,","start":6117.23,"end":6117.67},{"text":"including","start":6117.67,"end":6118.15},{"text":"possible","start":6118.15,"end":6118.55},{"text":"impacts","start":6118.55,"end":6119.27},{"text":"on","start":6119.95,"end":6120.23},{"text":"chemistry","start":6120.95,"end":6121.91},{"text":"in","start":6121.99,"end":6122.31},{"text":"the","start":6122.31,"end":6122.43},{"text":"atmosphere","start":6122.55,"end":6123.31},{"text":"and","start":6123.31,"end":6123.51},{"text":"the","start":6123.59,"end":6123.79},{"text":"astronomical","start":6123.83,"end":6124.71},{"text":"observations.","start":6124.71,"end":6125.83}]},{"text":"In this context, we believe it is relevant to strengthen the available technical basis and develop common methodologies which allow us to mitigate these effects in an objective manner.","start":6126.63,"end":6136.95,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Several interventions addressed the impact of large satellite constellations, radio interference, satellite flares, and re-entry effects on astronomy and the broader environment for scientific observation. 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Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Chile","start":6145.91,"end":6146.19},{"text":"proposes","start":6146.19,"end":6146.79},{"text":"that","start":6146.79,"end":6146.91},{"text":"this","start":6146.91,"end":6147.11},{"text":"issue","start":6147.11,"end":6147.35},{"text":"be","start":6147.35,"end":6147.51},{"text":"addressed","start":6147.51,"end":6148.15},{"text":"in","start":6150.63,"end":6150.83},{"text":"order","start":6150.83,"end":6151.11},{"text":"to","start":6151.11,"end":6151.23},{"text":"ensure","start":6151.23,"end":6151.55},{"text":"the","start":6151.55,"end":6151.71},{"text":"sustainability","start":6151.71,"end":6152.47},{"text":"of","start":6152.47,"end":6152.55},{"text":"outer","start":6152.55,"end":6152.71},{"text":"space","start":6152.71,"end":6153.03},{"text":"activities.","start":6153.03,"end":6153.83}]},{"text":"Chile would like to reiterate its readiness to 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you very much.","start":6165.15,"end":6166.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6165.15,"end":6165.35},{"text":"you","start":6165.35,"end":6165.43},{"text":"very","start":6165.43,"end":6165.63},{"text":"much.","start":6165.63,"end":6166.07}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CHL","affiliation_full":"Chile","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":43,"start":6167.15,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=6168","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Chile for that statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of Mexico.","start":6167.15,"end":6171.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6167.15,"end":6167.23},{"text":"thank","start":6167.23,"end":6167.47},{"text":"the","start":6167.47,"end":6167.55},{"text":"delegation","start":6167.55,"end":6168.03},{"text":"of","start":6168.03,"end":6168.11},{"text":"Chile","start":6168.11,"end":6168.43},{"text":"for","start":6168.43,"end":6168.55},{"text":"that","start":6168.55,"end":6168.75},{"text":"statement","start":6168.75,"end":6169.15},{"text":"and","start":6169.15,"end":6169.27},{"text":"I","start":6169.27,"end":6169.31},{"text":"now","start":6169.31,"end":6169.47},{"text":"give","start":6169.47,"end":6169.67},{"text":"the","start":6169.67,"end":6169.79},{"text":"floor","start":6169.79,"end":6170.03},{"text":"to","start":6170.03,"end":6170.11},{"text":"the","start":6170.11,"end":6170.23},{"text":"delegation","start":6170.23,"end":6170.75},{"text":"of","start":6170.75,"end":6170.83},{"text":"Mexico.","start":6170.83,"end":6171.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":44,"start":6174.27,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=6175","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson, distinguished delegates.","start":6174.27,"end":6177.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6174.27,"end":6174.55},{"text":"you","start":6174.55,"end":6174.63},{"text":"very","start":6174.63,"end":6174.79},{"text":"much,","start":6174.79,"end":6175.03},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":6175.03,"end":6175.71},{"text":"distinguished","start":6175.87,"end":6176.63},{"text":"delegates.","start":6176.63,"end":6177.15}]},{"text":"The space sector is currently experiencing progressive growth which will accelerate, it would 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activities.","start":6186.83,"end":6193.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6186.83,"end":6187.07},{"text":"means","start":6187.07,"end":6187.55},{"text":"it","start":6187.55,"end":6187.79},{"text":"is","start":6187.79,"end":6187.91},{"text":"more","start":6187.91,"end":6188.07},{"text":"relevant","start":6188.07,"end":6188.51},{"text":"and","start":6188.51,"end":6188.63},{"text":"urgent","start":6188.63,"end":6188.91},{"text":"to","start":6188.91,"end":6188.99},{"text":"continue","start":6188.99,"end":6189.31},{"text":"to","start":6189.31,"end":6189.39},{"text":"work","start":6189.39,"end":6189.63},{"text":"to","start":6189.63,"end":6189.75},{"text":"guarantee","start":6189.75,"end":6190.27},{"text":"the","start":6190.27,"end":6190.43},{"text":"long-term","start":6190.51,"end":6191.15},{"text":"sustainability","start":6191.15,"end":6192.19},{"text":"of","start":6192.19,"end":6192.43},{"text":"outer","start":6192.43,"end":6192.59},{"text":"space","start":6192.59,"end":6192.99},{"text":"activities.","start":6192.99,"end":6193.71}]},{"text":"including space traffic management.","start":6194.39,"end":6196.71,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6293.11,"end":6293.15},{"text":"growing","start":6293.15,"end":6293.55},{"text":"saturation","start":6293.55,"end":6294.59},{"text":"of","start":6294.59,"end":6294.75},{"text":"outer","start":6294.75,"end":6294.99},{"text":"space,","start":6294.99,"end":6295.79},{"text":"especially","start":6296.35,"end":6297.47},{"text":"in","start":6297.47,"end":6297.63},{"text":"the","start":6297.63,"end":6297.75},{"text":"low","start":6297.75,"end":6298.03},{"text":"earth","start":6298.03,"end":6298.35},{"text":"orbit,","start":6298.35,"end":6298.99},{"text":"means","start":6299.39,"end":6299.79},{"text":"it","start":6299.79,"end":6299.87},{"text":"is","start":6299.87,"end":6300.03},{"text":"crucial","start":6300.03,"end":6300.59},{"text":"to","start":6300.59,"end":6300.67},{"text":"develop","start":6300.67,"end":6301.07},{"text":"and","start":6301.07,"end":6301.23},{"text":"implement","start":6301.23,"end":6301.87},{"text":"technological","start":6302.51,"end":6303.23},{"text":"and","start":6303.23,"end":6303.35},{"text":"regulatory","start":6303.35,"end":6303.95},{"text":"solutions","start":6303.95,"end":6304.75},{"text":"which","start":6304.75,"end":6304.95},{"text":"ensure","start":6304.95,"end":6305.31},{"text":"the","start":6305.31,"end":6305.43},{"text":"operational","start":6305.43,"end":6306.03},{"text":"security","start":6306.03,"end":6306.83},{"text":"of","start":6307.31,"end":6307.63},{"text":"space","start":6308.19,"end":6308.75},{"text":"objects.","start":6309.07,"end":6309.83}]},{"text":"The mitigation of space debris and improved space situational awareness and the establishment of traffic standards which are compatible at a global level are essential steps forward.","start":6310.11,"end":6321.79,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. 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Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":6334.99,"end":6335.15},{"text":"progress","start":6335.15,"end":6335.95},{"text":"indicates","start":6337.23,"end":6338.03},{"text":"a","start":6338.19,"end":6338.23},{"text":"mechanism","start":6338.23,"end":6338.71},{"text":"which","start":6338.71,"end":6338.87},{"text":"can","start":6338.87,"end":6338.99},{"text":"contribute","start":6338.99,"end":6339.51},{"text":"to","start":6339.51,"end":6339.63},{"text":"harmonizing","start":6339.63,"end":6340.35},{"text":"efforts","start":6340.59,"end":6341.07},{"text":"on","start":6341.07,"end":6341.19},{"text":"these","start":6341.19,"end":6341.47},{"text":"challenges.","start":6341.47,"end":6341.95}]},{"text":"Mexico would like to reiterate the opinion expressed during the previous session with regard to the fact that the establishment of a global regime for space traffic management is crucial for the coordination and safety of operations during all phases of space missions, including launch, operations in space and re-entry.","start":6341.95,"end":6362.55,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6421.83,"end":6421.99},{"text":"raises","start":6421.99,"end":6422.39},{"text":"questions","start":6422.39,"end":6422.91},{"text":"about","start":6422.91,"end":6423.35},{"text":"how","start":6423.35,"end":6423.91},{"text":"existing","start":6424.39,"end":6424.95},{"text":"obligations","start":6424.95,"end":6425.83},{"text":"can","start":6426.23,"end":6426.39},{"text":"be","start":6426.39,"end":6426.51},{"text":"applied","start":6426.51,"end":6426.91},{"text":"to","start":6426.91,"end":6426.99},{"text":"situations","start":6426.99,"end":6427.87},{"text":"which","start":6427.87,"end":6428.15},{"text":"require","start":6428.15,"end":6428.55},{"text":"active","start":6428.71,"end":6429.19},{"text":"coordination","start":6429.19,"end":6430.07},{"text":"between","start":6430.07,"end":6430.39},{"text":"multiple","start":6430.39,"end":6430.83},{"text":"operators.","start":6430.83,"end":6431.51}]},{"text":"The absence of commonly accepted definitions with regard to space traffic management, as well as the dependency on non-homogeneous data sources from tracking of objects, introduces additional elements of uncertainty.","start":6432.75,"end":6448.83,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. 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Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."}],"words":[{"text":"Addressing","start":6684.67,"end":6685.31},{"text":"these","start":6685.31,"end":6685.67},{"text":"challenges","start":6685.67,"end":6686.19},{"text":"requires","start":6686.19,"end":6686.71},{"text":"a","start":6686.71,"end":6686.75},{"text":"shared","start":6686.75,"end":6687.15},{"text":"commitment","start":6687.15,"end":6687.75},{"text":"to","start":6687.75,"end":6687.83},{"text":"safeguarding","start":6687.83,"end":6688.67},{"text":"essential","start":6688.67,"end":6689.19},{"text":"infrastructure","start":6689.19,"end":6690.19},{"text":"and","start":6691.47,"end":6691.79},{"text":"reinforcing","start":6691.79,"end":6692.51},{"text":"the","start":6692.51,"end":6692.59},{"text":"principles","start":6692.59,"end":6693.31},{"text":"of","start":6693.31,"end":6693.51},{"text":"cooperation,","start":6693.51,"end":6694.27},{"text":"stability,","start":6694.27,"end":6694.91},{"text":"and","start":6694.91,"end":6695.11},{"text":"responsibility","start":6695.11,"end":6696.03},{"text":"that","start":6696.03,"end":6696.31},{"text":"underpin","start":6696.31,"end":6696.91},{"text":"the","start":6696.91,"end":6696.99},{"text":"peaceful","start":6696.99,"end":6697.39},{"text":"use","start":6697.39,"end":6697.71},{"text":"of","start":6697.71,"end":6697.91},{"text":"outer","start":6697.91,"end":6698.11},{"text":"space.","start":6698.11,"end":6698.59}]},{"text":"Therefore, we expect the subcommittee to condemn the aggression on Iran's space infrastructure and urgently examine legal measures to prohibit and prevent such attacks, ideally through legally binding instruments in line with the UN charter and basic principles of international law.","start":6699.63,"end":6718.03,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Also,","start":6736.15,"end":6736.71},{"text":"such","start":6736.71,"end":6736.91},{"text":"attacks","start":6736.91,"end":6737.59},{"text":"undermine","start":6737.95,"end":6738.55},{"text":"international","start":6738.55,"end":6739.15},{"text":"cooperation","start":6739.15,"end":6739.83},{"text":"and","start":6739.83,"end":6740.07},{"text":"hinder","start":6740.07,"end":6740.63},{"text":"developing","start":6741.03,"end":6741.59},{"text":"countries'","start":6741.59,"end":6742.15},{"text":"capacities","start":6742.15,"end":6742.79},{"text":"to","start":6742.79,"end":6742.95},{"text":"build","start":6742.95,"end":6743.27},{"text":"collision","start":6743.75,"end":6744.31},{"text":"avoidance","start":6744.31,"end":6744.83},{"text":"systems.","start":6744.83,"end":6745.35}]},{"text":"I thank you, Mr. Chairman.","start":6745.35,"end":6746.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6745.35,"end":6745.59},{"text":"thank","start":6745.59,"end":6745.87},{"text":"you,","start":6745.87,"end":6745.95},{"text":"Mr.","start":6745.95,"end":6746.23},{"text":"Chairman.","start":6746.23,"end":6746.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":6748.27,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=6749","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Islamic Republic of Iran for that statement, and I give the floor to the delegation of Norway.","start":6748.27,"end":6753.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6748.27,"end":6748.43},{"text":"thank","start":6748.43,"end":6748.83},{"text":"the","start":6748.95,"end":6749.03},{"text":"Islamic","start":6749.03,"end":6749.39},{"text":"Republic","start":6749.39,"end":6749.79},{"text":"of","start":6749.79,"end":6749.91},{"text":"Iran","start":6749.91,"end":6750.27},{"text":"for","start":6750.27,"end":6750.39},{"text":"that","start":6750.39,"end":6750.51},{"text":"statement,","start":6750.51,"end":6751.07},{"text":"and","start":6751.07,"end":6751.35},{"text":"I","start":6751.35,"end":6751.39},{"text":"give","start":6751.39,"end":6751.55},{"text":"the","start":6751.55,"end":6751.67},{"text":"floor","start":6751.67,"end":6751.95},{"text":"to","start":6751.95,"end":6752.15},{"text":"the","start":6752.15,"end":6752.23},{"text":"delegation","start":6752.23,"end":6752.79},{"text":"of","start":6752.79,"end":6752.91},{"text":"Norway.","start":6752.99,"end":6753.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":50,"start":6756.27,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=6757","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":6756.27,"end":6756.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6756.27,"end":6756.47},{"text":"you,","start":6756.47,"end":6756.55},{"text":"Chair.","start":6756.55,"end":6756.83}]},{"text":"Norway finds the topic of space traffic management to be essential for protecting the future of the space environment and for continuing to ensure the benefits of space-based assets to our own planet.","start":6757.87,"end":6768.75,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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activity in space and thus the dependence on space activities is increasing.","start":6798.83,"end":6803.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6798.83,"end":6798.87},{"text":"activity","start":6798.87,"end":6799.27},{"text":"in","start":6799.27,"end":6799.35},{"text":"space","start":6799.35,"end":6799.99},{"text":"and","start":6800.07,"end":6800.39},{"text":"thus","start":6800.39,"end":6800.71},{"text":"the","start":6800.71,"end":6800.83},{"text":"dependence","start":6800.83,"end":6801.59},{"text":"on","start":6801.59,"end":6801.83},{"text":"space","start":6801.83,"end":6802.15},{"text":"activities","start":6802.15,"end":6802.87},{"text":"is","start":6802.87,"end":6803.03},{"text":"increasing.","start":6803.03,"end":6803.67}]},{"text":"This picture is also true for Norway.","start":6804.39,"end":6806.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6804.39,"end":6804.63},{"text":"picture","start":6804.63,"end":6805.07},{"text":"is","start":6805.07,"end":6805.19},{"text":"also","start":6805.19,"end":6805.43},{"text":"true","start":6805.43,"end":6805.67},{"text":"for","start":6805.67,"end":6805.79},{"text":"Norway.","start":6805.79,"end":6806.23}]},{"text":"We expect the second orbital launch from Norway to take place this year.","start":6806.71,"end":6809.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6806.71,"end":6806.91},{"text":"expect","start":6806.91,"end":6807.27},{"text":"the","start":6807.27,"end":6807.35},{"text":"second","start":6807.35,"end":6807.67},{"text":"orbital","start":6807.67,"end":6808.11},{"text":"launch","start":6808.11,"end":6808.39},{"text":"from","start":6808.39,"end":6808.59},{"text":"Norway","start":6808.59,"end":6808.87},{"text":"to","start":6808.87,"end":6808.99},{"text":"take","start":6808.99,"end":6809.19},{"text":"place","start":6809.19,"end":6809.39},{"text":"this","start":6809.39,"end":6809.59},{"text":"year.","start":6809.59,"end":6809.91}]},{"text":"In addition, we expect a doubling in the number of satellites to be operated by Norwegian actors in the coming 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increased activities comes increased responsibilities.","start":6817.51,"end":6821.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6817.51,"end":6817.67},{"text":"increased","start":6817.67,"end":6818.31},{"text":"activities","start":6818.31,"end":6819.11},{"text":"comes","start":6819.11,"end":6819.59},{"text":"increased","start":6819.59,"end":6820.31},{"text":"responsibilities.","start":6820.31,"end":6821.51}]},{"text":"Dialogue, coordination and collaboration are vital components when it comes to international space traffic management.","start":6821.99,"end":6828.31,"topics":[{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. 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Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"recommending","start":6960.63,"end":6961.19},{"text":"the","start":6961.19,"end":6961.27},{"text":"promulgation","start":6961.27,"end":6961.99},{"text":"of","start":6961.99,"end":6962.11},{"text":"regulatory","start":6962.11,"end":6962.79},{"text":"frameworks","start":6962.79,"end":6963.59},{"text":"for","start":6963.75,"end":6964.31},{"text":"national","start":6964.31,"end":6964.75},{"text":"space","start":6964.75,"end":6965.07},{"text":"activities.","start":6965.07,"end":6965.91}]},{"text":"It was already highlighted in this subcommittee how important it is to continue with deliberations on the legal and policy aspects of space traffic management, bearing in mind the interests of developing countries and those of emerging space capacity.","start":6966.87,"end":6981.67,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. 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Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."},{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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another point, given that air navigation has also become more complex due to greater outer space 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as ICAO and even the ITU in deliberations.","start":7049.63,"end":7056.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7049.63,"end":7049.83},{"text":"appreciate","start":7049.83,"end":7050.27},{"text":"the","start":7050.27,"end":7050.35},{"text":"coordinated","start":7050.35,"end":7050.83},{"text":"inclusion","start":7050.83,"end":7051.55},{"text":"of","start":7051.55,"end":7051.63},{"text":"international","start":7051.63,"end":7052.15},{"text":"organizations","start":7052.15,"end":7052.71},{"text":"such","start":7052.71,"end":7052.87},{"text":"as","start":7052.87,"end":7052.99},{"text":"ICAO","start":7052.99,"end":7053.59},{"text":"and","start":7053.71,"end":7054.27},{"text":"even","start":7054.31,"end":7054.55},{"text":"the","start":7054.55,"end":7054.63},{"text":"ITU","start":7054.63,"end":7054.95},{"text":"in","start":7054.95,"end":7055.07},{"text":"deliberations.","start":7055.07,"end":7056.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ARG","affiliation_full":"Argentina","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":7056.99,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=7057","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of Argentina for that statement.","start":7056.99,"end":7062.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7056.99,"end":7057.15},{"text":"thank","start":7057.15,"end":7057.35},{"text":"the","start":7057.71,"end":7057.95},{"text":"delegation","start":7059.39,"end":7059.95},{"text":"of","start":7059.95,"end":7060.03},{"text":"Argentina","start":7060.03,"end":7060.91},{"text":"for","start":7061.71,"end":7061.87},{"text":"that","start":7061.87,"end":7062.07},{"text":"statement.","start":7062.07,"end":7062.59}]},{"text":"So I've concluded my list of member states and I now turn to observers.","start":7062.83,"end":7067.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7062.83,"end":7063.11},{"text":"I've","start":7063.15,"end":7063.31},{"text":"concluded","start":7063.31,"end":7063.75},{"text":"my","start":7063.75,"end":7063.87},{"text":"list","start":7063.91,"end":7064.19},{"text":"of","start":7064.39,"end":7064.59},{"text":"member","start":7065.23,"end":7065.55},{"text":"states","start":7065.55,"end":7065.95},{"text":"and","start":7065.95,"end":7066.11},{"text":"I","start":7066.11,"end":7066.15},{"text":"now","start":7066.15,"end":7066.35},{"text":"turn","start":7066.35,"end":7066.59},{"text":"to","start":7066.59,"end":7066.71},{"text":"observers.","start":7066.71,"end":7067.55}]},{"text":"I have one delegation on my list, which is the three country trusted broker.","start":7068.19,"end":7071.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7068.19,"end":7068.27},{"text":"have","start":7068.27,"end":7068.43},{"text":"one","start":7068.43,"end":7068.59},{"text":"delegation","start":7068.59,"end":7069.03},{"text":"on","start":7069.03,"end":7069.11},{"text":"my","start":7069.11,"end":7069.23},{"text":"list,","start":7069.23,"end":7069.51},{"text":"which","start":7069.51,"end":7069.79},{"text":"is","start":7069.79,"end":7069.95},{"text":"the","start":7069.95,"end":7070.11},{"text":"three","start":7070.11,"end":7070.43},{"text":"country","start":7070.43,"end":7070.83},{"text":"trusted","start":7070.83,"end":7071.27},{"text":"broker.","start":7071.27,"end":7071.79}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":7072.35,"end":7072.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7072.35,"end":7072.47},{"text":"have","start":7072.47,"end":7072.59},{"text":"the","start":7072.59,"end":7072.71},{"text":"floor.","start":7072.71,"end":7072.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":54,"start":7073.87,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=7074","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chairman.","start":7073.87,"end":7078.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7073.87,"end":7074.19},{"text":"you,","start":7074.27,"end":7074.47},{"text":"Mr.","start":7074.95,"end":7076.39},{"text":"Chairman.","start":7077.35,"end":7078.27}]},{"text":"Good morning.","start":7078.27,"end":7081.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":7078.27,"end":7078.43},{"text":"morning.","start":7080.27,"end":7081.55}]},{"text":"I'll keep it briefly.","start":7082.03,"end":7083.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'll","start":7082.03,"end":7082.59},{"text":"keep","start":7082.59,"end":7082.83},{"text":"it","start":7082.83,"end":7083.07},{"text":"briefly.","start":7083.07,"end":7083.63}]},{"text":"The main objective of TCDP is to promote and facilitate the international corporations amongst this regarding ADR, particularly cooperation between states who have jurisdiction over the abandoned massive derelicts.","start":7084.75,"end":7099.07,"topics":[{"key":"on-orbit-servicing","label":"On-Orbit Servicing and Active Debris Removal","description":"Delegations discussed the legal and safety implications of rendezvous and proximity operations, on-orbit servicing, and active debris removal. Speakers stressed the need for national authorization frameworks and international norms to ensure transparency, responsibility, and safe operational conduct."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7084.75,"end":7084.87},{"text":"main","start":7084.87,"end":7085.15},{"text":"objective","start":7085.15,"end":7085.71},{"text":"of","start":7085.71,"end":7085.79},{"text":"TCDP","start":7085.79,"end":7086.47},{"text":"is","start":7086.47,"end":7086.59},{"text":"to","start":7086.59,"end":7086.83},{"text":"promote","start":7086.83,"end":7087.47},{"text":"and","start":7087.63,"end":7087.75},{"text":"facilitate","start":7087.79,"end":7088.35},{"text":"the","start":7088.35,"end":7088.47},{"text":"international","start":7088.47,"end":7089.15},{"text":"corporations","start":7089.15,"end":7090.03},{"text":"amongst","start":7090.35,"end":7090.79},{"text":"this","start":7090.79,"end":7090.99},{"text":"regarding","start":7090.99,"end":7091.55},{"text":"ADR,","start":7091.55,"end":7092.19},{"text":"particularly","start":7092.39,"end":7092.99},{"text":"cooperation","start":7092.99,"end":7093.79},{"text":"between","start":7093.79,"end":7094.03},{"text":"states","start":7094.03,"end":7094.51},{"text":"who","start":7094.91,"end":7095.07},{"text":"have","start":7095.07,"end":7095.39},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":7095.39,"end":7096.11},{"text":"over","start":7096.11,"end":7096.59},{"text":"the","start":7097.23,"end":7097.35},{"text":"abandoned","start":7097.35,"end":7097.95},{"text":"massive","start":7097.95,"end":7098.43},{"text":"derelicts.","start":7098.43,"end":7099.07}]},{"text":"As many delegation underscores, underscore the possible risks brought by ADR like in orbit breakups or collision, TCTB has the following specific recommendations.","start":7099.79,"end":7111.63,"topics":[{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."},{"key":"on-orbit-servicing","label":"On-Orbit Servicing and Active Debris Removal","description":"Delegations discussed the legal and safety implications of rendezvous and proximity operations, on-orbit servicing, and active debris removal. Speakers stressed the need for national authorization frameworks and international norms to ensure transparency, responsibility, and safe operational conduct."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7099.79,"end":7099.95},{"text":"many","start":7099.95,"end":7100.27},{"text":"delegation","start":7100.27,"end":7101.07},{"text":"underscores,","start":7101.15,"end":7101.95},{"text":"underscore","start":7102.87,"end":7103.31},{"text":"the","start":7103.31,"end":7103.47},{"text":"possible","start":7103.47,"end":7104.19},{"text":"risks","start":7104.27,"end":7104.71},{"text":"brought","start":7104.71,"end":7104.99},{"text":"by","start":7104.99,"end":7105.23},{"text":"ADR","start":7105.23,"end":7105.79},{"text":"like","start":7105.79,"end":7106.03},{"text":"in","start":7106.03,"end":7106.19},{"text":"orbit","start":7106.19,"end":7106.71},{"text":"breakups","start":7106.71,"end":7107.39},{"text":"or","start":7107.39,"end":7107.55},{"text":"collision,","start":7107.55,"end":7108.11},{"text":"TCTB","start":7108.27,"end":7109.15},{"text":"has","start":7109.15,"end":7109.39},{"text":"the","start":7109.39,"end":7109.47},{"text":"following","start":7109.47,"end":7109.87},{"text":"specific","start":7109.87,"end":7110.59},{"text":"recommendations.","start":7110.67,"end":7111.63}]},{"text":"Number one, ADR is deeply associated with space traffic management, coordination or governance.","start":7112.19,"end":7118.19,"topics":[{"key":"on-orbit-servicing","label":"On-Orbit Servicing and Active Debris Removal","description":"Delegations discussed the legal and safety implications of rendezvous and proximity operations, on-orbit servicing, and active debris removal. Speakers stressed the need for national authorization frameworks and international norms to ensure transparency, responsibility, and safe operational conduct."},{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Number","start":7112.19,"end":7112.51},{"text":"one,","start":7112.51,"end":7112.75},{"text":"ADR","start":7112.83,"end":7113.47},{"text":"is","start":7113.47,"end":7113.71},{"text":"deeply","start":7113.71,"end":7114.11},{"text":"associated","start":7114.11,"end":7114.75},{"text":"with","start":7114.75,"end":7114.99},{"text":"space","start":7114.99,"end":7115.27},{"text":"traffic","start":7115.27,"end":7115.71},{"text":"management,","start":7115.71,"end":7116.43},{"text":"coordination","start":7116.67,"end":7117.39},{"text":"or","start":7117.39,"end":7117.59},{"text":"governance.","start":7117.59,"end":7118.19}]},{"text":"No matter it's about the test mission, a public private partnership project or purely commercial one.","start":7118.59,"end":7124.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"No","start":7118.59,"end":7118.83},{"text":"matter","start":7118.83,"end":7119.07},{"text":"it's","start":7119.07,"end":7119.31},{"text":"about","start":7119.31,"end":7119.67},{"text":"the","start":7119.67,"end":7119.75},{"text":"test","start":7119.75,"end":7120.19},{"text":"mission,","start":7120.19,"end":7120.75},{"text":"a","start":7120.83,"end":7120.91},{"text":"public","start":7120.91,"end":7121.39},{"text":"private","start":7121.39,"end":7121.79},{"text":"partnership","start":7121.79,"end":7122.51},{"text":"project","start":7122.59,"end":7123.15},{"text":"or","start":7123.39,"end":7123.63},{"text":"purely","start":7123.63,"end":7123.95},{"text":"commercial","start":7123.95,"end":7124.39},{"text":"one.","start":7124.39,"end":7124.59}]},{"text":"To create enabling legal environment for ADR and other unorbital services, The legal aspects of STM must be examined from both national and international dimensions and must be discussed from both the perspective of lex lata and lex forenda.","start":7125.23,"end":7141.63,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"on-orbit-servicing","label":"On-Orbit Servicing and Active Debris Removal","description":"Delegations discussed the legal and safety implications of rendezvous and proximity operations, on-orbit servicing, and active debris removal. Speakers stressed the need for national authorization frameworks and international norms to ensure transparency, responsibility, and safe operational conduct."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":7125.23,"end":7125.39},{"text":"create","start":7125.39,"end":7125.87},{"text":"enabling","start":7125.91,"end":7126.67},{"text":"legal","start":7126.83,"end":7127.15},{"text":"environment","start":7127.23,"end":7127.71},{"text":"for","start":7127.71,"end":7127.87},{"text":"ADR","start":7127.87,"end":7128.43},{"text":"and","start":7128.43,"end":7128.59},{"text":"other","start":7128.67,"end":7129.07},{"text":"unorbital","start":7129.07,"end":7129.63},{"text":"services,","start":7129.63,"end":7130.43},{"text":"The","start":7131.07,"end":7131.11},{"text":"legal","start":7131.11,"end":7131.35},{"text":"aspects","start":7131.35,"end":7131.79},{"text":"of","start":7131.79,"end":7131.95},{"text":"STM","start":7131.95,"end":7132.59},{"text":"must","start":7132.75,"end":7133.07},{"text":"be","start":7133.07,"end":7133.19},{"text":"examined","start":7133.19,"end":7133.71},{"text":"from","start":7133.71,"end":7133.95},{"text":"both","start":7133.95,"end":7134.11},{"text":"national","start":7134.11,"end":7134.67},{"text":"and","start":7134.67,"end":7134.83},{"text":"international","start":7134.83,"end":7135.71},{"text":"dimensions","start":7136.03,"end":7136.83},{"text":"and","start":7137.27,"end":7137.39},{"text":"must","start":7137.39,"end":7137.55},{"text":"be","start":7137.55,"end":7137.95},{"text":"discussed","start":7137.95,"end":7138.43},{"text":"from","start":7138.43,"end":7138.67},{"text":"both","start":7138.67,"end":7138.95},{"text":"the","start":7138.95,"end":7139.11},{"text":"perspective","start":7139.11,"end":7139.87},{"text":"of","start":7139.87,"end":7139.99},{"text":"lex","start":7139.99,"end":7140.27},{"text":"lata","start":7140.27,"end":7140.71},{"text":"and","start":7140.71,"end":7140.83},{"text":"lex","start":7140.83,"end":7141.07},{"text":"forenda.","start":7141.07,"end":7141.63}]},{"text":"Number two, from national perspective, TCTB encourages member states to develop domestic regulatory framework of STM.","start":7142.27,"end":7151.15,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."},{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"on-orbit-servicing","label":"On-Orbit Servicing and Active Debris Removal","description":"Delegations discussed the legal and safety implications of rendezvous and proximity operations, on-orbit servicing, and active debris removal. 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that connection, it noted that informal consultations on the matter would continue.","start":7495.67,"end":7504.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7495.67,"end":7495.95},{"text":"that","start":7495.95,"end":7496.23},{"text":"connection,","start":7496.23,"end":7497.51},{"text":"it","start":7498.23,"end":7498.31},{"text":"noted","start":7498.31,"end":7499.03},{"text":"that","start":7499.03,"end":7499.59},{"text":"informal","start":7500.07,"end":7500.71},{"text":"consultations","start":7500.71,"end":7501.83},{"text":"on","start":7501.91,"end":7502.23},{"text":"the","start":7502.23,"end":7502.31},{"text":"matter","start":7502.31,"end":7502.91},{"text":"would","start":7503.35,"end":7503.67},{"text":"continue.","start":7503.67,"end":7504.39}]},{"text":"I propose that we suspend consideration of this agenda item so that this afternoon we can take a decision on the proposal that I have just read 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geopolitical issues.","start":7566.35,"end":7569.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7566.35,"end":7566.51},{"text":"is","start":7566.51,"end":7566.67},{"text":"not","start":7566.67,"end":7566.91},{"text":"the","start":7566.91,"end":7566.99},{"text":"forum","start":7566.99,"end":7567.39},{"text":"to","start":7567.39,"end":7567.55},{"text":"raise","start":7567.55,"end":7568.03},{"text":"geopolitical","start":7568.19,"end":7568.83},{"text":"issues.","start":7568.83,"end":7569.31}]},{"text":"Doing so will only distract from this group's important work.","start":7569.87,"end":7573.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Doing","start":7569.87,"end":7570.23},{"text":"so","start":7570.23,"end":7570.51},{"text":"will","start":7570.51,"end":7570.75},{"text":"only","start":7570.75,"end":7571.15},{"text":"distract","start":7571.15,"end":7571.67},{"text":"from","start":7571.67,"end":7571.83},{"text":"this","start":7571.83,"end":7572.03},{"text":"group's","start":7572.03,"end":7572.35},{"text":"important","start":7572.35,"end":7572.79},{"text":"work.","start":7572.79,"end":7573.15}]},{"text":"We do not intend to engage in repeated back and forth interventions on issues that are being discussed in other fora, but I am compelled to respond briefly to an earlier intervention by Iran.","start":7573.87,"end":7584.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7573.87,"end":7574.07},{"text":"do","start":7574.07,"end":7574.19},{"text":"not","start":7574.19,"end":7574.39},{"text":"intend","start":7574.39,"end":7574.79},{"text":"to","start":7574.79,"end":7574.87},{"text":"engage","start":7574.87,"end":7575.51},{"text":"in","start":7575.51,"end":7575.63},{"text":"repeated","start":7575.63,"end":7576.11},{"text":"back","start":7576.11,"end":7576.39},{"text":"and","start":7576.39,"end":7576.51},{"text":"forth","start":7576.51,"end":7576.83},{"text":"interventions","start":7576.83,"end":7577.47},{"text":"on","start":7577.47,"end":7577.55},{"text":"issues","start":7577.55,"end":7578.11},{"text":"that","start":7578.35,"end":7578.51},{"text":"are","start":7578.51,"end":7578.59},{"text":"being","start":7578.59,"end":7578.75},{"text":"discussed","start":7578.75,"end":7579.23},{"text":"in","start":7579.23,"end":7579.35},{"text":"other","start":7579.35,"end":7579.55},{"text":"fora,","start":7579.55,"end":7579.95},{"text":"but","start":7580.27,"end":7580.43},{"text":"I","start":7580.43,"end":7580.51},{"text":"am","start":7580.51,"end":7580.75},{"text":"compelled","start":7580.75,"end":7581.11},{"text":"to","start":7581.11,"end":7581.19},{"text":"respond","start":7581.19,"end":7581.55},{"text":"briefly","start":7581.55,"end":7582.03},{"text":"to","start":7582.03,"end":7582.15},{"text":"an","start":7582.15,"end":7582.27},{"text":"earlier","start":7582.27,"end":7582.63},{"text":"intervention","start":7582.63,"end":7583.31},{"text":"by","start":7583.39,"end":7583.59},{"text":"Iran.","start":7583.59,"end":7584.11}]},{"text":"President Trump has been clear in his communications to the world why it was imperative for the United States to act.","start":7585.03,"end":7590.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"President","start":7585.03,"end":7585.51},{"text":"Trump","start":7585.51,"end":7585.79},{"text":"has","start":7585.79,"end":7585.95},{"text":"been","start":7585.95,"end":7586.19},{"text":"clear","start":7586.19,"end":7586.67},{"text":"in","start":7586.67,"end":7586.79},{"text":"his","start":7586.79,"end":7586.95},{"text":"communications","start":7586.95,"end":7587.63},{"text":"to","start":7587.63,"end":7587.71},{"text":"the","start":7587.71,"end":7587.87},{"text":"world","start":7587.87,"end":7588.27},{"text":"why","start":7588.51,"end":7588.91},{"text":"it","start":7588.91,"end":7588.99},{"text":"was","start":7588.99,"end":7589.11},{"text":"imperative","start":7589.11,"end":7589.55},{"text":"for","start":7589.55,"end":7589.67},{"text":"the","start":7589.67,"end":7589.75},{"text":"United","start":7589.75,"end":7590.11},{"text":"States","start":7590.11,"end":7590.51},{"text":"to","start":7590.51,"end":7590.59},{"text":"act.","start":7590.59,"end":7590.99}]},{"text":"Our statements in the UN Security Council have been equally clear.","start":7591.59,"end":7595.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":7591.59,"end":7591.75},{"text":"statements","start":7591.75,"end":7592.31},{"text":"in","start":7592.31,"end":7592.39},{"text":"the","start":7592.39,"end":7592.47},{"text":"UN","start":7592.47,"end":7592.71},{"text":"Security","start":7592.71,"end":7593.11},{"text":"Council","start":7593.11,"end":7593.59},{"text":"have","start":7593.91,"end":7594.11},{"text":"been","start":7594.11,"end":7594.31},{"text":"equally","start":7594.31,"end":7594.71},{"text":"clear.","start":7594.71,"end":7595.11}]},{"text":"We regret that Iran has decided to use this meeting on the topic of the legal aspects of the peaceful uses of outer space to make political claims, and we respectfully request a return to advancing our core technical work.","start":7596.31,"end":7609.59,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7596.31,"end":7596.55},{"text":"regret","start":7596.55,"end":7597.03},{"text":"that","start":7597.03,"end":7597.27},{"text":"Iran","start":7597.27,"end":7597.55},{"text":"has","start":7597.55,"end":7597.67},{"text":"decided","start":7597.67,"end":7598.23},{"text":"to","start":7598.39,"end":7598.59},{"text":"use","start":7598.59,"end":7598.87},{"text":"this","start":7598.87,"end":7599.03},{"text":"meeting","start":7599.03,"end":7599.39},{"text":"on","start":7599.39,"end":7599.47},{"text":"the","start":7599.47,"end":7599.59},{"text":"topic","start":7599.59,"end":7599.95},{"text":"of","start":7599.95,"end":7600.03},{"text":"the","start":7600.03,"end":7600.11},{"text":"legal","start":7600.11,"end":7600.47},{"text":"aspects","start":7600.47,"end":7600.95},{"text":"of","start":7600.95,"end":7601.03},{"text":"the","start":7601.03,"end":7601.11},{"text":"peaceful","start":7601.11,"end":7601.51},{"text":"uses","start":7601.51,"end":7601.83},{"text":"of","start":7601.83,"end":7601.91},{"text":"outer","start":7601.91,"end":7602.15},{"text":"space","start":7602.15,"end":7602.63},{"text":"to","start":7603.19,"end":7603.27},{"text":"make","start":7603.27,"end":7603.51},{"text":"political","start":7603.51,"end":7604.07},{"text":"claims,","start":7604.07,"end":7604.63},{"text":"and","start":7604.87,"end":7605.03},{"text":"we","start":7605.03,"end":7605.19},{"text":"respectfully","start":7605.19,"end":7605.83},{"text":"request","start":7605.83,"end":7606.39},{"text":"a","start":7606.39,"end":7606.47},{"text":"return","start":7606.47,"end":7606.95},{"text":"to","start":7606.95,"end":7607.11},{"text":"advancing","start":7607.11,"end":7607.59},{"text":"our","start":7607.59,"end":7607.75},{"text":"core","start":7607.75,"end":7608.23},{"text":"technical","start":7608.47,"end":7609.03},{"text":"work.","start":7609.11,"end":7609.59}]},{"text":"For decades, Iran has actively worked to undermine US regional and international security.","start":7610.55,"end":7616.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7610.55,"end":7610.79},{"text":"decades,","start":7610.79,"end":7611.47},{"text":"Iran","start":7611.47,"end":7611.91},{"text":"has","start":7611.91,"end":7612.15},{"text":"actively","start":7612.23,"end":7612.79},{"text":"worked","start":7612.79,"end":7613.07},{"text":"to","start":7613.07,"end":7613.15},{"text":"undermine","start":7613.15,"end":7613.59},{"text":"US","start":7613.59,"end":7614.07},{"text":"regional","start":7614.39,"end":7614.95},{"text":"and","start":7615.03,"end":7615.19},{"text":"international","start":7615.19,"end":7615.79},{"text":"security.","start":7615.79,"end":7616.31}]},{"text":"Following good faith, time-bound negotiations, the United States took lawful actions to address these threats in line with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations.","start":7617.15,"end":7626.75,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Following","start":7617.15,"end":7617.47},{"text":"good","start":7617.47,"end":7617.71},{"text":"faith,","start":7617.71,"end":7618.11},{"text":"time-bound","start":7618.19,"end":7618.83},{"text":"negotiations,","start":7618.83,"end":7619.79},{"text":"the","start":7619.95,"end":7620.07},{"text":"United","start":7620.07,"end":7620.43},{"text":"States","start":7620.43,"end":7620.75},{"text":"took","start":7620.75,"end":7620.99},{"text":"lawful","start":7620.99,"end":7621.55},{"text":"actions","start":7621.55,"end":7622.03},{"text":"to","start":7622.03,"end":7622.15},{"text":"address","start":7622.15,"end":7622.51},{"text":"these","start":7622.51,"end":7622.71},{"text":"threats","start":7622.71,"end":7623.15},{"text":"in","start":7623.39,"end":7623.63},{"text":"line","start":7623.63,"end":7623.87},{"text":"with","start":7623.87,"end":7624.03},{"text":"Article","start":7624.03,"end":7624.31},{"text":"51","start":7624.31,"end":7624.91},{"text":"of","start":7625.23,"end":7625.31},{"text":"the","start":7625.31,"end":7625.47},{"text":"Charter","start":7625.47,"end":7625.75},{"text":"of","start":7625.75,"end":7625.83},{"text":"the","start":7625.83,"end":7625.91},{"text":"United","start":7625.91,"end":7626.19},{"text":"Nations.","start":7626.19,"end":7626.75}]},{"text":"Iran's attacks on neighboring states and civilian infrastructure underscore why decisive action was necessary.","start":7627.59,"end":7634.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Iran's","start":7627.59,"end":7628.03},{"text":"attacks","start":7628.03,"end":7628.75},{"text":"on","start":7628.91,"end":7629.19},{"text":"neighboring","start":7629.19,"end":7629.63},{"text":"states","start":7629.63,"end":7630.19},{"text":"and","start":7630.19,"end":7630.43},{"text":"civilian","start":7630.43,"end":7630.99},{"text":"infrastructure","start":7630.99,"end":7631.79},{"text":"underscore","start":7631.95,"end":7632.51},{"text":"why","start":7632.51,"end":7632.83},{"text":"decisive","start":7632.83,"end":7633.39},{"text":"action","start":7633.39,"end":7633.87},{"text":"was","start":7633.87,"end":7634.19},{"text":"necessary.","start":7634.19,"end":7634.83}]},{"text":"Our actions are directed at military and strategic assets tied to these threats.","start":7635.55,"end":7639.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":7635.55,"end":7635.71},{"text":"actions","start":7635.71,"end":7636.11},{"text":"are","start":7636.11,"end":7636.19},{"text":"directed","start":7636.19,"end":7636.59},{"text":"at","start":7636.59,"end":7636.67},{"text":"military","start":7636.67,"end":7637.19},{"text":"and","start":7637.19,"end":7637.31},{"text":"strategic","start":7637.31,"end":7637.79},{"text":"assets","start":7637.79,"end":7638.35},{"text":"tied","start":7638.51,"end":7639.07},{"text":"to","start":7639.07,"end":7639.19},{"text":"these","start":7639.19,"end":7639.39},{"text":"threats.","start":7639.39,"end":7639.95}]},{"text":"They are not directed at the Iranian people.","start":7640.59,"end":7643.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":7640.59,"end":7640.75},{"text":"are","start":7640.75,"end":7640.91},{"text":"not","start":7640.91,"end":7641.23},{"text":"directed","start":7641.23,"end":7641.79},{"text":"at","start":7642.27,"end":7642.39},{"text":"the","start":7642.39,"end":7642.47},{"text":"Iranian","start":7642.47,"end":7642.91},{"text":"people.","start":7642.91,"end":7643.31}]},{"text":"We distinguish clearly between the regime's destabilizing conduct and the Iranian population.","start":7644.19,"end":7649.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7644.19,"end":7644.23},{"text":"distinguish","start":7644.23,"end":7644.83},{"text":"clearly","start":7644.83,"end":7645.47},{"text":"between","start":7645.55,"end":7645.87},{"text":"the","start":7645.87,"end":7645.95},{"text":"regime's","start":7645.95,"end":7646.39},{"text":"destabilizing","start":7646.39,"end":7647.23},{"text":"conduct","start":7647.23,"end":7647.79},{"text":"and","start":7647.95,"end":7648.07},{"text":"the","start":7648.07,"end":7648.15},{"text":"Iranian","start":7648.15,"end":7648.59},{"text":"population.","start":7648.59,"end":7649.39}]},{"text":"Iran has not only struck military assets, but civilian infrastructure as well.","start":7650.07,"end":7654.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Iran","start":7650.07,"end":7650.59},{"text":"has","start":7650.59,"end":7650.75},{"text":"not","start":7650.75,"end":7651.07},{"text":"only","start":7651.07,"end":7651.31},{"text":"struck","start":7651.31,"end":7651.63},{"text":"military","start":7651.63,"end":7652.11},{"text":"assets,","start":7652.11,"end":7652.67},{"text":"but","start":7653.15,"end":7653.31},{"text":"civilian","start":7653.31,"end":7653.75},{"text":"infrastructure","start":7653.75,"end":7654.43},{"text":"as","start":7654.43,"end":7654.59},{"text":"well.","start":7654.59,"end":7654.91}]},{"text":"We note with concern the recent nationwide communications blackout in Iran, where terrestrial internet and telephone services have been severely restricted by the Iranian regime to cover up its mass killings of its civilians in January and to silence the voices and aspirations of the brave people of Iran.","start":7655.79,"end":7673.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7655.79,"end":7655.95},{"text":"note","start":7655.95,"end":7656.11},{"text":"with","start":7656.11,"end":7656.27},{"text":"concern","start":7656.27,"end":7656.99},{"text":"the","start":7656.99,"end":7657.11},{"text":"recent","start":7657.11,"end":7657.51},{"text":"nationwide","start":7657.51,"end":7658.11},{"text":"communications","start":7658.11,"end":7658.83},{"text":"blackout","start":7658.83,"end":7659.39},{"text":"in","start":7659.39,"end":7659.51},{"text":"Iran,","start":7659.51,"end":7659.95},{"text":"where","start":7660.19,"end":7660.43},{"text":"terrestrial","start":7660.43,"end":7660.99},{"text":"internet","start":7660.99,"end":7661.47},{"text":"and","start":7661.47,"end":7661.59},{"text":"telephone","start":7661.59,"end":7662.03},{"text":"services","start":7662.03,"end":7662.67},{"text":"have","start":7662.83,"end":7662.95},{"text":"been","start":7662.95,"end":7663.15},{"text":"severely","start":7663.15,"end":7663.75},{"text":"restricted","start":7663.75,"end":7664.19},{"text":"by","start":7664.19,"end":7664.35},{"text":"the","start":7664.35,"end":7664.47},{"text":"Iranian","start":7664.47,"end":7664.83},{"text":"regime","start":7664.83,"end":7665.31},{"text":"to","start":7665.63,"end":7665.71},{"text":"cover","start":7665.71,"end":7666.03},{"text":"up","start":7666.03,"end":7666.11},{"text":"its","start":7666.11,"end":7666.27},{"text":"mass","start":7666.27,"end":7666.59},{"text":"killings","start":7666.59,"end":7667.11},{"text":"of","start":7667.11,"end":7667.23},{"text":"its","start":7667.23,"end":7667.43},{"text":"civilians","start":7667.43,"end":7667.87},{"text":"in","start":7667.87,"end":7668.03},{"text":"January","start":7668.03,"end":7668.67},{"text":"and","start":7668.99,"end":7669.19},{"text":"to","start":7669.19,"end":7669.27},{"text":"silence","start":7669.27,"end":7669.79},{"text":"the","start":7669.79,"end":7669.87},{"text":"voices","start":7669.87,"end":7670.43},{"text":"and","start":7670.43,"end":7670.55},{"text":"aspirations","start":7670.55,"end":7671.39},{"text":"of","start":7671.63,"end":7671.79},{"text":"the","start":7671.79,"end":7671.87},{"text":"brave","start":7671.87,"end":7672.19},{"text":"people","start":7672.19,"end":7672.59},{"text":"of","start":7672.59,"end":7672.67},{"text":"Iran.","start":7672.67,"end":7673.15}]},{"text":"Iran cannot reasonably assert that Iranians have been left without access to internet or information solely due to the actions since February 28th.","start":7674.47,"end":7682.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Iran","start":7674.47,"end":7674.83},{"text":"cannot","start":7674.83,"end":7675.31},{"text":"reasonably","start":7675.31,"end":7675.95},{"text":"assert","start":7675.95,"end":7676.27},{"text":"that","start":7676.27,"end":7676.39},{"text":"Iranians","start":7676.39,"end":7676.79},{"text":"have","start":7676.79,"end":7676.91},{"text":"been","start":7676.91,"end":7677.07},{"text":"left","start":7677.07,"end":7677.27},{"text":"without","start":7677.27,"end":7677.55},{"text":"access","start":7677.55,"end":7677.87},{"text":"to","start":7677.87,"end":7677.99},{"text":"internet","start":7677.99,"end":7678.47},{"text":"or","start":7678.47,"end":7678.59},{"text":"information","start":7678.59,"end":7679.23},{"text":"solely","start":7679.23,"end":7679.87},{"text":"due","start":7679.87,"end":7680.11},{"text":"to","start":7680.11,"end":7680.19},{"text":"the","start":7680.19,"end":7680.31},{"text":"actions","start":7680.35,"end":7680.87},{"text":"since","start":7680.87,"end":7681.15},{"text":"February","start":7681.15,"end":7681.63},{"text":"28th.","start":7681.63,"end":7682.11}]},{"text":"Iran has a long history of denying its people such fundamental freedoms, including during the January repression.","start":7682.31,"end":7688.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Iran","start":7682.31,"end":7682.71},{"text":"has","start":7682.71,"end":7682.87},{"text":"a","start":7682.87,"end":7682.91},{"text":"long","start":7682.91,"end":7683.23},{"text":"history","start":7683.23,"end":7683.67},{"text":"of","start":7683.67,"end":7683.75},{"text":"denying","start":7683.75,"end":7684.19},{"text":"its","start":7684.19,"end":7684.35},{"text":"people","start":7684.35,"end":7684.75},{"text":"such","start":7684.75,"end":7685.07},{"text":"fundamental","start":7685.07,"end":7685.71},{"text":"freedoms,","start":7685.71,"end":7686.27},{"text":"including","start":7686.51,"end":7687.15},{"text":"during","start":7687.31,"end":7687.59},{"text":"the","start":7687.59,"end":7687.67},{"text":"January","start":7687.67,"end":7688.19},{"text":"repression.","start":7688.19,"end":7688.83}]},{"text":"The United States is committed to supporting the free flow of information by the most effective means to the people of Iran, in contrast to the Iranian regime's brutal repression that include the campaign of internet disruptions and censorship of 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deliberate targeting of civilian and economic infrastructure in the Gulf demonstrates a lack of respect for international humanitarian law and is at odds with principles of international peace and security and international trade 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it is important to emphasise that during Operation Lion, Roaring Lion, Israel's military targeted legitimate military objectives used by the Iranian armed forces, especially the Islamic Revolutionary Guard 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women and 221 children in Iran.","start":7851.67,"end":7859.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":7851.67,"end":7852.39},{"text":"they","start":7852.39,"end":7852.59},{"text":"also","start":7852.59,"end":7853.03},{"text":"killed","start":7853.03,"end":7853.43},{"text":"258","start":7854.03,"end":7855.19},{"text":"women","start":7855.91,"end":7857.19},{"text":"and","start":7857.43,"end":7857.75},{"text":"221","start":7857.75,"end":7858.39},{"text":"children","start":7858.39,"end":7858.75},{"text":"in","start":7858.75,"end":7858.83},{"text":"Iran.","start":7858.83,"end":7859.35}]},{"text":"The US aggression against Iran was not simply a strike against another 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children.","start":7895.03,"end":7904.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7895.03,"end":7895.19},{"text":"was","start":7895.19,"end":7895.35},{"text":"an","start":7895.35,"end":7895.51},{"text":"aggression","start":7895.51,"end":7896.15},{"text":"on","start":7896.15,"end":7896.31},{"text":"the","start":7896.31,"end":7896.43},{"text":"dreams","start":7896.43,"end":7897.03},{"text":"of","start":7897.03,"end":7897.19},{"text":"children","start":7897.19,"end":7897.75},{"text":"for","start":7897.75,"end":7897.99},{"text":"a","start":7897.99,"end":7898.03},{"text":"safe","start":7898.03,"end":7898.55},{"text":"and","start":7898.55,"end":7898.83},{"text":"secure","start":7898.83,"end":7899.19},{"text":"future","start":7899.19,"end":7899.91},{"text":"and","start":7900.47,"end":7900.79},{"text":"bombing","start":7900.79,"end":7901.35},{"text":"the","start":7901.35,"end":7901.43},{"text":"hopes","start":7901.43,"end":7901.91},{"text":"of","start":7901.91,"end":7902.07},{"text":"mothers","start":7902.07,"end":7902.71},{"text":"who","start":7902.79,"end":7903.03},{"text":"pray","start":7903.03,"end":7903.35},{"text":"for","start":7903.35,"end":7903.59},{"text":"peace","start":7903.59,"end":7903.99},{"text":"for","start":7903.99,"end":7904.15},{"text":"children.","start":7904.15,"end":7904.71}]},{"text":"These 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clearly who truly belongs to the Stone Age.","start":7916.43,"end":7921.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"indicates","start":7916.43,"end":7917.23},{"text":"clearly","start":7917.23,"end":7917.95},{"text":"who","start":7917.95,"end":7918.27},{"text":"truly","start":7918.27,"end":7919.15},{"text":"belongs","start":7919.31,"end":7919.95},{"text":"to","start":7919.95,"end":7920.11},{"text":"the","start":7920.11,"end":7920.27},{"text":"Stone","start":7920.27,"end":7920.67},{"text":"Age.","start":7920.67,"end":7921.07}]},{"text":"In a grave violation of international humanitarian law, the US armed forces deliberately and systematically targeted a wide spectrum of civilian infrastructure, including energy facilities, industrial sites, academic institutions, and public utilities.","start":7922.19,"end":7940.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7922.19,"end":7922.35},{"text":"a","start":7922.35,"end":7922.39},{"text":"grave","start":7922.39,"end":7922.87},{"text":"violation","start":7922.87,"end":7923.35},{"text":"of","start":7923.35,"end":7923.43},{"text":"international","start":7923.43,"end":7924.11},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7924.11,"end":7924.83},{"text":"law,","start":7924.83,"end":7925.23},{"text":"the","start":7925.23,"end":7925.43},{"text":"US","start":7925.55,"end":7925.79},{"text":"armed","start":7925.79,"end":7926.23},{"text":"forces","start":7926.23,"end":7926.75},{"text":"deliberately","start":7926.75,"end":7927.55},{"text":"and","start":7927.55,"end":7927.79},{"text":"systematically","start":7927.79,"end":7928.91},{"text":"targeted","start":7928.91,"end":7929.63},{"text":"a","start":7929.79,"end":7929.83},{"text":"wide","start":7929.83,"end":7930.43},{"text":"spectrum","start":7930.75,"end":7931.63},{"text":"of","start":7931.63,"end":7931.79},{"text":"civilian","start":7931.79,"end":7932.35},{"text":"infrastructure,","start":7932.35,"end":7933.19},{"text":"including","start":7933.95,"end":7934.59},{"text":"energy","start":7934.59,"end":7935.31},{"text":"facilities,","start":7935.31,"end":7936.27},{"text":"industrial","start":7936.35,"end":7936.99},{"text":"sites,","start":7936.99,"end":7937.63},{"text":"academic","start":7937.63,"end":7938.27},{"text":"institutions,","start":7938.27,"end":7939.15},{"text":"and","start":7939.15,"end":7939.39},{"text":"public","start":7939.39,"end":7939.87},{"text":"utilities.","start":7939.87,"end":7940.59}]},{"text":"These acts had clear elements of war crimes as well as crimes against humanity, thus entailing international responsibility of the United States as well as the individual criminal responsibility for all those who ordered and commissioned such crimes.","start":7941.39,"end":7959.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7941.39,"end":7941.79},{"text":"acts","start":7942.83,"end":7943.39},{"text":"had","start":7943.79,"end":7944.03},{"text":"clear","start":7944.03,"end":7944.63},{"text":"elements","start":7944.63,"end":7945.07},{"text":"of","start":7945.07,"end":7945.19},{"text":"war","start":7945.19,"end":7945.47},{"text":"crimes","start":7945.47,"end":7946.03},{"text":"as","start":7946.03,"end":7946.27},{"text":"well","start":7946.27,"end":7946.43},{"text":"as","start":7946.43,"end":7946.59},{"text":"crimes","start":7946.59,"end":7947.07},{"text":"against","start":7947.07,"end":7947.47},{"text":"humanity,","start":7947.47,"end":7948.19},{"text":"thus","start":7948.67,"end":7949.15},{"text":"entailing","start":7949.19,"end":7949.79},{"text":"international","start":7949.79,"end":7950.47},{"text":"responsibility","start":7950.47,"end":7951.27},{"text":"of","start":7951.27,"end":7951.39},{"text":"the","start":7951.39,"end":7951.51},{"text":"United","start":7951.51,"end":7951.87},{"text":"States","start":7951.87,"end":7952.43},{"text":"as","start":7952.43,"end":7952.67},{"text":"well","start":7952.67,"end":7952.83},{"text":"as","start":7952.83,"end":7953.03},{"text":"the","start":7953.03,"end":7953.11},{"text":"individual","start":7953.11,"end":7953.71},{"text":"criminal","start":7953.71,"end":7954.27},{"text":"responsibility","start":7954.27,"end":7955.23},{"text":"for","start":7956.11,"end":7956.35},{"text":"all","start":7956.35,"end":7956.75},{"text":"those","start":7956.75,"end":7957.15},{"text":"who","start":7957.15,"end":7957.31},{"text":"ordered","start":7957.31,"end":7957.87},{"text":"and","start":7957.87,"end":7958.11},{"text":"commissioned","start":7958.11,"end":7958.75},{"text":"such","start":7958.75,"end":7958.99},{"text":"crimes.","start":7958.99,"end":7959.55}]},{"text":"Finally, I must emphasize that people in Iran have access to domestic internet and communications are fully operational.","start":7960.35,"end":7969.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":7960.35,"end":7961.23},{"text":"I","start":7962.03,"end":7962.19},{"text":"must","start":7962.19,"end":7962.43},{"text":"emphasize","start":7962.43,"end":7963.23},{"text":"that","start":7963.23,"end":7963.47},{"text":"people","start":7963.47,"end":7963.87},{"text":"in","start":7963.87,"end":7964.03},{"text":"Iran","start":7964.03,"end":7964.35},{"text":"have","start":7964.35,"end":7964.59},{"text":"access","start":7964.59,"end":7965.07},{"text":"to","start":7965.07,"end":7965.23},{"text":"domestic","start":7965.23,"end":7965.79},{"text":"internet","start":7965.79,"end":7966.43},{"text":"and","start":7967.07,"end":7967.35},{"text":"communications","start":7967.35,"end":7968.19},{"text":"are","start":7968.19,"end":7968.43},{"text":"fully","start":7968.43,"end":7968.83},{"text":"operational.","start":7968.83,"end":7969.71}]},{"text":"International internet access of course has been restricted under wartime conditions in order to prevent cyber attack by the United States and its affiliated operatives inside Iran.","start":7970.03,"end":7982.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"International","start":7970.03,"end":7970.75},{"text":"internet","start":7970.75,"end":7971.23},{"text":"access","start":7971.23,"end":7971.79},{"text":"of","start":7972.35,"end":7972.59},{"text":"course","start":7972.59,"end":7972.91},{"text":"has","start":7972.91,"end":7973.15},{"text":"been","start":7973.15,"end":7973.35},{"text":"restricted","start":7973.35,"end":7974.03},{"text":"under","start":7974.03,"end":7974.35},{"text":"wartime","start":7974.35,"end":7974.83},{"text":"conditions","start":7974.83,"end":7975.63},{"text":"in","start":7976.27,"end":7976.51},{"text":"order","start":7976.51,"end":7976.75},{"text":"to","start":7976.75,"end":7976.91},{"text":"prevent","start":7976.91,"end":7977.43},{"text":"cyber","start":7977.43,"end":7977.87},{"text":"attack","start":7977.87,"end":7978.43},{"text":"by","start":7978.43,"end":7978.67},{"text":"the","start":7978.67,"end":7978.75},{"text":"United","start":7978.75,"end":7979.19},{"text":"States","start":7979.19,"end":7979.71},{"text":"and","start":7979.71,"end":7979.95},{"text":"its","start":7979.95,"end":7980.27},{"text":"affiliated","start":7980.27,"end":7980.99},{"text":"operatives","start":7980.99,"end":7981.71},{"text":"inside","start":7981.71,"end":7982.23},{"text":"Iran.","start":7982.23,"end":7982.59}]},{"text":"Claims by the United States representative regarding internet access for Iranians are ridiculous too.","start":7983.63,"end":7990.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Claims","start":7983.63,"end":7984.11},{"text":"by","start":7984.11,"end":7984.27},{"text":"the","start":7984.27,"end":7984.39},{"text":"United","start":7984.39,"end":7984.79},{"text":"States","start":7984.79,"end":7985.15},{"text":"representative","start":7985.15,"end":7986.03},{"text":"regarding","start":7986.59,"end":7987.31},{"text":"internet","start":7987.31,"end":7987.79},{"text":"access","start":7987.79,"end":7988.11},{"text":"for","start":7988.11,"end":7988.35},{"text":"Iranians","start":7988.47,"end":7989.07},{"text":"are","start":7989.07,"end":7989.27},{"text":"ridiculous","start":7989.27,"end":7989.87},{"text":"too.","start":7989.87,"end":7990.19}]},{"text":"If you truly support the people of Iran, then stop committing crimes and killing Iranian women and children.","start":7991.63,"end":7998.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":7991.63,"end":7991.83},{"text":"you","start":7991.83,"end":7991.95},{"text":"truly","start":7991.95,"end":7992.43},{"text":"support","start":7992.43,"end":7992.99},{"text":"the","start":7992.99,"end":7993.07},{"text":"people","start":7993.07,"end":7993.39},{"text":"of","start":7993.39,"end":7993.51},{"text":"Iran,","start":7993.51,"end":7994.11},{"text":"then","start":7994.75,"end":7995.07},{"text":"stop","start":7995.07,"end":7995.55},{"text":"committing","start":7995.55,"end":7996.11},{"text":"crimes","start":7996.11,"end":7996.67},{"text":"and","start":7996.67,"end":7996.87},{"text":"killing","start":7996.87,"end":7997.23},{"text":"Iranian","start":7997.23,"end":7997.71},{"text":"women","start":7997.71,"end":7998.03},{"text":"and","start":7998.03,"end":7998.15},{"text":"children.","start":7998.15,"end":7998.75}]},{"text":"These polished and appealing claims cannot distract attentions away from the crimes you have committed in Iran.","start":7999.59,"end":8006.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7999.59,"end":7999.83},{"text":"polished","start":7999.83,"end":8000.31},{"text":"and","start":8000.31,"end":8000.55},{"text":"appealing","start":8000.55,"end":8001.03},{"text":"claims","start":8001.03,"end":8001.59},{"text":"cannot","start":8001.59,"end":8002.11},{"text":"distract","start":8002.11,"end":8002.87},{"text":"attentions","start":8002.87,"end":8003.75},{"text":"away","start":8003.83,"end":8004.23},{"text":"from","start":8004.23,"end":8004.63},{"text":"the","start":8004.63,"end":8004.75},{"text":"crimes","start":8004.75,"end":8005.43},{"text":"you","start":8005.43,"end":8005.51},{"text":"have","start":8005.51,"end":8005.75},{"text":"committed","start":8005.75,"end":8006.19},{"text":"in","start":8006.19,"end":8006.35},{"text":"Iran.","start":8006.35,"end":8006.79}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":8007.27,"end":8007.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8007.27,"end":8007.47},{"text":"you,","start":8007.47,"end":8007.59},{"text":"Chair.","start":8007.59,"end":8007.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":63,"start":8009.99,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=8010","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Islamic Republic of Iran, and I once again give the floor to the United States in its second right of 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be most appropriate for Germany to continue work during the intersessional period and report back to the Committee rather than to hold informals to potentially lead to a new working 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felt that that would be most appropriate for this issue at this stage, particularly given the restraints on the secretariat's time and resources, and we would be interested in how much assistance would be needed from the secretariat for further 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afternoon.","start":8066.35,"end":8077.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8066.35,"end":8066.47},{"text":"any","start":8066.47,"end":8066.67},{"text":"case,","start":8066.67,"end":8067.23},{"text":"the","start":8067.87,"end":8067.99},{"text":"proposal","start":8068.03,"end":8069.07},{"text":"from","start":8069.15,"end":8069.55},{"text":"Germany","start":8069.55,"end":8070.35},{"text":"on","start":8070.35,"end":8070.91},{"text":"this","start":8072.51,"end":8072.95},{"text":"agenda","start":8072.95,"end":8073.47},{"text":"item","start":8073.47,"end":8073.95},{"text":"will","start":8074.03,"end":8074.27},{"text":"be","start":8074.27,"end":8074.51},{"text":"considered","start":8074.51,"end":8075.23},{"text":"in","start":8076.11,"end":8076.31},{"text":"the","start":8076.31,"end":8076.47},{"text":"afternoon.","start":8076.47,"end":8077.23}]},{"text":"So delegations will have more time to consult between themselves before taking any decision in this regard.","start":8077.75,"end":8083.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8077.75,"end":8077.91},{"text":"delegations","start":8077.91,"end":8078.51},{"text":"will","start":8078.51,"end":8078.63},{"text":"have","start":8078.63,"end":8078.79},{"text":"more","start":8078.79,"end":8079.11},{"text":"time","start":8079.11,"end":8079.67},{"text":"to","start":8079.75,"end":8079.87},{"text":"consult","start":8079.87,"end":8080.63},{"text":"between","start":8080.63,"end":8080.95},{"text":"themselves","start":8080.95,"end":8081.43},{"text":"before","start":8081.43,"end":8081.67},{"text":"taking","start":8081.67,"end":8082.07},{"text":"any","start":8082.07,"end":8082.31},{"text":"decision","start":8082.31,"end":8082.67},{"text":"in","start":8082.67,"end":8082.75},{"text":"this","start":8082.75,"end":8082.87},{"text":"regard.","start":8082.87,"end":8083.51}]},{"text":"With that, I see the distinguished delegation of the Islamic Republic of 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Also, I want to exercise my delegation's right of reply to the claims made by the representative of the Israeli regime in this 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Chairman, Iran responds to the regime's aggression under its legitimate self-defense right under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter.","start":8118.71,"end":8128.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8118.71,"end":8118.99},{"text":"Chairman,","start":8118.99,"end":8119.71},{"text":"Iran","start":8120.31,"end":8120.75},{"text":"responds","start":8120.83,"end":8121.39},{"text":"to","start":8121.39,"end":8121.63},{"text":"the","start":8121.63,"end":8121.75},{"text":"regime's","start":8121.75,"end":8122.35},{"text":"aggression","start":8122.35,"end":8122.75},{"text":"under","start":8122.75,"end":8123.15},{"text":"its","start":8123.15,"end":8123.47},{"text":"legitimate","start":8123.47,"end":8124.11},{"text":"self-defense","start":8124.11,"end":8125.07},{"text":"right","start":8125.07,"end":8125.55},{"text":"under","start":8125.63,"end":8125.87},{"text":"Article","start":8125.87,"end":8126.35},{"text":"51","start":8126.35,"end":8126.87},{"text":"of","start":8126.87,"end":8126.99},{"text":"the","start":8126.99,"end":8127.07},{"text":"United","start":8127.07,"end":8127.47},{"text":"Nations","start":8127.47,"end":8127.87},{"text":"Charter.","start":8127.87,"end":8128.51}]},{"text":"Since 1919, the date I was born, This regime has repeatedly and falsely claimed that Iran is only one week away from acquiring a nuclear 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years have passed since those claims and their falsehood has been proven to the world.","start":8144.27,"end":8151.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"35","start":8144.27,"end":8145.87},{"text":"years","start":8145.87,"end":8146.35},{"text":"have","start":8146.35,"end":8146.67},{"text":"passed","start":8146.67,"end":8147.35},{"text":"since","start":8147.35,"end":8147.63},{"text":"those","start":8147.63,"end":8147.95},{"text":"claims","start":8147.95,"end":8148.59},{"text":"and","start":8148.67,"end":8149.03},{"text":"their","start":8149.03,"end":8149.15},{"text":"falsehood","start":8149.15,"end":8149.83},{"text":"has","start":8149.83,"end":8150.07},{"text":"been","start":8150.07,"end":8150.27},{"text":"proven","start":8150.27,"end":8150.75},{"text":"to","start":8150.75,"end":8150.83},{"text":"the","start":8150.83,"end":8150.99},{"text":"world.","start":8150.99,"end":8151.39}]},{"text":"Iran's nuclear program is entirely peaceful and has been verified as such in multiple reports by the IAEA.","start":8152.31,"end":8160.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Iran's","start":8152.31,"end":8152.67},{"text":"nuclear","start":8152.67,"end":8153.07},{"text":"program","start":8153.07,"end":8153.55},{"text":"is","start":8153.55,"end":8153.79},{"text":"entirely","start":8153.79,"end":8154.51},{"text":"peaceful","start":8154.51,"end":8155.23},{"text":"and","start":8155.55,"end":8156.03},{"text":"has","start":8156.03,"end":8156.43},{"text":"been","start":8156.43,"end":8156.59},{"text":"verified","start":8156.59,"end":8157.39},{"text":"as","start":8157.87,"end":8158.11},{"text":"such","start":8158.11,"end":8158.59},{"text":"in","start":8158.59,"end":8158.75},{"text":"multiple","start":8158.75,"end":8159.23},{"text":"reports","start":8159.31,"end":8159.79},{"text":"by","start":8159.79,"end":8159.95},{"text":"the","start":8159.95,"end":8160.11},{"text":"IAEA.","start":8160.11,"end":8160.91}]},{"text":"Meanwhile, the Israeli regime, possessing hundreds of nuclear warheads, constitutes the main threat to peace and security in the Middle 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you, Mr Chairman.","start":8170.99,"end":8171.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8170.99,"end":8171.19},{"text":"you,","start":8171.19,"end":8171.27},{"text":"Mr","start":8171.27,"end":8171.55},{"text":"Chairman.","start":8171.55,"end":8171.95}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":69,"start":8174.35,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=8175","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.","start":8174.35,"end":8176.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8174.35,"end":8174.51},{"text":"thank","start":8174.51,"end":8174.75},{"text":"the","start":8174.75,"end":8174.83},{"text":"delegation","start":8174.83,"end":8175.43},{"text":"of","start":8175.43,"end":8175.51},{"text":"the","start":8175.51,"end":8175.59},{"text":"Islamic","start":8175.59,"end":8175.95},{"text":"Republic","start":8175.95,"end":8176.39},{"text":"of","start":8176.39,"end":8176.47},{"text":"Iran.","start":8176.47,"end":8176.83}]},{"text":"I have no further delegations requesting the floor on this agenda item, so we have concluded this agenda item.","start":8178.19,"end":8188.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8178.19,"end":8178.35},{"text":"have","start":8178.35,"end":8178.67},{"text":"no","start":8178.67,"end":8178.91},{"text":"further","start":8178.91,"end":8179.47},{"text":"delegations","start":8179.47,"end":8180.51},{"text":"requesting","start":8180.51,"end":8181.27},{"text":"the","start":8181.27,"end":8181.39},{"text":"floor","start":8181.39,"end":8181.95},{"text":"on","start":8182.23,"end":8182.31},{"text":"this","start":8182.31,"end":8182.47},{"text":"agenda","start":8182.47,"end":8182.91},{"text":"item,","start":8182.91,"end":8183.39},{"text":"so","start":8183.87,"end":8184.51},{"text":"we","start":8185.07,"end":8185.39},{"text":"have","start":8185.39,"end":8185.79},{"text":"concluded","start":8185.79,"end":8186.67},{"text":"this","start":8186.75,"end":8187.15},{"text":"agenda","start":8187.39,"end":8187.75},{"text":"item.","start":8187.75,"end":8188.11}]},{"text":"This afternoon, as I mentioned, Well, I will suspend the item so that this afternoon we can conclude and take into consideration the proposal which has been made by Germany.","start":8188.11,"end":8201.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8188.11,"end":8188.35},{"text":"afternoon,","start":8188.35,"end":8188.99},{"text":"as","start":8188.99,"end":8189.15},{"text":"I","start":8189.15,"end":8189.31},{"text":"mentioned,","start":8189.31,"end":8190.19},{"text":"Well,","start":8190.79,"end":8190.95},{"text":"I","start":8191.11,"end":8191.19},{"text":"will","start":8191.19,"end":8191.31},{"text":"suspend","start":8191.31,"end":8191.91},{"text":"the","start":8191.91,"end":8192.11},{"text":"item","start":8193.11,"end":8193.67},{"text":"so","start":8193.67,"end":8193.87},{"text":"that","start":8193.87,"end":8193.99},{"text":"this","start":8193.99,"end":8194.19},{"text":"afternoon","start":8194.19,"end":8194.55},{"text":"we","start":8194.55,"end":8194.63},{"text":"can","start":8194.63,"end":8194.79},{"text":"conclude","start":8194.79,"end":8195.51},{"text":"and","start":8195.51,"end":8195.71},{"text":"take","start":8195.71,"end":8196.83},{"text":"into","start":8197.59,"end":8197.83},{"text":"consideration","start":8197.83,"end":8198.67},{"text":"the","start":8198.67,"end":8198.75},{"text":"proposal","start":8198.75,"end":8199.19},{"text":"which","start":8199.19,"end":8199.39},{"text":"has","start":8199.39,"end":8199.51},{"text":"been","start":8199.51,"end":8199.63},{"text":"made","start":8199.63,"end":8199.91},{"text":"by","start":8199.91,"end":8200.55},{"text":"Germany.","start":8200.55,"end":8201.43}]},{"text":"So I would like to now begin our consideration of agenda item 13.","start":8201.43,"end":8205.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8201.43,"end":8201.99},{"text":"I","start":8202.07,"end":8202.23},{"text":"would","start":8202.23,"end":8202.35},{"text":"like","start":8202.35,"end":8202.51},{"text":"to","start":8202.51,"end":8202.71},{"text":"now","start":8202.71,"end":8202.95},{"text":"begin","start":8202.95,"end":8203.35},{"text":"our","start":8203.35,"end":8203.43},{"text":"consideration","start":8203.43,"end":8204.15},{"text":"of","start":8204.15,"end":8204.23},{"text":"agenda","start":8204.23,"end":8204.55},{"text":"item","start":8204.55,"end":8204.87},{"text":"13.","start":8204.87,"end":8205.43}]},{"text":"And on my list of speakers, the first delegation is the delegation of India on behalf of the G77 and China.","start":8205.47,"end":8219.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8205.47,"end":8205.67},{"text":"on","start":8208.19,"end":8208.31},{"text":"my","start":8208.39,"end":8208.55},{"text":"list","start":8208.55,"end":8208.87},{"text":"of","start":8208.87,"end":8208.95},{"text":"speakers,","start":8208.95,"end":8209.83},{"text":"the","start":8209.91,"end":8210.11},{"text":"first","start":8210.39,"end":8211.07},{"text":"delegation","start":8211.07,"end":8211.91},{"text":"is","start":8215.23,"end":8215.35},{"text":"the","start":8215.35,"end":8215.47},{"text":"delegation","start":8215.47,"end":8216.23},{"text":"of","start":8216.27,"end":8216.39},{"text":"India","start":8216.47,"end":8216.99},{"text":"on","start":8216.99,"end":8217.11},{"text":"behalf","start":8217.19,"end":8217.47},{"text":"of","start":8217.47,"end":8217.55},{"text":"the","start":8217.55,"end":8217.67},{"text":"G77","start":8217.67,"end":8218.55},{"text":"and","start":8218.55,"end":8218.71},{"text":"China.","start":8218.71,"end":8219.19}]},{"text":"You have the floor, please.","start":8219.35,"end":8220.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":8219.35,"end":8219.51},{"text":"have","start":8219.51,"end":8219.67},{"text":"the","start":8219.67,"end":8219.79},{"text":"floor,","start":8219.79,"end":8220.03},{"text":"please.","start":8220.03,"end":8220.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":70,"start":8222.51,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=8223","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, presently a legal or regulatory definition of a small satellite does not exist.","start":8222.51,"end":8228.75,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":8222.51,"end":8222.99},{"text":"presently","start":8224.19,"end":8224.75},{"text":"a","start":8224.75,"end":8224.79},{"text":"legal","start":8224.79,"end":8225.47},{"text":"or","start":8225.55,"end":8225.79},{"text":"regulatory","start":8225.79,"end":8226.23},{"text":"definition","start":8226.23,"end":8226.75},{"text":"of","start":8226.75,"end":8226.83},{"text":"a","start":8226.83,"end":8226.91},{"text":"small","start":8226.91,"end":8227.31},{"text":"satellite","start":8227.31,"end":8227.71},{"text":"does","start":8227.71,"end":8227.95},{"text":"not","start":8227.95,"end":8228.19},{"text":"exist.","start":8228.19,"end":8228.75}]},{"text":"And under the United Nations treaties, principles and resolutions relating to international space law, the term space object refers to satellites, launch vehicles, and their component parts.","start":8229.15,"end":8241.71,"topics":[{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. 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Chair.","start":8312.51,"end":8313.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8312.51,"end":8312.75},{"text":"you,","start":8312.75,"end":8312.83},{"text":"Chair.","start":8312.83,"end":8313.31}]},{"text":"The benefits of satellite constellations are clear.","start":8314.51,"end":8316.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8314.51,"end":8314.67},{"text":"benefits","start":8314.67,"end":8315.11},{"text":"of","start":8315.11,"end":8315.19},{"text":"satellite","start":8315.19,"end":8315.63},{"text":"constellations","start":8315.63,"end":8316.39},{"text":"are","start":8316.39,"end":8316.51},{"text":"clear.","start":8316.51,"end":8316.91}]},{"text":"They enable communications, especially in remote areas, provide fast and high resolution earth imaging to support first responders during natural disasters and many other essential 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satellites are transforming the space industry from government led domain to commercial driven economy, fostering new jobs and providing critical data for various 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rural regions lacking fiber infrastructure, LEO constellations provide tele education, online commerce and telemedicine access and access to government 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satellite service platforms for innovation.","start":8355.95,"end":8358.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Small","start":8355.95,"end":8356.43},{"text":"satellite","start":8356.43,"end":8356.95},{"text":"service","start":8356.95,"end":8357.31},{"text":"platforms","start":8357.31,"end":8357.95},{"text":"for","start":8357.95,"end":8358.11},{"text":"innovation.","start":8358.11,"end":8358.83}]},{"text":"NASA is using small satellites for rapid prototyping and flight testing of new technologies such as autonomous navigation, new propulsion types and sensor 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also uses small satellites to conduct scientific research in novel and cost effective ways, both around the Earth and even in deep 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the STSC, we were pleased to deliver updates on how the US government, commercial operators and the astronomical community mitigate the impact of satellite operations on astronomy.","start":8383.51,"end":8394.71,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"Several interventions addressed the impact of large satellite constellations, radio interference, satellite flares, and re-entry effects on astronomy and the broader environment for scientific observation. 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behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":8470.47,"end":8470.79},{"text":"satellite","start":8470.79,"end":8471.15},{"text":"constellation","start":8471.15,"end":8471.87},{"text":"owners","start":8471.87,"end":8472.11},{"text":"choose","start":8472.11,"end":8472.39},{"text":"to","start":8472.39,"end":8472.51},{"text":"incorporate","start":8472.51,"end":8473.11},{"text":"debris","start":8473.35,"end":8473.75},{"text":"mitigation","start":8473.75,"end":8474.31},{"text":"practices","start":8474.31,"end":8475.11},{"text":"that","start":8475.59,"end":8475.75},{"text":"substantially","start":8475.75,"end":8476.47},{"text":"exceed","start":8476.47,"end":8477.11},{"text":"and","start":8477.43,"end":8477.63},{"text":"improve","start":8477.63,"end":8478.15},{"text":"upon","start":8478.15,"end":8478.55},{"text":"international","start":8478.55,"end":8479.27},{"text":"guidelines.","start":8479.27,"end":8479.99}]},{"text":"Chair, we note with concern the recent nationwide communication blackout in Iran, where terrestrial internet and telephone services have been severely restricted by the Iranian regime to cover up its mass killing of its citizens in 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to silence the voices and aspirations of the brave people of Iran.","start":8497.83,"end":8502.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":8497.83,"end":8497.95},{"text":"to","start":8497.95,"end":8498.03},{"text":"silence","start":8498.03,"end":8498.55},{"text":"the","start":8498.55,"end":8498.67},{"text":"voices","start":8498.67,"end":8499.19},{"text":"and","start":8499.19,"end":8499.35},{"text":"aspirations","start":8499.35,"end":8500.23},{"text":"of","start":8500.31,"end":8500.47},{"text":"the","start":8500.47,"end":8500.55},{"text":"brave","start":8500.55,"end":8500.95},{"text":"people","start":8500.95,"end":8501.43},{"text":"of","start":8501.43,"end":8501.55},{"text":"Iran.","start":8501.55,"end":8502.07}]},{"text":"The United States is committed to supporting the free flow of information by the most effective means to the people of Iran, in contrast to the Iranian regime's brutal repression that include the campaign of internet disruptions and censorship of 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such, our delegation would suggest eliminating or consolidating this agenda item.","start":8534.31,"end":8539.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8534.31,"end":8534.43},{"text":"such,","start":8534.43,"end":8534.87},{"text":"our","start":8534.87,"end":8535.03},{"text":"delegation","start":8535.03,"end":8535.67},{"text":"would","start":8535.67,"end":8535.83},{"text":"suggest","start":8535.83,"end":8536.39},{"text":"eliminating","start":8536.43,"end":8537.19},{"text":"or","start":8537.35,"end":8537.51},{"text":"consolidating","start":8537.51,"end":8538.31},{"text":"this","start":8538.39,"end":8538.63},{"text":"agenda","start":8538.63,"end":8539.03},{"text":"item.","start":8539.03,"end":8539.43}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":8539.99,"end":8540.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8539.99,"end":8540.15},{"text":"you,","start":8540.15,"end":8540.23},{"text":"Chair.","start":8540.23,"end":8540.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"USA","affiliation_full":"United States of America","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":73,"start":8542.63,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=8543","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of the United States for that 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will meet immediately following the formal meeting of ATLAC, which we hope will be a meeting of around 30 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that time, we will continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item four.","start":8599.95,"end":8604.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":8599.95,"end":8600.07},{"text":"that","start":8600.07,"end":8600.27},{"text":"time,","start":8600.27,"end":8600.47},{"text":"we","start":8600.47,"end":8600.55},{"text":"will","start":8600.55,"end":8600.67},{"text":"continue","start":8600.67,"end":8601.27},{"text":"and","start":8601.27,"end":8601.39},{"text":"conclude","start":8601.39,"end":8601.83},{"text":"our","start":8601.83,"end":8601.91},{"text":"consideration","start":8601.91,"end":8602.63},{"text":"of","start":8602.63,"end":8602.71},{"text":"agenda","start":8602.71,"end":8603.07},{"text":"item","start":8603.07,"end":8603.55},{"text":"four.","start":8603.63,"end":8604.07}]},{"text":"general exchange of 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will also continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 12, and agenda item 13 and agenda item 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delegates, with regard to the report of the subcommittee and as I indicated at our first plenary meeting last Wednesday, the advanced edited English version of the draft report is being posted on the session website as various parts of it become 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invite any delegations to reach out to me or to the Secretariat if they have any issues regarding obtaining these documents on the 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your information, they are the following.","start":8684.23,"end":8686.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8684.23,"end":8684.39},{"text":"your","start":8684.39,"end":8684.55},{"text":"information,","start":8684.55,"end":8685.51},{"text":"they","start":8685.51,"end":8685.75},{"text":"are","start":8685.75,"end":8685.87},{"text":"the","start":8685.87,"end":8685.99},{"text":"following.","start":8685.99,"end":8686.71}]},{"text":"The following are the parts which are already available: the introduction, the documents on agenda item 5 addendum 2, item 6 addendum 3, item 7 addendums 4 and 13, agenda item 8 addendum 5, item 14 addendum 12, item 9 addendum 7 and item 11 addendum 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the basis of the list of speakers that we have on the agenda items, I hope that at the session this afternoon you will allow me to hold a first round of informal consultations on the draft report of this 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the conclusion of our consideration of the agenda items that I previously mentioned.","start":8750.79,"end":8756.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"following","start":8750.79,"end":8750.99},{"text":"the","start":8750.99,"end":8751.07},{"text":"conclusion","start":8751.07,"end":8751.67},{"text":"of","start":8751.67,"end":8751.75},{"text":"our","start":8751.75,"end":8751.83},{"text":"consideration","start":8751.83,"end":8752.87},{"text":"of","start":8752.95,"end":8753.35},{"text":"the","start":8754.31,"end":8754.43},{"text":"agenda","start":8754.43,"end":8754.79},{"text":"items","start":8754.79,"end":8755.23},{"text":"that","start":8755.23,"end":8755.35},{"text":"I","start":8755.35,"end":8755.43},{"text":"previously","start":8755.43,"end":8755.91},{"text":"mentioned.","start":8755.91,"end":8756.71}]},{"text":"These informal consultations will be held immediately after the adjourning of the plenary meeting this afternoon in this room.","start":8757.83,"end":8768.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":8757.83,"end":8758.23},{"text":"informal","start":8758.23,"end":8758.75},{"text":"consultations","start":8758.75,"end":8759.67},{"text":"will","start":8759.67,"end":8759.83},{"text":"be","start":8759.83,"end":8760.07},{"text":"held","start":8760.07,"end":8760.55},{"text":"immediately","start":8760.63,"end":8761.59},{"text":"after","start":8762.35,"end":8762.95},{"text":"the","start":8763.35,"end":8763.47},{"text":"adjourning","start":8763.59,"end":8764.15},{"text":"of","start":8764.15,"end":8764.23},{"text":"the","start":8764.23,"end":8764.35},{"text":"plenary","start":8764.35,"end":8764.71},{"text":"meeting","start":8764.71,"end":8765.11},{"text":"this","start":8765.11,"end":8765.35},{"text":"afternoon","start":8765.35,"end":8766.07},{"text":"in","start":8766.87,"end":8767.11},{"text":"this","start":8767.11,"end":8767.51},{"text":"room.","start":8767.67,"end":8768.15}]},{"text":"I invite delegations to constructively engage in these informal consultations.","start":8769.51,"end":8774.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8769.51,"end":8769.67},{"text":"invite","start":8769.67,"end":8769.99},{"text":"delegations","start":8769.99,"end":8770.95},{"text":"to","start":8770.95,"end":8771.51},{"text":"constructively","start":8771.91,"end":8772.71},{"text":"engage","start":8772.71,"end":8773.19},{"text":"in","start":8773.19,"end":8773.31},{"text":"these","start":8773.31,"end":8773.47},{"text":"informal","start":8773.47,"end":8773.83},{"text":"consultations.","start":8773.83,"end":8774.71}]},{"text":"I'd like to inform delegations that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities will hold its informal consultations from 2 pm to 2.55 pm in conference room 7. I now give the floor to the 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Chair.","start":8804.47,"end":8805.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8804.47,"end":8804.75},{"text":"you","start":8804.75,"end":8804.83},{"text":"very","start":8804.83,"end":8804.99},{"text":"much,","start":8804.99,"end":8805.23},{"text":"Chair.","start":8805.23,"end":8805.39}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"During lunchtime today, there'll be two side events.","start":8805.51,"end":8808.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"During","start":8805.51,"end":8805.83},{"text":"lunchtime","start":8805.83,"end":8806.39},{"text":"today,","start":8806.39,"end":8806.91},{"text":"there'll","start":8806.91,"end":8807.27},{"text":"be","start":8807.27,"end":8807.43},{"text":"two","start":8807.43,"end":8807.75},{"text":"side","start":8807.75,"end":8808.23},{"text":"events.","start":8808.23,"end":8808.63}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"There'll be a side event organized by the United States entitled, \"Getting to Yes, How the United 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Senor Presidente.","start":8851.55,"end":8852.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Gracias,","start":8851.55,"end":8851.95},{"text":"Senor","start":8851.95,"end":8852.19},{"text":"Presidente.","start":8852.19,"end":8852.83}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"UN Secretariat","affiliation_full":"UN Secretariat","group":null,"function":"Secretariat"}},{"statement_number":75,"start":8854.91,"pageUrl":"/zh/asset/k1n/k1nj88gfi8?lang=en&t=8855","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":8854.91,"end":8855.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8854.91,"end":8855.31},{"text":"you.","start":8855.31,"end":8855.51}]},{"text":"and I'd like to remind you that the schedule for side events is available on the 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of Space Resource Activities to the podium so the working group can hold its third meeting and with that the meeting is adjourned until 3pm this 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and Quiet Skies","description":"Several interventions addressed the impact of large satellite constellations, radio interference, satellite flares, and re-entry effects on astronomy and the broader environment for scientific observation. The discussion focused on mitigation measures, technical standards, and cooperation between scientists, regulators, and operators."},{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Governance","description":"Some speakers focused on the increasing pace of lunar missions and the need for policy guidance on issues such as lunar information sharing, heritage protection, science and ethics, and the use of technologies like lunar nuclear reactors. The discussion framed the Moon as an area requiring peaceful, safe, and sustainable governance."},{"key":"debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Delegations highlighted the growing danger posed by space debris, including debris generated by congestion, destructive actions, and inadequate end-of-life practices. Speakers connected debris mitigation to collision avoidance, sustainability guidelines, and responsible operator behavior."},{"key":"on-orbit-servicing","label":"On-Orbit Servicing and Active Debris Removal","description":"Delegations discussed the legal and safety implications of rendezvous and proximity operations, on-orbit servicing, and active debris removal. Speakers stressed the need for national authorization frameworks and international norms to ensure transparency, responsibility, and safe operational conduct."},{"key":"information-sharing","label":"Information Sharing and Transparency","description":"Many statements emphasized timely sharing of orbital data, launch and maneuver notifications, registry information, and communication channels among operators and states. Transparency was presented as essential for trust, predictability, and practical coordination in orbit."},{"key":"stm-legal-framework","label":"Legal Framework for Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations repeatedly called for stronger national and international legal rules to govern space traffic management, including authorization, supervision, liability, and coordination across the full life cycle of space operations. Many speakers stressed building on existing space treaties while developing clearer and more harmonized norms."},{"key":"inclusive-space-governance","label":"Inclusive Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring concern was that developing countries and emerging space actors must be able to participate equally in future space traffic systems. Speakers called for non-discriminatory rules, access to data and tools, and capacity-building so that governance does not deepen existing inequalities."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"A major topic was the need to improve space situational awareness through tracking, monitoring, conjunction assessment, warning systems, and surveillance infrastructure. Speakers linked SSA capabilities directly to safer operations, collision prevention, and more effective traffic coordination."}]}}